Snakes and lizards Reptilia Squamata of
Snakes and lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) of the Opak River area, province of Daerah
Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Donan Satria Yudha, Rury Eprilurahman, Rianjani Pratiwi, Iman Akbar Muhtianda, Aisyah Arimbi, and Hastin
Ambar Asti
Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1744, 020013 (2016); doi: 10.1063/1.4953487
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4953487
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/1744?ver=pdfcov
Published by the AIP Publishing
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Snakes and Lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) of the Opak River
Area, Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Donan Satria Yudha1, Rury Eprilurahman1, a), Rianjani Pratiwi2,
Iman Akbar Muhtianda2, Aisyah Arimbi2 and Hastin Ambar Asti2
1
Animal Systematics Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Teknika Selatan Sekip Utara,
Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
2
Herpetological Study Club, Faculty of Biology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Teknika Selatan Sekip Utara,
Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
a)
Corresponding author: rurybiougm@ugm.ac.id
Abstract. Reptiles that commonly found in or on riverbanks are turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles. Nowadays, turtles
and crocodiles are rarely found or seen the river which flows across human settlement especially in Java. The Opak River
is one of the biggest rivers that flowing across Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) Province, Indonesia. The Opak River
upstream is located on the southern slope of Mount Merapi, and it is estuary is located on the southern beach of DIY
(Depok Beach), Bantul Regency. The research aimed to acquire data about the diversity of snakes and lizards (Reptilia:
Squamata) along the Opak River in the DIY. The data of squamates diversity were acquired using a combination of
several methods, i.e., VES (Visual Encounter Survey), riverbank cruising and transect. Sampling area generally divided
into four locations, i.e., upstream, midstream, downstream and estuary. Species diversity of squamates in the Opak River
consists of 11 species of lacertilians (lizards) and 16 species of serpents (snakes). The Opak River is a decent habitat for
some lizards and snakes.
Keywords: Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, diversity, lizards, snakes, the Opak River.
INTRODUCTION
A group of reptiles that are frequently found in, along and around rivers are turtles (order Testudinata), lizards
and snakes (order Squamata: suborder Lacertilia and suborder Ophidia/Serpentes) and crocodiles (order Crocodylia).
Turtles and crocodiles nowadays are rarely found in rivers that flow through the human settlement area. Both groups
of reptiles, especially crocodiles are known to be hardly coexisting with humans. The inabilities of turtles for living
in the area near the human settlement because they are slow-moving, tend to be passive and an alternative for human
consumption, while crocodiles are wild (predatory opportunists and could attack human as prey) and feared by
humans. People who see a crocodile in its region tend to hunt it down and kill it immediately.
Opak River is one of the major river crossings in the area of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) Province,
Indonesia. The upstream of the Opak River located in the northern part of DIY, more precisely on the southern slope
of Mount Merapi, Sleman Regency. The upstream riverbank is surrounded by dense riparian vegetation. The
midstream of the Opak River is located in the eastern part of DIY Province. In some spots, midstream is surrounded
by human settlement, an area of dense population; many houses built close to the river banks. On the midstream, the
river also passes through on the west side of the Prambanan Temple. The downstream of the Opak River located in
the southern part of DIY Province. The downstream is surrounded by rice fields with dense riparian vegetation while
the estuary located south of DIY near Samas Beach i.e. around Depok, Bantul Regency.
The species diversity of reptiles (lizards and snakes/order Squamata) which inhabit in and around the river in the
DIY Province is still not well known, and there is no recent published database. We need new information of these
Towards the sustainable use of biodiversity in a changing environment: From basic to applied research
AIP Conf. Proc. 1744, 020013-1–020013-8; doi: 10.1063/1.4953487
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1401-3/$30.00
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reptiles as a starting point of conservation especially reptiles that inhabit around the river in DIY. This research
aimed to know the diversity of reptiles that are present along the Opak River, DIY Province. The data is useful to
provide more detailed information and can be used as a reference for future research.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Specimens of reptiles (specifically Squamata: lizards and snakes) were collected from its habitats along the Opak
River from the upstream, midstream, downstream to the estuary in the DIY Province. Chemicals (alcohol 70 %, 4 %
formaldehyde, distilled water and chloroform) were used to preserve the specimens.
The research was conducted from June to July in 2013. Research location is along the Opak River from upstream
in the northern part of DIY to the estuary in the southern part of DIY. The method used was line transect along 500
m per sampling point (location) with a combination of visual encounter surveys (VES) and river bank cruising.
Transect line along 500 m was made on the middle part of the water body. Transect line was also made using the
handheld GPS [1–3].
To facilitate the sampling, we divided the river into four parts, i.e.: upstream, midstream, downstream and
estuary. Five sampling points (locations) were determined for each part (upstream, midstream and downstream).
Meanwhile, the estuary was divided into four sampling points (locations) (Table 1). At each sampling points on the
same day, there were two times data retrieval (sampling) which were day and night. Sampling during the day was
expected to encounter diurnal reptiles while sampling in the evening is in order to get the nocturnal species. It was
done to maximize the number of species found in the area.
