Growth and flowering of Rose periwinkle
GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF ROSE PERIWINKLE (Catharanthus roseus L.) IN
RESPONSE TO POULTRY MANURE
FAJINMI, A. O1., AIYELAAGBE, I. O. O.1, ADEJUYIGBE, C.O.2,
OLUBODE, O. O.1 and OJO O.O.1
1. Department of Horticulture, Federal University of Agriculture PMB 2240 Abeokuta,
Ogun State, Nigeria.
2. Department of Soil Science and Land Management, Federal University of Agriculture
PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Corresponding Author: omoniyifaj@yahoo.com
Phone number: 08115387443
ABSTRACT
Rose periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) is an ornamental herb valued as bedding or potted
plant as well as for its pharmaceutical properties. The response of Rose periwinkle to poultry
manure application was investigated at the Organic Agriculture Skills and Demonstration
Plot of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria between October 2012 and
January 2013. The aim of the study was to determine the growth and flowering of Rose
Periwinkle in response to poultry manure applied at the rate of 10, 20, and 40t/ha compared
with nonapplication (control). The poultry manure was applied three weeks before
transplanting following a Randomised Complete Block Design with four replications.
Application of poultry manure significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced number of branches, leaf
area, number of flowers, total flower surface area and flower retention per plant. Manure
application at 10, 20 and 40t /ha elicited similar effects. Consequently, 10t/ha of poultry
manure applied three weeks before transplanting is recommended for Rose Periwinkle grown
for its ornamental value.
Key Words: Rose periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), Poultry manure, Growth, Flowering.
Rose periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) is an herbaceous perennial plant which belongs to the
Apocynaceae family. It is a native of Madagascar but is now being cultivated in many tropical and
subtropical regions for garden landscaping and also an important medicinal use (Moreno et al., 1995;
Levy et al., 1983). The alkaloid present in rose periwinkle; vinblastine and vincristine are used in
combination with other anticancer agents for the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma and hodgkin’s
diseases (Filippini et al., 2003). Application of organic materials as fertilizers provides growth
regulating substances and improves the physical, chemical and microbial properties of the
soil (Belay et al., 2001). Amongst all animal manures, poultry manure has been used
extensively for crop production and has been considered according to Omisore et al. (2009)
to be the most valuable of all manures produced by livestock. In spite of all the numerous
benefits of poultry manure to both soil and crop, information on its use to improve rose
periwinkle production is scanty. Therefore this study was aimed at establishing the optimum
rate of application of poultry manure for the growth and flowering of rose periwinkle.
Materials and Methods
Two trials were conducted at the Skills Demonstration Plot of Organic Agriculture, Federal
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta on a degraded rainforest vegetation zone in Nigeria, (3 0
25’E and 70 25’) between October, 2012 to July, 2013. Land preparation such as, clearing and
stumping were done manually. Raised beds of dimension 2 m x 1 m with 1 m buffer between
plots were made before transplanting. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete
block design with four replications. Poultry manure was applied at the rate of 0, 10, 20 and 40
t/ha three weeks before transplanting. Twelve weeks old seedlings were transplanted at
spacing 0.5 m x 0.25 m corresponding to a total population of 80,000 plants per hectare.
Data were collected on number of branches, leaf area, number of flowers, flower retention
and flower surface area at two weeks interval for 16 weeks.
Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using Genstat discovery and means
were separated using least significant difference at 5 % level of significance.
