Perbandingan Efektifitas Ketamin Dosis 0,12 Mg Kg Jam Dan Fentanil Dosis 1 Mcg Kg Jam Kontinu Intravena Untuk Penanganan Nyeri Pascabedah
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Apfelbaum JL, Chen C, Mehta SS, Gan TJ. Postoperative pain
experience: results from a national survey suggest postoperative
pain continuous to be undermanaged. Anest Analg, 2003; 97: 53440
2. Sommer M, de Rijke JM, van Kleef M, Kessels AG, Peters ML,
Geurts JW et al. The prevalence of postoperative pain in a sample
of 1490 surgical inpatient. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2008; 25: 267-74
3. Morgan GE, Mikhail MS, Murray MJ. Perioperative pain
managament & enhanched outcomes. In: Clinical anesthesiology,
5th ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2013: 1087-105.
4. Rawal N, Fischer HBJ, Ivani G, et al. Postoperative pain
management – good clinical practice. European Society of Regional
Anestesi. Sweden, 2008.
5. Stoelting RK, Hillier SC. Pain. In: Pharmacology & physiology in
anesthetic practice, 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006: 70717.
6. Barash P, Cullen BF, Cahalan MK, Stoelting RK. Acute pain
management In : Clinical anesthesia, 7th ed. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2013: 1611-44
7. SASA Acute pain guideline committee. South african acute pain
guidelines. SAJAA, 2009; 15: 45
8. van Lersberghe C, Camu F, de Keersmaecker E, Sacré
S.Continuous administration of fentanil for postoperative pain: a
comparison of the epidural, intravenous, and transdermal routes. J
Clin Anesth, 1994 Jul-Aug; 6(4): 308-14.
9. Weis OF, Sriwatanakul K, Alloza JL, et al. Attitudes of patients,
housestaff, and nurses toward postoperative analgesic care. Anesth
Analg, 1983; 62: 70–4.
10. Melzack R, Abbott FV, Zackon W, et al. Pain on a surgical ward: a
survey of the duration and intensity of pain and the effectiveness of
medication. Pain, 1987; 29: 67–72.
11. Kurihara Y. Kagawa T, Suzuki T, Ohnishi H, Ikeshima N. Efficacy
and complications of fentanil intravenous infusions in postoperative
pediatric patients. Masui 2008 Nov; 57(11): 1414-20.
12. Fabregat-Cid G, Asensio-Samper JM, Villanueva-Perez V, LopezAlarcon MD, De Andres-Ibanez J. Postoperative pain management
for patients who are long term users of opioid. Rev Esp Anestesiol
Reanim. 2011; 58(1): 25-33
13. Cohen SP, Liao W, Gupta A, Plunkett A. Ketamin in pain
management. Adv Psycosom Med. 2011; 30: 139-61
14. Visser E, Schug SA. The role of ketamin in pain management.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2006 Aug; 60(7): 341-8.
15. Stubhaug A, Breivik H, Eide PK, Kreunen M, Foss A, Mapping of
punctuate hyperalgesia around a surgical incision demonstrates
that ketamin is a powerful suppressor of central sensitization to pain
following surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1997; 41: 1124-32
16. Guillou N, Tanguy M, Seguin P, Banger B, Champion JP, Malledant
V. The effects of small-dose ketamin on morphine consumption in
surgical intensive care unit patients after major abdominal surgery.
Anest Analg, 2003; 97: 843-7
17. Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, Freeman GK, Delaney R,
Bremner JD, et al. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive
NMDA antagonist, ketamin, in humans. Psychotomimetic,
perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen
Psychiatry, 1994; 51: 199-214
18. Krystal JH, Karper LP, Bennett A, D’Souza DC, Abi-Dargham A,
Morrissey K, et al. Interactive effects of subanesthetic ketamin and
subhypnotic lorazepam in humans. Psychopharmacology, 1998;
135: 213-29
19. Sethna NF, Liu M, Gracely R, Bennett GJ, Max MB. Analgesics and
cognitive effects of intravenous ketamin-alfentanil combinations
versus either drug alone after intradermal capsaicin in normal
subject. Anesth Analg, 1998; 86: 1250-6
20. Pandit SK, Kothary SP, Kumar SM. Low dose intravenous infusion
technique with ketamin. Anaesthesia, 1980; 35: 669-75
21. Schmid RL, Sandler AN, Katz J. Use and efficacy of low-dose
ketamin in the management of acute postoperative pain: a review of
current techniques and outcomes. Pain, 1999; 82: 111-25
22. Maurset A, Skoglund LA, Hustveit O, Oye I. Comparison of ketamin
and pethidine in experimental and postoperative pain. Pain, 1989;
36: 37-41
23. Edwards ND, Fletcher A, Cole JR, Peacock JE. Combined infusions
of morphine and ketamin for postoperative pain in elderly patients.