TABLE 1. Sampling locations for lizards and snakes of the Opak River from upstream, midstream, downstream and estuary
Sampling
River part
Locality
Coordinate
Point (SP)
Code
Upstream
Midstream
Downstream
SP I
Kecamatan*) Cangkringan, Kabupaten**) Sleman
SP II
Kecamatan Cangkringan, Kabupaten Sleman
SP III
Kecamatan Ngemplak, Kabupaten Sleman
SP IV
Kecamatan Kalasan, Kabupaten Sleman
SP V
Kecamatan Prambanan, Kabupaten Sleman
SP I
Kecamatan Kalasan, Kabupaten Sleman
SP II
Kecamatan Prambanan, Kabupaten Sleman
SP III
Kecamatan Berbah, Kabupaten Sleman
SP IV
Kecamatan Piyungan, Kabupaten Bantul
SP V
Kecamatan Banguntapan, Kabupaten Bantul
TS I
Kecamatan Jetis, Kabupaten Bantul
SP II
Kecamatan Jetis, Kabupaten Bantul
SP III
Kecamatan Jetis, Kabupaten Bantul
SP IV
Kecamatan Pundong, Kabupaten Bantul
SP V
Kecamatan Kretek, Kabupaten Bantul
7o38’41,52” LS
110o27’8,36” BT
7o39’41,51” LS
110o27’16,14” BT
7 o41’20,28” LS
110ͼ27’56,33” BT
7°41'53.06"S
110°28'3.82"T
7o44’47,10” LS
110o 29’15,14” BT
7°46'14.53"LS
110°28'50.45"BT
7o47’17,06” LS
110ͼ28’4,07” BT
7o48’24,17” LS
110 o 27’32,31” BT
7o50’22,78” LS
110ͼ26’59,93” BT
7o51’24,02” LS
110 o 25’34,42” BT
7o53’38,11” LS
110o23’14,99” BT
7o54’56,13” LS
110o21’57,79” BT
7o56’1,27” LS
110o21’57,79” BT
7o57’19,28” LS
110o21’51,86” BT
7o59’22,98” LS
110o18’47,14” BT
Continued on next page
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Table 1. Continued
Sampling
Point (SP)
Code
River part
Estuary
SP I
SP II
SP III
SP IV
Locality
Coordinate
Kecamatan Kretek (Pantai Depok), Kabupaten Bantul
Kecamatan Kretek (Pantai Depok), Kabupaten Bantul
Kecamatan Kretek, Kabupaten Bantul
Kecamatan Kretek, Kabupaten Bantul
Note : * Kecamatan = subdistrict
** Kabupaten = district
***Pantai = beach
All specimens of lizards and snakes (squamates, order Squamata) were collected, identified and documented.
One individual of each species was taken as a voucher specimen. Specimen was preserved using alcohol 70 % and
labeled. Identification was done based on Manthey [4], de Rooij [5–6], van Hoesel [7] as well as Das [8].
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
On the upstream area, total numbers of squamates obtained were five species of lizards (member of the suborder
Lacertilia) and 11 species of snakes (suborder Serpentes) (Table 2). There were three species of lizards encountered
during the day, i.e.: Eutropis multifasciata (common sun skink), Draco sp. (flying lizard) and Varanus salvator
(monitor lizard), and one species encountered during the night, i.e.: Gekko gecko (Gecko), while Broncochela jubata
(maned forest lizard) was encountered two times during sampling day and night.
Eutropis multifasciata, Bronchocela jubata, Draco sp., and Varanus salvator are a diurnal animal. This means
that their daily activity is in the day. Broncochela was found at night sampling because the animal was seen resting
on branches and tree trunks. While Gekko gecko is a nocturnal animal which means their daily activity is at night.
No.
1.
TABLE 2. Lizards and snakes (Reptiles; Squamata) found on the upstream of the Opak River.
Lizards and Snakes (Reptilia: Squamata) found on upstream of Opak River
Suborder
Lacertilia
2.
Family
Species
Scincidae
Eutropis multifasciata
Agamidae
Bronchocela jubata
3.
SP.1
SP.2
SP.3
SP.4
SP.5
D
D
D
D
D
D/N
N
D
D/N D/N
Draco sp.
D
-
D
-
D
4.
Gekkonidae
Gekko gecko
-
N
-
-
-
5.
Varanidae
Varanus salvator
-
-
-
-
D
Colubridae
1.
Dendrelaphis pictus
D
N
N
N
D
2.
Ptyas korros
-
N
D
-
N
3.
Ptyas mucosus
-
N
-
-
-
4.
Ahaetulla prasina
N
N
D
-
N
5.
Coelognathus flavolineata
-
-
D
-
-
6.
Oligodon biturquotus
D
-
-
-
-
7.
Pareas carinatus
N
-
-
-
-
Xenochrophis piscator
-
N
D
-
-
Xenochrophis trianguligerus
-
N
-
N
-
Homalopsis buccata
-
-
-
-
N
8.
Serpentes
Natricidae
9.
10.
Homalopsidae
Notes: SP = Sampling Point; D = Diurnal/ daylight; N = Nocturnal/ Night
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Eleven species of snakes were found during sampling on the upstream. Those snakes were encountered while
sampling either day or night. Two snakes; Ptyas mucosus (Indian rat snake) and Pareas carinatus (keeled slugeating snake) are found in the night sampling only, whereas Coelognathus flavolineatus (yellow-striped trinket
snake) and Oligodon bitorquotus (kukri snake) were encountered during the day.
Two lizards Eutropis multifasciata and Bronchocela jubata were encountered at all of the five sampling points
on the upstream. One snake Dendrelaphis pictus (painted bronzeback snake) was found at all of the five sampling
points on the upstream while Ahaetulla prasina (Oriental vine snake) was found in four sampling points.