Result and Discussion
The physiochemical characteristics of soil taken revealed that the textural class was sandy
loam with a pH value 7.21, organic carbon 0.92 %, available P = 19.85 mg/kg, and total
nitrogen was found to be 0.07 % (Table 1). Branch production was significantly enhanced by
the application of manure in both seasons (Figure 2). Branching was mostly enhanced by the
application of 40 t/ha followed by 10 t/ha, no significant difference observed in the
catharanthus treated with the application of 10, 20 and 40 t/ha. Similar trend was also
observed in the leaf area of the catharanthus in both trials (Figure 3). The significant
increases in growth parameters obtained as growth stage advanced shows that poultry manure
has the potential to sustain the growth of plant for a long period of time. Several studies have
confirmed that increasing the rate of application of organic manure significantly increased the
performance of crops (Omisore et al., 2009; Schippers, 2000; John et al., 2011; Akande et al.,
2012). During the dry season at 12 WAT, widest leaves were recorded. This wasn’t so in the
wet season where leaves were increasing their surface area for photosynthesis at an
increasing rate. This might be due to the period (dry season) when first trial was conducted
whereby there is need for plant to adjust to the change in the environment and one of it is
reduction in leaf area to reduce moisture loss. Production of flowers was prominent at 6 WAT
(Figure 4). Significant difference in the production of flowers as affected by poultry manure
began to show at 6 and 8 WAT in first and second trials respectively till 16 WAT. Flower
surface area was influenced by poultry manure application (Figure 5). All the three
application rates produced significantly wider flower surface than control. The same trend
was also observed in the flower retention (Figure 6) whereby plant that received poultry
manure significantly retained flowers longer than control. The significant increase in
vegetative growth and flowering observed with the application of poultry manure could be
attributed to the essential nutrient elements contained in the poultry manure that are
associated with increased photosynthetic efficiency (Dauda et al., 2008).
Conclusion
From the result, application of poultry manure supports the growth and flowering of rose
periwinkle. Poultry manure at 10 t/ha is optimum for the production of rose periwinkle.
References
Akande, M. O., E. A. Makinde, I. M. Tijani, C. O. Kayode and J. A. Adediran (2012). Effects
of rate of organic fertilizer on the growth and dry matter yield of Jatropha curcas.
Nigerian Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 22 (2):142-148.
Belay, A., A. S. Classens, F. C. Wehner and J. D. Beer (2001). Influence of residual manure
on selected nutrient elements and microbial composition of soil under long-term crop
rotation. S. Afric. J. Plt. Soil, 18:1-6.
Dauda, S. N, Ajayi F. A. and Dor, E. N. (2008). Growth and yield of watermelon (Citrullus
lunatus) as affected by poultry manure application, Journal of Agriculture and Social
Science. 4 (3), 121-124.
John, N. M., T. O. Ibia, G. S. Effiong, U. E. Etokeren and O. B. Iren (2011). Response of
maize (Zea mays l.) to different levels of decomposed refuse in Uyo Municipality,
Nigeria. World Journal of Applied Science and Technology (WOJAST), Vol.3. No.1, 712.
Lata, B. (2007). Cultivation, mineral nutrition and seed production of Catharanthus roseus
(L.) G. Don in the temprate climate zone. Phytochemistry Revision. 6: 403-411.
Levy, A., Milo, J, Arhri, A. and Palevitch, D. (1983). Heterosis and correlation analysis of the
vegetative components and ajmalicine content in the roots of the medicinal plant
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Euphytica, 32: 557-564
Moreno, P. R. H, R Ver der Heijden, R. and Verpoorte, R. (1995). Cell and tissue cultures of
Catharanthus roseus. A literature survey. II. Updating from 1988 to 1993. Plant Cell
Tissue Organ culture 42: 1-25.
Omisore, J. K., M. Y. Kasail and U. C. Chukwu (2009). Determination of optimum poultry
manure rate for maize production. Proceedings of the 43 rd Annual Conference of the
Agricultural Society of Nigeria, Abuja, 260-263.
Schippers, R. R. (2000). African indigenous vegetables. An overview of the cultivated
species. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute / ACP – EU Technical Centre for
Agricultural and Rural Cooperation, 214 pp.
