Materi Bahasa Inggris untuk kelas XII (1)
ENGLISH MATERIALS FOR
SEMESTER I
Class/Program : XII/ SCIENCE, SOCIAL, LANGUAGE
Year
I.
II.
III.
IV.
: 2013/2014
LISTENING
A. EXPRESSIONS
1. Asking and Giving Suggestion
2. Expressing Request
3. Giving Complaint
4. Expressing Possibility or Capability on Doing Something
5. Giving Instruction
6. Making Promise
7. Expressing view
8. Admitting a Fault
9. Blaming
10. Expressing Curiosity
11. Expressing Attitude
B. SHORT FUNCTIONAL TEXTS (poster, pamphlet, banner, etc.)
C. MONOLOG TEXTS ( Narrative, Explanation, Discussion)
SPEAKING : See LISTENING
READING
A. SHORT FUNCTIONAL TEXTS
B. NARRATIVE TEXTS
C. EXPLANATION TEXTS
D. DISCUSSION TEXTS
WRITING : See READING
A.EXPRESSIONS
1. Asking and Giving Suggestion (pp. 163-164) SB p. 33
1.1. Listening Activity
A.Read the following dialogs
Dialog 1
Elang
: Hey you look sick. Let’s go to
the sick bay.
Ms. Yuyun will give you a
treatment.
Eka
: No … no … I’m really fine
Elang : O come on. You look pale. Don’t
let something worse happen
Eka
: You could be right. O.K. let’s
go there.
Dialog 2
Joy
Eraz
Joy
: Let’s think what we will write for
our final assignment.
: What if we write about acid rain?
I don’t think everyone knows
about it.
: Good idea. Any better ideas?
Gendhis : Don’t take a difficult topic.
Eraz’s
idea is hard to do. Why
not writing about how tsunami
happens? I have a book on it.
Besides, it is a hot topic lately.
Joy
: What do you think, Eraz?
Eraz : It’s a good suggestion
Gendhis: O.K. I’ll bring my book
tomorrow. Joy and Eraz, please
find some more information on
the Internet or newspaper. And
Ratna, please
bring your laptop.
Joy
: Consider it done.
Ratna: I will. Don’t worry.
B. Your teacher will ask you some
questions about the dialogs in Task A.
Listen to him/her carefully and answer
the questions
C.Listen to the cassette and write down the
expressions
you have heard!
1. Let’s get inside
2. Don’t be in a hurry
3. You’d better go early
4. Get your uncle a cup of tea, please
5. What if we take a rest now
6. Turn off the television and go to bed
7. Call 911 when you are in trouble
8. Perhaps you need to go on vacation
9. I think we should prepare ourselves now
10.How about asking Mr. Garin about this
math
Problem
11.
Study the following expressions
Giving a suggestion
We’d better have a break for lunch
now
Why don’t you ask your friend about
the assignment?
I think you should take a taxi to the
seminar
We’d better make an English
conversation club
Why don’t you ask your friend to do
the task together?
I think you should take a private
course
Perhaps you need to repair your
motorcycle tomorrow
Why not asking Ms Vivi to check our
work?
How about going to McArthur
Monument? It has an amazing view
Instructing Someone
Read
the
text
thoroughly so you can
answer the questions
Don’t litter! It will
clog the drainage
Spend
your
time
effectively to prepare
the national exam.
Responding
It’s a good
suggestion
That’s
a
good idea
You
are
right
I think so
Good idea
Great!
Responding
Yes, thanks
No, I won’t
O.K. Dad. I will
Sure
Please, stop here! I
want to buy some
drink
1.2. Speaking Activity (XII IPA 4: 31 Juli 2012) perform on 7 August
2012
Make dialogs based on the following situation!
1. You study hard for the coming midterm test. Your books are scattered
around in your room. It’s really a mess.
Your father/mother asks you to clean it
up. She/He suggests you to put the
books which you don’t use on the shelf.
How would the conversation go?
2. Your pen-pal is going to visit you for
three days. You plan to take her around
your city, like to the museum, the
shopping mall and the souvenir market.
Your mother suggests you to take her to
the beach. The place is not far from your
house. She also suggests you to bring
the raincoats because the weather is
unpredictable.
How
would
the
conversation go?
3.
Reading Activity
Activity 1
Summary of Explanation Text
An explanation text is a kind of genre that explains each step of
process (the how) and to give reasons (the why) of something
happens/occurs in scientific and technical fields. In other words,
it tells how or why something happens/occurs. Some examples
of explanation texts are:
How something happens
Why something occurs
Why things are alike or different
How to solve a problem
How something works
The structure of an explanation text is as
follows:
1. General statement :
state
the
phenomenon to be explained
2. Sequence of explanation:
a
series
of
paragraphs that tell the how or why
(explanation) something happens
3. Conclusion
Common
grammatical
explanation text include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
features
in
an
Use simple present tense
Use passive Voice
Conjunctions of time and cause
Use complex sentence
Grammar Focus
1. Passive Sentences
Look at the sentences below
A
: Do you know the cycle of water?
B : Yes, I do. It has been explained by Mam Sineri.
The sentence “It has been explained by Mam Sineri”
uses passive form.
A verb is in the passive voice when its form shows that
something is done to the person or thing denoted by the
subject. We use Past Participle (V3).
Look at the sentences:
Liana waters the flowers every day. (Active
sentence)
The flowers are watered by Liana every day.
(Passive sentence)
In the first sentence, who does something (the
agent = Liana) becomes the SUBJECT of the
sentence. Meanwhile, in the second sentence, the
agent becomes the object of the sentence.
Note the change of active sentences into the passive
ones as follows:
Tense
Active Voice
Passive
(V3)
Voice
Simple
Present
Present
continuou
s
Present
Perfect
Simple
Past
Past
Continuou
s
Past
perfect
Simple
future
Modal
eat/eats(V1/V1+s/-es)
am/are/is eating
am/are/is
(V3)
am/are/is
eaten
eaten
Have/has eaten
Have/has
been
eaten
was/were eaten
Ate (V2)
being
was/were eating
was/were
eaten
being
had eaten
Had been eaten
Will eat
Will be eaten
Can/may/must/sh Can/may/must/sh
ould eat
ould be eaten
Activity 2
Determine the active form of the following passive
voices
1. Passive : John is called by Andi.
Active : Andi calls John
2. Passive : The apples are being peeled by Tika.
Active : Tika is peeling the apples.
3. Passive : The motorcycle has been repaired by
father.
Active : Father has repaired the motorcycle
4. Passive : The suitcase was kept by Cintya on
the cupboard.
Active : Cintya kept the suitcase on the cupboard
5. Passive : The house was being built by the
men.
Active : The men were building the house
6. Active
:The paintings should be exhibited in
public place.
Passive
:The painters should exhibit the
paintings in public place
7. Passive : The explanation text is written in
simple present tense.
Active : The writer writes the explanation text
in simple present tense
8. Passive : The flight will be taken off at nine in
the morning
Active : The pilot will take off the flight at nine in
the morning
9. The meals had been finished when we came.
=They had finished the meals when we came
10.
The test will be done next week.
=The students will do the test next week
Remedy task
Determine the active form of the following
sentences!
1. Mr. Numberi has been promoted as a
General Manager.
2. Last night accident will be put in the
morning news.
3. Tom and Jerry were caught last week.
4. My aunty is examined at hospital every
two weeks.
5. The message is being sent through
internet.
Hendi is sending the message through
internet.
2. Gerund
Pay attention to the following dialog:
A: What do you like doing in your spare time?
B: I like gardening. What about you?
A: Playing football is my favorite.
The words ‘doing’ and ‘gardening’ in those
sentences are gerunds. They function as the
object of a verb. Meanwhile the word ‘playing’
in the sentence is also gerund. It functions as the
subject of a verb.
a.
Gerund as a subject
Examples:
1. Smoking is prohibited in this room.
2. Writing poem is her hobby.
b.
Gerund as an Object
Examples:
1. Please keep on trying although you often
fail.
2. I don’t mind picking you up at the bus
station
A gerund is used:
1. After some main verbs
Certain verbs followed by a gerund are:
Admit
appreciate consider
delay
Feel
like
finish
forgive
Involve
mention
mind
miss
Put off
recommendresent
risk
Detest
give up
practice
understand
Enjoy
imagine
prefer
suggest
Deny Examples:
face
escape
postpone
We have finished presenting our paper
dislike
If you want to master English well, you
should practice speaking every day.
2.
after an adjective, verb or noun followed
by a preposition
Examples:
Vita is really good at singing.
Tomy apologized for arriving late.
3.
In some fixed expressions
Examples:
I can’t bear listening to the long speech.
I can’t help feeling that I hate the boy.
Now compare the uses of the – ing form
in the following sentences:
Joining an extracurricular activity is
good for students.
(The word joining is a gerund)
Dewi and Maria are joining English
club.
(The word joining is a present
participle used in simple present
continuous tense).
Listening to a long speech is a
boring activity.