Bronchocela jubata, Dendrelaphis pictus, Ahaetulla prasina, Ptyas korros (Indo-Chinese/Javan rat snake) and Ptyas
mucosus (oriental/Indian rat snake) are arboreal reptiles (lives on trees). The presence of those species shows that
the upstream region of the Opak River still has enough vegetation, especially in the riparian and no or few human
activities conducted near the river bank. This condition could be the reason why there were more species found in
the upstream compared to other sampling sites.
Skink Eutropis multifasciata was encountered at all of the five sampling points. This indicates that the
riverbanks of the upstream region of the Opak River are characterized by rocky land with many kinds of grass and
herbs. These characteristics are suitable as a habitat for Eutropis (Fig. 1.a).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
FIGURE 1. Lizards and snakes commonly found along the upstream of the Opak River, i.e.: (a) Eutropis multifasciata (common
sun skink); (b) Broncochela jubata (maned forest lizard); (c) Dendrelaphis pictus (painted bronzeback snake); and
(d) Ahaetulla prasina (Oriental vine snake).
Water snakes were also found on the upstream of Opak River; those are Xenochrophis piscator (chequered
keelback water snake), Xenochrophis trianguligerus (triangle keelback) and Homalopsis buccata (puff-faced water
snake). These three species are predators of small fishes, tadpoles, frogs and froglet, indicating that water body on
the upstream is plenty. Some of water snakes’ prey species recorded are Poecilia reticulata (guppy fish),
Dermogenys pusilla (wrestling halfbeak fish), Rasbora argyrotaenia (silver rasbora fish) and Nemacheilus fasciatus
(barred loach fish), Occidozyga lima (green puddle frog), Occidozyga sumatrana (sumatran puddle frog),
Fejervarya limnocharis (common pond frog) and Microhyla palmipes (palmated chorus frog) [9–10].
On the midstream of the Opak River, we found eight species of lizards and five species of snakes (Table 3). The
lizard’s diversity on midstream is slightly different with the upstream. In midstream, there were three additional
species of Gekkonidae: Hemidactylus frenatus (Asian/common house gecko), Gehyra mutilata (common four-
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clawed gecko) and Cyrtodactylus semiadii sp. nov. [11]. Two lizards Europis multifasciata and Broncochela jubata
are found on all of the five sampling points. In addition, Hemidactylus frenatus was encountered at the four
sampling points due to its high adaptation ability and able to live around/close to humans; thereby showing that
several sampling point area is close enough to the human residence.
No.
1.
TABLE 3. Lizards and snakes (Reptiles; Squamata) found on the midstream of the Opak River.
Lizards and Snakes (Reptilia: Squamata) found on midstream of Opak River
Suborder
Lacertilia
Family
Species
SP.1
SP.2
SP.3
SP.4
SP.5
D
D/N
Scincidae
Eutropis multifasciata
D
D
D
Agamidae
Bronchocela jubata
D
N
N
3.
Bronchocela cristatella
D
-
-
-
-
4.
Draco volans
D
-
-
-
-
2.
5.
Gekkonidae
D/N D/N
D/N
D
6.
Gehyra mutilate
-
-
D
-
-
7.
Cyrtodactylus semiadii
-
-
-
N
-
Varanidae
Varanus salvator
-
-
D
-
-
Colubridae
Dendrelaphis pictus
-
D
N
D/N
N
2.
Ptyas korros
-
-
-
-
N
3.
Ahaetulla prasina
-
-
-
-
N
8.
1.
Serpentes
Hemidactylus frenatus
D/N D/N
-
4.
Natricidae
Xenochrophis piscator
D
-
N
N
-
5.
Elapidae
Bungarus fasciatus
-
N
-
N
-
Notes: SP = Sampling Point; D = Diurnal/daylight; N = Nocturnal/Night
One Species of gecko has been identified as new species from the genus Cyrtodactylus. The description of the
new species was done in collaboration with a researcher from the Laboratory of Herpetology, Zoology Division,
Biological Research Centre–Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI) in Cibinong, West Java. The species of this gecko
apparently is a new species, namely Cyrtodactylus semiadii (Fig. 2). This new species of Cyrtodactylus, which is
found on riverbank of the Opak River, is then inserted in the publication of Mr. Awal Riyanto (researcher of
Herpetology in LIPI) that also found Cyrtodactylus semiadii in Tuban area West Java [11].
(a)
(b)
FIGURE 2. Gecko X (Cyrtodactylus semiadii), a new species of bent-toed gecko found along midstream of the Opak River,
(a) view of the dorsal body; (b) tail or ventral posterior view.
Snakes encountered during sampling on midstream are few compared to upstream. There were only five species
of snakes i.e.: Dendrelaphis pictus, Ptyas korros, Ahaetulla prasina, Xenochrophis piscator and Bungarus fasciatus
(banded krait). Few numbers of snake’s species were found on the midstream probably due to the activities of
traditional volcanic sand and stone mining along midstream. Also, midstream is close to human settlement. There
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are three arboreal snakes found on midstream; it could indicate that the riparian vegetation along midstream still
quite dense. Only one species of water snake is encountered probably due to the density of traditional volcanic sand
and stone mining from morning to afternoon. Therefore, that area is rarely used by snakes for their activities.
On the downstream, there were five species of lizards and six species of snakes found during sampling. Those
lizards and snakes were encountered during the day and night sampling (Table 4). Those five species of lizards
found on downstream are the same species found in upstream and midstream (Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4). Four
out of five species of lizards found are arboreal lizards, i.e.: Broncochela jubata, Draco volans, Hemidactylus
frenatus and Gehyra mutilata.
No.
TABLE 4. Lizards and snakes (Reptiles; Squamata) found on the downstream of the Opak River.
