Dokumen Standard Matematik Tahun 1 versi BT

KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA

KURIKULUM STANDARD SEKOLAH RENDAH

MATEMATIK
TAHUN SATU

DOKUMEN STANDARD

KURIKULUM STANDARD SEKOLAH RENDAH
(KSSR)
MODUL TERAS ASAS

MATEMATIK
TAHUN SATU

BAHAGIAN PEMBANGUNAN KURIKULUM

Cetakan Pertama 2010
© Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia
Hak Cipta Terpelihara. Tidak dibenarkan mengeluar ulang mana -mana bahagian artikel, ilustrasi dan isi kandungan buku ini dalam

apa juga bentuk dan dengan cara apa jua sama ada secara elektronik, fotokopi, mekanik, rakaman atau cara lain sebelum
mendapat kebenaran bertulis daripada Pengarah, Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum, Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia, Aras 4 -8,
Blok E9, Parcel E, Kompleks Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan, 62604 Putrajaya.

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p¾Çb~|Áb|´ lÌiǑÆ c“Đ …c¨jß ¯ÞÜ´
uäÙcj—¨s‘ÆyسÁ´ÇcjÓycÙ 

m~yŠ …c¨jß yÞÙÆ yÞ©c¢ÁcÆ ¬|¢®©‘ iǜ”´
m…c»cµĐ
p¾Çb~y´
¯ÞÜ´
¬¢b~y
…c¨jß
pj‘µÇ»byÊ´ s‘ÆyjÓ p¾Çb~|©Ç»byÊ´ ©„ybÞÙ
iǜ”´ näÇÍc lÙcÇbÞÙÆ ¯c~y £äߑ¢j¸´
©œj©¸´ hybœ‘ m~y¢cÙâ´ ¬¢b~y¢cÙâ´
hybœ‘¯b—ÇĐyjÓp¾Çb~y²’¸´
xxi

¯c®©d”

¯c®©d” yÞÙÆ yÞ©c¢ÁcÆ ²~ycµ¯bß vĐ l„y´ l 
Ç|®©jÙ £‘Ç’~jyyÓcÆ ²jÙµby¢ c–‘¯c‘®©–”¢
hb‘ĐŠ…cµby £‘¢®©‘ iǜ”´ ©ÆiÇÜ y—c
£‘Ç’~jyyÓcä ³Á´ ¯b—ÇĐyÓcä |jÙ£cjÙyjÓ
¯c®©c‘ ²’¸´ rТ  Çbºh¯bÍc h…º yb–‘Æ mycµ
£‘Ç’~jyyiÓb” ©ÆiÇÜ lš|²jÙyjÓ~ hybœ”´
¯c®©d” h…ºµÁb´ i£Đyb—Æ ryb  Çcßb hb”¢Æ
pÞÜi£b~|Æ mºÊ h…ºÆ i©bäÙ ²jÙyÓcÄ´
¯c®©d–j‘ £‘¢Áb´ l¨ ¯c®©d–” ²’jÇ~ hybœ”
m…c»cµĐ ¯b—ÇĐyÓcä |jÙyjÓ~ yjÓÇib” „yÓcä
i©bjßjµ¸´ i¯´©”¢c~ hybØÓÁb´ ÇÓ®©”¢ Æ
¯ÞÜ´ |jÙ£d~yÆ £‘Ç’~jyyÓcä ³Á´ m…c»cµĐ
¯b—ÇĐyÓcämÞÙjÁ¸´i¯´©”¢Áb´


xxii

rœš´
rœš´
š´h…º²jÙ¸´
h…º²jÙ¸´

Çj»µcÁbß²ÐrœyØ
pØӑ~y¢»´
ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´¯b—ÇĐyØ
¯b—ÇĐyØ
ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´
¯b—ÇĐyØ
1.1 rœ—c~jyjµ~y—c¢ ~}ÜÇĐ

mœ”
mœ”

yÞÙƝ»´
n®©b‘nܞµcÆ
n®©b‘nܞµcÆ
µcƯb—ÇĐyØ
¯b—ÇĐyØ

(i)

iÇÜ©b”ybœ©ä³Á´lcy´lÆÁ |jÙÊ…¯¯bßlÆÁ …¯¯ÞÙ
rœ—c~jylcy´lÆÁ |jÙ¨rœ—c~jyjµ~}ÜÇĐ
l lcy´lÆÁ |jÙ¨h©b¾ØyØhybœ‘|Ð

m nj—®©cäÇÍcn»œ”|Ð~yjÓu®©c”ÇĐ
n n»œ”|Ð~yÓcÆpØÓh©b¾ØyjÓ¯bÜ©–‘ib»—cµcÆ
©µä©”¢ ÇĐ
1.2 ¯c®j©®h©µ»c–”pܝc®©”¢ ÇĐ