(The word listening is a gerund,
boring is a present participle used as
an adjective).
2.1. LISTENING ACTIVITY
Complete the dialog
what you have heard!
based
on
Harry : The path seems unfamiliar
for me.
Louisa : (1)………………………….?
Harry : Please, be calm. Let us just
try the
path on the right.
Louisa : O.K.
A moment later ………………………
Louisa : Why do you stop here?
Harry
: Sorry …. From here I forget the
way to our
grandma’s house.
Louisa : (Crying) It is your mistake. Why
did you ask me
(2) …………….
Harry :(3) ……………….You always complain
about
(4) …………. Running away and going
to grandma’s
house are the best things we can do
to escape from her.
Louisa : Yeah, I know. But we could have
gone in the
afternoon, not at night like this. We
can’t see
everything clearly. Moreover (5)
……………..
Harry : Stop it. It’s no use blaming each
other. Now
(6) …………………….. We should sleep
here in the
forest. Then, we can continue our
journey
tomorrow.
Louisa : But sleeping here is quite
dangerous. What if there was (7)
…………. I think it’s better for us to
go to a nearby house
………………
Harry : You’re right. O.K. Let’s go
and
(8)
Study the following expressions
1. Making Complaints
I want to complain about ……
(Well),
this
is
the
most
unsatisfactory
(I’m afraid), …. It just isn’t good
enough
…. Just won’t do
Can you do anything about …..
I’m sorry to say this, but ……….
Honestly, I’m fed up with …..
Really, I’m fed up with …..
2. Blaming someone
How could you do such a foolish
thing?
I hope you are sorry
What on earth were you thinking?
I think you are the one to blame
Are you out of your mind?
It serves you right
I think you are the only person who
could have done it
Its your fault for (doing something)
3.
Reading Activity
THE SMARTEST PARROT
Once upon a time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was
no other parrot like it. The parrot could say every word, except one
word. The parrot would not say the name of the place where it was
born. The name of the place was Catano.
The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could
not understand why the parrot would not say Catano. The man
tried to teach the bird to say Catano, however the bird kept not
saying the word.
At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got
very angry. “You’re stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot.
“Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you,” the
man said angrily.
Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it.
Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over;
“Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of
Catano.
One day, after he had been trying so many times to make the
bird say Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear
it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There
were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the
chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he
continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my
meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”.
After that he left the chicken house.
The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He
opened the door and was very surprised. He could not believe what
he saw at the chicken house. There were three death chickens on
the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and
screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”.
(Taken
from:
www.narrative.com)
Activity 6. State T if the statement is true and F if the
statement is false.
1.The parrot was born in Catano
2.The parrot could say every word
3. The man felt excited having the smartest parrot
4. There were five old chickens
5. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano.
Activity 7. Read the fable of “The Smartest Parrot” again.
Write down the direct speech found in the text. Then,
change it into indirect speech. See the examples given.
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1. “You’re stupid bird!” 1. The man pointed to the
pointed the man to the parrot that it was stupid bird
2. The man tried to teach the
parrot
2. The man tried to teach bird to say Catano
3. The man said angrily to the
the bird, “Say Catano!”
bird to say Catano or he would
3. “Say Catano! Or I will kill
kill it.
you,” the man said angrily. 4. _______________________
4. ____________________
___________
5. _______________________
__________
___________
5. ____________________
__________
NARRATIVE TEXT
The
function/purpose/aim/goal :
social
IS USED TO ENTERTAIN, TO TEACH and
TO INFORM which is gain and hold
the reader’s interest in a story.
CAN BE IMAGINARY (fairy tales, fables,
and legends, myth, folktale, horror,
etc.)
Generic structure/Organization of
the text
ORIENTATION
:sets the scene (when
&
where)
and
Introduces
participants/character (who)
COMPLICATION
: a crisis arises,
something
happened unexpectedly
RESOLUTION
: the crisis is resolved,
for better
or for worse
RE-ORIENTATION : closing to the
narrative (optional)
Notes:
unexpectedly : tidak terduga
arise
: muncul/timbul
resolve
:
menyelesaikan
masalah/
menemukan jalan keluar
worse : makin buruk/jelek
Notes on Narrative Text
It is important to know that the social function of the
narrative text is to inform and entertain. Narrative text will
tell the story with amusing way. It provides an esthetic
literary experience to the reader. Narrative text is written
based on life experience. In literary term, experience is what
we do, feel, hear, read, even what we dream.
Narrative text is organized focusing at character oriented. It
is built using descriptive familiar language and dialogue.
There are some genres of literary text which fit to be
classified as the narrative text. Some of them are:
Folktales, it includes fables, legend, myth, or realistic
tales
Mysteries, fantasy, science or realistic fiction
Commonly, narrative text is organized by the story of
grammar. It will be beginning, middle and end of the story.
To build this story grammar, narrative text need plot. This
plot will determine the quality of the story. Plot is a series of
episodes which holds the reader’s attention while they are
reading the story.
Conflict is the main important element of the plot. This
conflict among the characters will drive the story progress.
In this conflict, readers will be shown how the characters
face the problem and how they have ability to handle that
problem
Analysis the Generic Structure
Orientation: It sets the scene and introduces the
participants/characters. In that parrot story, the first
paragraph is the orientation where reader finds time and
place set up and also the participant as the background of the
story. A man and his parrot took place once time.
Complication: It explores the conflict in the story. It will
show the crisis, rising crisis and climax of the story. In the
parrot story, paragraph 2, 3, 4 are describing the
complication. Readers will find that the man face a problem
of why the parrot cannot say Catano. To fix this problem, the
man attempted to teach the bird. How hard he tried to teach
the bird is the excitement element of the complication.
Resolution: It shows the situation which the problems have
been resolved. It must be our note that “resolved” means
accomplished whether succeed or fail. In the last paragraph
of the smartest parrot story, readers see the problem is
finished. The parrot could talk the word which the man
wanted. The parrot said the word with higher degree than the
man taught the word to it. That was the smartest parrot.
Note:
In the middle of the story you can use; next, after that,
then, afterward, meanwhile, so, subsequently, second,
third, etc.
Activity 3. Read the text carefully. Then, answer the
following questions.
Towjatuwa and a Crocodile
Towjatuwa lived in the
inland
of Papua. He really loved his
wife
who was being pregnant. He
hoped
that his child would be a great
hunter
in the future. One day his wife was ready to deliver the baby.
Towjatuwa had an elder of the village help his wife. But, the
expected baby could not be delivered by his mother.
“Towjatuwa, it seems that your wife can’t deliver the baby as
usual, we need something sharp and clean to bring out the
baby from the womb” said the elder.
Towjatuwa then went to Tami river. Although he already
searched for awhile, he have not found any sharp and clean
stones. Towjatuwa started to be panic. When steping up on
rocks, he heard a moan from around the rocks and when he
searched for the sound, he saw a crocodile whose tail is
stucked with a stone. He moved the stone and the the
crocodile could move freely. The crocodile then moved and
yawned. Towjutuwa then saw that the crodile has a big body
and sharp teeth. He was afraid. “Don’t be afraid, I will not
attack you!” the crocidile said. Towjatuwa was amazed
because the crocodile could speak. “My name is Watuwe. I
am the one who have an authority here in Tami river. I really
appreciate your help over me. What are you looking for here
in the river, hey the man?” The crocodile asked. “I am
looking for a sharp stone in order to help my wife to deliver
the baby. But, I haven’t found one.” Said the man. “I will
help you. To night, I will come to your house. Now, go
home!”
Towjatuwa then went home happily. He hope that the
crocodile who had the authority over Tami river would help
him. The crocodile fulfilled his promise. At night, Watuwe
came to Towjatuwa’s house. He saw Towjatuwa’s wife was
really sick. With his sharp teeth, they cut off Towjatuwa’s
wife’s stomach. Short after, the baby was delivered safely.
Watuwe then went back to the river.
Towjatuwa was really happy because his wife and the
baby saved. From the time on, he promised before his baby
and his descents that they would never hunt and consume the
flesh of the crocodile.
(Taken from Dancow Story Book, translated
by Yusuf Sawaki).
Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What does the text talk about?
Who are the characters?
Where did it happen?
When did it happen?
What happened to the main characters?
How was the ending of the story? Happy/ sad?
Grammar Focus
1. so/too/either/neither
Read the following sentences:
Snow White was beautiful and so was the
Queen.
S1
to be compl.
to be
S2
Snow White was beautiful and the Queen
was too.
The sentences mean:
Snow White was beautiful
The Queen was beautiful.
To avoid repetition we can use ‘so’ and
‘too’ with the patterns:
S1 + to be/Verb + O/Compl. + and + so +
aux. + S2
S1 + to be/Verb + O/Compl. + and + S2 +
aux. + too
Combine the sentences below using ‘so’ and
‘too’
1. My father is at home.
My mother is at home.
My father is at home and so is my
mother
My father is at home and my mother is
too.
2. My family went to the beach last Sunday.
Mr. Korwa’s family went to the beach last
Sunday
My family went to the beach last Sunday
and so did Mr. Korwa’s.