Lizards and Snakes (Reptilia: Squamata) found on downstream of Opak River
Suborder
Family
1.
Lacertilia Scincidae
2.
Agamidae
Species
3.
4.
SP.3
SP.4
SP.5
D
D
-
D/N
D
Bronchocela jubata
D/N
N
Hemidactylus frenatus
Gehyra mutilate
Serpentes Colubridae
SP.2
Eutropis multifasciata
Draco volans
Gekkonidae
5.
1.
SP.1
D/N D/N D/N
D
D
D
-
D
D/N
-
D/N
N
D
-
-
N
-
-
N
N
-
N
-
D/N
N
-
-
-
Ahaetulla prasina
-
-
-
D
-
Dendrelaphis pictus
2.
Ptyas korros
3.
4.
Natricidae
Rhabdophis subminiatus
N
-
-
-
-
5.
Homalopsidae
Homalopsis buccata
-
N
-
-
-
6.
Typhlopidae
Rampotyphlops braminus
-
N
-
-
-
Notes: SP = Sampling Point; D = Diurnal/ daylight; N = Nocturnal/ Night
Five out of six snake’s species are found along downstream, mostly at night, but it does not reflect the nocturnal
activity of those snakes. Some diurnal snakes could be observed and encountered during the night, i.e.:
Dendrelaphis pictus, Ptyas korros and Ahaetulla prasina. They are arboreal snakes. Once they are resting on
branching trees in the night, it is easy to observe and collect. We also encounter a small-sized subterranean snake,
i.e.: Rampotyphlops braminus (brahminy blindsnake). This blindsnake found beneath litters and loose soil on the
riverbank at night (Fig. 3).
(a)
(b)
FIGURE 3. Rampotyphlops braminus (brahminy blind snake); a subterranean small-sized snake found along downstream of the
Opak River.
Squamata is encountered on the estuary of the Opak River are one species of lizards and three species of snakes
(Table 5). One species of lizards found is: Hemidactylus frenatus; this type of lizard has a high adaptation ability to
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live in the human environment. In addition, this lizard’s habitat is on trees, so the water salinity does not affect them.
During sampling, we did not found any terrestrial lizards.
No.
TABLE 5. Lizards and snakes (Reptiles; Squamata) found on the estuary of the Opak River.
Lizards and snakes (Reptilia: Squamata) found in the estuary of Opak River (Samas Beach)
Suborder
Family
Species
SP.1
SP.2
SP.3
SP.4
1.
Lacertilia
Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus frenatus
-
-
-
N
2.
Serpentes
Colubridae
Dendrelaphis pictus
-
-
-
N
Ptyas korros
-
D
-
N
Pelamis platura
D
-
-
-
3.
Elapidae
Notes: SP = Sampling Point; D = Diurnal/daylight; N = Nocturnal/Night
Three species of snakes found in the estuary of the Opak River are Dendrelaphis pictus, Ptyas korros and
Pelamis platura (yellow-bellied sea snake). Two first arboreal snakes showed that there was still riparian vegetation
in some area around estuary. Pelamis platura is an aquatic marine snake indicating changes in water salinity is not a
problem for this snake to enter and inhabit at the estuary. Pelamis platura snake often utilizes the estuary to rest, to
mate and reproduce during the mating season because the condition of the estuary which is quieter and without the
furious waves. Pelamis platura is also high venomous sea snakes (Fig. 4). This sea snake was encountered while
sampling during the day. It is encountered in died condition with the head already somewhat broken, but other body
parts intact and not yet rotten. The snake possibly died because it was attacked by predators, especially birds,
because predators typically target the head for deadly venomous prey.
(a)
(b)
FIGURE 4. Sea snake Pelamis platura, (a) dorsal body; and (b) paddle-like tail, the characteristics of sea snakes.
CONCLUSION
Along the Opak River, there were eleven species of lizards (suborder Lacertilia) and 16 species of snakes
(suborder Serpentes) found between June and July of 2013. There are eight species of arboreal lizards and two
species of terrestrial lizards among lizards found. For snakes, there are four species of arboreal snakes, four species
of aquatic and semi-aquatic snakes, one terrestrial species, one species of subterranean and one species of marine
snake (sea snakes).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thanked Drs. Trijoko, M.Si. (the head of the laboratory of the Animal Systematics, Universitas Gadjah
Mada) for allowing us to work and discuss in the laboratory; Awal Riyanto (Research Center for Biology,
Indonesian Institute of Science–LIPI) for discussing the bent-toed gecko specimen; M. Faisal Alawi, Asmaa
Anugerah Tarekat and other students in Herpetological Study Club (KSH) Faculty of Biology UGM for their help
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during data sampling in the field and laboratory work. The fieldwork was supported by BOPTN Faculty of Biology,
Universitas Gadjah Mada.
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5. N. De Rooij, The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. I. Lacertilia, Chelonia, Emydosauria (E. J. Brill
Ltd., Leiden, 1915), pp. 283.
6. N. De Rooij, The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. II. Ophidia (E. J. Brill Ltd., Leiden, 1917), pp.
1–286
7. J. K. P. van Hoesel, Ophidia Javanica (Kementerian Pertanian. Lembaga Pusat Penjelidikan Alam. Museum
Zoologicum Bogoriense. Pertjetakan Archipel, Bogor 1959), pp.188.
8. I. Das, A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-east Asia (New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd., London, 2010),
pp. 376.
