Kajian Gravity Thickener sebagai Alat Pemisah Lumpur Keluaran Fermentor pada Pembuatan Biogas dari Fermentasi Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Skala Pilot.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abdulkarim, B.I, Abdullahi Mohammed Evuti, 2010. “Effect of Buffer (NaHCO3) and
Waste Type in High Solid Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion”, International
Journal of ChemTech Research, Vol.2, No.2, pp 980-984.
Angelidaki, I., Petersen, S. P., dan Ahring, B. K., 1990. “Effect Of Lipids On
Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion And Reduction Of Lipid Inhibition Upon
Addition Of Bentonite”. Appl Microbiology and Biotech 33:469-472.
Anonim. “Statistika Indonesia 2004”. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Jakarta-Indonesia,
2004.
Appels, L., Baeyans, J., Degrave, J., dan Dewil, R., 2008. “Principles And Potential Of
The Anaerobic Digestion Of Waste-Activated Sludge”. Progress in Energy and
Combustion Science 34: 755-78.
Brian L. Brazil and Steven T. Summerfelt, 2006. “Aerobic Treatment Of Gravity
Thickening Tank Supernatant”, Aquaculture Engineering Jurnal, vol. 34, pp.
92-102.
Bodley and Hershey, 1998. “Transport Phenomena: A Unified Approach”. Chapter:
Application Of Mixing, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
Budiman,R.Saragih, 2010. “Analisis Potensi Biogas untuk Menghasikan Energi Listrik
dan Thermal pada Gedung Komersil di Daerah Perkotaan”. Program Magister
Teknik Elektro UI.
Burke, Dennis A. 2001. “Dairy Waste anaerobic Digestion Handbook”. Environmental
Energy Company. Olympia.
Burger, R., Bustos, M.C., and Concha, F., 1999, “Settling velocities of particulate
systems: 9. Phenomenological theory of sedimentation processes: Numerical
solution of the transient behavior of flocculated suspensions in an ideal batch
or continuous thickener,” Int. J. Mineral Process., Vol. 55, pp. 267-282.
Burgess Jo E dan Bret I Pletschke, 2008. “Hydrolitic enzymes in sewage sludge
treatment: a mini review”, ISSN 0378–4738, Water SA Vol. 34 No.3 South
Africa. Halaman 343 – 450.
Deublein, D. dan Steinhauster, A., 2008. “Biogas from Waste and Renewabe Resources.
An Introduction” WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Farrow, J., Fawell, P.D., Johnston, R.R.M., Nguyen, T.B., Rudman, M., Simic,K., and
Swift, J.D., 2000, “Recent developments in techniques and methodologies for
improving thickener performance,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 80, pp.141-155.
Garrido, P., Bürger, R., and Concha, F., 2000, “Settling velocities of particulate systems:
11. Comparison of the phenomenological sedimentation-consolidation model
with published experimental results,” Int. J. Mineral Process., Vol. 60, Nos. 34, pp. 213-227.
37
Universitas Sumatera Utara
38
Gladman, B.J., Usher., Scales, P.J. “Understanding of Thickening Process”. Rheology
and Thickening, 2006, Australian Center of Geomechanics, Perth, ISBN 09756756-5-6.
Henry Loekito, 2002. “Teknologi Pengelolaan Limbah Industri Kelapa Sawit”, Jurnal
Teknologi Lingkungan, Vol. 3, No. 3, September 2002:242-250.
Hermawan dan Beni, 2007. “Pemanfaatan Sampah Organik sebagai Sumber Biogas
Untuk Mengatasi Krisis Energi Dalam Negeri”. Skripsi, Universitas Lampung.
http://ditjenbun.deptan.go.id/sekretariat/index.php?option=com_contentdanview=article
danid=33:statistik-perkebunan-indonesia-tahun-20082010dancatid=13:hotnews. Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan. 21 Januari 2010
http://www.litbang.deptan.go.id/artikel/one/107/pdf/Berburu%20Energi%20di%20Kebu
n%20Sawit.pdf. Penelitian dan Pengembangan Departemen Pertanian. 25
Pebruari 2006
http://www.ragsdaleandassociates.com/. Ragsdale and Associates, Training Specialist,
LLC. 21 April 2011
Igwe J.C dan Onyegbado C.C., 2007. “A review of POME Water Treatment”. Global
Journal of Environmental Research Vol. 1 No. 2. Halaman 54-62
Indriyati. 2008. “Potensi Limbah Industri Kelapa Sawit di Indonesia”. Manajemen
Teknik Lingkungan, Vol 4, No. 1. Halaman 93-103. ISSN 0216.7735
IPCC. 2006. “Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventory”, Vol 5. Waste.
