Appendix Spatial Development of Seoul H
[Appendix]
Spatial Development of Seoul
-History & Prospect2012.5.22
Dr. Jung-Joong, Lee
Chief of Researcher
City Planning Commission
Seoul Metropolitan Government
- Contents Ⅰ. Urban Development History
Ⅱ. Spatial Structure Changes
Ⅲ. Prospect as a Global City
- 1 -
Ⅰ. Urban Development History
■ Before Modernization(Chosun Dynasty) : Hanyang
o the capital city of Korea(Josun Dynasty) since 1394
o based on 'traditional geographical concept of the oriental society(風水)
- ancestral temple : the east of palace
- royal temple : the west
o Population : 150,000 people (as of 1394)
the planning concept of Hanyang
the street of the early 20 C
■ Introduction of Modern Planning : Kyungsung
o 1930s : the first modern planning act and plan was introduced
- Josun City Planning Act: 1934
(regulating zoning, infra-facilities and urban development, etc)
- Gyungsung City Plan: 1936 (target population : 700,000)
Central Street of Seoul(1936)
The 1st railway : Seoul↔Incheon(1899)
- 2 -
■ After the Korean War(1950s) : Era of Reconstruction
o The Korean War devastated the entire urban structure of the city.
o Urban problems : poverty, housing shortages, waste management.
The devastation of street and historical building
■ The Growth of Seoul
o a leading place for the nation-wide economic and social growth since
1960s.
o Rapid increase of population and concentration of socio-economic
functions to Seoul brought about congestion problem.
- 593㎢('60s) → 605㎢(from '73∼present)
o Between 1970 and 1980, about 3 million people emigrated from local
region to Seoul city.
- 800 people/a day ☞ requiring about 200 houses a day in Seoul.
- 3 -
Increased distribution of urban centers according to spatial expansion
■ Changes of Administration and Planning Area of Seoul
- 4 -
■ Growth Statistics of Seoul
population(million)
income
car
house
1960
1990
245
1,061
$90
11,000cars
580 thou.('70)
2010
10.450
$5,886
$28,794('05)
1.43 million
3.258 million
1.193 million
2.954 million
■ The Change of Housing types
o According to rapid increase of population, many houses have been
constructed by a Big Urban Development Project(Land Adjustment,
Urban and Housing Renewal, ect.)
o The ratio of 'Apartment' goes on increasing continuously.
※ 54.3%(2005) → 56.8%(2010)
- 5 -
Ⅱ. Spatial Structure Changes
■ 1960s~'70s : Industrialization and Urban Sprawl
o Main factors and issues
- Concentration of Population → Rapid Urban Sprawl → Relocation of
population in Seoul Metropolitan Region
- Implementation of policies for decentralizing the principal functions and
facilities of the city, e.g., public offices, and major educational
institutions, ect.) from Gangbuk(old town: the north of the Han River) to
Gangnam(new developed area : the south of Han Rive)
Development Plan of Yoido(1969), Under Construction of Kangnam Street
the first Apartment Site('61)
- 6 -
overpass road('70)
■ Main Infrastructure and Facilities
Covering Construction of Cheonggyecheon(1958∼1961. 12)
Gwanghwamun Under Pedestrian Passage(1966)
Sewoon Mixed Use Building(1967. 6)
Namsan 1·2 Tunnel(1969.3∼1970. 8)
- 7 -
Subway Line 1(1974. 8)
Sejong Center (1978. 4)
Sungsoo Bridge(1979. 9)
■ Main Measure for Urban Development
o Land Adjustment Development Project('60s~'80s)
- Developed Area : 113㎢(80.7% of street)
※ merit of project : minimizing cost of public investment
- 8 -
o Development of Apartment District
year
Total
Low Density APT. District 1976~79
High Density APT. District 1976~83
District Size of Area(㎢) Household
14
5
13
Low Density District
11.321
3.793
7.528
141,109
50,152
90,957
High Density District
※ Goals of project: extension of housing supply & development of
orderly arranged sites.