9. Trijoko, “Keragaman Ikan di Daerah Aliran Sungai Opak Pasca Erupsi Merapi 2010,” [Fish Diversity in Opak
River After Merapi Eruption 2010] Laporan Akhir Penelitian, Laboratorium Sistematika Hewan Fakultas
Biologi, UGM, 2013. [Bahasa Indonesia]
10. D. S. Yudha, R. Eprilurahman, Trijoko, M. F. Alawi and A. A. Tarekat, Keanekaragaman Jenis Katak dan
Kodok (Ordo Anura) di Sepanjang Sungai Opak, Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, [Diversity of Frogs
and Toads Species (Anura Order ) along The Opak River, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta] Jurnal Biologi 18(2),
52–59 (2014). [Bahasa Indonesia]
11. A. Riyanto, A. M. Bauer and D. S. Yudha, A new small karst-dwelling species of Cyrtodactylus (Reptilia:
Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Java, Indonesia, Zootaxa 3785(4), 589–599 (2014).
020013-8
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Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Donan Satria Yudha, Rury Eprilurahman, Rianjani Pratiwi, Iman Akbar Muhtianda, Aisyah Arimbi, and Hastin
Ambar Asti
Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1744, 020013 (2016); doi: 10.1063/1.4953487
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4953487
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/1744?ver=pdfcov
Published by the AIP Publishing
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Snakes and Lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) of the Opak River
Area, Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Donan Satria Yudha1, Rury Eprilurahman1, a), Rianjani Pratiwi2,
Iman Akbar Muhtianda2, Aisyah Arimbi2 and Hastin Ambar Asti2
1
Animal Systematics Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Teknika Selatan Sekip Utara,
Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
2
Herpetological Study Club, Faculty of Biology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Teknika Selatan Sekip Utara,
Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
a)
Corresponding author: rurybiougm@ugm.ac.id
Abstract. Reptiles that commonly found in or on riverbanks are turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles. Nowadays, turtles
and crocodiles are rarely found or seen the river which flows across human settlement especially in Java. The Opak River
is one of the biggest rivers that flowing across Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) Province, Indonesia. The Opak River
upstream is located on the southern slope of Mount Merapi, and it is estuary is located on the southern beach of DIY
(Depok Beach), Bantul Regency. The research aimed to acquire data about the diversity of snakes and lizards (Reptilia:
Squamata) along the Opak River in the DIY. The data of squamates diversity were acquired using a combination of
several methods, i.e., VES (Visual Encounter Survey), riverbank cruising and transect. Sampling area generally divided
into four locations, i.e., upstream, midstream, downstream and estuary. Species diversity of squamates in the Opak River
consists of 11 species of lacertilians (lizards) and 16 species of serpents (snakes). The Opak River is a decent habitat for
some lizards and snakes.
Keywords: Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, diversity, lizards, snakes, the Opak River.
INTRODUCTION
A group of reptiles that are frequently found in, along and around rivers are turtles (order Testudinata), lizards
and snakes (order Squamata: suborder Lacertilia and suborder Ophidia/Serpentes) and crocodiles (order Crocodylia).
Turtles and crocodiles nowadays are rarely found in rivers that flow through the human settlement area. Both groups
of reptiles, especially crocodiles are known to be hardly coexisting with humans. The inabilities of turtles for living
in the area near the human settlement because they are slow-moving, tend to be passive and an alternative for human
consumption, while crocodiles are wild (predatory opportunists and could attack human as prey) and feared by
humans. People who see a crocodile in its region tend to hunt it down and kill it immediately.
Opak River is one of the major river crossings in the area of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) Province,
Indonesia. The upstream of the Opak River located in the northern part of DIY, more precisely on the southern slope
of Mount Merapi, Sleman Regency. The upstream riverbank is surrounded by dense riparian vegetation. The
midstream of the Opak River is located in the eastern part of DIY Province. In some spots, midstream is surrounded
by human settlement, an area of dense population; many houses built close to the river banks. On the midstream, the
river also passes through on the west side of the Prambanan Temple. The downstream of the Opak River located in
the southern part of DIY Province. The downstream is surrounded by rice fields with dense riparian vegetation while
the estuary located south of DIY near Samas Beach i.e. around Depok, Bantul Regency.
The species diversity of reptiles (lizards and snakes/order Squamata) which inhabit in and around the river in the
DIY Province is still not well known, and there is no recent published database. We need new information of these
Towards the sustainable use of biodiversity in a changing environment: From basic to applied research
AIP Conf. Proc. 1744, 020013-1–020013-8; doi: 10.1063/1.4953487
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1401-3/$30.00
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reptiles as a starting point of conservation especially reptiles that inhabit around the river in DIY. This research
aimed to know the diversity of reptiles that are present along the Opak River, DIY Province. The data is useful to
provide more detailed information and can be used as a reference for future research.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Specimens of reptiles (specifically Squamata: lizards and snakes) were collected from its habitats along the Opak
River from the upstream, midstream, downstream to the estuary in the DIY Province. Chemicals (alcohol 70 %, 4 %
formaldehyde, distilled water and chloroform) were used to preserve the specimens.
The research was conducted from June to July in 2013. Research location is along the Opak River from upstream
in the northern part of DIY to the estuary in the southern part of DIY. The method used was line transect along 500
m per sampling point (location) with a combination of visual encounter surveys (VES) and river bank cruising.
Transect line along 500 m was made on the middle part of the water body. Transect line was also made using the
handheld GPS [1–3].
To facilitate the sampling, we divided the river into four parts, i.e.: upstream, midstream, downstream and
estuary. Five sampling points (locations) were determined for each part (upstream, midstream and downstream).