My family went to the beach last Sunday
and Mr. Korwa’s did too.
3. We have done the test.
She has done the test.
We have done the test and so has she.
4. My father works at a bank.
Their fathers work at a bank.
My father works at a bank and so do
theirs/their fathers.
My father works at a bank and their
fathers do too.
For Negative sentence we can use ‘either or
‘neither’ with the Formula:
S1 + V + O + and + S2 + aux. + not +
either
S1 + V + O + and + neither + aux. +
S2
Examples:
1. Nayla doesn’t like pets.
Mery doesn’t like pets
= Nayla doesn’t like pet and Mery doesn’t
either.
Or
= Nayla doesn’t like pets and neither does
Mery.
2. Lina will not see the movie.
Agus will not see the movie.
= Lina will not see the movie and neither
will Agus.
Or
= Lina will not see the movie and Agus will
not
either.
2. Since,
For,
As
:
Sentence
connectors
Study the sentences:
1. The king asked for more gold to
the god since he was greedy.
2. The old woman ate much food for
she hadn’t eaten for few days.
3. As it was going to rain, I decided
to bring an umbrella.
Since, for, as can be used to give the
reason for an action or situation
(similar to because).
As and since are used when the
reason is already well-known, or is
less important than the rest of the
sentence. Since is a little more
formal than as.
As- and since-clauses often begin
the sentences.
For-clause never come
beginning of the sentence.
Examples:
at
the
1. Since Herlince didn’t come to
school many times, she is left
behind in her study.
2. Many people don’t like him for he
is an arrogant person.
3. As my sister hasn’t been to
Jakarta, I decide to accompany her
to go there.
LISTENING ACTIVITY 3
I. Answer the questions based on what
you have heard!
1. What is the dialog about?
2. Why does the girl think that it is
possible for everyone to have
mobile phone?
3. Does the boy have the same
opinion? Why?
4. According to the boy, what makes
people
in
underdeveloped
communities think deeper before
buying the mobile phone?
5. The boy says, “You’re right, but
have
you
thought
about
underdeveloped
communities?”
What
does
the
phrase
‘underdeveloped
communities’
mean in Indonesian?
II. Choose A,B,C,D, or E for the correct
answer!
1. What is the dialog about?
A. The possibility of passing the
examination
B. The impossibility of passing the
examination
C. The preparation for the final
examination
D. The students’ achievement in the
final exam
E. The students’ health during the
final exam
2. Who are talking in the dialog?
A. A teacher and a student
B. A brother and a sister
C. Two teachers
D. Two schoolmates
E. Two classmates
3. Where does the dialog happen?
A. In a theatre
D.
In
a
TV
station
B. In a radio station
E. In a bank
C. In a mall
4. What does the boy do?
A. An announcer
B. A radio broadcaster
C. A television presenter
D. A famous actor
E. A famous singer
5. The girl says, “Actually, I want to
know how you can become a
talented radio broadcaster.” What
does it mean?
A. She asks about possibility
B. She asks about impossibility
C. She expresses her opinion
D. She expresses her curiosity
E. She expresses her happiness
EXPRESSING CURIOSITY
EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY
Expressing
curiosity
I really want to
know how……
I
am
curious
about ….
I wonder why he
could do such a
foolish thing.
Responding
I am delighted to tell
you about it.
Don’t worry. I’ll show
you
how
is
(the
process) ….
I don’t know. You’d
better ask him
Let me tell you about it
How
can
it So am I. Let’s see it
happen?
together
I’m interested to
know….
Asking Possibilities
Respondin
g
Is it possible that Ika will come I think so
to my party?
I’m sure
Do you think we can finish our
work on time?
That’s
Is there any possibility of going impossibl
abroad to study for everyone?
e
SOME EXAMPLES OF SHORT FUNCTIONAL TEXTS
task A. Notice the texts below!
Text 1
Text 2
Text 3
The texts above are posters. A poster is any piece of
printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or
vertical surface. Typically posters include both textual
and graphic elements, although a poster may be either a
wholly graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to
be both eye-catching and convey information. Posters
may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool
of advertisers (particularly of events, musicians or films),
propagandists, protestors and other groups trying to
communicate a message. Posters are also used for
reproductions of artwork, particularly famous works, and
are generally low-cost compared to original artwork.
Another type of poster is the educational poster, which
may be about a particular subject for educational
purposes.
Task D. Observe the texts above (text 1,2 and 3)
What does each text tell us about?
LISTENING
A.
Write down the expressions you have heard!
B.
Choose A,B,C,D or E for the correct answer!
1.When does the dialog happen?
A. In a final test
D. In a PE lesson
B. In a meeting
E. In a class
C.In an examination
2.What happen to the girl?
A. She has got a headache
B. She has got a stomachache
C.She has got a backache
D. She has got a toothache
E.She is dizzy
3.Who is the boy?
A. An OSIS chairperson
B. An OSIS secretary
C.A class captain
D. A principal
E.A teacher
4.What will they do to celebrate the school anniversary?
A. Help the victims of earthquake
B. Have sports competition
C.Have a celebration party
D. Have a school bazaar
E.Visit an orphanage
5.The boy says, “I think it is a great idea.” What does it
mean?
A. He make a promise
B. He requests something
C.He gives something
D. He expresses his view
E.He expresses his happiness
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Modals (can, may, will, must, have to, should/ought to)
Modal
Use
s
Can
Ability/possibility
Informal
permission
Informal
polite
request
Impossibility
(negative)
May
polite request
formal permission
less than 50 %
certainty
Will
100% certainty
Willingness
Polite request
Must
Have
To
Strong necessity
Prohibition
(negative)
95% certainty
Necessity
Lack of necessity
(negative)
Shoul Advisability
d/
90% certainty
Ought
to
Examples
Rony can run fast
You can leave the meeting now
Can I come to your house in
the evening?
It can’t be true
May I borrow your laptop?
You may pick the roses
We don’t see Diana. She may
be in the library
I will pick you up at four.
The phone is ringing. I will
pick it up.
Will you give me some money
mom?
The students must go to
school on time.
People must not use drugs
Rendra is not in his classroom.
He must have lunch in the
canteen.
Linda has to make her bed in
the morning
Tonny doesn’t have to buy new
mobile
We
should/ought
to
join
extracurricular activities
Rendy should/ought to finish
his work soon
Modal Perfect
Read the following dialog:
A
: I didn’t see Maya in the farewell party last night.
B
: Really? She might have gone to Bandung.
A
: Why was she in a hurry?
B
: She has to join the university-entrance test soon.
The word ‘might have’ is a modal perfect. A modal perfect
is usually followed by past participle.
The functions of modal perfect are as follows:
1.Should have
Function: to express the belief that an event or situation
are right and desirable. However the event didn’t
happen.
Example:
I’ve got flu. I should not have played football in the rain.
2.Could have
Function: to show that the subject had the capability or
opportunity of doing something, but for some reasons
he/she didn’t do it.
Example:
You could have asked Andy to pick you up at the bus
station.
3.Must have
Function: to express a conclusion about past situation.
Example:
Yesterday I passed your house, but it seemed that
nobody was at home. You and your family must have
gone out.
4.Might have
Function: to express a possibility in the past.
Example:
I didn’t meet Rangga in the meeting. He might have been
absent.
LISTENING ACTIVITY 4
A. Complete the dialog based on what you have heard!
Retno: Yesterday was (1) …………
Adi
: What happened?
Retno: A police officer (2) …………… on my way home
Adi
: Did you commit traffic offences?
Retno: (3) …………………….
Adi
: So, what was the problem?
Retno: I didn’t wear the standard helmet! And (4)
…………… a steep fine.
Adi
: Well, (5) …………………..! I’ve told you a thousand
times about your helmet.
Retno: Yeah, (6) ……………….., but why should the penalty
be a fine.
Adi
: Of course, if it’s only a warning, people will
simply ignore that! So (7) …………………………….
Retno: But take a look at me now. (8) …………………….
Adi
: You wouldn’t have said that if you had bought the
helmet soon after they had this new helmet
regulation.
Retno: Yeah, you’re right. (9) …………………….
Adi
: So, what are you going to do?
Retno: Well, I intend to buy a standard helmet now, may
be tomorrow.
Adi
: O.K. (10) …………………. Shall I take you home
then?
Retno: Thanks, you are a good friend sometimes.
B. State
True
(T)
or
False
(F)
for
the
following
statements based on the dialog above! Correct the
false ones.
1.____ Yesterday Retno was pulled over by the police on
her way home.
2.____ Adi was fined because he broke the traffic
regulation.
3.____
The
penalty
for
traffic
breakers
decreases
because they ignore the traffic regulation
4.____ Because of the incident, now Retno is broke.
5.____ Tomorrow Retno will probably
buy a standard
helmet.
Study some Expressions below:
1.Expressions of Accusing Someone
Read the following dialog:
Dani
: Are you looking for me, Ma’am?