■ The Change of Floor Area Ratio(FAR)
o The FAR of Residential and Commercial Area(legal zoning) has changed
frequently following socio-economic situations and policy considerations.
o The regulations of FAR shall be designated as municipal ordinance under
the law.
- General Residential Zoning
Area(in relation to Act)
: 400%('70)→500%('72)→
300%('73)→300%(APT: 200%,'78)
→400%('86)→200%～400%('88)
→400%('92)→150~250%(2000)
- General Commercial Zoning Area
: 800%('70)→1,000%('72)→
1,500%('86)→500～1,100%('88)
→1,300%('92)→600%～800%(2000)
The Change of FAR(Architecture Act→City Planning Act)
- 9 -
■ The History of Revised 'Parking Act'
o 1962 : Legal defining Parking as one of public facilities in City Planning Act
o 1967 : Obligatory establishing Parking in the building having total floor area
over than 2,000㎡(Architecture Act) ▶ Expansion of underground parking
o 1976 : Regulation of Parking Standards(Architecture Act)
o 1979 : Institution of Parking Act(parking attached to a building)
o 1982 : Policy inducing underground parking around Station Area and CBD
o 1988 : Development Plan of Underground Parking under Public Land
and Space(11 places, 5,100 lots)
o after 1996 : Inducing and encouraging parking lots in residential area,
transfer station in the outer city
Restriction in CBD, Sub-Center, Commercial Zone
■ Towards a World City in the Age of Globalization (1980∼'90)
o Remarkable Progress
- The Asian Game(1986) and the Olympic Game(1988) became important
steppingstones to promote national status.
(Urban Development, Innovation of IT and Acceleration of High Tech, Bio
Sector and so on)
Olympic Main Stadium('86, '88)
- 10 -
New Town Development(1981~88)
Olympic Trunk Road(1986.5)
Inner-Circular Road(1991.1)
Mokdong New Town(1983~95)
Olympic Park and Hostels
■ Main Infrastructure and Facilities
Seoul Grand Park(Gwachun City, 1977. 1∼1984. 5)
- 11 -
Subway Line 2(1978. 3∼1984. 5)
Subway Line 3(1978. 3∼1984. 5)
Subway Line 4 (1985. 10)
88 Olympic Trunk Road(1986. 5)
Collapse of Sungsoo Bridge(1994. 10)
- 12 -
Collapse of Sampoong Department Store(1995. 6)
Subway Line 5(1990. 5∼1995. 11)
■ Residential Area Development: government-initiated development
o Serious housing shortage in Seoul committed the government to initiate
policy focusing on housing supply and public development
- Development Sites: 41 Sites, 32㏊, 310 thousands houses, 1.23 millions
inhabitants(Gaepo, Mokdong , Godeok, Sanggye, Moonjung, ect.)
Sanggye Residential Development(86~91)
- 13 -
Gayang(1990~96)
■ The Construction of High-rise Apartment(above 30 stories)
o High-Rise Apartment began to be constructed from the mid-1990s; This
contributed efficient lands use, housing supply, improving urban
environment.
o Mixed Use Buildings have been constructed in commercial zones.
※ Issue: Proper land use in urban center
■ Prospects of Seoul in the 21C.
o Maximum Utilization of Strength and Opportunities
- Global City: held the World-Cup Football Game(2002)
- The Human City Harmonizing with Nature: Restoration of Cheonggyecheon
& Creation of Seoul Square
- Balancing Sectoral Development: "New Town in Town"
- Focusing on Public Traffic System : Bus, Metro(subway), Walk and Bike
Sangam World-Cup Stadium
- 14 -
Subway Lines(1~9 Line)
Restoration of Cheonggyecheon (before → after)
Seoul Square(2004) (before → after)
Construction of Gwanghwamun Square(2009)
Central Exclusive Lane for Only Bus
- 15 -
Intelligent Buildings(SKT Tower $ POSCO)
Seoul Forest(2005)
■ The New Town Project
o Main Purposes as a comprehensive plan: Rational planning for proper
land use and preparation of infrastructure.