Anaesthesia, 1993; 48: 124-7
24. Owen H, Reekie RM, Clements JA, Watson R, Nimmo WS.
Analgesia from morphine and ketamin. A comparison of infusion of
morphine and ketamin for postoperative analgesia. Anaesthesia,
1987; 42: 1051-56
25. Jahangir SM, Islam F, Aziz L. Ketamin infusion for postoperative
analgesia in asthmatics: a comparison with intermitten meperidine.
Anesth Analg, 1993; 76: 45-9
26. Aida S, Yamakura T, Baba H, Taga K, Fukuda S, Shimoji K.
Preemptive analgesia by intravenous low dose ketamin and
epidural morphine in gastrectomy. Anesthesiology, 2000; 92: 162430
27. Adam F, Chauvin M, Du Manoir B, Langlois M, Sessler DI, Fletcher
D. Small dose ketamin infusion improves postoperative analgesia
and rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty. Anest Analg, 2005;
100: 475-80
28. Laskowski K, Stirling A, McKay WP, Lim HJ. A systematic review of
intravenous ketamin for postoperative analgesia. Can J Anesth,
2011; 58: 911-23
29. Zakine J, Samarcq D, Lorne E, Moubarak M, Montravers P,
Beloucif F et al. Postoperative ketamin administration decreases
morphine consumption in major abdominal surgery: a prospective,
randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial_files, Anest
Analg, 2008; 106: 1856-61
30. Aveline C, Gautier JF, Vautier P, Coqnet F, Hetet HL, Attali JY et al.
Postoperative analgesia and early rehabilitation after total knee
replacement: a comparison of continuous low-dose intravenous
ketamin versus nefopam. Eur J Pain, 2009; 13: 613-9
31. Abrishamkar S, Eshraghi N, Feizi A, Talakoub R, Rafiei A, Rahmani
P. Analgesic effects of ketamin infusion on postoperative pain after
fusion and instrumentation of the lumbar spine: a prospective
randomized clinical trial. Med Arh, 2012; 66: 107-10
32. Imani F, Faiz HR, Sedaghat M, Hajiashrafi M, Effects of adding
ketamin to fentanil plus acetaminophen postoperative pain by
patient controlled analgesia in abdominal surgery, Anesth Pain
Med, 2014; 4: e12162
33. Faisal, Tanra H, Ahmad R, Bahar B. Perbandingan efek kombinasi
paracetamol-ketamin
dengan
paracetamol-petidin
sebagai
multimodal analgesia pada pascabedah seksio sesarea.
http://pasca.unhas.ac.id/jurnal/files/6be363bd3f6e657fc24704fa72635edb.
pdf
34. Bonica JJ, Loeser JD. History of pain concepts and therapies. In:
Loeser JD, editor. The management of pain. 3rd edition : Lippincot
William Wilkins, 1990: 2-15
35. Abraham SE, Schlicht CR. Chronic pain management. In: Barash
PG, Cullen BF, Stoleting RK, editors. Clinical anesthesia, 4th
edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2001: 145362
36. Woolf CJ. Pain. Moving from symptom control toward mechanismspesific pharmacologic management: Annals of Internal Medicine,
2004; 140: 441-51
37. Umar N. Acute pain: management strategies that work. Pertemuan
Ilmiah Berkala (PIB) IX IDSAI, Medan, 2002: 421-29.
38. Stephen E Abraham. Pain pathway and mechanism; The pain clinic
manom; 2nd edition, 2000.