Teacher : Yes, please have a seat.
Dani
: Thank you. What’s the matter, Ma’am?
Teacher : Dani, one of your classmates told me that you
cheated in the test this morning. I’m afraid you did
it. That’s why you’ve got a very good mark.
Dani
: Absolutely not, Ma’am. I will never do such a
thing. Please ask Retno who sat next to me.
Teacher : O.K. I trust you.
The sentence “I’m afraid you did it” is used to accuse
someone.
Study some other expressions below:
Accusing Someone
Responding
I think you’re the only person No, I’m not. Trust me.
who could have done it
No one else would do such a
You’re probably right
thing but him
No way. I’ve never
You are the one to blame
done such a thing
You did all these, didn’t you?
No, I didn’t do it
You have made this floor dirty, No, I have not
But I never do it
haven’t you?
Admit it that you often bother
me on the phone
2.Admitting Mistakes
Read the following dialog:
Didi : What have you done with my magazine? How did it
get so dirty?
Keni : Sorry, it’s my fault. I accidentally dropped it in the
puddle.
Didi : How come?
Keni: I was shocked when I saw a rather deep puddle in
front of me. I jumped to avoid the puddle, but the
magazine slipped out of my hands.
Didi : How terrible.
Keni : I’ve tried to clean it but not very successfully. I’m
sorry.
Kesya said, “ Sorry, it’s my fault.” Is used to admit that
she had made Didi’s magazine dirty. Every time we make
mistake or do something wrong, we’d better admit it so
people will forgive us.
Here are some other expressions:
You’re right. I’m very responsible for this mess.
I admit what I did was wrong.
I didn’t mean to
Yes, I take the blame
You’re right. I shouldn’t have done it.
I admit what I have done is wrong
3.Expressing Intention
Read the dialog:
Simon
: Rina, what are you doing with these pictures?
Rina : Please help me choose some good pictures. I
want to follow a student photography contest.
The sentence in italicized typed is used to express one’s
intention on something.
Study some other expressions below!
I really want to do it.
I’m really longing for ….
I really want to take a part time job.
I plan to spend coming holiday in Bali
I wish I could …………
I intend to continue my study in a medical school
I wish I pass the final exam with satisfying marks.
We intend to buy a house rather than renting one.
Grammar Focus
Contrastive Conjunction : though, although, in spite of,
despite.
1.Although, even though, though
The conjunctions are followed by clauses;
Pattern: Although/Even though + Subject + Verb
Examples:
Even though Nia had studied hard, she failed the
test.
The Blacks carry four cats, although
they live in
small flat.
2.In spite of/Despite
The conjunctions are followed by noun phrases.
Patterns:
a. In spite of/despite + (possessive adjective) + Verbing
Examples
In spite of/Despite (his) having a bad cold,
Thomas still played tennis.
In spite of/Despite (their) studying hard last
night, they didn’t get more than seven.
b. In spite of/Despite + noun
Examples:
In spite of/Despite his bad cold, Tony still played
tennis.
In spite of/Despite their hard study, they didn’t
get more than seven
c.
In spite of/Despite the fact +
Subject + Verb
Examples:
In spite of/Despite the fact Tony had a bad cold,
Tony played tennis.
In spite of/Despite the fact they studied hard last
night, they didn’t get more than seven.
LISTENING ACTIVITY 6
1.Complete the dialog based on what you have heard.
Dialog 1
Virga is going to watch a play. Now she is having a
conversation with Denias about the play she is going to
watch.
Virga : Denias, you told me that (1) ……. have read or
heard the story before? The title sounds so interesting.
Denias
: Yeah. My English teacher has told me the
story
Virga : (2) …………………?
Denias
: Hey, it’s not going to be interesting if you
know the story.
Virga : Come on, Denias. (3) ………….. about the story?
Denias
: Trust me! It’s not going to be surprising if I
let you know the story.
Virga : But, in fact, you know the story. I think it would
be a pity (4) …………
Denias
: Virga, I just happened to know the story, and
I think (5) ……………
Virga : O.K. May be you’re right.
Study the expressions below!
Making Plans
I’m thinking of taking the subject
I’m certainly going to ….
I’m going to …. That’s for sure.
I’m hoiping to ……..
I thought, I might …….
I’m not going to … if I can help it
I’m certainly not going to ……….
I don’t really feel like ……. –ing ….
I’m not really planning it.
Persuading
Why don’t you ……
I really think you’d do well to …..
Are you really sure you can’t/couldn’t ……
Oh, come on!
Don’t be like that
Just this once
I really think it would be a pity if we didn’t ……
Can’t I persuade you to …..
Are you quite sure you won’t consider …… ?
Preventing/Asking Someone not to do Something
You mustn’t ….
You can’t …..
You shouldn’t (really) ………….
You are not (really) supposed to ………..
You’d better not …………….
I don’t really think you should ……….
(For goodness) don’t look!
Stop!/Wait!
Regreting
I regret to say that ………….
Regretfully, I must say ………..
I’m so sorry for ………
How could it happen?
If I had (hadn’t) ……., I would (wouldn’t) have ………….
3.3.Reading Activity
A. Listen to your teacher and complete the text based on what
you have heard!
How Photosynthesis Works
(1) ___________ is a very complex (2) ____________, and for
the sake of (3) ______ and ease of understanding, plant
biologists divide it into two (4) ______________.
In the first stage, i.e. the light-dependent (5)
_______________, the chloroplast traps (6)_____ and converts it
into
(7) ___________ contained in nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide
phosphate
(NADPH)
and
adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), two molecules used (8)_________ of
photosynthesis.
In the second stage, called the light independent (9)
________ (formerly called the dark reaction, (NADPH)
provides the (10) ________ that helps from glucose, and ATP
provides the energy for this and other reactions used to (11)
_______
These two stages reflect the (12) _________ of the term
photosynthesis, to build with (13) _________
SEMESTER II
I.
LISTENING
A. Expressions
Listen to the cassette. Complete the dialogs based on what you have heard.
Dialog 1
Diane : Rosie, don’t you forget that tomorrow we’ll have a
physics test?
Rosie : (1) ------------------. Thanks for reminding me anyway.
Diane : (2) --------------------. So, have you prepared yourself for it?
Rosie : I have. How about you?
Diane :
Me
too.
But,
I’ve
got
a
feeling
that
(3)
--------------------------- than the last one.
Rosie : That’s why, we should study harder and do our best. (4)
……., right?
Diane : Definitely! (5) I do hope that we can do the test well
Rosie : Right.
Dialog 2
Amir : Hello, Dian. What a coincidence to meet you here!
Dian : Amir! Hi, how are you? (1) ------------------------- Where are
you now?
Amir : I’m fine, thanks. Now, I study at SMA 3. And you are at
SMA 1,
right?
Dian : You’re right. Anyway, what are you doing here?
Amir : I am looking for a book about TOEFL preparation actually.
Dian : TOEFL? (2) Are you planning to study abroad?
Amir : Well, today there are many undergraduate scholarships
offered by some foreign universities. I think, (3) There’s
nothing to lose to try.
Dian : You’re right. You know, this is what I like from you. (4)
-------------------------- and never give up trying.
Amir : Thanks. So, what about yourself? What will you do after
the graduation?
Dian : (5) I intend to study mass communication.
Amir : Good choice.
Dian : Thanks
B. Genre
Listen to the cassette. Complete the following text based on what you have heard.
I have a new (1) -------------, entitled Planet Earth: An Illustrated History. Do
you have it too? Let me tell you about the book.
The first thing that you will notice about this book is the (2) -----------------. The
Editors of Time have once again brought together pictures that defy the (3)
--------------. They capture animals and natural events that seem (4)
------------------------- in their beauty. You could spend hours just soaking in the
photos.
However, if you close the book after looking at the photography, you will
miss the well-written, informative captions and (5) ------------------------------ that
accompany the pictures. The coupling of facts with images will open the heart of
romantics to the (6) ------------ and cause the scientist to pause with wonder that is
bigger than (7) --------.
Whether you want to learn about the Northern Lights or bees, Planet Earth
seems to cover it all. It does not provide long, (8) ---------------- but covers enough
trivia to keep readers interested. I (9) ----------------------- Planet Earth as a gift that
readers, young and old, can open with (10) ---------------------- again and again.
UNIT 4
IV.1 Expressions
A. Comlplete the dialog based on what you have heard!
Donita
: Ben, have you read my short story? It is being displayed on
the wall magazine.
Ben : Yes, I have.
Donita
: (1) …………………… I mean, … is it good enough?
Ben : Yeah. (2) ………………………….
Donita
: O, come on. Please tell me the truth.
Ben : That’s true, Donita. Your story is truly very ielonteresting,
especially the ending. I love that part. You know, (3) ………..
Donita
: Thank you. Actually, I tried to give the readers surprise.
Ben : (4) …………………………. It seems that you experienced it yourself.
Donita
: Um….. I tried to develop my imagination.
Ben : Your imagination is really wonderful. (5)………………………………………
some day.