Meanwhile, the estuary was divided into four sampling points (locations) (Table 1). At each sampling points on the
same day, there were two times data retrieval (sampling) which were day and night. Sampling during the day was
expected to encounter diurnal reptiles while sampling in the evening is in order to get the nocturnal species. It was
done to maximize the number of species found in the area.
TABLE 1. Sampling locations for lizards and snakes of the Opak River from upstream, midstream, downstream and estuary
Sampling
River part
Locality
Coordinate
Point (SP)
Code
Upstream
Midstream
Downstream
SP I
Kecamatan*) Cangkringan, Kabupaten**) Sleman
SP II
Kecamatan Cangkringan, Kabupaten Sleman
SP III
Kecamatan Ngemplak, Kabupaten Sleman
SP IV
Kecamatan Kalasan, Kabupaten Sleman
SP V
Kecamatan Prambanan, Kabupaten Sleman
SP I
Kecamatan Kalasan, Kabupaten Sleman
SP II
Kecamatan Prambanan, Kabupaten Sleman
SP III
Kecamatan Berbah, Kabupaten Sleman
SP IV
Kecamatan Piyungan, Kabupaten Bantul
SP V
Kecamatan Banguntapan, Kabupaten Bantul
TS I
Kecamatan Jetis, Kabupaten Bantul
SP II
Kecamatan Jetis, Kabupaten Bantul
SP III
Kecamatan Jetis, Kabupaten Bantul
SP IV
Kecamatan Pundong, Kabupaten Bantul
SP V
Kecamatan Kretek, Kabupaten Bantul
7o38’41,52” LS
110o27’8,36” BT
7o39’41,51” LS
110o27’16,14” BT
7 o41’20,28” LS
110ͼ27’56,33” BT
7°41'53.06"S
110°28'3.82"T
7o44’47,10” LS
110o 29’15,14” BT
7°46'14.53"LS
110°28'50.45"BT
7o47’17,06” LS
110ͼ28’4,07” BT
7o48’24,17” LS
110 o 27’32,31” BT
7o50’22,78” LS
110ͼ26’59,93” BT
7o51’24,02” LS
110 o 25’34,42” BT
7o53’38,11” LS
110o23’14,99” BT
7o54’56,13” LS
110o21’57,79” BT
7o56’1,27” LS
110o21’57,79” BT
7o57’19,28” LS
110o21’51,86” BT
7o59’22,98” LS
110o18’47,14” BT
Continued on next page
020013-2
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Table 1. Continued
Sampling
Point (SP)
Code
River part
Estuary
SP I
SP II
SP III
SP IV
Locality
Coordinate
Kecamatan Kretek (Pantai Depok), Kabupaten Bantul
Kecamatan Kretek (Pantai Depok), Kabupaten Bantul
Kecamatan Kretek, Kabupaten Bantul
Kecamatan Kretek, Kabupaten Bantul
Note : * Kecamatan = subdistrict
** Kabupaten = district
***Pantai = beach
All specimens of lizards and snakes (squamates, order Squamata) were collected, identified and documented.
One individual of each species was taken as a voucher specimen. Specimen was preserved using alcohol 70 % and
labeled. Identification was done based on Manthey [4], de Rooij [5–6], van Hoesel [7] as well as Das [8].
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
On the upstream area, total numbers of squamates obtained were five species of lizards (member of the suborder
Lacertilia) and 11 species of snakes (suborder Serpentes) (Table 2). There were three species of lizards encountered
during the day, i.e.: Eutropis multifasciata (common sun skink), Draco sp. (flying lizard) and Varanus salvator
(monitor lizard), and one species encountered during the night, i.e.: Gekko gecko (Gecko), while Broncochela jubata
(maned forest lizard) was encountered two times during sampling day and night.
Eutropis multifasciata, Bronchocela jubata, Draco sp., and Varanus salvator are a diurnal animal. This means
that their daily activity is in the day. Broncochela was found at night sampling because the animal was seen resting
on branches and tree trunks. While Gekko gecko is a nocturnal animal which means their daily activity is at night.
No.
1.
TABLE 2. Lizards and snakes (Reptiles; Squamata) found on the upstream of the Opak River.
Lizards and Snakes (Reptilia: Squamata) found on upstream of Opak River
Suborder
Lacertilia
2.
Family
Species
Scincidae
Eutropis multifasciata
Agamidae
Bronchocela jubata
3.
SP.1
SP.2
SP.3
SP.4
SP.5
D
D
D
D
D
D/N
N
D
D/N D/N
Draco sp.
D
-
D
-
D
4.
Gekkonidae
Gekko gecko
-
N
-
-
-
5.
Varanidae
Varanus salvator
-
-
-
-
D
Colubridae
1.
Dendrelaphis pictus
D
N
N
N
D
2.
Ptyas korros
-
N
D
-
N
3.
Ptyas mucosus
-
N
-
-
-
4.
Ahaetulla prasina
N
N
D
-
N
5.
Coelognathus flavolineata
-
-
D
-
-
6.
Oligodon biturquotus
D
-
-
-
-
7.
Pareas carinatus
N
-
-
-
-
Xenochrophis piscator
-
N
D
-
-
Xenochrophis trianguligerus
-
N
-
N
-
Homalopsis buccata
-
-
-
-
N
8.
Serpentes
Natricidae
9.
10.
Homalopsidae
Notes: SP = Sampling Point; D = Diurnal/ daylight; N = Nocturnal/ Night
020013-3
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Eleven species of snakes were found during sampling on the upstream. Those snakes were encountered while
sampling either day or night. Two snakes; Ptyas mucosus (Indian rat snake) and Pareas carinatus (keeled slugeating snake) are found in the night sampling only, whereas Coelognathus flavolineatus (yellow-striped trinket
snake) and Oligodon bitorquotus (kukri snake) were encountered during the day.
