NAIPAUL’S CRITICISM TOWARD INDIAN LIFE UNDER THE DOMINATION OF WESTERN CULTURE IN V.S NAIPAUL’S AN AREA OF DARKNESS

  NAIPAUL’S CRITICISM TOWARD INDIAN LIFE UNDER THE DOMINATION OF WESTERN CULTURE IN V.S NAIPAUL’S AN AREA OF DARKNESS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By AL. DWI SETYA A.

  Student Number : 034214105

ENGLISH LETTER STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  My first word will be dedicated to the Almighty Jesus Christ, who always gives me love and guidance in every step in my life. I also thank Him for giving me the way when there is no way to get through to finishing this undergraduate thesis. Next, I would like to thank my beloved Mom, Dad, and Sisters for their support, love, and attention. I thank them for praying and supporting me in finishing this undergraduate thesis.

  I also would like to give my deep appreciation to my Advisor, Dra. Theresia Enny Anggraini. MA as I know that I would not finish my undergraduate thesis without the guidance and the help that you have given. I would also thank my Co-Advisor, Mr. Tatang Iskarna, S.S, M. Hum for giving me correction and suggestion.

  My deep gratitude goes to my lovely Elis for always being my angel, who always gives me support and love. I thank her for the smile and tears that we have shared together. I also thank Elis’s family, Adit, Simien, Agus, Maya, Afril, Johan, Ancol, Pace Donald, Umank, Sandy, Wawan, Heri, and Adi for everything we shared together.

  I also thank to all the staff in Sanata DharmaUniversity, especially for Mbak Ninik for serving me during my study in Sanata Dharma University. Last but not least, I thank Sanata Dharma for providing me with such a lovely peace to study and enhance myself.

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………..i

APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………………………...ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE………………………………………………………….iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………..v

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………..vii

ABSTRAK………………………………………………………………………vii

  CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study………………………………………………1 B. Problem Formulations………………………………………………....4 C. Objectives of the Study………………………………………………..4 D. Definition of Terms……………………………………………………6 CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies…………………………………………….7 B. Review of Related Theories…………………………………………...8 1. Theory of Setting………………………………………………9 2. Theory of Tone……………………………………………….11 3. Society in the Novel………………………………………….12 4. Indian Postcolonial Society…………………………………..12 5. Colonial Discourse…………………………………………...15 6. Naipaul’s Historical Background…………………………….17 C. Theoretical Framework………………………………………………19 CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study…………………………………………………...22 B. Approach of the Study……………………………………………….23 C. Method of the Study………………………………………………….24 CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS A. The Society in the Area of Darkness…………………………………26 1. Indian Society under the Colonialism………………………..28 2. Indian Society after the Colonialism…………………………34 B. Naipaul’s Criticism toward Indian Postcolonial Society…………….40

  1. Indian’s Dependency toward the British Government……….46

  2. Indian’s Caste System Imprisoning People’s Creativity and productivity…………………………………………………..49

  3. Indian’s Inability to Stand Alone…………………………….53

  

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION..........................................................................59

  APPENDICES

  A. Summary of Naipaul’s An Area of Darkness………………………..65

  B. Biography of the Author…………………………………………….66

  

ABSTRACT

  ALOYSIUS DWI SETYA A. (2008) Naipaul’s Criticism Toward Indian Life

  

under the Domination of Western Culture in V.S Naipaul’s An Area of

Darkness. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Sanata Dharma

University.

  An Area of Darkness is a novel written by VS Naipaul. It is a semi-

  autobiographical novel which describes about the journey of Naipaul when he first came to India. In this novel he tells about the condition of India after they have proclaimed their independence from Britain. During his journey, Naipaul realizes that the independence of the Indians seems not too useful in solving all the problems that occur in the country. The poverty that happens and the caste system that is applied in India becomes the factor why India is still left behind from any other country. The modernization that the Indians want to reach also leads the conflict in the society. The post colonial issue is expressed in the story especially in the Indian life at that time is shown on how the Indian people suffer from the domination of the western culture.