Irvan, Bambang Trisakti, Vivian Wongistani, Yoshimasa Tomiuchi, 2012. “ Methane
from Digestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) in a Thermofilic Anaerobic
Reactor. Internat. J. of Sci. and Eng., Vol. 3 (1):32-35, April 2012.
Irvan., Trisakti B., Nainggolan R.M., 2011. “Kajian Awal Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga
Biogas (PLTBg) Skala Pilot Dari Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit (LCPKS)”.
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kimia 2011. USU Press 2011. Halaman 339-347
Khemkhao Maneerat, Boonyarit Nuntakumjon, Somkiet Techkarnjanaruk dan
Chantaraporn Phalakornkule, 2011. ”Microbial Diversity in Thermophilic
Adaptation on Pome Treatment”, KMITL Sci. Tech. J. Vol.11 No. 1 Jan –
Thailand.
Lang dan Ling Yu, 2007. “Treatability of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Black
Liquor In an Anaerobic Treatment Process”. Thesis for The Degree of Master
of Science. Universitas Sains Malaysia
Litbang Deptan, 2006. “Berburu Energi di Kebun Sawit”. Deptan
Metcalf & Eddy. 2003. “Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse”, Mc Graw Hill.
Morel, F.M. M., 1983. “Principles of Aquatic Chemistry”, Wiley – Interscience
Publications.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
39
Ngan, M.A. Management Of Palm Oil Industrial Effluents. Advance In Oil Palm
Research, Vol 2, 2000. Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Malaysia.
Novaviro (2008) “Methane Recovery By KS Anaerobic Digester Technology For Palm
Oil Mill Eflluent”. Novaviro Technology SDN BHD. Malaysia.
PTP Nusantara IV. Operasional Pengolahan Kelapa Sawit. Medan. PTP Nusantara IV,
2009
Rahardjo, N.P. Teknologi Pengelolaan Limbah Cair yang Ideal untuk Pabrik kelapa
Sawit. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Vol 2, No. 1, 2006. Halaman 66-72. ISSN
1441-318X
Rahayuningwulan, D., Cahyaningsih, S., Hidayat. Kinerja DAF dalam Penyisihan
Lemak dan Padatan Tersuspensi pada Variasi Tekanan pada Air Limbah
Industri Kelapa Sawit. Jurnal Kimia Indonesia Vol. 2, No. 1, 2007. Halaman
21-24
Senafati dan Amalia Yolanda. (2010). “Pengaruh Pengembalian Lumpur (Recycle
Sludge) terhadap Fermentasi Limbah Cair Kelapa Sawit”. Skripsi Departemen
Teknik Kimia, Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Speece. R.E., 1996. “Anaerobic Biotechnology For Industrial Wastewaters”. Archae
Press, Tennessee.
Tong
S.L., dan Jaafar A.B. Waste to Energy: Methane Recovery from Anaerobic
Digestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent. Energy Smart. Ptm. Malaysia Energy
Centre. February 2004. Issue 0014
Trisakti B., Irvan., Parafatima N. Pengaruh Pengembalian Lumpur (recycle sludge)
terhadap Fermentasi Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit (LCPKS). Prosiding
Seminar Nasional Kimia 2011. USU Press 2011. Halaman 385-392
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001. “Methode 1684 Total, Fixed, and Volatile
Solid In Water, Solids and Biosolids” Office of Science and Technology,
Washington, US.
Zitomer, D.H. dan Speece, R.E., 2008. “Metal Stimulation and Municipal Digester
Thermophilic/Mesophilic Activity”. Journal Environmental Eng., Vol. 134 hal
42-47.