Donita
: I hope so. Thanks, Ben.
SEMESTER I
Class/Program : XII/ SCIENCE, SOCIAL, LANGUAGE
Year
I.
II.
III.
IV.
: 2013/2014
LISTENING
A. EXPRESSIONS
1. Asking and Giving Suggestion
2. Expressing Request
3. Giving Complaint
4. Expressing Possibility or Capability on Doing Something
5. Giving Instruction
6. Making Promise
7. Expressing view
8. Admitting a Fault
9. Blaming
10. Expressing Curiosity
11. Expressing Attitude
B. SHORT FUNCTIONAL TEXTS (poster, pamphlet, banner, etc.)
C. MONOLOG TEXTS ( Narrative, Explanation, Discussion)
SPEAKING : See LISTENING
READING
A. SHORT FUNCTIONAL TEXTS
B. NARRATIVE TEXTS
C. EXPLANATION TEXTS
D. DISCUSSION TEXTS
WRITING : See READING
A.EXPRESSIONS
1. Asking and Giving Suggestion (pp. 163-164) SB p. 33
1.1. Listening Activity
A.Read the following dialogs
Dialog 1
Elang
: Hey you look sick. Let’s go to
the sick bay.
Ms. Yuyun will give you a
treatment.
Eka
: No … no … I’m really fine
Elang : O come on. You look pale. Don’t
let something worse happen
Eka
: You could be right. O.K. let’s
go there.
Dialog 2
Joy
Eraz
Joy
: Let’s think what we will write for
our final assignment.
: What if we write about acid rain?
I don’t think everyone knows
about it.
: Good idea. Any better ideas?
Gendhis : Don’t take a difficult topic.
Eraz’s
idea is hard to do. Why
not writing about how tsunami
happens? I have a book on it.
Besides, it is a hot topic lately.
Joy
: What do you think, Eraz?
Eraz : It’s a good suggestion
Gendhis: O.K. I’ll bring my book
tomorrow. Joy and Eraz, please
find some more information on
the Internet or newspaper. And
Ratna, please
bring your laptop.
Joy
: Consider it done.
Ratna: I will. Don’t worry.
B. Your teacher will ask you some
questions about the dialogs in Task A.
Listen to him/her carefully and answer
the questions
C.Listen to the cassette and write down the
expressions
you have heard!
1. Let’s get inside
2. Don’t be in a hurry
3. You’d better go early
4. Get your uncle a cup of tea, please
5. What if we take a rest now
6. Turn off the television and go to bed
7. Call 911 when you are in trouble
8. Perhaps you need to go on vacation
9. I think we should prepare ourselves now
10.How about asking Mr. Garin about this
math
Problem
11.
Study the following expressions
Giving a suggestion
We’d better have a break for lunch
now
Why don’t you ask your friend about
the assignment?
I think you should take a taxi to the
seminar
We’d better make an English
conversation club
Why don’t you ask your friend to do
the task together?
I think you should take a private
course
Perhaps you need to repair your
motorcycle tomorrow
Why not asking Ms Vivi to check our
work?
How about going to McArthur
Monument? It has an amazing view
Instructing Someone
Read
the
text
thoroughly so you can
answer the questions
Don’t litter! It will
clog the drainage
Spend
your
time
effectively to prepare
the national exam.
Responding
It’s a good
suggestion
That’s
a
good idea
You
are
right
I think so
Good idea
Great!
Responding
Yes, thanks
No, I won’t
O.K. Dad. I will
Sure
Please, stop here! I
want to buy some
drink
1.2. Speaking Activity (XII IPA 4: 31 Juli 2012) perform on 7 August
2012
Make dialogs based on the following situation!
1. You study hard for the coming midterm test. Your books are scattered
around in your room. It’s really a mess.
Your father/mother asks you to clean it
up. She/He suggests you to put the
books which you don’t use on the shelf.
How would the conversation go?
2. Your pen-pal is going to visit you for
three days. You plan to take her around
your city, like to the museum, the
shopping mall and the souvenir market.
Your mother suggests you to take her to
the beach. The place is not far from your
house. She also suggests you to bring
the raincoats because the weather is
unpredictable.
How
would
the
conversation go?
3.
Reading Activity
Activity 1
Summary of Explanation Text
An explanation text is a kind of genre that explains each step of
process (the how) and to give reasons (the why) of something
happens/occurs in scientific and technical fields. In other words,
it tells how or why something happens/occurs. Some examples
of explanation texts are:
How something happens
Why something occurs
Why things are alike or different
How to solve a problem
How something works
The structure of an explanation text is as
follows:
1. General statement :
state
the
phenomenon to be explained
2. Sequence of explanation:
a
series
of
paragraphs that tell the how or why
(explanation) something happens
3. Conclusion
Common
grammatical
explanation text include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
features
in
an
Use simple present tense
Use passive Voice
Conjunctions of time and cause
Use complex sentence
Grammar Focus
1. Passive Sentences
Look at the sentences below
A
: Do you know the cycle of water?
B : Yes, I do. It has been explained by Mam Sineri.
The sentence “It has been explained by Mam Sineri”
uses passive form.
A verb is in the passive voice when its form shows that
something is done to the person or thing denoted by the
subject. We use Past Participle (V3).
Look at the sentences:
Liana waters the flowers every day. (Active
sentence)
The flowers are watered by Liana every day.
(Passive sentence)
In the first sentence, who does something (the
agent = Liana) becomes the SUBJECT of the
sentence. Meanwhile, in the second sentence, the
agent becomes the object of the sentence.
Note the change of active sentences into the passive
ones as follows:
Tense
Active Voice
Passive
(V3)
Voice
Simple
Present
Present
continuou
s
Present
Perfect
Simple
Past
Past
Continuou
s
Past
perfect
Simple
future
Modal
eat/eats(V1/V1+s/-es)
am/are/is eating
am/are/is
(V3)
am/are/is
eaten
eaten
Have/has eaten
Have/has
been
eaten
was/were eaten
Ate (V2)
being
was/were eating
was/were
eaten
being
had eaten
Had been eaten
Will eat
Will be eaten
Can/may/must/sh Can/may/must/sh
ould eat
ould be eaten
Activity 2
Determine the active form of the following passive
voices
1. Passive : John is called by Andi.
Active : Andi calls John
2. Passive : The apples are being peeled by Tika.
Active : Tika is peeling the apples.
3. Passive : The motorcycle has been repaired by
father.
Active : Father has repaired the motorcycle
4. Passive : The suitcase was kept by Cintya on
the cupboard.
Active : Cintya kept the suitcase on the cupboard
5. Passive : The house was being built by the
men.
Active : The men were building the house
6. Active
:The paintings should be exhibited in
public place.
Passive
:The painters should exhibit the
paintings in public place
7. Passive : The explanation text is written in
simple present tense.
Active : The writer writes the explanation text
in simple present tense
8. Passive : The flight will be taken off at nine in
the morning
Active : The pilot will take off the flight at nine in
the morning
9. The meals had been finished when we came.
=They had finished the meals when we came
10.
The test will be done next week.
=The students will do the test next week
Remedy task
Determine the active form of the following
sentences!
1. Mr. Numberi has been promoted as a
General Manager.
2. Last night accident will be put in the
morning news.
3. Tom and Jerry were caught last week.
4. My aunty is examined at hospital every
two weeks.
5. The message is being sent through
internet.
Hendi is sending the message through
internet.
2. Gerund
Pay attention to the following dialog:
A: What do you like doing in your spare time?
B: I like gardening. What about you?
A: Playing football is my favorite.
The words ‘doing’ and ‘gardening’ in those
sentences are gerunds. They function as the
object of a verb. Meanwhile the word ‘playing’
in the sentence is also gerund. It functions as the
subject of a verb.
a.
Gerund as a subject
Examples:
1. Smoking is prohibited in this room.
2. Writing poem is her hobby.
b.
Gerund as an Object
Examples:
1. Please keep on trying although you often
fail.
2. I don’t mind picking you up at the bus
station
A gerund is used:
1. After some main verbs
Certain verbs followed by a gerund are:
Admit
appreciate consider
delay
Feel
like
finish
forgive
Involve
mention
mind
miss
Put off
recommendresent
risk
Detest
give up
practice
understand
Enjoy
imagine
prefer
suggest
Deny Examples:
face
escape
postpone
We have finished presenting our paper
dislike
If you want to master English well, you
should practice speaking every day.
2.
after an adjective, verb or noun followed
by a preposition
Examples:
Vita is really good at singing.
Tomy apologized for arriving late.
3.
In some fixed expressions
Examples:
I can’t bear listening to the long speech.
I can’t help feeling that I hate the boy.
Now compare the uses of the – ing form
in the following sentences:
Joining an extracurricular activity is
good for students.
(The word joining is a gerund)
Dewi and Maria are joining English
club.
(The word joining is a present
participle used in simple present
continuous tense).
Listening to a long speech is a
boring activity.
(The word listening is a gerund,
boring is a present participle used as
an adjective).