  In order to reveal such influence mentioned, this thesis concerns itself with two problems. The first problem aimed at observing the condition of the society at that time. By knowing this information, the writer believes that it will be easier to identify the issue that the author wants to present. The second problem aimed at identifying the author’s criticism toward the condition that happens because of the colonialization.

  Moreover, in this thesis, the writer decides to use the post-colonial approach as the story took place in India in late 1940s. This approach focuses on the mixture of the culture between the British culture and the Indian culture. The acculturation that happens creates the conflict which then persuades Naipaul to raise a criticism.

  The result of the analysis shows that the Indian post-colonial society as depicted in the novel is very miserable. The great poverty that happens in their country is a proof how the condition is great mess. In plain words, there are two factors create this kind of situation. The first is the complex relationship between the local culture and the people who live inside it, and the second factor is the complex relationship between the first factor and the western tradition. The acculturation between the western and the Indian culture makes the people confuse and loose their real identity. Furthermore, Naipaul as the member of the society tries to give a different view about the problem that occurs in India. This also becomes one of the subjects in the analysis which talks about the respond of Naipaul after he decided to stay in India. In this analysis the writer wants to reveal the Naipaul’s criticism because of the social condition in India. This book also tells on how Naipaul tries to criticize the system which is applied in India as one factor that makes the Indian left behind from other countries. As one of Indian community, he tries to live among them, hoping that he can make a change to change. He decides to escape from country. He leaves India with hope that India will get better with or without the help from the outsiders.

  ABSTRAK

  ALOYSIUS DWI SETYA A. (2008) Naipaul’s Criticism Toward Indian Life

  

under the Domination of Western Culture in V.S Naipaul’s An Area of

Darkness. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Sanata Dharma

University.

  An Area of Darkness adalah sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh VS Naipaul.

  Buku ini merupakan novel semi-otobiografi yang bercerita tentang perjalanan Naipaul ke India untuk pertama kalinya. Di dalam buku ini dia bercerita tentang bagaimana keadaan India setelah mereka memproklamirkan kemerdekaan dari tangan Inggris. Selama dalam perjalanannya, Naipaul menyadari bahwa kemerdekaan yang telah didapatkan rakyat India tidaklah terlalu berguna dalam menyelesaikan masalah-masalah yang muncul dalam Negara tersebut. Kemiskinan dan pemberlakuan sistem kasta menjadi faktor mengapa India masih tertinggal dari negara-negara lain. Modernisasi yang ingin dicapai oleh India malahan menjadi sebuah konflik dalam masyarakat. Permasalahan yang menyangkut tentang pos-kolonial juga dimunculkan dalam cerita ini terutama pada kehidupan masyarakat India yang menderita akibat dominasi kebudayaan barat.

  Guna memunculkan pengaruh yang telah disebutkan, skripsi ini menfokuskan pada dua permasalahan. Permasalahan yang pertama diidentifikasi untuk mengamati kondisi sosial masyarakat pada waktu itu. Dengan mengetahui informasi tersebut, penulis yakin bahwa penulis akan lebih mudah untuk mengidentifikasi permasalahan yang ingin dimunculkan oleh pengarang. Permasalahan yang kedua muncul sebagai jalan untuk mengidentifikasi kritik- kritik pengarang terhadap kondisi yang ada sebagai akibat dari proses kolonialisasi.

  Lebih lanjut, dalam skripsi ini, penulis memutuskan untuk menggunakan pendekatan pos-kolonial mengingat cerita novel ini berlatar belakang India pada tahun 1940-an. Pendekatan ini memfokuskan diri pada percampuran kebudayaan antara kebudayaan Inggris dan kebudayaan India. Dari proses akulturasi yang terjadi, tercipta sebuah konflik yang kemudian mendorong Naipaul untuk memunculkan kritik-kritik.