Two lizards Eutropis multifasciata and Bronchocela jubata were encountered at all of the five sampling points
on the upstream. One snake Dendrelaphis pictus (painted bronzeback snake) was found at all of the five sampling
points on the upstream while Ahaetulla prasina (Oriental vine snake) was found in four sampling points.
Bronchocela jubata, Dendrelaphis pictus, Ahaetulla prasina, Ptyas korros (Indo-Chinese/Javan rat snake) and Ptyas
mucosus (oriental/Indian rat snake) are arboreal reptiles (lives on trees). The presence of those species shows that
the upstream region of the Opak River still has enough vegetation, especially in the riparian and no or few human
activities conducted near the river bank. This condition could be the reason why there were more species found in
the upstream compared to other sampling sites.
Skink Eutropis multifasciata was encountered at all of the five sampling points. This indicates that the
riverbanks of the upstream region of the Opak River are characterized by rocky land with many kinds of grass and
herbs. These characteristics are suitable as a habitat for Eutropis (Fig. 1.a).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
FIGURE 1. Lizards and snakes commonly found along the upstream of the Opak River, i.e.: (a) Eutropis multifasciata (common
sun skink); (b) Broncochela jubata (maned forest lizard); (c) Dendrelaphis pictus (painted bronzeback snake); and
(d) Ahaetulla prasina (Oriental vine snake).
Water snakes were also found on the upstream of Opak River; those are Xenochrophis piscator (chequered
keelback water snake), Xenochrophis trianguligerus (triangle keelback) and Homalopsis buccata (puff-faced water
snake). These three species are predators of small fishes, tadpoles, frogs and froglet, indicating that water body on
the upstream is plenty. Some of water snakes’ prey species recorded are Poecilia reticulata (guppy fish),
Dermogenys pusilla (wrestling halfbeak fish), Rasbora argyrotaenia (silver rasbora fish) and Nemacheilus fasciatus
(barred loach fish), Occidozyga lima (green puddle frog), Occidozyga sumatrana (sumatran puddle frog),
Fejervarya limnocharis (common pond frog) and Microhyla palmipes (palmated chorus frog) [9–10].
On the midstream of the Opak River, we found eight species of lizards and five species of snakes (Table 3). The
lizard’s diversity on midstream is slightly different with the upstream. In midstream, there were three additional
species of Gekkonidae: Hemidactylus frenatus (Asian/common house gecko), Gehyra mutilata (common four-
020013-4
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clawed gecko) and Cyrtodactylus semiadii sp. nov. [11]. Two lizards Europis multifasciata and Broncochela jubata
are found on all of the five sampling points. In addition, Hemidactylus frenatus was encountered at the four
sampling points due to its high adaptation ability and able to live around/close to humans; thereby showing that
several sampling point area is close enough to the human residence.
No.
1.
TABLE 3. Lizards and snakes (Reptiles; Squamata) found on the midstream of the Opak River.
Lizards and Snakes (Reptilia: Squamata) found on midstream of Opak River
Suborder
Lacertilia
Family
Species
SP.1
SP.2
SP.3
SP.4
SP.5
D
D/N
Scincidae
Eutropis multifasciata
D
D
D
Agamidae
Bronchocela jubata
D
N
N
3.
Bronchocela cristatella
D
-
-
-
-
4.
Draco volans
D
-
-
-
-
2.
5.
Gekkonidae
D/N D/N
D/N
D
6.
Gehyra mutilate
-
-
D
-
-
7.
Cyrtodactylus semiadii
-
-
-
N
-
Varanidae
Varanus salvator
-
-
D
-
-
Colubridae
Dendrelaphis pictus
-
D
N
D/N
N
2.
Ptyas korros
-
-
-
-
N
3.
Ahaetulla prasina
-
-
-
-
N
8.
1.
Serpentes
Hemidactylus frenatus
D/N D/N
-
4.
Natricidae
Xenochrophis piscator
D
-
N
N
-
5.
Elapidae
Bungarus fasciatus
-
N
-
N
-
Notes: SP = Sampling Point; D = Diurnal/daylight; N = Nocturnal/Night
One Species of gecko has been identified as new species from the genus Cyrtodactylus. The description of the
new species was done in collaboration with a researcher from the Laboratory of Herpetology, Zoology Division,
Biological Research Centre–Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI) in Cibinong, West Java. The species of this gecko
apparently is a new species, namely Cyrtodactylus semiadii (Fig. 2). This new species of Cyrtodactylus, which is
found on riverbank of the Opak River, is then inserted in the publication of Mr. Awal Riyanto (researcher of
Herpetology in LIPI) that also found Cyrtodactylus semiadii in Tuban area West Java [11].
(a)
(b)
FIGURE 2. Gecko X (Cyrtodactylus semiadii), a new species of bent-toed gecko found along midstream of the Opak River,
(a) view of the dorsal body; (b) tail or ventral posterior view.
Snakes encountered during sampling on midstream are few compared to upstream. There were only five species
of snakes i.e.: Dendrelaphis pictus, Ptyas korros, Ahaetulla prasina, Xenochrophis piscator and Bungarus fasciatus
(banded krait). Few numbers of snake’s species were found on the midstream probably due to the activities of
traditional volcanic sand and stone mining along midstream. Also, midstream is close to human settlement. There
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are three arboreal snakes found on midstream; it could indicate that the riparian vegetation along midstream still
quite dense. Only one species of water snake is encountered probably due to the density of traditional volcanic sand
and stone mining from morning to afternoon. Therefore, that area is rarely used by snakes for their activities.