39. Carr DB, et al. Acute pain; The Lancet, June, 1999
40. Hurley RW, Wu CL. Acute postoperative pain. In: Miller RD, editors.
Anesthesia 7th ed : Churchill Livingstone, 2005: 2327-41
41. Meyer RA, Ringkamp M, Campbell JN, Raja SN. Peripheral neural
mechanism of nociception. In: McMahon SB, Koltzenburg M,
editors. Textbook of pain. 5th ed. Churchill Livingstonr, China, 2006:
8-19
42. Larkin R. Acute pain management; scientific evidence. National
Health and Medical Research Council. Commonwealth of Australia,
1999.
43. Vanderah TW. Pathophysiology of pain. The medical clinics of north
america. Med Clin N Am, 2007; 91: 1-12.
44. Macintyre PE, Scott DA, Schug SA, Visser EJ, Walker SM; APM:
SE Working group of the Australian and New Zealand College of
Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine. Acute pain
management: Scientific evidence, 3rd Ed. ANZCA & FPM,
Melbourne, 2010: 1-8
45. SA Schlig, Fry RA. Continuous regional analgesia incomparison
with intravenous opioid administration for routine postoperative pain
control. Anaesthesia, 1994; Jun;49 (6): 528-32
46. Conn D, Murdoch J. Manajemen nyeri akut. In: Kedokteran
perioperatif. Oxford University Press, 2000: 57-69.
47. Jensen MP, Ma, Cheung R. The meaning of pain relief in a clinical
trial: The Journal of Pain. 2005; 6(6): 400-6
48. Jensen MP, Chen C, Brugger AM. Interpretation of visual analog
scale ratings and change scores: a reanalysis of two clinical trial of
postoperative pain. The Journal of Pain 2003; 4(7): 401-7
49. Fillingim RB. Pain measurement in humans. In: Holcroft A, Jaggar
S, editors. Core topics in pain. New York : Cambridge University:
71-7
50. Myles PS, Troedel S, Boquest M, Reeves M. The pain visual scale,
is it linier or linier? Anesth Analg. 1999; 89: 1517-20
51. Tanra AH. Pengelolaan nyeri paska bedah. Pertemuan Ilmiah
Berkala (PIB) IX IDSAI, Medan, 2002: 413.
52. Stephan A Scug and RAJ. P. Haridas. Development and
organization structure of an acute pain service in mayor teaching
hospital: The Acute Pain Service at Ancklan Hospital Publication
and Guideline, 1999: 8–13
53. Gottschalk A. New concepts in acute pain therapy : preemptive
analgesia. American Family Physician. 2001; 10: 63
54. Kelly DJ, Ahmad M, Sorin J. Brull MD. Preemptive analgesia In:
recent advances and current trens. Can J Anest. 2001; 48(11):
1091-101
55. Sandkuhler J, Ruscheweyh R. Opioid and central sensititation.
European Journal of pain, 2005; 9: 145-8
56. Forrest JB, Heitlinger EL, Revel S. Ketorolac for postoperative pain
management in children. Drug Safety, May 1997; 16(51): 309-29.
57. Gupta P. Ketorolac. Indian Pediatrics. Volume 31, May, 1994: 5758.
58. Uddin MB, Hossain M, Alam MM, Hossain S. Ketorolac and
pethidine in postoperative pain relief. Bangladesh J Pharmacology,
2007: 35-42
59. Aronoff DM, Oates JA, Boutaud O.
New insights into the
mechanism of action of acetaminophen; its clinical pharmacologic
characteristics reflect its inhibition of the two prostaglandin H2
synthases. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2006; 79 (1): 9–19.