Table 1: Analysis of soil and poultry manure used in the experiment
Parameter
Soil
Poultry Manure
pH
7.21
6.71
Organic Carbon %
0.92
2.45
Total N %
0.07
0.74%
Available P (mg/kg) 19.85
1.78%
Exchangeable bases
Cmol/kg
K
0.06
0.23%
Ca
6.44
4.63%
Mg
2.35
0.58%
Na
0.21
0.17%
Al + H
0.05
_
ECEC (C mol) +/kg
9.11
_
Mn (mg/kg)
161
450
Fe (mg/kg)
21.1
465
Cu (mg/kg)
3.6
32
Zn (mg/kg)
3.4
277
C/N
_
3.31
Soil Textural Class – Sandy loamy
%
Dry season
Wet season
PM 10t/ha
PM 40t/ha
80
130
Number of branches/plant
Number of branches/plant
CONTROL
100PM 20t/ha
90pm 80t/ha
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
110
90
70
50
30
10
-10 2
Weeks after transplanting
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
Weeks after transplanting
Figure 1: Number of branches of rose periwinkle as affected by poultry manure
Vertical bars are LSD at (p≤0.05)
Dry season
Wet season
PM 10t/ha
PM 40t/ha
80000
70000
20000
Leaf area(cm2/plant)
Leaf area (cm2/plant)
CONTROL
25000
PM 20t/ha
15000
10000
5000
0
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Weeks after transplanting
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
Weeks after transplanting
Figure 2: Leaf area of rose periwinkle as affected by poultry manure
Vertical bars are LSD at (p≤0.05)
200 CONTROL
PM 20t/ha
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2 4 6
Wet season
PM 10t/ha
PM 40t/ha
Number of flowers/plant
Number of flowers/plant
Dry season
8
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
10 12 14 16
2
Weeks after transplanting
4
6
8
10 12 14 16
Weeks after transplanting
Figure 3: number of flowers of rose periwinkle as affected by poultry manure
Vertical bars are LSD at (p≤0.05)
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2
4
Wet season
PM 10t/ha
6
Flower surface area (mm2/plant)
Flower surface area (mm2/plant)
Dry season
CONTROL
8 10 12 14 16
Weeks after transplanting
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
Weeks after transplanting
Figure 4: number of flowers of rose periwinkle as affected by poultry manure
Vertical bars are LSD at (p≤0.05)
Wet season
Dry season
5
5
4.5
Flower retention (days/plant)
Flower retention (days)
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0
10
20
Poultry manure (t/ha)
40
0
10
20
poultry manure t/ha
Figure 5: Flower retention of rose periwinkle as affected by poultry manure
Vertical bars are LSD at (p≤0.05)
40
RESPONSE TO POULTRY MANURE
FAJINMI, A. O1., AIYELAAGBE, I. O. O.1, ADEJUYIGBE, C.O.2,
OLUBODE, O. O.1 and OJO O.O.1
1. Department of Horticulture, Federal University of Agriculture PMB 2240 Abeokuta,
Ogun State, Nigeria.
2. Department of Soil Science and Land Management, Federal University of Agriculture
PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Corresponding Author: omoniyifaj@yahoo.com
Phone number: 08115387443
ABSTRACT
Rose periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) is an ornamental herb valued as bedding or potted
plant as well as for its pharmaceutical properties. The response of Rose periwinkle to poultry
manure application was investigated at the Organic Agriculture Skills and Demonstration
Plot of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria between October 2012 and
January 2013. The aim of the study was to determine the growth and flowering of Rose
Periwinkle in response to poultry manure applied at the rate of 10, 20, and 40t/ha compared
with nonapplication (control). The poultry manure was applied three weeks before
transplanting following a Randomised Complete Block Design with four replications.
Application of poultry manure significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced number of branches, leaf
area, number of flowers, total flower surface area and flower retention per plant. Manure
application at 10, 20 and 40t /ha elicited similar effects. Consequently, 10t/ha of poultry
manure applied three weeks before transplanting is recommended for Rose Periwinkle grown
for its ornamental value.
Key Words: Rose periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), Poultry manure, Growth, Flowering.
Rose periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) is an herbaceous perennial plant which belongs to the
Apocynaceae family. It is a native of Madagascar but is now being cultivated in many tropical and
subtropical regions for garden landscaping and also an important medicinal use (Moreno et al., 1995;
Levy et al., 1983). The alkaloid present in rose periwinkle; vinblastine and vincristine are used in
combination with other anticancer agents for the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma and hodgkin’s
diseases (Filippini et al., 2003). Application of organic materials as fertilizers provides growth
regulating substances and improves the physical, chemical and microbial properties of the
soil (Belay et al., 2001). Amongst all animal manures, poultry manure has been used
extensively for crop production and has been considered according to Omisore et al. (2009)
to be the most valuable of all manures produced by livestock. In spite of all the numerous
benefits of poultry manure to both soil and crop, information on its use to improve rose
periwinkle production is scanty. Therefore this study was aimed at establishing the optimum
rate of application of poultry manure for the growth and flowering of rose periwinkle.