Çj»µcÁbßrœyjÓ®h©µ»c”ÇĐ:
l |ÐÇcÆpØÓh©b¾ØyjÓrœšÇĐ
m |Ð~yÓcÆpØÓh©b¾ØyjÓ©c»c£cc~|´rœ—c~jyjµ®h©µ»c”ÇĐ
n uäܲÆuä© Çj»µcÁbßrœyjÓ~hybœ‘n¾|Ð~yÓcÆpØÓ
lcy´lÆÁ |jÙ¨rœ—c~jyjµu®©c”ÇĐ
o rœyjÓ®h©µ»c”ÇĐ
(i)

(ii) Çj»µcÁbßrœyÓc䯝c®j©pܝc®©”¢ ÇĐ.
l …d߯—cŠ…–‘´ DEDFXV rœiyb”©‘„yدÞÜ´c‘®h©b¾ØyÓcä
ÇÍc}Ù®©”´rœyÓcärœ—c~jyjµpܝc®©”¢ ÇĐ
m rœy֑ä…»cµbßrœ—c~jyjµ~hybœ‘|ÐjÇnj—®©Đ
n n»œ”rœyÓc䯝c®j©¸´lähb‘Đj©¸´ĊÇc‘®h©»cµ ĊlÆÁ 
ĊÇc‘Š…cÙcµ ĊräÜu®©c”ÇĐ
o h©b¾ØyØ©‘l–j‘yØrœl–j‘yØmycµÇÞjÙsÜÇ»cj…
¯ÞÜ´nل|Ç»cj…µcÆÇ»cj…®©”¢ ÇĐ
p n»œ”rœyjÓu®©c–”lÇÞÙcÞ|nj‘µcÆǾ´sbÇ vĐ
rœj—~}ÜÇĐ



rœš´
rœš´
š´h…º²jÙ¸´
h…º²jÙ¸´

Çj»µcÁbß²ÐrœyØ
pØӑ~y¢»´
ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´

ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´
rœyjÓrРÇĐ

mœ”
mœ”

yÞÙƝ»´
n®©b‘
n®©b‘nܞµcÆ
nܞµcƯb—ÇĐyØ
µcƯb—ÇĐyØ
¯b—ÇĐyØ

(i)

Çj»µcÁbßrœyjÓ
l rœ—bÆrРÇĐ
m rТbÆrРÇĐ

1.4 rœhb‘j»£cjÙʊh…ºÇĐ

1.5 rœyÓcän‘¯c®j©
pܝc®©”¢ ÇĐ

~|–©–‘rœyjÓ
l uäÜuäÙby
m n»œ”n»œ‘by
n t¨ t¨by
o ©¢ ©¢by
rœiyb”¯ÞÜ´©ÆiÇÜh©b¾ØyÓcä j—¸‘äsÜÇ»cj…¯ÞÜ´
nل|Ç»cj…µcÆrœšÇĐ

 ii)~|–©–‘hb‘ĐrœyjÓ£cjÙÊh…ºÇĐ
l uäÜuäÙby
m n»œ”n»œ‘by
n t¨ t¨by
o ©¢ ©¢bysÜÇ»cj…µcƯÞÜ´nل|Ç»cj…µcÆ 
(i)

(i)Çj»µcÁbßrœyÓcän‘¯c®j©~}ÜÇĐ
ii)Çj»µcÁbßrœyÓcänÁ~y¯c®j©~}ÜÇĐ
(iii)…d߯—cŠ…–‘¢cä j—¸‘ärœyÓcän‘¯c®j©¸´nÁ~y¯c®j©¸´
}ÜÇĐ



rœš´
rœš´
š´h…º²jÙ¸´
h…º²jÙ¸´

Çj»µcÁbß²ÐrœyØ

mœ”
mœ”

pØӑ~y¢»´

yÞÙƝ»´

ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´
ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´¯b—ÇĐyØ
¯b—ÇĐyØ

n®©b‘
n®©b‘nܞµcÆ
nܞµcƯb—ÇĐyØ
µcƯb—ÇĐyØ
¯b—ÇĐyØ


1.6 lâ¯bßc®©Đ

(i)

h©b¾ØyÓcärœ—c~jyjµlâ¯bßc®©Đ

l rœ—c~jyjµ~|Ùc®©c”ÇĐ
m Ċlcy´ĊlÆÁ Ċ|jÙÊĊräÙh…bÞyjÓ®©µä©”¢ ÇĐ
rœiyb–’ä j—¸‘ärœyjÓ~yc–’µ©¢cƯbÞÜÇĐ