60. Kissin I, Pain medicine preemptive analgesia at the crossroad.
Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 754 – 6
61. Klepstad P, Maurset A, Moberg ER, Oye I, Evidence of a role for
NMDA receptors in pain perception. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990; 187:
513-8
62. Oliveira CMB, Sakata RK, Issy AM, Garcia JBS. Ketamin and
preemptive analgesia. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2004; 54: 739-52
63. Pai A, Heining M. Ketamin. Continuing education in anaesthesia,
Critical Care & Pain 2007; 7(2): 59-63
64. Haas DA, Harper DG. Ketamin: A review of it’s pharmacologic
properties and use in ambulatory anesthesia. Anest Prog 1992; 39:
61-8
65. Mion G, Villevieille T. Ketamin pharmacology: an update
(pharmacodynamics and molecular aspects, recent findings). CNS
Neuroscience & Therapeutics; 2013; 19: 370-80.
66. Bell RF, Dhal JB, Moore RA, Kalso E. Peri-operative ketamin for
acute postoperative pain a quantitative and qualitative review
(Cochrane Review) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005; 49: 1405-28
67. Himmelseher S, Pfeninger E, Georgieff M. The effect of ketaminisomers on neuronal injury and regeneration in rat hippocampal
neurons. Anest Analg 1996; 83: 505-12
68. Ori C, Freu U, Merico A, et al. Effects of ketamin-enantiomers
anesthesia on local glucose utilization in the rat. Anesthesiology
1999; 91 (Suppl)3A: A772
69. Kawasaki T, Ogata M, Kawasaki C, et al. Ketamin suppresses
proinflammatory cytokine production in human whole blood in vitro.
Anest Analg 1999; 89: 665-9
70. Healy TEJ, Cohen PJ. A practice of anesthesia. Boston: Little,
Brown and Company. 1995: 613 – 4
71. Gilman GA, Goodman LS, Rald LW. The pharmacological basis of
therapeutic 7th Ed. New York: McMillan Publishing Co. 1985: 790 –
792
72. Katz Jeffery. Anesthesiology: A comprehensive study guide. New
York: McGraw-Hill. 1997: 331 – 9
73. Goldberg ME, Domsky R, Scaringe D, Hirsh R, Dotson J, Sharaf I.
Multi days low dose ketamin infusion for the treatment of complex
regional pain syndrome. Pain Physician 2005; 8: 175-9
74. Coetzee JF.Sedation guidelines: a record of sedation scores is
essential. S Afr J Anaesthesiol Analg. 2010; 16 (4).
75. National Heart Lung Blood Institute. Calculate Your BMI - Standard
BMI Calculator.
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmi-m.htm
1. Apfelbaum JL, Chen C, Mehta SS, Gan TJ. Postoperative pain
experience: results from a national survey suggest postoperative
pain continuous to be undermanaged. Anest Analg, 2003; 97: 53440
2. Sommer M, de Rijke JM, van Kleef M, Kessels AG, Peters ML,
Geurts JW et al. The prevalence of postoperative pain in a sample
of 1490 surgical inpatient. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2008; 25: 267-74
3. Morgan GE, Mikhail MS, Murray MJ. Perioperative pain
managament & enhanched outcomes. In: Clinical anesthesiology,
5th ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2013: 1087-105.
4. Rawal N, Fischer HBJ, Ivani G, et al. Postoperative pain
management – good clinical practice. European Society of Regional
Anestesi. Sweden, 2008.
5. Stoelting RK, Hillier SC. Pain. In: Pharmacology & physiology in
anesthetic practice, 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006: 70717.
6. Barash P, Cullen BF, Cahalan MK, Stoelting RK. Acute pain
management In : Clinical anesthesia, 7th ed. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2013: 1611-44
7. SASA Acute pain guideline committee. South african acute pain
guidelines. SAJAA, 2009; 15: 45
8. van Lersberghe C, Camu F, de Keersmaecker E, Sacré
S.Continuous administration of fentanil for postoperative pain: a
comparison of the epidural, intravenous, and transdermal routes. J
Clin Anesth, 1994 Jul-Aug; 6(4): 308-14.
9. Weis OF, Sriwatanakul K, Alloza JL, et al. Attitudes of patients,
housestaff, and nurses toward postoperative analgesic care. Anesth
Analg, 1983; 62: 70–4.
10. Melzack R, Abbott FV, Zackon W, et al. Pain on a surgical ward: a
survey of the duration and intensity of pain and the effectiveness of
medication. Pain, 1987; 29: 67–72.