2.1. LISTENING ACTIVITY
Complete the dialog
what you have heard!
based
on
Harry : The path seems unfamiliar
for me.
Louisa : (1)………………………….?
Harry : Please, be calm. Let us just
try the
path on the right.
Louisa : O.K.
A moment later ………………………
Louisa : Why do you stop here?
Harry
: Sorry …. From here I forget the
way to our
grandma’s house.
Louisa : (Crying) It is your mistake. Why
did you ask me
(2) …………….
Harry :(3) ……………….You always complain
about
(4) …………. Running away and going
to grandma’s
house are the best things we can do
to escape from her.
Louisa : Yeah, I know. But we could have
gone in the
afternoon, not at night like this. We
can’t see
everything clearly. Moreover (5)
……………..
Harry : Stop it. It’s no use blaming each
other. Now
(6) …………………….. We should sleep
here in the
forest. Then, we can continue our
journey
tomorrow.
Louisa : But sleeping here is quite
dangerous. What if there was (7)
…………. I think it’s better for us to
go to a nearby house
………………
Harry : You’re right. O.K. Let’s go
and
(8)
Study the following expressions
1. Making Complaints
I want to complain about ……
(Well),
this
is
the
most
unsatisfactory
(I’m afraid), …. It just isn’t good
enough
…. Just won’t do
Can you do anything about …..
I’m sorry to say this, but ……….
Honestly, I’m fed up with …..
Really, I’m fed up with …..
2. Blaming someone
How could you do such a foolish
thing?
I hope you are sorry
What on earth were you thinking?
I think you are the one to blame
Are you out of your mind?
It serves you right
I think you are the only person who
could have done it
Its your fault for (doing something)
3.
Reading Activity
THE SMARTEST PARROT
Once upon a time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was
no other parrot like it. The parrot could say every word, except one
word. The parrot would not say the name of the place where it was
born. The name of the place was Catano.
The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could
not understand why the parrot would not say Catano. The man
tried to teach the bird to say Catano, however the bird kept not
saying the word.
At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got
very angry. “You’re stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot.
“Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you,” the
man said angrily.
Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it.
Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over;
“Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of
Catano.
One day, after he had been trying so many times to make the
bird say Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear
it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There
were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the
chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he
continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my
meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”.
After that he left the chicken house.
The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He
opened the door and was very surprised. He could not believe what
he saw at the chicken house. There were three death chickens on
the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and
screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”.
(Taken
from:
www.narrative.com)
Activity 6. State T if the statement is true and F if the
statement is false.
1.The parrot was born in Catano
2.The parrot could say every word
3. The man felt excited having the smartest parrot
4. There were five old chickens
5. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano.
Activity 7. Read the fable of “The Smartest Parrot” again.
Write down the direct speech found in the text. Then,
change it into indirect speech. See the examples given.
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1. “You’re stupid bird!” 1. The man pointed to the
pointed the man to the parrot that it was stupid bird
2. The man tried to teach the
parrot
2. The man tried to teach bird to say Catano
3. The man said angrily to the
the bird, “Say Catano!”
bird to say Catano or he would
3. “Say Catano! Or I will kill
kill it.
you,” the man said angrily. 4. _______________________
4. ____________________
___________
5. _______________________
__________
___________
5. ____________________
__________
NARRATIVE TEXT
The
function/purpose/aim/goal :
social
IS USED TO ENTERTAIN, TO TEACH and
TO INFORM which is gain and hold
the reader’s interest in a story.
CAN BE IMAGINARY (fairy tales, fables,
and legends, myth, folktale, horror,
etc.)
Generic structure/Organization of
the text
ORIENTATION
:sets the scene (when
&
where)
and
Introduces
participants/character (who)
COMPLICATION
: a crisis arises,
something
happened unexpectedly
RESOLUTION
: the crisis is resolved,
for better
or for worse
RE-ORIENTATION : closing to the
narrative (optional)
Notes:
unexpectedly : tidak terduga
arise
: muncul/timbul
resolve
:
menyelesaikan
masalah/
menemukan jalan keluar
worse : makin buruk/jelek
Notes on Narrative Text
It is important to know that the social function of the
narrative text is to inform and entertain. Narrative text will
tell the story with amusing way. It provides an esthetic
literary experience to the reader. Narrative text is written
based on life experience. In literary term, experience is what
we do, feel, hear, read, even what we dream.
Narrative text is organized focusing at character oriented. It
is built using descriptive familiar language and dialogue.
There are some genres of literary text which fit to be
classified as the narrative text. Some of them are:
Folktales, it includes fables, legend, myth, or realistic
tales
Mysteries, fantasy, science or realistic fiction
Commonly, narrative text is organized by the story of
grammar. It will be beginning, middle and end of the story.
To build this story grammar, narrative text need plot. This
plot will determine the quality of the story. Plot is a series of
episodes which holds the reader’s attention while they are
reading the story.
Conflict is the main important element of the plot. This
conflict among the characters will drive the story progress.
In this conflict, readers will be shown how the characters
face the problem and how they have ability to handle that
problem
Analysis the Generic Structure
Orientation: It sets the scene and introduces the
participants/characters. In that parrot story, the first
paragraph is the orientation where reader finds time and
place set up and also the participant as the background of the
story. A man and his parrot took place once time.
Complication: It explores the conflict in the story. It will
show the crisis, rising crisis and climax of the story. In the
parrot story, paragraph 2, 3, 4 are describing the
complication. Readers will find that the man face a problem
of why the parrot cannot say Catano. To fix this problem, the
man attempted to teach the bird. How hard he tried to teach
the bird is the excitement element of the complication.
Resolution: It shows the situation which the problems have
been resolved. It must be our note that “resolved” means
accomplished whether succeed or fail. In the last paragraph
of the smartest parrot story, readers see the problem is
finished. The parrot could talk the word which the man
wanted. The parrot said the word with higher degree than the
man taught the word to it. That was the smartest parrot.
Note:
In the middle of the story you can use; next, after that,
then, afterward, meanwhile, so, subsequently, second,
third, etc.
Activity 3. Read the text carefully. Then, answer the
following questions.
Towjatuwa and a Crocodile
Towjatuwa lived in the
inland
of Papua. He really loved his
wife
who was being pregnant. He
hoped
that his child would be a great
hunter
in the future. One day his wife was ready to deliver the baby.
Towjatuwa had an elder of the village help his wife. But, the
expected baby could not be delivered by his mother.
“Towjatuwa, it seems that your wife can’t deliver the baby as
usual, we need something sharp and clean to bring out the
baby from the womb” said the elder.
Towjatuwa then went to Tami river. Although he already
searched for awhile, he have not found any sharp and clean
stones. Towjatuwa started to be panic. When steping up on
rocks, he heard a moan from around the rocks and when he
searched for the sound, he saw a crocodile whose tail is
stucked with a stone. He moved the stone and the the
crocodile could move freely. The crocodile then moved and
yawned. Towjutuwa then saw that the crodile has a big body
and sharp teeth. He was afraid. “Don’t be afraid, I will not
attack you!” the crocidile said. Towjatuwa was amazed
because the crocodile could speak. “My name is Watuwe. I
am the one who have an authority here in Tami river. I really
appreciate your help over me. What are you looking for here
in the river, hey the man?” The crocodile asked. “I am
looking for a sharp stone in order to help my wife to deliver
the baby. But, I haven’t found one.” Said the man. “I will
help you. To night, I will come to your house. Now, go
home!”
Towjatuwa then went home happily. He hope that the
crocodile who had the authority over Tami river would help
him. The crocodile fulfilled his promise. At night, Watuwe
came to Towjatuwa’s house. He saw Towjatuwa’s wife was
really sick. With his sharp teeth, they cut off Towjatuwa’s
wife’s stomach. Short after, the baby was delivered safely.
Watuwe then went back to the river.
Towjatuwa was really happy because his wife and the
baby saved. From the time on, he promised before his baby
and his descents that they would never hunt and consume the
flesh of the crocodile.
(Taken from Dancow Story Book, translated
by Yusuf Sawaki).
Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What does the text talk about?
Who are the characters?
Where did it happen?
When did it happen?
What happened to the main characters?
How was the ending of the story? Happy/ sad?
Grammar Focus
1. so/too/either/neither
Read the following sentences:
Snow White was beautiful and so was the
Queen.
S1
to be compl.
to be
S2
Snow White was beautiful and the Queen
was too.
The sentences mean:
Snow White was beautiful
The Queen was beautiful.
To avoid repetition we can use ‘so’ and
‘too’ with the patterns:
S1 + to be/Verb + O/Compl. + and + so +
aux. + S2
S1 + to be/Verb + O/Compl. + and + S2 +
aux. + too
Combine the sentences below using ‘so’ and
‘too’
1. My father is at home.
My mother is at home.
My father is at home and so is my
mother
My father is at home and my mother is
too.
2. My family went to the beach last Sunday.
Mr. Korwa’s family went to the beach last
Sunday
My family went to the beach last Sunday
and so did Mr. Korwa’s.