1.7 rœyjÓ~yc–’µ¯c®©cÞ|
¯bÞÜÇĐ

(i)

1.8 ib»—crœyjÓ£cjÙÊh…ºÇĐ

(i) hyb”~y®©–‘hb‘ĐrœyÖ~iyÞÙib»—cjµlj‘µbӄybœ©Đ.
(ii) rÓcj¯µbß©ÆÇjyrœib»—cyjÓrœhb‘j»£cjÙÊh…ºÇĐ



rœš´
rœš´
š´h…º²jÙ¸´
h…º²jÙ¸´

i…Đ¢Æ¯ÞÜ´yÍc¢Æ
i…Đ¢Æ¯ÞÜ´yÍc¢Æ
i…Đ¢Æ¯ÞÜ´yÍc¢Æ
pØӑ~y¢»´
ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´
ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´¯b—ÇĐyØ
¯b—ÇĐyØ

mœ”
mœ”
yÞÙƝ»´
n®©b‘
n®©b‘nܞµcÆ
nܞµcƯb—ÇĐyØ
µcƯb—ÇĐyØ
¯b—ÇĐyØ


2.1

nj—rœyjÓ~yœ‘Ùc¨ 
lÇÞÙc~|¢hb‘Ьj‘µ
rœyjÓp¾Çb~|ÇĐ

(i) hyb”~y®©–‘}–”¢hbjy~|sÞ©n»œ”nj—rœyjÓ~|Ùc®©c”ÇĐ.
(ii) n»œ”rœyÓcäh¯b¢¢j~}ÜÇĐ
(iii) hyb”~y®©–‘h¯b¢rœ—c~jyjµ~hybœ”hb‘Ьj‘µn»œ”
nj—®¬rœyjÓ®©–’µÁc”ÇĐ

2.2

|Ùcµd”yjÓ~yœ‘ÙcÇĐ

(i) ©ÆiÇÜÇjyµbßh…bÞyӐ…cµ„yjӊi…Đ¢ÆyÍc¢ÁcÆ©µä©”¢ ÇĐ
(ii) i…Đ¢Æ  yÍc¢Æ  ¯ÞÜ´…¯´ i©bäÙ|Ùcµd”yjÓlÙcÇĐ.
(iii) i…Đ¢ÆyÍc¢Æ¯ÞÜ´…¯´|Ùcµd”yjÓ®©µä©”¢c‰ÍÄ~iyÞ©y—c
Çb~ycµ¢jrРÇĐ

2.3

~|–©–‘rœyÓcÆ
i…Đ®©Đ¯ÞÜ´yÍc®©Đ

(i) l’®©j‘~}ÞÜ~|p–©–‘ i…Đ¢ÆyÍc¢Æ
l l’®©j‘~}ÞÜ~ybßi…Đ¢jÁp‘ß’µby~}ÜÇĐ
m l’®©j‘~}ÞÜ~ybßyÍc¢jÁp‘ß’µby~}ÜÇĐ
n yÍc¢Æl’®©j‘~}ÞÜ~iyÞ©i…Đ¢Æl’®©j‘~}ÞjÙ~
}ÜÇĐ
o i…Đ¢ÆyÍc¢Ä~iyÞ©l’®©j‘~}ÞjÙp¾Çb~ycsÞÙ
lš|²jÙiµb”©µä©”¢ ÇĐ
p …d߯—cŠ…–‘¢žä j—¸‘äi…Đ¢ÆyÍc¢jÁŠh…ºÇĐ



rœš´
rœš´
š´h…º²jÙ¸´
h…º²jÙ¸´

i…Đ¢Æ¯ÞÜ´yÍc¢Æ
i…Đ¢Æ¯ÞÜ´yÍc¢Æ
i…Đ¢Æ¯ÞÜ´yÍc¢Æ
pØӑ~y¢»´
ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´
ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´¯b—ÇĐyØ
¯b—ÇĐyØ

mœ”
mœ”
yÞÙƝ»´
n®©b‘nܞµcÆ
n®©b‘nܞµcÆ
µcƯb—ÇĐyØ
¯b—ÇĐyØ



(ii)~|–©–‘i…Đ¢Æ¯ÞÜ´yÍc¢Æ
l i…Đ¢ÆyÍc¢Æy—~|yjӊh…ºÇĐ
m …d߯—cŠ…–‘¢žä j—¸‘äi…Đ¢ÆyÍc¢Æy—~|yjӊ
h…ºÇĐ
n ¯ß~y—~yc”ÁcäÇÍci…Đ¢ÆyÍc¢Æy—~|yjӊh…ºÇĐ


2.4

i…Đ¢Æ¯ÞÜ´yÍc¢Æ
hb‘Đ©bß©c»Š…jß~
y—~|yjÓ~hybœ‘yjjµ
p¾Çb~ycdĐÊ~ybšÇĐ.