11. Kurihara Y. Kagawa T, Suzuki T, Ohnishi H, Ikeshima N. Efficacy
and complications of fentanil intravenous infusions in postoperative
pediatric patients. Masui 2008 Nov; 57(11): 1414-20.
12. Fabregat-Cid G, Asensio-Samper JM, Villanueva-Perez V, LopezAlarcon MD, De Andres-Ibanez J. Postoperative pain management
for patients who are long term users of opioid. Rev Esp Anestesiol
Reanim. 2011; 58(1): 25-33
13. Cohen SP, Liao W, Gupta A, Plunkett A. Ketamin in pain
management. Adv Psycosom Med. 2011; 30: 139-61
14. Visser E, Schug SA. The role of ketamin in pain management.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2006 Aug; 60(7): 341-8.
15. Stubhaug A, Breivik H, Eide PK, Kreunen M, Foss A, Mapping of
punctuate hyperalgesia around a surgical incision demonstrates
that ketamin is a powerful suppressor of central sensitization to pain
following surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1997; 41: 1124-32
16. Guillou N, Tanguy M, Seguin P, Banger B, Champion JP, Malledant
V. The effects of small-dose ketamin on morphine consumption in
surgical intensive care unit patients after major abdominal surgery.
Anest Analg, 2003; 97: 843-7
17. Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, Freeman GK, Delaney R,
Bremner JD, et al. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive
NMDA antagonist, ketamin, in humans. Psychotomimetic,
perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen
Psychiatry, 1994; 51: 199-214
18. Krystal JH, Karper LP, Bennett A, D’Souza DC, Abi-Dargham A,
Morrissey K, et al. Interactive effects of subanesthetic ketamin and
subhypnotic lorazepam in humans. Psychopharmacology, 1998;
135: 213-29
19. Sethna NF, Liu M, Gracely R, Bennett GJ, Max MB. Analgesics and
cognitive effects of intravenous ketamin-alfentanil combinations
versus either drug alone after intradermal capsaicin in normal
subject. Anesth Analg, 1998; 86: 1250-6
20. Pandit SK, Kothary SP, Kumar SM. Low dose intravenous infusion
technique with ketamin. Anaesthesia, 1980; 35: 669-75
21. Schmid RL, Sandler AN, Katz J. Use and efficacy of low-dose
ketamin in the management of acute postoperative pain: a review of
current techniques and outcomes. Pain, 1999; 82: 111-25
22. Maurset A, Skoglund LA, Hustveit O, Oye I. Comparison of ketamin
and pethidine in experimental and postoperative pain. Pain, 1989;
36: 37-41
23. Edwards ND, Fletcher A, Cole JR, Peacock JE. Combined infusions
of morphine and ketamin for postoperative pain in elderly patients.
Anaesthesia, 1993; 48: 124-7
24. Owen H, Reekie RM, Clements JA, Watson R, Nimmo WS.
Analgesia from morphine and ketamin. A comparison of infusion of
morphine and ketamin for postoperative analgesia. Anaesthesia,
1987; 42: 1051-56
25. Jahangir SM, Islam F, Aziz L. Ketamin infusion for postoperative
analgesia in asthmatics: a comparison with intermitten meperidine.
Anesth Analg, 1993; 76: 45-9
26. Aida S, Yamakura T, Baba H, Taga K, Fukuda S, Shimoji K.
Preemptive analgesia by intravenous low dose ketamin and
epidural morphine in gastrectomy. Anesthesiology, 2000; 92: 162430
27. Adam F, Chauvin M, Du Manoir B, Langlois M, Sessler DI, Fletcher
D. Small dose ketamin infusion improves postoperative analgesia
and rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty. Anest Analg, 2005;