My family went to the beach last Sunday
and Mr. Korwa’s did too.
3. We have done the test.
She has done the test.
We have done the test and so has she.
4. My father works at a bank.
Their fathers work at a bank.
My father works at a bank and so do
theirs/their fathers.
My father works at a bank and their
fathers do too.
For Negative sentence we can use ‘either or
‘neither’ with the Formula:
S1 + V + O + and + S2 + aux. + not +
either
S1 + V + O + and + neither + aux. +
S2
Examples:
1. Nayla doesn’t like pets.
Mery doesn’t like pets
= Nayla doesn’t like pet and Mery doesn’t
either.
Or
= Nayla doesn’t like pets and neither does
Mery.
2. Lina will not see the movie.
Agus will not see the movie.
= Lina will not see the movie and neither
will Agus.
Or
= Lina will not see the movie and Agus will
not
either.
2. Since,
For,
As
:
Sentence
connectors
Study the sentences:
1. The king asked for more gold to
the god since he was greedy.
2. The old woman ate much food for
she hadn’t eaten for few days.
3. As it was going to rain, I decided
to bring an umbrella.
Since, for, as can be used to give the
reason for an action or situation
(similar to because).
As and since are used when the
reason is already well-known, or is
less important than the rest of the
sentence. Since is a little more
formal than as.
As- and since-clauses often begin
the sentences.
For-clause never come
beginning of the sentence.
Examples:
at
the
1. Since Herlince didn’t come to
school many times, she is left
behind in her study.
2. Many people don’t like him for he
is an arrogant person.
3. As my sister hasn’t been to
Jakarta, I decide to accompany her
to go there.
LISTENING ACTIVITY 3
I. Answer the questions based on what
you have heard!
1. What is the dialog about?
2. Why does the girl think that it is
possible for everyone to have
mobile phone?
3. Does the boy have the same
opinion? Why?
4. According to the boy, what makes
people
in
underdeveloped
communities think deeper before
buying the mobile phone?
5. The boy says, “You’re right, but
have
you
thought
about
underdeveloped
communities?”
What
does
the
phrase
‘underdeveloped
communities’
mean in Indonesian?
II. Choose A,B,C,D, or E for the correct
answer!
1. What is the dialog about?
A. The possibility of passing the
examination
B. The impossibility of passing the
examination
C. The preparation for the final
examination
D. The students’ achievement in the
final exam
E. The students’ health during the
final exam
2. Who are talking in the dialog?
A. A teacher and a student
B. A brother and a sister
C. Two teachers
D. Two schoolmates
E. Two classmates
3. Where does the dialog happen?
A. In a theatre
D.
In
a
TV
station
B. In a radio station
E. In a bank
C. In a mall
4. What does the boy do?
A. An announcer
B. A radio broadcaster
C. A television presenter
D. A famous actor
E. A famous singer
5. The girl says, “Actually, I want to
know how you can become a
talented radio broadcaster.” What
does it mean?
A. She asks about possibility
B. She asks about impossibility
C. She expresses her opinion
D. She expresses her curiosity
E. She expresses her happiness
EXPRESSING CURIOSITY
EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY
Expressing
curiosity
I really want to
know how……
I
am
curious
about ….
I wonder why he
could do such a
foolish thing.
Responding
I am delighted to tell
you about it.
Don’t worry. I’ll show
you
how
is
(the
process) ….
I don’t know. You’d
better ask him
Let me tell you about it
How
can
it So am I. Let’s see it
happen?
together
I’m interested to
know….
Asking Possibilities
Respondin
g
Is it possible that Ika will come I think so
to my party?
I’m sure
Do you think we can finish our
work on time?
That’s
Is there any possibility of going impossibl
abroad to study for everyone?
e
SOME EXAMPLES OF SHORT FUNCTIONAL TEXTS
task A. Notice the texts below!
Text 1
Text 2
Text 3
The texts above are posters. A poster is any piece of
printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or
vertical surface. Typically posters include both textual
and graphic elements, although a poster may be either a
wholly graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to
be both eye-catching and convey information. Posters
may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool
of advertisers (particularly of events, musicians or films),
propagandists, protestors and other groups trying to
communicate a message. Posters are also used for
reproductions of artwork, particularly famous works, and
are generally low-cost compared to original artwork.
Another type of poster is the educational poster, which
may be about a particular subject for educational
purposes.
Task D. Observe the texts above (text 1,2 and 3)
What does each text tell us about?
LISTENING
A.
Write down the expressions you have heard!
B.
Choose A,B,C,D or E for the correct answer!
1.When does the dialog happen?
A. In a final test
D. In a PE lesson
B. In a meeting
E. In a class
C.In an examination
2.What happen to the girl?
A. She has got a headache
B. She has got a stomachache
C.She has got a backache
D. She has got a toothache
E.She is dizzy
3.Who is the boy?
A. An OSIS chairperson
B. An OSIS secretary
C.A class captain
D. A principal
E.A teacher
4.What will they do to celebrate the school anniversary?
A. Help the victims of earthquake
B. Have sports competition
C.Have a celebration party
D. Have a school bazaar
E.Visit an orphanage
5.The boy says, “I think it is a great idea.” What does it
mean?
A. He make a promise
B. He requests something
C.He gives something
D. He expresses his view
E.He expresses his happiness
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Modals (can, may, will, must, have to, should/ought to)
Modal
Use
s
Can
Ability/possibility
Informal
permission
Informal
polite
request
Impossibility
(negative)
May
polite request
formal permission
less than 50 %
certainty
Will
100% certainty
Willingness
Polite request
Must
Have
To
Strong necessity
Prohibition
(negative)
95% certainty
Necessity
Lack of necessity
(negative)
Shoul Advisability
d/
90% certainty
Ought
to
Examples
Rony can run fast
You can leave the meeting now
Can I come to your house in
the evening?
It can’t be true
May I borrow your laptop?
You may pick the roses
We don’t see Diana. She may
be in the library
I will pick you up at four.
The phone is ringing. I will
pick it up.
Will you give me some money
mom?
The students must go to
school on time.
People must not use drugs
Rendra is not in his classroom.
He must have lunch in the
canteen.
Linda has to make her bed in
the morning
Tonny doesn’t have to buy new
mobile
We
should/ought
to
join
extracurricular activities
Rendy should/ought to finish
his work soon
Modal Perfect
Read the following dialog:
A
: I didn’t see Maya in the farewell party last night.
B
: Really? She might have gone to Bandung.
A
: Why was she in a hurry?
B
: She has to join the university-entrance test soon.
The word ‘might have’ is a modal perfect. A modal perfect
is usually followed by past participle.
The functions of modal perfect are as follows:
1.Should have
Function: to express the belief that an event or situation
are right and desirable. However the event didn’t
happen.
Example:
I’ve got flu. I should not have played football in the rain.
2.Could have
Function: to show that the subject had the capability or
opportunity of doing something, but for some reasons
he/she didn’t do it.
Example:
You could have asked Andy to pick you up at the bus
station.
3.Must have
Function: to express a conclusion about past situation.
Example:
Yesterday I passed your house, but it seemed that
nobody was at home. You and your family must have
gone out.
4.Might have
Function: to express a possibility in the past.
Example:
I didn’t meet Rangga in the meeting. He might have been
absent.
LISTENING ACTIVITY 4
A. Complete the dialog based on what you have heard!
Retno: Yesterday was (1) …………
Adi
: What happened?
Retno: A police officer (2) …………… on my way home
Adi
: Did you commit traffic offences?
Retno: (3) …………………….
Adi
: So, what was the problem?
Retno: I didn’t wear the standard helmet! And (4)
…………… a steep fine.
Adi
: Well, (5) …………………..! I’ve told you a thousand
times about your helmet.
Retno: Yeah, (6) ……………….., but why should the penalty
be a fine.
Adi
: Of course, if it’s only a warning, people will
simply ignore that! So (7) …………………………….
Retno: But take a look at me now. (8) …………………….
Adi
: You wouldn’t have said that if you had bought the
helmet soon after they had this new helmet
regulation.
Retno: Yeah, you’re right. (9) …………………….
Adi
: So, what are you going to do?
Retno: Well, I intend to buy a standard helmet now, may
be tomorrow.
Adi
: O.K. (10) …………………. Shall I take you home
then?
Retno: Thanks, you are a good friend sometimes.
B. State
True
(T)
or
False
(F)
for
the
following
statements based on the dialog above! Correct the
false ones.
1.____ Yesterday Retno was pulled over by the police on
her way home.
2.____ Adi was fined because he broke the traffic
regulation.
3.____
The
penalty
for
traffic
breakers
decreases
because they ignore the traffic regulation
4.____ Because of the incident, now Retno is broke.
5.____ Tomorrow Retno will probably
buy a standard
helmet.
Study some Expressions below:
1.Expressions of Accusing Someone
Read the following dialog:
Dani
: Are you looking for me, Ma’am?
Teacher : Yes, please have a seat.