  Hasil dari analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa kehidupan masyarakat pos- kolonial India yang dimunculkan dalam novel tersebut sangatlah menyedihkan. Kemiskinan yang terjadi di dalam negara tersebut merupakan bukti bagaimana keadaan di India sangatlah kacau. Dengan kata lain, ada dua faktor yang bisa menciptakan situasi seperti ini. Yang pertama adalah karena adanya kerumitan hubungan antara kebudayaan lokal dengan orang-orang yang tinggal di dalamnya dan faktor yang kedua adalah kerumitan hubungan antara faktor yang pertama dengan kebudayaan barat atau kebudayaan dari luar. Proses akulturasi antara kebudayaan barat dengan kebudayaan India membuat masyarakat menjadi bingung yang kemudian membuat mereka kehilangan jati diri. terjadi disana. Hal ini kemudian menjadi salah satu subyek dalam analisis yang membicarakan tentang bagaimana respon atau tanggapan Naipaul setelah ia benar-benar tinggal dalam masyarakat tersebut. Dalam analisis ini, penulis ingin mengungkapkan tentang kritik-kritik Naipaul terhadap kondisi sosial yang sedang terjadi. Naipaul sendiri mencoba untuk tinggal dan hidup bersama dengan masyarakat yang ada, berharap bahwa ia akan bisa memberikan perubahan di tanah kelahirannya. Tetapi meskipun telah berusaha dengan sangat kerasnya, ia akhirnya menyadari bahwa ia tidak akan dengan mudah mengubah apa yang selama ini telah terbentuk sejak sekian lama. Menyadari hal tersebut, ia memutuskan untuk segera meninggalkan negara India. Naipaul berharap bahwa pada suatu saat nanti India akan menjadi sebuah negara yang lebih baik dengan ataupun tidak dengan bantuan negara-negara barat.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study The true right for every people in this world is the right to feel the

  freedom. It means that there is no longer colonized country in this world. In every action must have the effect, people have to struggle to get what they called as an independence. Why? Because almost in every place in this world shows how the people of colonized country are suffered because of the colonialism. But, it means nothing when they (the colonized country) stand still without doing anything. Even more Edward Said’s Orientalism seeks to study the phenomena (colonialism) as European Imperialism. In this case, it is the western style for dominating, restructuring, having authority over the orient (1974: 26). Regarding Said’s definition, it will show that colonialism can influence in many aspects of life which one of them is the cultural aspects as they have an authority to rule everything. Besides that, people should fight for their independence, but we have to notice that independence does not mean instant prosperity. Independence is not the guarantee for the new emerging countries that their condition will be much better than the time when they are still under the western colonization. Moreover, independence does not mean that western domination will be completely gone into the thin air. Still, the new emerging countries are proven to be unable to improve or to raise the standard of their people’s lives even years after granted

  On the different angel, for Europeans, the disability of the new emerging countries to manage or even to develop themselves becomes the justification of their mission, which is to bring the countries into civilization, and at the same time proves that their role in modernizing them is vital. In different way, Walia (2003:45) claims that the East (the Orient) is the representation of the inferior, uncivilized, barbaric society that can hardly govern themselves, while the West (the Occident) represents the opposite images. It shows that the West, in culture, technology, economy, education, and etc, is more superior to the East. However, Edward Said in his book entitled Culture and Imperialism tries to break down those ideas. He claims that Orientalism is a western style for dominating, restructuring and having the authority over the Orient through their power. The relationship between Occident and Orient is a relationship of power, of domination, of varying degrees of a complex hegemony (1974: 26). The westerners can think that non-westerners are inferior because they have the power that enables them to judge the Orient in that way.

  Presumably, this is what Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul is trying to say. He had done not only about the story of his ancestor’s land, India, but also tells about the social condition of the country, even after they granted their independence from the British. Moreover, V. S. Naipaul also raises the issue in his novel An Area of Darkness, where he highlights and at the same time criticizes the Indians after they granted independence from the British. On the other hand, the Naipaul’s An Area of Darkness also shows the internal conflict that happen to is facing two dominant cultures, Indian and British that rule over the Indian in that time. However, the main focus V.S Naipaul depicts is how the Indian people suffer from the domination of the western culture. Homi K. Bhabha in his book entitled Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory claimed that paradoxically there are three terms that explained the state of the ‘colonised’ in the post colonial era. They are ‘mimicry’, ‘hybridity’, and ‘otherness’. The term mimicry is part of larger concept of visualizing the post colonial situation as a kind of binary opposition between authority and oppression. ‘Hybridity’ is a kind of negotiation both political and cultural between the colonizer and the colonized, while the ‘otherness’ is the binary opposition between black and white (Bhabha.1994).