100: 475-80
28. Laskowski K, Stirling A, McKay WP, Lim HJ. A systematic review of
intravenous ketamin for postoperative analgesia. Can J Anesth,
2011; 58: 911-23
29. Zakine J, Samarcq D, Lorne E, Moubarak M, Montravers P,
Beloucif F et al. Postoperative ketamin administration decreases
morphine consumption in major abdominal surgery: a prospective,
randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial_files, Anest
Analg, 2008; 106: 1856-61
30. Aveline C, Gautier JF, Vautier P, Coqnet F, Hetet HL, Attali JY et al.
Postoperative analgesia and early rehabilitation after total knee
replacement: a comparison of continuous low-dose intravenous
ketamin versus nefopam. Eur J Pain, 2009; 13: 613-9
31. Abrishamkar S, Eshraghi N, Feizi A, Talakoub R, Rafiei A, Rahmani
P. Analgesic effects of ketamin infusion on postoperative pain after
fusion and instrumentation of the lumbar spine: a prospective
randomized clinical trial. Med Arh, 2012; 66: 107-10
32. Imani F, Faiz HR, Sedaghat M, Hajiashrafi M, Effects of adding
ketamin to fentanil plus acetaminophen postoperative pain by
patient controlled analgesia in abdominal surgery, Anesth Pain
Med, 2014; 4: e12162
33. Faisal, Tanra H, Ahmad R, Bahar B. Perbandingan efek kombinasi
paracetamol-ketamin
dengan
paracetamol-petidin
sebagai
multimodal analgesia pada pascabedah seksio sesarea.
http://pasca.unhas.ac.id/jurnal/files/6be363bd3f6e657fc24704fa72635edb.
34. Bonica JJ, Loeser JD. History of pain concepts and therapies. In:
Loeser JD, editor. The management of pain. 3rd edition : Lippincot
William Wilkins, 1990: 2-15
35. Abraham SE, Schlicht CR. Chronic pain management. In: Barash
PG, Cullen BF, Stoleting RK, editors. Clinical anesthesia, 4th
edition. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2001: 145362
36. Woolf CJ. Pain. Moving from symptom control toward mechanismspesific pharmacologic management: Annals of Internal Medicine,
2004; 140: 441-51
37. Umar N. Acute pain: management strategies that work. Pertemuan
Ilmiah Berkala (PIB) IX IDSAI, Medan, 2002: 421-29.
38. Stephen E Abraham. Pain pathway and mechanism; The pain clinic
manom; 2nd edition, 2000.
39. Carr DB, et al. Acute pain; The Lancet, June, 1999
40. Hurley RW, Wu CL. Acute postoperative pain. In: Miller RD, editors.
Anesthesia 7th ed : Churchill Livingstone, 2005: 2327-41
41. Meyer RA, Ringkamp M, Campbell JN, Raja SN. Peripheral neural
mechanism of nociception. In: McMahon SB, Koltzenburg M,
editors. Textbook of pain. 5th ed. Churchill Livingstonr, China, 2006:
8-19
42. Larkin R. Acute pain management; scientific evidence. National
Health and Medical Research Council. Commonwealth of Australia,
1999.
43. Vanderah TW. Pathophysiology of pain. The medical clinics of north
america. Med Clin N Am, 2007; 91: 1-12.
44. Macintyre PE, Scott DA, Schug SA, Visser EJ, Walker SM; APM:
SE Working group of the Australian and New Zealand College of
Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine. Acute pain
management: Scientific evidence, 3rd Ed. ANZCA & FPM,
Melbourne, 2010: 1-8
45. SA Schlig, Fry RA. Continuous regional analgesia incomparison
with intravenous opioid administration for routine postoperative pain
control. Anaesthesia, 1994; Jun;49 (6): 528-32
46. Conn D, Murdoch J. Manajemen nyeri akut. In: Kedokteran
perioperatif. Oxford University Press, 2000: 57-69.
47. Jensen MP, Ma, Cheung R. The meaning of pain relief in a clinical
trial: The Journal of Pain. 2005; 6(6): 400-6
48. Jensen MP, Chen C, Brugger AM. Interpretation of visual analog
scale ratings and change scores: a reanalysis of two clinical trial of
postoperative pain. The Journal of Pain 2003; 4(7): 401-7
49. Fillingim RB. Pain measurement in humans. In: Holcroft A, Jaggar
S, editors. Core topics in pain. New York : Cambridge University:
71-7
50. Myles PS, Troedel S, Boquest M, Reeves M. The pain visual scale,
is it linier or linier? Anesth Analg. 1999; 89: 1517-20
51. Tanra AH. Pengelolaan nyeri paska bedah. Pertemuan Ilmiah
Berkala (PIB) IX IDSAI, Medan, 2002: 413.