Dani
: Thank you. What’s the matter, Ma’am?
Teacher : Dani, one of your classmates told me that you
cheated in the test this morning. I’m afraid you did
it. That’s why you’ve got a very good mark.
Dani
: Absolutely not, Ma’am. I will never do such a
thing. Please ask Retno who sat next to me.
Teacher : O.K. I trust you.
The sentence “I’m afraid you did it” is used to accuse
someone.
Study some other expressions below:
Accusing Someone
Responding
I think you’re the only person No, I’m not. Trust me.
who could have done it
No one else would do such a
You’re probably right
thing but him
No way. I’ve never
You are the one to blame
done such a thing
You did all these, didn’t you?
No, I didn’t do it
You have made this floor dirty, No, I have not
But I never do it
haven’t you?
Admit it that you often bother
me on the phone
2.Admitting Mistakes
Read the following dialog:
Didi : What have you done with my magazine? How did it
get so dirty?
Keni : Sorry, it’s my fault. I accidentally dropped it in the
puddle.
Didi : How come?
Keni: I was shocked when I saw a rather deep puddle in
front of me. I jumped to avoid the puddle, but the
magazine slipped out of my hands.
Didi : How terrible.
Keni : I’ve tried to clean it but not very successfully. I’m
sorry.
Kesya said, “ Sorry, it’s my fault.” Is used to admit that
she had made Didi’s magazine dirty. Every time we make
mistake or do something wrong, we’d better admit it so
people will forgive us.
Here are some other expressions:
You’re right. I’m very responsible for this mess.
I admit what I did was wrong.
I didn’t mean to
Yes, I take the blame
You’re right. I shouldn’t have done it.
I admit what I have done is wrong
3.Expressing Intention
Read the dialog:
Simon
: Rina, what are you doing with these pictures?
Rina : Please help me choose some good pictures. I
want to follow a student photography contest.
The sentence in italicized typed is used to express one’s
intention on something.
Study some other expressions below!
I really want to do it.
I’m really longing for ….
I really want to take a part time job.
I plan to spend coming holiday in Bali
I wish I could …………
I intend to continue my study in a medical school
I wish I pass the final exam with satisfying marks.
We intend to buy a house rather than renting one.
Grammar Focus
Contrastive Conjunction : though, although, in spite of,
despite.
1.Although, even though, though
The conjunctions are followed by clauses;
Pattern: Although/Even though + Subject + Verb
Examples:
Even though Nia had studied hard, she failed the
test.
The Blacks carry four cats, although
they live in
small flat.
2.In spite of/Despite
The conjunctions are followed by noun phrases.
Patterns:
a. In spite of/despite + (possessive adjective) + Verbing
Examples
In spite of/Despite (his) having a bad cold,
Thomas still played tennis.
In spite of/Despite (their) studying hard last
night, they didn’t get more than seven.
b. In spite of/Despite + noun
Examples:
In spite of/Despite his bad cold, Tony still played
tennis.
In spite of/Despite their hard study, they didn’t
get more than seven
c.
In spite of/Despite the fact +
Subject + Verb
Examples:
In spite of/Despite the fact Tony had a bad cold,
Tony played tennis.
In spite of/Despite the fact they studied hard last
night, they didn’t get more than seven.
LISTENING ACTIVITY 6
1.Complete the dialog based on what you have heard.
Dialog 1
Virga is going to watch a play. Now she is having a
conversation with Denias about the play she is going to
watch.
Virga : Denias, you told me that (1) ……. have read or
heard the story before? The title sounds so interesting.
Denias
: Yeah. My English teacher has told me the
story
Virga : (2) …………………?
Denias
: Hey, it’s not going to be interesting if you
know the story.
Virga : Come on, Denias. (3) ………….. about the story?
Denias
: Trust me! It’s not going to be surprising if I
let you know the story.
Virga : But, in fact, you know the story. I think it would
be a pity (4) …………
Denias
: Virga, I just happened to know the story, and
I think (5) ……………
Virga : O.K. May be you’re right.
Study the expressions below!
Making Plans
I’m thinking of taking the subject
I’m certainly going to ….
I’m going to …. That’s for sure.
I’m hoiping to ……..
I thought, I might …….
I’m not going to … if I can help it
I’m certainly not going to ……….
I don’t really feel like ……. –ing ….
I’m not really planning it.
Persuading
Why don’t you ……
I really think you’d do well to …..
Are you really sure you can’t/couldn’t ……
Oh, come on!
Don’t be like that
Just this once
I really think it would be a pity if we didn’t ……
Can’t I persuade you to …..
Are you quite sure you won’t consider …… ?
Preventing/Asking Someone not to do Something
You mustn’t ….
You can’t …..
You shouldn’t (really) ………….
You are not (really) supposed to ………..
You’d better not …………….
I don’t really think you should ……….
(For goodness) don’t look!
Stop!/Wait!
Regreting
I regret to say that ………….
Regretfully, I must say ………..
I’m so sorry for ………
How could it happen?
If I had (hadn’t) ……., I would (wouldn’t) have ………….
3.3.Reading Activity
A. Listen to your teacher and complete the text based on what
you have heard!
How Photosynthesis Works
(1) ___________ is a very complex (2) ____________, and for
the sake of (3) ______ and ease of understanding, plant
biologists divide it into two (4) ______________.
In the first stage, i.e. the light-dependent (5)
_______________, the chloroplast traps (6)_____ and converts it
into
(7) ___________ contained in nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide
phosphate
(NADPH)
and
adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), two molecules used (8)_________ of
photosynthesis.
In the second stage, called the light independent (9)
________ (formerly called the dark reaction, (NADPH)
provides the (10) ________ that helps from glucose, and ATP
provides the energy for this and other reactions used to (11)
_______
These two stages reflect the (12) _________ of the term
photosynthesis, to build with (13) _________
SEMESTER II
I.
LISTENING
A. Expressions
Listen to the cassette. Complete the dialogs based on what you have heard.
Dialog 1
Diane : Rosie, don’t you forget that tomorrow we’ll have a
physics test?
Rosie : (1) ------------------. Thanks for reminding me anyway.
Diane : (2) --------------------. So, have you prepared yourself for it?
Rosie : I have. How about you?
Diane :
Me
too.
But,
I’ve
got
a
feeling
that
(3)
--------------------------- than the last one.
Rosie : That’s why, we should study harder and do our best. (4)
……., right?
Diane : Definitely! (5) I do hope that we can do the test well
Rosie : Right.
Dialog 2
Amir : Hello, Dian. What a coincidence to meet you here!
Dian : Amir! Hi, how are you? (1) ------------------------- Where are
you now?
Amir : I’m fine, thanks. Now, I study at SMA 3. And you are at
SMA 1,
right?
Dian : You’re right. Anyway, what are you doing here?
Amir : I am looking for a book about TOEFL preparation actually.
Dian : TOEFL? (2) Are you planning to study abroad?
Amir : Well, today there are many undergraduate scholarships
offered by some foreign universities. I think, (3) There’s
nothing to lose to try.
Dian : You’re right. You know, this is what I like from you. (4)
-------------------------- and never give up trying.
Amir : Thanks. So, what about yourself? What will you do after
the graduation?
Dian : (5) I intend to study mass communication.
Amir : Good choice.
Dian : Thanks
B. Genre
Listen to the cassette. Complete the following text based on what you have heard.
I have a new (1) -------------, entitled Planet Earth: An Illustrated History. Do
you have it too? Let me tell you about the book.
The first thing that you will notice about this book is the (2) -----------------. The
Editors of Time have once again brought together pictures that defy the (3)
--------------. They capture animals and natural events that seem (4)
------------------------- in their beauty. You could spend hours just soaking in the
photos.
However, if you close the book after looking at the photography, you will
miss the well-written, informative captions and (5) ------------------------------ that
accompany the pictures. The coupling of facts with images will open the heart of
romantics to the (6) ------------ and cause the scientist to pause with wonder that is
bigger than (7) --------.
Whether you want to learn about the Northern Lights or bees, Planet Earth
seems to cover it all. It does not provide long, (8) ---------------- but covers enough
trivia to keep readers interested. I (9) ----------------------- Planet Earth as a gift that
readers, young and old, can open with (10) ---------------------- again and again.
UNIT 4
IV.1 Expressions
A. Comlplete the dialog based on what you have heard!
Donita
: Ben, have you read my short story? It is being displayed on
the wall magazine.
Ben : Yes, I have.
Donita
: (1) …………………… I mean, … is it good enough?
Ben : Yeah. (2) ………………………….
Donita
: O, come on. Please tell me the truth.
Ben : That’s true, Donita. Your story is truly very ielonteresting,
especially the ending. I love that part. You know, (3) ………..
Donita
: Thank you. Actually, I tried to give the readers surprise.
Ben : (4) …………………………. It seems that you experienced it yourself.
Donita
: Um….. I tried to develop my imagination.
Ben : Your imagination is really wonderful. (5)………………………………………
some day.
Donita
: I hope so. Thanks, Ben.