  These three terms has led the crisis of identity that affected the Indian people as they cannot maintain their freedom and their poverty problem. By representing the new look of Indian culture, build an image that the domination of Western culture is still influence the local culture.

  However, it is interesting for me to analyze the novel as the writer believe that it serves as Naipaul’s criticisms toward Indian post colonial society. Naipaul seems to agree with some aspect in the Imperialism applied by the Occident. He seems to know that the development of India will not happen if they have no help from the western people or from the culture itself. The phenomena that happen in India create the new concept of cultural hybridity. It is the idea of hybridity which explain the very unique sense of identity shared and experienced individually by member of a former colonized people. In this case, the members own unique cultural and community history, mixed with that of the colonial power. As the result the local people are tend to abandon (some of) their cultures and follow the western culture or style in order to get the better life.

  In term of cultural studies, the phenomenon that happens in India is called as the post-colonial studies. Therefore, considering to the social background of the Indians in the novel, the study will concern on the discussion of Indian post- colonial society. Further, the study is aimed to analyze the condition of the society in India and also the criticism that is raised by the narrator in An Area of Darkness.

B. Problem formulation 1.

  How is the Indian Society treated under the Western domination in the novel?

2. What are the Naipaul’s criticisms revealed in the story?

C. Objectives of the Study

  Naipaul’s An are of Darkness is the reflection of the country in the era of post-colonial in Asia. The country is in chaotic condition because of the complex relationship between the Indians and the British government. That relationship then creates conflicts in the society which pushes the narrator to be more critical in facing the problems that occur in India. Therefore, the two objectives in this thesis are used to reveal the condition of the Indian society and the criticism that might rise because of the problem.

  The present research is originally meant to discover two things. Firstly, the research is meant to find out the real condition of the Indian when they are still under the domination of the British and also the condition after they granted their independence from British. By looking at this we can see how the postcolonial issue is expressed in the story especially in the Indian life at that time. The first objective gives information about the society in India, how they make their life after the British left the Indian shore. Naipaul as the narrator and as the member of Indian society saw this condition in different way. He realizes that he is no longer dominant as he had leave India for years. During that time, he has his own point of view about the Indian’s culture and society when his first came to India.

  The way he thinks about the Indian society is very different from the other Indian at that time and this condition leads him into alienation. The second is about the issue raises in the novel. The western domination toward the Indian people creates many problems in the society. Many of the problems occur as the product of British imperialism when they still rule the country and one of them is the poverty. Because of that, the society tries to manipulate the condition that happens to them. As many colonized countries do, the Indians also try to escape by pretending to be colonial and it is called as the Indian’s mimicry. By using this aspect the writer will try to determine or to find out the second question on the criticisms that reveal through the attitude of the author after he saw the Indian society under the domination of Western people.

  Beside the purposes of the research mentioned above, the writer also hopes understand more about the message behind the story, the images of people who have an intention to free from the colonialism.

D. Definition of Terms 1.

  Society : a variety of people of different occupations, ages, and natures, living together in a way that creates a web of interrelationship (Henkle, 1977:86).

  2. Postcolonial Society : the society that are still subject in one way or another to western domination despite the fact that they had gained their independence (Ashcroft, Griffiths, Tiffin, 1995:2).

  3. Criticism : the action of process of indicating the fault of somebody or something or one’s disapproval of something (Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, 1995:277) 4. Caste : A concept that became familiar in England from colonial experiences in India, and it marked a social, economic and religious hierarchy overlaid with connotations of purity and pollution, similar to those that shape the idea of race (Ania Loomba, 2005:107) Caste (n) : Any of Hindu social classes; any exclusive of social class. (Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, 1995:173).