Walas S., Fair R., Penny Roy, Couper J., Chemical Process Equipment, Selection and
Design, Second Edition (ebook). Elsivier, Burlington, USA, 2005. Hal 329-358
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Abdulkarim, B.I, Abdullahi Mohammed Evuti, 2010. “Effect of Buffer (NaHCO3) and
Waste Type in High Solid Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion”, International
Journal of ChemTech Research, Vol.2, No.2, pp 980-984.
Angelidaki, I., Petersen, S. P., dan Ahring, B. K., 1990. “Effect Of Lipids On
Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion And Reduction Of Lipid Inhibition Upon
Addition Of Bentonite”. Appl Microbiology and Biotech 33:469-472.
Anonim. “Statistika Indonesia 2004”. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Jakarta-Indonesia,
2004.
Appels, L., Baeyans, J., Degrave, J., dan Dewil, R., 2008. “Principles And Potential Of
The Anaerobic Digestion Of Waste-Activated Sludge”. Progress in Energy and
Combustion Science 34: 755-78.
Brian L. Brazil and Steven T. Summerfelt, 2006. “Aerobic Treatment Of Gravity
Thickening Tank Supernatant”, Aquaculture Engineering Jurnal, vol. 34, pp.
92-102.
Bodley and Hershey, 1998. “Transport Phenomena: A Unified Approach”. Chapter:
Application Of Mixing, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
Budiman,R.Saragih, 2010. “Analisis Potensi Biogas untuk Menghasikan Energi Listrik
dan Thermal pada Gedung Komersil di Daerah Perkotaan”. Program Magister
Teknik Elektro UI.
Burke, Dennis A. 2001. “Dairy Waste anaerobic Digestion Handbook”. Environmental
Energy Company. Olympia.
Burger, R., Bustos, M.C., and Concha, F., 1999, “Settling velocities of particulate
systems: 9. Phenomenological theory of sedimentation processes: Numerical
solution of the transient behavior of flocculated suspensions in an ideal batch
or continuous thickener,” Int. J. Mineral Process., Vol. 55, pp. 267-282.
Burgess Jo E dan Bret I Pletschke, 2008. “Hydrolitic enzymes in sewage sludge
treatment: a mini review”, ISSN 0378–4738, Water SA Vol. 34 No.3 South
Africa. Halaman 343 – 450.
Deublein, D. dan Steinhauster, A., 2008. “Biogas from Waste and Renewabe Resources.
An Introduction” WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Farrow, J., Fawell, P.D., Johnston, R.R.M., Nguyen, T.B., Rudman, M., Simic,K., and
Swift, J.D., 2000, “Recent developments in techniques and methodologies for
improving thickener performance,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 80, pp.141-155.
Garrido, P., Bürger, R., and Concha, F., 2000, “Settling velocities of particulate systems:
11. Comparison of the phenomenological sedimentation-consolidation model
with published experimental results,” Int. J. Mineral Process., Vol. 60, Nos. 34, pp. 213-227.
37
Universitas Sumatera Utara
38
Gladman, B.J., Usher., Scales, P.J. “Understanding of Thickening Process”. Rheology
and Thickening, 2006, Australian Center of Geomechanics, Perth, ISBN 09756756-5-6.
Henry Loekito, 2002. “Teknologi Pengelolaan Limbah Industri Kelapa Sawit”, Jurnal
Teknologi Lingkungan, Vol. 3, No. 3, September 2002:242-250.
Hermawan dan Beni, 2007. “Pemanfaatan Sampah Organik sebagai Sumber Biogas
Untuk Mengatasi Krisis Energi Dalam Negeri”. Skripsi, Universitas Lampung.
http://ditjenbun.deptan.go.id/sekretariat/index.php?option=com_contentdanview=article
danid=33:statistik-perkebunan-indonesia-tahun-20082010dancatid=13:hotnews. Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan. 21 Januari 2010
http://www.litbang.deptan.go.id/artikel/one/107/pdf/Berburu%20Energi%20di%20Kebu
n%20Sawit.pdf. Penelitian dan Pengembangan Departemen Pertanian. 25
Pebruari 2006
http://www.ragsdaleandassociates.com/. Ragsdale and Associates, Training Specialist,
LLC. 21 April 2011
Igwe J.C dan Onyegbado C.C., 2007. “A review of POME Water Treatment”. Global
Journal of Environmental Research Vol. 1 No. 2. Halaman 54-62
Indriyati. 2008. “Potensi Limbah Industri Kelapa Sawit di Indonesia”. Manajemen
Teknik Lingkungan, Vol 4, No. 1. Halaman 93-103. ISSN 0216.7735
IPCC. 2006. “Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventory”, Vol 5. Waste.