Materials and Methods
Two trials were conducted at the Skills Demonstration Plot of Organic Agriculture, Federal
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta on a degraded rainforest vegetation zone in Nigeria, (3 0
25’E and 70 25’) between October, 2012 to July, 2013. Land preparation such as, clearing and
stumping were done manually. Raised beds of dimension 2 m x 1 m with 1 m buffer between
plots were made before transplanting. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete
block design with four replications. Poultry manure was applied at the rate of 0, 10, 20 and 40
t/ha three weeks before transplanting. Twelve weeks old seedlings were transplanted at
spacing 0.5 m x 0.25 m corresponding to a total population of 80,000 plants per hectare.
Data were collected on number of branches, leaf area, number of flowers, flower retention
and flower surface area at two weeks interval for 16 weeks.
Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using Genstat discovery and means
were separated using least significant difference at 5 % level of significance.
Result and Discussion
The physiochemical characteristics of soil taken revealed that the textural class was sandy
loam with a pH value 7.21, organic carbon 0.92 %, available P = 19.85 mg/kg, and total
nitrogen was found to be 0.07 % (Table 1). Branch production was significantly enhanced by
the application of manure in both seasons (Figure 2). Branching was mostly enhanced by the
application of 40 t/ha followed by 10 t/ha, no significant difference observed in the
catharanthus treated with the application of 10, 20 and 40 t/ha. Similar trend was also
observed in the leaf area of the catharanthus in both trials (Figure 3). The significant
increases in growth parameters obtained as growth stage advanced shows that poultry manure
has the potential to sustain the growth of plant for a long period of time. Several studies have
confirmed that increasing the rate of application of organic manure significantly increased the
performance of crops (Omisore et al., 2009; Schippers, 2000; John et al., 2011; Akande et al.,
2012). During the dry season at 12 WAT, widest leaves were recorded. This wasn’t so in the
wet season where leaves were increasing their surface area for photosynthesis at an
increasing rate. This might be due to the period (dry season) when first trial was conducted
whereby there is need for plant to adjust to the change in the environment and one of it is
reduction in leaf area to reduce moisture loss. Production of flowers was prominent at 6 WAT
(Figure 4). Significant difference in the production of flowers as affected by poultry manure
began to show at 6 and 8 WAT in first and second trials respectively till 16 WAT. Flower
surface area was influenced by poultry manure application (Figure 5). All the three
application rates produced significantly wider flower surface than control. The same trend
was also observed in the flower retention (Figure 6) whereby plant that received poultry
manure significantly retained flowers longer than control. The significant increase in
vegetative growth and flowering observed with the application of poultry manure could be
attributed to the essential nutrient elements contained in the poultry manure that are
associated with increased photosynthetic efficiency (Dauda et al., 2008).
Conclusion
From the result, application of poultry manure supports the growth and flowering of rose
periwinkle. Poultry manure at 10 t/ha is optimum for the production of rose periwinkle.
References
Akande, M. O., E. A. Makinde, I. M. Tijani, C. O. Kayode and J. A. Adediran (2012). Effects
of rate of organic fertilizer on the growth and dry matter yield of Jatropha curcas.
Nigerian Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 22 (2):142-148.
Belay, A., A. S. Classens, F. C. Wehner and J. D. Beer (2001). Influence of residual manure
on selected nutrient elements and microbial composition of soil under long-term crop
rotation. S. Afric. J. Plt. Soil, 18:1-6.
Dauda, S. N, Ajayi F. A. and Dor, E. N. (2008). Growth and yield of watermelon (Citrullus
lunatus) as affected by poultry manure application, Journal of Agriculture and Social
Science. 4 (3), 121-124.