  5. Race : Any of the groups into which humans can be divided according to their physical characteristics, eg. colour of skin, colour and type of hair, shape of eyes and nose. (Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary,

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies According to Rajnish Wattas the novel An Area of Darkness reveals his

  life-long search for identity and the concerns of a Diaspora writer. It was the genesis of the writer feeling disconnected with both ‘home’ and ‘away’ — his childhood Trinidadian Hindu society and his ‘Mother Civilizations’ in faraway India and farther away in Britain. "Naipaul remembers understanding and feeling more watching a Ramlila than by watching The Prince and the Pauper, despite also strongly feeling "two worlds away" from all things India." <http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031207/spectrum/book1.htm>

  Jon Simmons said that the book emerging out of that visit, An Area of

  

Darkness , remains a valuable record of an India in transition - an India losing,

  under a weak and exhausted Nehru, a war with China, and losing along with it its flush of post-independence idealism and innocence. Indeed, each one of Naipaul's trilogy of books on India has come to stand as a historical document of India's post-colonial evolution. Published just after Mrs. Gandhi's Emergency, India: a wounded civilization (1977) captures the post-Nehru years of drift and aimlessness, "the simplicity of a country ruled by slogans". In India: a million mutinies now (1990) Naipaul correctly intuited, and made his theme, the rise of long-suppressed identities that radically altered Indian society in this decade

  Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji analyzed that the novel, An Area of Darkness,

  V.S. Naipaul shows the internal conflict of migrant who is between the two dominant cultures, Indian and British. However, the main focus VS Naipaul depicts is how the migrant suffers from alienation among the people of his ancestors. He could not have the same cultural identities as the ancestors have.

  The condition leads him into a “new identity”. The identity is a concrete representation of the resistance and reconstruction process against the Indian culture. (Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji, Indian Migrant of Trinidad & Tobago to

  

Reconstruct Identity in V.S. Naipaul’s An Area of Darkness , Phenomena. October

  2003) In this analysis the writer still deals with the Indian Postcolonial Society as the major subject to the discussion. The writer believes, as a semi autobiographical novel, there were some similar aspects between the history of Indian people and the society in the novel which is criticized by Naipaul. The author shows the intentional meaning that he wants to rise in his work or his novel. The depiction of society through setting in the story and the respond of the author through the character that is characterized in the novel are indicated as the reflection of the author’s attitude in postcolonial discourse. This is the reason why this study is different from the others.

B. Review of Related Theories

  Analyzing this novel, the writer employs some theories of literature on this study. Besides that, the writer also uses some theories related to the postcolonial in order to strengthen the argument.

1. Setting

  Talking about literary text especially novel, we can not just read and understand it part by part. Moreover, we have to understand it completely. It is same if we are trying to analyze the novel from the intrinsic element of the novel. It will be difficult to us to understand if we separate one element from other elements as they are related to each other. One of the intrinsic elements in a story is setting. In analyzing the story, especially in this study, setting has an important role. What is actually meant by setting? Setting itself is one of the intrinsic aspects in a novel that involves the time, place and also the people depicted in the novel. In a good story, setting is so well integrated with plot and character that the reader is hardly aware of it.

  According to Stanton, the setting of the story is the environment of its events, the immediate world in which they occur. Part of setting is the visible background such as river, jungle, and time of the day or year, the climate or the historical period. People in the background can also considered as setting (1965:18). By looking the setting in the novel, we can easily identify the factor that can influence character in the novel. While Nurgiyantoro in his book entitled

  Fiction Study Theory argued:

  ‘social setting is the society in the literary work. It includes the people, the social behavior such as habits, traditions, beliefs, moral values, and social status of the characters in the novel (1955:6).’ Generally, both theories have the same purpose that the setting can help the analyst in determining the society or the character of the novel. Those two theories are also supported by Abrams’ theory on setting. According to Abrams’ theory of setting in A Glossary of Literary Terms, he defines setting as the general locale, historical time, and social circumstances of a novel (1981:175). These three principal elements are intertwined.

  a. Setting of place

  The setting of place according to Murphy is divided into three types. The first type is familiar place. In this case, the writer may decide ‘to set his story in a place which he considers in familiar to most of his reader’ (1972: 145). The second type is unfamiliar place. This type allows the writer ‘to set his novel in a place that is likely to be fairly unfamiliar to many of the readers of his own nation’ (1972: 145). The last type is the imaginary place. This type allows the writer ‘to set his story in an entirely imaginary places’ (1972: 147). However, those three types presented by Murphy, generally refer to the geographical location, its topography, scenery, such as physical arrangements (Holman & Harmon, 1986:465).