o Deregulation in line with public contribution(donation & preparation)
Location of New Town Sites & Balanced Development District
- 16 -
Ⅲ. Prospect as a Global City
■ High Rise-Density Mixed Used Development(MXD)
o The Functions of International Business Districts are as follows :
- Finance, Insurance, International Organization, Education, Media, Convention,
Art-Cultural Center, Commercial, Housing and so on
Yongsan IBD(106F)
Sangam DMC(133F)
Jamsil Lotte World(123F)
■ Mixed Utilization of Underground Space
Underground Space at COEX Mall in the Sub-center of Gangnam, Seoul
Mixed-Use of Gangnam Express Bus Terminal
(Terminal, Hotel, Convention, Department Store, ect.)
- 17 -
■ Diverse Utilization of Underground
o Reviewing to plan U-Smartway(underpass) & Great Train Express(GTX)
- U-Smartway : E↔W 3 Lines, S↔N 3 Lines, Length : 149㎞
- GTX : Gyeonggi Province↔Seoul↔Gyeonggi Province 3 Lines, 145.5㎞
U-Smartway 노선도
수도권 광역 급행철도(GTX)
■ Development of Waterfront for Regeneration
"Hangang(river) Project"
o Main Theme: Restoration of Ecological Environment and Creation of
Economic Potentiality along the Han River.
- Improving Accessibility, Developing Waterfront Town, Reinforcing Urban
Center, Inducing Fine Townscape and Skyline, Forming Riverfront Park, etc.
o Strategic Development for Characterizing the Waterfront Area
- 18 -
■ Typical Themes and Functions of Each Region
o Central Region : Yongsan, Yoido(Business, Culture)
o Western Region : Sangam, Magok(Industry, Nature, History)
o Eastern Region : Ttuksom, Jamsil(Leisure, Sports)
Cafeteria and Observatory on the bridge of the Hangang(river)
Yongsan International Business District (Development of Waterfront)
- 19 -
Spatial Development of Seoul
-History & Prospect2012.5.22
Dr. Jung-Joong, Lee
Chief of Researcher
City Planning Commission
Seoul Metropolitan Government
- Contents Ⅰ. Urban Development History
Ⅱ. Spatial Structure Changes
Ⅲ. Prospect as a Global City
- 1 -
Ⅰ. Urban Development History
■ Before Modernization(Chosun Dynasty) : Hanyang
o the capital city of Korea(Josun Dynasty) since 1394
o based on 'traditional geographical concept of the oriental society(風水)
- ancestral temple : the east of palace
- royal temple : the west
o Population : 150,000 people (as of 1394)
the planning concept of Hanyang
the street of the early 20 C
■ Introduction of Modern Planning : Kyungsung
o 1930s : the first modern planning act and plan was introduced
- Josun City Planning Act: 1934
(regulating zoning, infra-facilities and urban development, etc)
- Gyungsung City Plan: 1936 (target population : 700,000)
Central Street of Seoul(1936)
The 1st railway : Seoul↔Incheon(1899)
- 2 -
■ After the Korean War(1950s) : Era of Reconstruction
o The Korean War devastated the entire urban structure of the city.
o Urban problems : poverty, housing shortages, waste management.
The devastation of street and historical building
■ The Growth of Seoul
o a leading place for the nation-wide economic and social growth since
1960s.
o Rapid increase of population and concentration of socio-economic
functions to Seoul brought about congestion problem.
- 593㎢('60s) → 605㎢(from '73∼present)
o Between 1970 and 1980, about 3 million people emigrated from local
region to Seoul city.
- 800 people/a day ☞ requiring about 200 houses a day in Seoul.