Çj»µcÁbßi…Đ¢ÆyÍc¢Æ©c»Š…jß~y—~|‰ÍjÁyjjµ
p¾Çb~|ÇĐ
(ii) hyb”~y®©–‘‰ÍÄ~iyÞ©i…Đ¢ÆyÍc¢Æ©c»Š…jß~y—~|yÖ~|¢
dĐÊybœ©Đ
(iii) i…Đ¢ÆyÍc¢Æhb‘Đ©bßläÙb‘©c»Š…jßyÖ~|¢dĐÊybœ©Đ
(i)



rœš
rœš´h…º²jÙ¸´
´h…º²jÙ¸´

©cäß´
©cäß´
©cäß´

mœ”
mœ”

pØӑ~y¢»´
ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´
ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´¯b—ÇĐyØ
¯b—ÇĐyØ
3.1

n»œ’ÆuäܯÞÜ´£bäycÆ
uäÜy¾¢ ¾jÇ
lj‘µbӄybšÇĐ.

yÞÙƝ»´
n®©b‘nܞµcÆ
n®©b‘nܞµcÆ
µcƯb—ÇĐyØ
¯b—ÇĐyØ

i)

pœj¯®h©b¾Ø©‘„yدÞÜ´ybyc„yÓcä j—¸‘än»œ’ÆuäÜ
£bäycÆuäÜmycµ®©cä߄yjÓlj‘µbӄybœ©Đ.

ii)

lj»lÆÁ ©bc 1 ybÆ 1 ©by´räÙyjÁŠh…bÞyjÓ®©µä©”¢ ÇĐ
2



4

rœš´
rœš´
š´h…º
h…º²jÙ¸´
²jÙ¸´

mœ”
mœ”

50
Çj»µcÁbß©—´

Çj»µcÁbß©—´
pØӑ~y¢»´
ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´

ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´
4.1 »c„yc–j‘¸´ 50 h…äj߸´
6(1 lj‘µbӄybšÇĐ.

yÞÙƝ»´
n®©b‘nܞµcÆ
n®©b‘nܞµcÆ
µcƯb—ÇĐyØ
¯b—ÇĐyØ

(i)

¯iÁ…cµ£b–”£b—µ¢ji£b–’Ä´…cÆÁjÙybˆyÓcÄ´
lj‘µbӄybœ©Đ

(ii)

©—¢c䯝c®j©®©c»c£cc¢Æ
l 50Çj»µcÁb߆ÆÁj»ybˆyØ
m 50Çj»µcÁbßi£b–”yØ

(iii)

…d߯—cŠ…–‘¢žä j—¸‘ä©—¢c䯝c®j©®

©c»c£cc¢ ~yb–”ÇĐ
iv)©—¢j¯bÞÜÇĐ
l 50Çj»µcÁb߆ÆÁj»ybˆyØ

4.2 ©—¢jŠi…Đ®©Đ¯ÞÜ´yÍc®©Đ

(i)

m 50Çj»µcÁbßi£b–”yØ

i…Đ®©Đ¯ÞÜ´yÍc®©Đ
l 50Çj»µcÁb߆ÆÁj»ybˆyØ
m 50Çj»µcÁbßi£b–”yØ

(ii)…d߯—cŠ…–‘¢žä j—¸‘ä©—´hb‘Đ©bß
i…Đ¢Æ¯ÞÜ´yÍc¢Æy—~|yjӊh…ºÇĐ





lÓjǸ´
lÓjǸ´
¸´ǒÇcµÄ´
ǒÇcµÄ´

ybÁ²´i£»²´
ybÁ²´i£»²´
ybÁ²´i£»²´

mœ”
mœ”

pØӑ~y¢»´
ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´¯b—ÇĐyØ
¯b—ÇĐyØ
ÇÎ~yb–‘Âä³Á´
¯b—ÇĐyØ

yÞÙƝ»´
n®©b‘nܞµcÆ
n®©b‘nܞµcÆ
µc