  b. Setting of Time

  Talking about setting of time, Murphy classifies the setting of time into four types. The first type is called as the present time. ‘a writer may choose to write a book about his own time, about the things that happen around him’ (1972: 147). The second type is the past time. According to Murphy, in the setting of second type, the writer writes down about past events, to clarify the past of his reader. The third type of setting of time is the future time. In this setting of time, the writer may use ‘his imagination to take his reader into the future’ (1972: 144). The last type is no specific time. In this setting of time, the writer ‘does not give indication of the time’ (1972: 144). However those setting of time refer to the time when the action takes place for example epoch in history or season of the year (Holman & Harmon, 1986: 465).

c. Social Setting

  In social setting, it basically refers to the society in the literary work. It includes the people, the social behavior such as habits, traditions, beliefs, moral values, and social status of the characters in the novel (Nurgiyantoro, 1995:6). Referring to Holman and Harmon, social setting can refer to general environment of the character for example religious, mental, moral, social, emotional, conditions, through which the people in the story move. It also can reveal the occupations and daily manner of the living of the characters (1986:465).

2. Tone

  Besides the setting, determining the tone is also important because it can help to reveal the attitude of the author toward the subject matter. According to Mc Mahan in his book entitled Literature and the Writing Process, the tone of a story is the stylistic reflection of a writer’s attitude toward the subject discussed (1986:36). Moreover, the dominant tone and theme can be reflected through the theory, it shows that there is a close relationship between setting and tone to reveal the theme in the story.

  3. Society in the Novel

  According to Langland (1984:5), society in the novel is a concept and construct in art, as well as in life. It emerged from patterned, formal relationship among aspects of our experiences .Talking about society means talking about the aesthetic and mimetic dimensions because both aspects are intertwined. It means that both aspects are combined by the author to represent the society formally in relation to the author’s idea of society beyond the formal horizon of the novel.

  Moreover, Langland also stated about the things that include to the aspect of the society or the elements that build the society: Society is not only people and their social classes, but also their beliefs, conventions, values, customs, legal-institutions, religious and cultural physical environment (1984:6). Society is a context or background within which, and against which characters define themselves (1984:8). Characters can define themselves and reveal its perspective through action and thought by using a medium called society.

  4. Indian Postcolonial Society

  In order to the better understanding on the condition of Indian Postcolonial society, the writer admits the condition of the society in the real world. The description is needed to help to underscore the criticism as the reaction of Naipaul toward the society life. Here the thing that being criticized is the Indian Postcolonial Society.

  In this analysis the writer focuses on India as one of the countries in south Asia. The history of India in gathering the Independence is starting in 1920s. In that year, various Indian groups became active in attempting to end colonial rule, and the Indian National Congress Party, which had been established in 1885, eventually became the most prominent. Led by Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, the Congress Party promoted non-violence and self-sufficiency and thus garnered respect and support among both Indians and some British. But the Congress Party generally failed to attract Muslims, who often felt culturally and physically threatened by Hindus, and in 1906 the All-India Muslim League was established. The British periodically jailed Congress Party leaders for their social movement activities, but among the increasingly restive Indian population the British found Congress to be an easier group with which to negotiate than more militant Indian groups. Rising civil disobedience and World War II eventually rendered India too costly and difficult to administer, and the British granted independence in 1947.

  When the British decided to leave the Indian shore, automatically India got their independence. But independence of India in some ways was bittersweet, as the country emerged with numerous political, social, and economic difficulties. On Independence Day (August 15, 1947), the country was partitioned into India and Pakistan, which led to massive migration of Hindus and Muslims and rudimentary industrial and scientific base; tremendous poverty; a large and growing population; social cleavages along caste and economic lines; and contentious territorial boundaries that have led to armed conflicts with Pakistan (1947 to 1949, 1965, 1971), China (1962), and numerous insurgent groups.