- 3 -
Increased distribution of urban centers according to spatial expansion
■ Changes of Administration and Planning Area of Seoul
- 4 -
■ Growth Statistics of Seoul
population(million)
income
car
house
1960
1990
245
1,061
$90
11,000cars
580 thou.('70)
2010
10.450
$5,886
$28,794('05)
1.43 million
3.258 million
1.193 million
2.954 million
■ The Change of Housing types
o According to rapid increase of population, many houses have been
constructed by a Big Urban Development Project(Land Adjustment,
Urban and Housing Renewal, ect.)
o The ratio of 'Apartment' goes on increasing continuously.
※ 54.3%(2005) → 56.8%(2010)
- 5 -
Ⅱ. Spatial Structure Changes
■ 1960s~'70s : Industrialization and Urban Sprawl
o Main factors and issues
- Concentration of Population → Rapid Urban Sprawl → Relocation of
population in Seoul Metropolitan Region
- Implementation of policies for decentralizing the principal functions and
facilities of the city, e.g., public offices, and major educational
institutions, ect.) from Gangbuk(old town: the north of the Han River) to
Gangnam(new developed area : the south of Han Rive)
Development Plan of Yoido(1969), Under Construction of Kangnam Street
the first Apartment Site('61)
- 6 -
overpass road('70)
■ Main Infrastructure and Facilities
Covering Construction of Cheonggyecheon(1958∼1961. 12)
Gwanghwamun Under Pedestrian Passage(1966)
Sewoon Mixed Use Building(1967. 6)
Namsan 1·2 Tunnel(1969.3∼1970. 8)
- 7 -
Subway Line 1(1974. 8)
Sejong Center (1978. 4)
Sungsoo Bridge(1979. 9)
■ Main Measure for Urban Development
o Land Adjustment Development Project('60s~'80s)
- Developed Area : 113㎢(80.7% of street)
※ merit of project : minimizing cost of public investment
- 8 -
o Development of Apartment District
year
Total
Low Density APT. District 1976~79
High Density APT. District 1976~83
District Size of Area(㎢) Household
14
5
13
Low Density District
11.321
3.793
7.528
141,109
50,152
90,957
High Density District
※ Goals of project: extension of housing supply & development of
orderly arranged sites.
■ The Change of Floor Area Ratio(FAR)
o The FAR of Residential and Commercial Area(legal zoning) has changed
frequently following socio-economic situations and policy considerations.
o The regulations of FAR shall be designated as municipal ordinance under
the law.
- General Residential Zoning
Area(in relation to Act)
: 400%('70)→500%('72)→
300%('73)→300%(APT: 200%,'78)
→400%('86)→200%～400%('88)
→400%('92)→150~250%(2000)
- General Commercial Zoning Area
: 800%('70)→1,000%('72)→
1,500%('86)→500～1,100%('88)
→1,300%('92)→600%～800%(2000)
The Change of FAR(Architecture Act→City Planning Act)
- 9 -
■ The History of Revised 'Parking Act'
o 1962 : Legal defining Parking as one of public facilities in City Planning Act
o 1967 : Obligatory establishing Parking in the building having total floor area
over than 2,000㎡(Architecture Act) ▶ Expansion of underground parking
o 1976 : Regulation of Parking Standards(Architecture Act)
o 1979 : Institution of Parking Act(parking attached to a building)
o 1982 : Policy inducing underground parking around Station Area and CBD
o 1988 : Development Plan of Underground Parking under Public Land
and Space(11 places, 5,100 lots)
o after 1996 : Inducing and encouraging parking lots in residential area,
transfer station in the outer city
Restriction in CBD, Sub-Center, Commercial Zone
■ Towards a World City in the Age of Globalization (1980∼'90)
o Remarkable Progress
- The Asian Game(1986) and the Olympic Game(1988) became important
steppingstones to promote national status.