52. Stephan A Scug and RAJ. P. Haridas. Development and
organization structure of an acute pain service in mayor teaching
hospital: The Acute Pain Service at Ancklan Hospital Publication
and Guideline, 1999: 8–13
53. Gottschalk A. New concepts in acute pain therapy : preemptive
analgesia. American Family Physician. 2001; 10: 63
54. Kelly DJ, Ahmad M, Sorin J. Brull MD. Preemptive analgesia In:
recent advances and current trens. Can J Anest. 2001; 48(11):
1091-101
55. Sandkuhler J, Ruscheweyh R. Opioid and central sensititation.
European Journal of pain, 2005; 9: 145-8
56. Forrest JB, Heitlinger EL, Revel S. Ketorolac for postoperative pain
management in children. Drug Safety, May 1997; 16(51): 309-29.
57. Gupta P. Ketorolac. Indian Pediatrics. Volume 31, May, 1994: 5758.
58. Uddin MB, Hossain M, Alam MM, Hossain S. Ketorolac and
pethidine in postoperative pain relief. Bangladesh J Pharmacology,
2007: 35-42
59. Aronoff DM, Oates JA, Boutaud O.
New insights into the
mechanism of action of acetaminophen; its clinical pharmacologic
characteristics reflect its inhibition of the two prostaglandin H2
synthases. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2006; 79 (1): 9–19.
60. Kissin I, Pain medicine preemptive analgesia at the crossroad.
Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 754 – 6
61. Klepstad P, Maurset A, Moberg ER, Oye I, Evidence of a role for
NMDA receptors in pain perception. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990; 187:
513-8
62. Oliveira CMB, Sakata RK, Issy AM, Garcia JBS. Ketamin and
preemptive analgesia. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2004; 54: 739-52
63. Pai A, Heining M. Ketamin. Continuing education in anaesthesia,
Critical Care & Pain 2007; 7(2): 59-63
64. Haas DA, Harper DG. Ketamin: A review of it’s pharmacologic
properties and use in ambulatory anesthesia. Anest Prog 1992; 39:
61-8
65. Mion G, Villevieille T. Ketamin pharmacology: an update
(pharmacodynamics and molecular aspects, recent findings). CNS
Neuroscience & Therapeutics; 2013; 19: 370-80.
66. Bell RF, Dhal JB, Moore RA, Kalso E. Peri-operative ketamin for
acute postoperative pain a quantitative and qualitative review
(Cochrane Review) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005; 49: 1405-28
67. Himmelseher S, Pfeninger E, Georgieff M. The effect of ketaminisomers on neuronal injury and regeneration in rat hippocampal
neurons. Anest Analg 1996; 83: 505-12
68. Ori C, Freu U, Merico A, et al. Effects of ketamin-enantiomers
anesthesia on local glucose utilization in the rat. Anesthesiology
1999; 91 (Suppl)3A: A772
69. Kawasaki T, Ogata M, Kawasaki C, et al. Ketamin suppresses
proinflammatory cytokine production in human whole blood in vitro.
Anest Analg 1999; 89: 665-9
70. Healy TEJ, Cohen PJ. A practice of anesthesia. Boston: Little,
Brown and Company. 1995: 613 – 4
71. Gilman GA, Goodman LS, Rald LW. The pharmacological basis of
therapeutic 7th Ed. New York: McMillan Publishing Co. 1985: 790 –
792
72. Katz Jeffery. Anesthesiology: A comprehensive study guide. New
York: McGraw-Hill. 1997: 331 – 9
73. Goldberg ME, Domsky R, Scaringe D, Hirsh R, Dotson J, Sharaf I.
Multi days low dose ketamin infusion for the treatment of complex
regional pain syndrome. Pain Physician 2005; 8: 175-9
74. Coetzee JF.Sedation guidelines: a record of sedation scores is
essential. S Afr J Anaesthesiol Analg. 2010; 16 (4).
75. National Heart Lung Blood Institute. Calculate Your BMI - Standard
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