  (http://www.mongabay.com/reference/new_profiles/158in.html) The end of the colonial era in India does not mean that India will get their prosperity so easily. Moreover, as a new independence country, India is trying to solve many problems that occur after the British left the Indian’s land. They have to work hard in order to run or to build their country. There are few basic problems that occur in India as it occurs in many of new emerging countries. According to Brenton, Christopher, and Wolff in Civilization in the West propose some common characteristic of the new emerging nations ( 1964: 679-681).

  a.

  The most important of all problems faced by the new emerging countries is that the emancipation has come with relative suddenness and startling rapidity.

  b.

  The new nations need many kinds development such as Industrialization, Agricultural, Transportation, Communication, and above all Education.

  Almost all of the emerging countries first of all need western education to teach their citizens to do necessary works of modernizing.

  c.

  All the emerging countries expressed the typically western and modern form of group consciousness.

  d.

  The new emerging countries desired for a higher standard of living for

  The first characteristic that has been mentioned by Brenton, Christopher, and Wolff described the social life that happens in India in that time. The people of India were not ready to get their independence from British as there were only few educated native at that time to run the country. Hence, the independence means prolonged disorders among these ill-prepared, bewildered people.

  The other characteristic of emerging countries is about modernization. After India got their independence in 1947, they still had to improve their ability in organizing their country. Thus, education became the most important aspect to build the modern country. That is difficult for India as the people were still trapped with the traditional system that limits them in developing the abilities.

  Based on the above explanation, it seems that the emerging countries can not avoid being dependent on western domination. They obviously need western for developing their countries because they are not ready yet for governing their own countries. On the other hand, it is also obvious that after the independence, each country had to settle many problems that occur either from the inside and the outside of the country. India also had the same problem after they granted their independence.

5. Colonial Discourse

  The experience of colonialism and imperialism has played the important role in order to understanding the concept of the East by the West. Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin argued that it was based on the European texts- read his or her alterity as error or lack. As a result, the representative of Europe and Europeans within this textual achieve were situated as normative (1995:85).

  Thus, it indicates that the West becomes the center of meaning that defines the other. On the other side, colonialism is a forceful take over of territory, illegal appropriation of material resources, exploitation of labor and interference with political and cultural structures of another territory or nation (Lomb, 1998:6).

  For the Europeans, colonialism is meant for three things, gold, gospel, and glory. Gold means to seek for wealth or to reach for economic success. Gospel means to spread the Christian religion, because they think the colonizer’s beliefs are bad, while glory means to glorify their nations, to show that their nations are more civilized than the colonized. What the writer had mentioned above is about the motives in creating the colony or doing the activity of colonizing. The statement above is strengthen by Davin Levinson in his book entitled

  Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology

  ‘The motives for creating colonies have varied in human history from the desire to fully incorporate the population of a given region to the need to the administer or otherwise control subject people for the purpose of carrying out economic exploitation (Levinson, 1996: 215-216).’

  However, the idea of colonialism is about dominating, restructuring and having the authority over the colonized country. The reason for the colonizer to see that the colonized or orients are inferior and uncivilized because they are one step behind. That is why the colonizer has the power that enables them to control the Orient in such a way. According to Padmini Mongia’s Contemporary

  ‘the post colonialism is a term which is used to describe that form of social criticism that bears witness to those unequal and uneven processes of representation by which the historical experience of the once-colonized third World comes to be framed in the West’ (1997:1). Considering to Mongia, it is cleared that the colonized country tend to be more like the West. It is also shown in Naipaul’s book that once India has been colonized by the British, the old local culture tends to change into the new culture which has been influenced by the British culture. In the other words, we can say that post colonialism is the continual shedding of the old skin of Western thought and discourse. Moreover, post colonial society finds it very hard to get rid off their dependency toward western domination. This can be caused of the long occupation itself. The occupation itself has interfered with their culture and their daily life. Therefore, the post-colonial society suffers some kind of confusion after the independence has been granted.

  However, there are some disagreements of colonization. Colonization is a means for the Europeans to benefit themselves, economically and as well politically. They came to a territory forcefully to take over the native’s land and enslave them for their own benefit. They also interfere with the native’s culture which cause the native leave theirs for many reasons, such as, for prestige, or for survival. (http.www.plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism).