(Urban Development, Innovation of IT and Acceleration of High Tech, Bio
Sector and so on)
Olympic Main Stadium('86, '88)
- 10 -
New Town Development(1981~88)
Olympic Trunk Road(1986.5)
Inner-Circular Road(1991.1)
Mokdong New Town(1983~95)
Olympic Park and Hostels
■ Main Infrastructure and Facilities
Seoul Grand Park(Gwachun City, 1977. 1∼1984. 5)
- 11 -
Subway Line 2(1978. 3∼1984. 5)
Subway Line 3(1978. 3∼1984. 5)
Subway Line 4 (1985. 10)
88 Olympic Trunk Road(1986. 5)
Collapse of Sungsoo Bridge(1994. 10)
- 12 -
Collapse of Sampoong Department Store(1995. 6)
Subway Line 5(1990. 5∼1995. 11)
■ Residential Area Development: government-initiated development
o Serious housing shortage in Seoul committed the government to initiate
policy focusing on housing supply and public development
- Development Sites: 41 Sites, 32㏊, 310 thousands houses, 1.23 millions
inhabitants(Gaepo, Mokdong , Godeok, Sanggye, Moonjung, ect.)
Sanggye Residential Development(86~91)
- 13 -
Gayang(1990~96)
■ The Construction of High-rise Apartment(above 30 stories)
o High-Rise Apartment began to be constructed from the mid-1990s; This
contributed efficient lands use, housing supply, improving urban
environment.
o Mixed Use Buildings have been constructed in commercial zones.
※ Issue: Proper land use in urban center
■ Prospects of Seoul in the 21C.
o Maximum Utilization of Strength and Opportunities
- Global City: held the World-Cup Football Game(2002)
- The Human City Harmonizing with Nature: Restoration of Cheonggyecheon
& Creation of Seoul Square
- Balancing Sectoral Development: "New Town in Town"
- Focusing on Public Traffic System : Bus, Metro(subway), Walk and Bike
Sangam World-Cup Stadium
- 14 -
Subway Lines(1~9 Line)
Restoration of Cheonggyecheon (before → after)
Seoul Square(2004) (before → after)
Construction of Gwanghwamun Square(2009)
Central Exclusive Lane for Only Bus
- 15 -
Intelligent Buildings(SKT Tower $ POSCO)
Seoul Forest(2005)
■ The New Town Project
o Main Purposes as a comprehensive plan: Rational planning for proper
land use and preparation of infrastructure.
o Deregulation in line with public contribution(donation & preparation)
Location of New Town Sites & Balanced Development District
- 16 -
Ⅲ. Prospect as a Global City
■ High Rise-Density Mixed Used Development(MXD)
o The Functions of International Business Districts are as follows :
- Finance, Insurance, International Organization, Education, Media, Convention,
Art-Cultural Center, Commercial, Housing and so on
Yongsan IBD(106F)
Sangam DMC(133F)
Jamsil Lotte World(123F)
■ Mixed Utilization of Underground Space
Underground Space at COEX Mall in the Sub-center of Gangnam, Seoul
Mixed-Use of Gangnam Express Bus Terminal
(Terminal, Hotel, Convention, Department Store, ect.)
- 17 -
■ Diverse Utilization of Underground
o Reviewing to plan U-Smartway(underpass) & Great Train Express(GTX)
- U-Smartway : E↔W 3 Lines, S↔N 3 Lines, Length : 149㎞
- GTX : Gyeonggi Province↔Seoul↔Gyeonggi Province 3 Lines, 145.5㎞
U-Smartway 노선도
수도권 광역 급행철도(GTX)
■ Development of Waterfront for Regeneration
"Hangang(river) Project"
o Main Theme: Restoration of Ecological Environment and Creation of
Economic Potentiality along the Han River.
- Improving Accessibility, Developing Waterfront Town, Reinforcing Urban
Center, Inducing Fine Townscape and Skyline, Forming Riverfront Park, etc.
o Strategic Development for Characterizing the Waterfront Area
- 18 -
■ Typical Themes and Functions of Each Region
o Central Region : Yongsan, Yoido(Business, Culture)
o Western Region : Sangam, Magok(Industry, Nature, History)
o Eastern Region : Ttuksom, Jamsil(Leisure, Sports)
Cafeteria and Observatory on the bridge of the Hangang(river)
Yongsan International Business District (Development of Waterfront)
- 19 -