John, N. M., T. O. Ibia, G. S. Effiong, U. E. Etokeren and O. B. Iren (2011). Response of
maize (Zea mays l.) to different levels of decomposed refuse in Uyo Municipality,
Nigeria. World Journal of Applied Science and Technology (WOJAST), Vol.3. No.1, 712.
Lata, B. (2007). Cultivation, mineral nutrition and seed production of Catharanthus roseus
(L.) G. Don in the temprate climate zone. Phytochemistry Revision. 6: 403-411.
Levy, A., Milo, J, Arhri, A. and Palevitch, D. (1983). Heterosis and correlation analysis of the
vegetative components and ajmalicine content in the roots of the medicinal plant
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Euphytica, 32: 557-564
Moreno, P. R. H, R Ver der Heijden, R. and Verpoorte, R. (1995). Cell and tissue cultures of
Catharanthus roseus. A literature survey. II. Updating from 1988 to 1993. Plant Cell
Tissue Organ culture 42: 1-25.
Omisore, J. K., M. Y. Kasail and U. C. Chukwu (2009). Determination of optimum poultry
manure rate for maize production. Proceedings of the 43 rd Annual Conference of the
Agricultural Society of Nigeria, Abuja, 260-263.
Schippers, R. R. (2000). African indigenous vegetables. An overview of the cultivated
species. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute / ACP – EU Technical Centre for
Agricultural and Rural Cooperation, 214 pp.
Table 1: Analysis of soil and poultry manure used in the experiment
Parameter
Soil
Poultry Manure
pH
7.21
6.71
Organic Carbon %
0.92
2.45
Total N %
0.07
0.74%
Available P (mg/kg) 19.85
1.78%
Exchangeable bases
Cmol/kg
K
0.06
0.23%
Ca
6.44
4.63%
Mg
2.35
0.58%
Na
0.21
0.17%
Al + H
0.05
_
ECEC (C mol) +/kg
9.11
_
Mn (mg/kg)
161
450
Fe (mg/kg)
21.1
465
Cu (mg/kg)
3.6
32
Zn (mg/kg)
3.4
277
C/N
_
3.31
Soil Textural Class – Sandy loamy
%
Dry season
Wet season
PM 10t/ha
PM 40t/ha
80
130
Number of branches/plant
Number of branches/plant
CONTROL
100PM 20t/ha
90pm 80t/ha
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
110
90
70
50
30
10
-10 2
Weeks after transplanting
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
Weeks after transplanting
Figure 1: Number of branches of rose periwinkle as affected by poultry manure
Vertical bars are LSD at (p≤0.05)
Dry season
Wet season
PM 10t/ha
PM 40t/ha
80000
70000
20000
Leaf area(cm2/plant)
Leaf area (cm2/plant)
CONTROL
25000
PM 20t/ha
15000
10000
5000
0
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Weeks after transplanting
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
Weeks after transplanting
Figure 2: Leaf area of rose periwinkle as affected by poultry manure
Vertical bars are LSD at (p≤0.05)
200 CONTROL
PM 20t/ha
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2 4 6
Wet season
PM 10t/ha
PM 40t/ha
Number of flowers/plant
Number of flowers/plant
Dry season
8
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
10 12 14 16
2
Weeks after transplanting
4
6
8
10 12 14 16
Weeks after transplanting
Figure 3: number of flowers of rose periwinkle as affected by poultry manure
Vertical bars are LSD at (p≤0.05)
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2
4
Wet season
PM 10t/ha
6
Flower surface area (mm2/plant)
Flower surface area (mm2/plant)
Dry season
CONTROL
8 10 12 14 16
Weeks after transplanting
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
Weeks after transplanting
Figure 4: number of flowers of rose periwinkle as affected by poultry manure
Vertical bars are LSD at (p≤0.05)
Wet season
Dry season
5
5
4.5
Flower retention (days/plant)
Flower retention (days)
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0
10
20
Poultry manure (t/ha)
40
0
10
20
poultry manure t/ha
Figure 5: Flower retention of rose periwinkle as affected by poultry manure
Vertical bars are LSD at (p≤0.05)
40