On the downstream, there were five species of lizards and six species of snakes found during sampling. Those
lizards and snakes were encountered during the day and night sampling (Table 4). Those five species of lizards
found on downstream are the same species found in upstream and midstream (Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4). Four
out of five species of lizards found are arboreal lizards, i.e.: Broncochela jubata, Draco volans, Hemidactylus
frenatus and Gehyra mutilata.
No.
TABLE 4. Lizards and snakes (Reptiles; Squamata) found on the downstream of the Opak River.
Lizards and Snakes (Reptilia: Squamata) found on downstream of Opak River
Suborder
Family
1.
Lacertilia Scincidae
2.
Agamidae
Species
3.
4.
SP.3
SP.4
SP.5
D
D
-
D/N
D
Bronchocela jubata
D/N
N
Hemidactylus frenatus
Gehyra mutilate
Serpentes Colubridae
SP.2
Eutropis multifasciata
Draco volans
Gekkonidae
5.
1.
SP.1
D/N D/N D/N
D
D
D
-
D
D/N
-
D/N
N
D
-
-
N
-
-
N
N
-
N
-
D/N
N
-
-
-
Ahaetulla prasina
-
-
-
D
-
Dendrelaphis pictus
2.
Ptyas korros
3.
4.
Natricidae
Rhabdophis subminiatus
N
-
-
-
-
5.
Homalopsidae
Homalopsis buccata
-
N
-
-
-
6.
Typhlopidae
Rampotyphlops braminus
-
N
-
-
-
Notes: SP = Sampling Point; D = Diurnal/ daylight; N = Nocturnal/ Night
Five out of six snake’s species are found along downstream, mostly at night, but it does not reflect the nocturnal
activity of those snakes. Some diurnal snakes could be observed and encountered during the night, i.e.:
Dendrelaphis pictus, Ptyas korros and Ahaetulla prasina. They are arboreal snakes. Once they are resting on
branching trees in the night, it is easy to observe and collect. We also encounter a small-sized subterranean snake,
i.e.: Rampotyphlops braminus (brahminy blindsnake). This blindsnake found beneath litters and loose soil on the
riverbank at night (Fig. 3).
(a)
(b)
FIGURE 3. Rampotyphlops braminus (brahminy blind snake); a subterranean small-sized snake found along downstream of the
Opak River.
Squamata is encountered on the estuary of the Opak River are one species of lizards and three species of snakes
(Table 5). One species of lizards found is: Hemidactylus frenatus; this type of lizard has a high adaptation ability to
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live in the human environment. In addition, this lizard’s habitat is on trees, so the water salinity does not affect them.
During sampling, we did not found any terrestrial lizards.
No.
TABLE 5. Lizards and snakes (Reptiles; Squamata) found on the estuary of the Opak River.
Lizards and snakes (Reptilia: Squamata) found in the estuary of Opak River (Samas Beach)
Suborder
Family
Species
SP.1
SP.2
SP.3
SP.4
1.
Lacertilia
Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus frenatus
-
-
-
N
2.
Serpentes
Colubridae
Dendrelaphis pictus
-
-
-
N
Ptyas korros
-
D
-
N
Pelamis platura
D
-
-
-
3.
Elapidae
Notes: SP = Sampling Point; D = Diurnal/daylight; N = Nocturnal/Night
Three species of snakes found in the estuary of the Opak River are Dendrelaphis pictus, Ptyas korros and
Pelamis platura (yellow-bellied sea snake). Two first arboreal snakes showed that there was still riparian vegetation
in some area around estuary. Pelamis platura is an aquatic marine snake indicating changes in water salinity is not a
problem for this snake to enter and inhabit at the estuary. Pelamis platura snake often utilizes the estuary to rest, to
mate and reproduce during the mating season because the condition of the estuary which is quieter and without the
furious waves. Pelamis platura is also high venomous sea snakes (Fig. 4). This sea snake was encountered while
sampling during the day. It is encountered in died condition with the head already somewhat broken, but other body
parts intact and not yet rotten. The snake possibly died because it was attacked by predators, especially birds,
because predators typically target the head for deadly venomous prey.
(a)
(b)
FIGURE 4. Sea snake Pelamis platura, (a) dorsal body; and (b) paddle-like tail, the characteristics of sea snakes.
CONCLUSION
Along the Opak River, there were eleven species of lizards (suborder Lacertilia) and 16 species of snakes
(suborder Serpentes) found between June and July of 2013. There are eight species of arboreal lizards and two
species of terrestrial lizards among lizards found. For snakes, there are four species of arboreal snakes, four species
of aquatic and semi-aquatic snakes, one terrestrial species, one species of subterranean and one species of marine
snake (sea snakes).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thanked Drs. Trijoko, M.Si. (the head of the laboratory of the Animal Systematics, Universitas Gadjah
Mada) for allowing us to work and discuss in the laboratory; Awal Riyanto (Research Center for Biology,
Indonesian Institute of Science–LIPI) for discussing the bent-toed gecko specimen; M. Faisal Alawi, Asmaa
Anugerah Tarekat and other students in Herpetological Study Club (KSH) Faculty of Biology UGM for their help
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during data sampling in the field and laboratory work. The fieldwork was supported by BOPTN Faculty of Biology,
Universitas Gadjah Mada.
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