Irvan, Bambang Trisakti, Vivian Wongistani, Yoshimasa Tomiuchi, 2012. “ Methane
from Digestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) in a Thermofilic Anaerobic
Reactor. Internat. J. of Sci. and Eng., Vol. 3 (1):32-35, April 2012.
Irvan., Trisakti B., Nainggolan R.M., 2011. “Kajian Awal Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga
Biogas (PLTBg) Skala Pilot Dari Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit (LCPKS)”.
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kimia 2011. USU Press 2011. Halaman 339-347
Khemkhao Maneerat, Boonyarit Nuntakumjon, Somkiet Techkarnjanaruk dan
Chantaraporn Phalakornkule, 2011. ”Microbial Diversity in Thermophilic
Adaptation on Pome Treatment”, KMITL Sci. Tech. J. Vol.11 No. 1 Jan –
Thailand.
Lang dan Ling Yu, 2007. “Treatability of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Black
Liquor In an Anaerobic Treatment Process”. Thesis for The Degree of Master
of Science. Universitas Sains Malaysia
Litbang Deptan, 2006. “Berburu Energi di Kebun Sawit”. Deptan
Metcalf & Eddy. 2003. “Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse”, Mc Graw Hill.
Morel, F.M. M., 1983. “Principles of Aquatic Chemistry”, Wiley – Interscience
Publications.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
39
Ngan, M.A. Management Of Palm Oil Industrial Effluents. Advance In Oil Palm
Research, Vol 2, 2000. Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Malaysia.
Novaviro (2008) “Methane Recovery By KS Anaerobic Digester Technology For Palm
Oil Mill Eflluent”. Novaviro Technology SDN BHD. Malaysia.
PTP Nusantara IV. Operasional Pengolahan Kelapa Sawit. Medan. PTP Nusantara IV,
2009
Rahardjo, N.P. Teknologi Pengelolaan Limbah Cair yang Ideal untuk Pabrik kelapa
Sawit. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Vol 2, No. 1, 2006. Halaman 66-72. ISSN
1441-318X
Rahayuningwulan, D., Cahyaningsih, S., Hidayat. Kinerja DAF dalam Penyisihan
Lemak dan Padatan Tersuspensi pada Variasi Tekanan pada Air Limbah
Industri Kelapa Sawit. Jurnal Kimia Indonesia Vol. 2, No. 1, 2007. Halaman
21-24
Senafati dan Amalia Yolanda. (2010). “Pengaruh Pengembalian Lumpur (Recycle
Sludge) terhadap Fermentasi Limbah Cair Kelapa Sawit”. Skripsi Departemen
Teknik Kimia, Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Speece. R.E., 1996. “Anaerobic Biotechnology For Industrial Wastewaters”. Archae
Press, Tennessee.
Tong
S.L., dan Jaafar A.B. Waste to Energy: Methane Recovery from Anaerobic
Digestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent. Energy Smart. Ptm. Malaysia Energy
Centre. February 2004. Issue 0014
Trisakti B., Irvan., Parafatima N. Pengaruh Pengembalian Lumpur (recycle sludge)
terhadap Fermentasi Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit (LCPKS). Prosiding
Seminar Nasional Kimia 2011. USU Press 2011. Halaman 385-392
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001. “Methode 1684 Total, Fixed, and Volatile
Solid In Water, Solids and Biosolids” Office of Science and Technology,
Washington, US.
Zitomer, D.H. dan Speece, R.E., 2008. “Metal Stimulation and Municipal Digester
Thermophilic/Mesophilic Activity”. Journal Environmental Eng., Vol. 134 hal
42-47.
Walas S., Fair R., Penny Roy, Couper J., Chemical Process Equipment, Selection and
Design, Second Edition (ebook). Elsivier, Burlington, USA, 2005. Hal 329-358
Universitas Sumatera Utara