6. Naipaul’s Historical Background

  Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul was born in Chaguanas, Trinidad, on August 17, 1932. His Hindu grandfather had emigrated there from West India as an indentured servant. His father, Seepersad (1906-53), was a journalist, whose literary aspirations were inherited by V.S., and his brother, Shiva. The family moved to Port of Spain, where Naipaul attended Queenís Royal College. In 1948, he was awarded a Trinidad government scholarship, which he used to study literature at University College, Oxford, and beginning in 1950. However, it was in mid 1950’s he started to examine his own Trinidadian background. Naipaul's first books are set in Trinidad. A House for Mr. Biswas, his first major novel, is an imaginative account of the Indian experience in Trinidad--his father's life and his own youth. A few years after its publication he went to India, finding only disappointment in the recognition that colonialism and the new world had stripped him of the capability of contentment there. This realization is the subject of An

  

Area of Darkness . A few years later, Naipaul attempted to return to Trinidad. But

  he soon retreated to England, unable to find happiness there. During this period, his work broadened. "Fiction, which had once liberated me and enlightened me, now seemed to be pushing me toward being simpler than I really was." In a Free State, which was awarded the Booker Prize, transcended the boundaries of genre.

  It consists of short stories, a novella, and two excerpts from a travel diary. The only common thread is the concern with issues of freedom for the individual and the decolonized world. Naipaul's position as a social and political critic grew with the publication of his next few books, all of which treated the issues surrounding colonization.

  Beginning with Finding the Center, Naipaul's writing moved away from places he visited, withholding judgment and a seeing beauty where he once saw futility. The synthesis of autobiography and fiction continued, and even became subject matter in The Enigma of Arrival. In "Reading and Writing," Naipaul explains, "So, as my world widened, beyond the immediate personal circumstances that bred fiction, and as my comprehension widened, the literary forms I practiced flowed together and supported one another; and I couldn't say that one form was higher than another." Travel and autobiographical books followed. In India: A Million Mutinies, Naipaul's views of his family's homeland are reconsidered and adjusted. And in A Way in the World, Naipaul further demonstrated the improvement in his view of humanity. He continues to write, and will continue to be a prominent writer, be it "post-colonial" or not. Themes of alienation, mistrust, rootlessness, mockery, and self-deception will certainly continue to pervade throughout his work.

C. Theoretical Framework

  All the theories mentioned above will be used in this analysis. At a general level, theory of setting seems to be a very useful in analyzing the study. It gives a voice and sight in order to reveal the condition of India or the events that happen at that time and also the society in the novel. According to the first problem formulation about the social condition of the Indians especially after they got their independence from the British in the story, the writer finds that by using this theory the writer could know about how the narrator sees the problem or issue understanding the Naipaul’s way of thinking or why he does such a thing. Both theories have big contribution to answer and understanding the study as the subject of the study tells about one’s criticism toward the colonialism.

  The writer also finds that postcolonial theory has a quite substantial contribution to answer the problem of the study since this is about the colonizing India. On the other hand, the theory of Indian Postcolonial Society is used to give the picture or clear description about the Indian society in the real world that is criticized by the author in his work. It will be the ground of the author’s criticism toward the Indian Postcolonial Society depicted in the novel. Moreover, the theory of colonial will apply to help in examining the work as the creation of colonial era. By using the theory of colonialism, will help the writer to identify the reason why the issue on the story is raised and how the character deal with it.

  On the other hand, the author’s historical background becomes an additional source in order to connect the author experience with the product that he had produced. As the book considered as the autobiographical novel, here the literary work is considered as the expression of the author. It will help the writer to reveal the attitude of the author toward the European colonialism.

  How are those theories related to each other? Based on the question, the writer finds that the use of the first theory or theory of setting succeed to identify the mixture of social interests, social condition, and moral principles that make up the individual that appear in the story. After the writer knows about the characteristic of the society in the novel, the next theory will help the writer in theory of tone, while for the additional source; can be identified by using the theory of Indian Postcolonial Society. Besides that, by using those theories, the writer believes that the writer could answer all the questions of the study.