LOYALTY OF MAXIMUS IN RIDLEY SCOTT’S GLADIATOR MOVIE (2000): LOYALTY OF MAXIMUS IN RIDLEY SCOTT’S GLADIATOR MOVIE (2000): AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH.
LOYALTY OF MAXIMUS
IN RIDLEY SCOTT’S GLADIATOR MOVIE (2000):
AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for getting
Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department
by:
FUAD SIDDIQ PERMANA
A. 320 060 181
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2011
i
APPROVAL
LOYALTY OF MAXIMUS
IN RIDLEY SCOTT’S GLADIATOR MOVIE (2000):
AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
Written by:
FUAD SIDDIQ PERMANA
A320 060 181
Approved to be Examined by Consultant Team
Consultant I
Consultant II
Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed.
NIK. 772
ii
Nur Hidayat, S. Pd.
NIK. 771
ACCEPTANCE
LOYALTY OF MAXIMUS
IN RIDLEY SCOTT’S GLADIATOR MOVIE (2000):
AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
Accepted by the Board of Examiners
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
The Board of Examiners:
1. Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed.
(
)
(
)
(
)
Chairperson
2. Nur Hidayat, S. Pd.
Member I
3. Drs. Abdillah Nugroho, M. Hum.
Member II
School of Teacher Training and Education
Dean,
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif. M.Si
NIK. 547
iii
TESTIMONY
Herewith, I testify that in this research paper, there is no plagiarism of the
previous literary work which has been conducted in obtaining bachelor degree of
university, and also there are no masterpieces which have been written or
published by others, except those in writing are referred in the manuscript and
mentioned in the literature review and bibliography.
Hence, later, if it is proven that there are some untrue statements in this
testimony, I will be fully responsible.
Surakarta, April 2011
Fuad Siddiq Permana
A320 060 181
iv
MOTTO
In Tanshururullah yan shurkum wa yutsabbit
aqdaamakum” (Q.S Muhammad: 7)
All things is difficult before they are easy
You’ll Never Walk Alone
v
DEDICATION
I dedicate my research to:
My Mother,
My Father,
Myself,
My Future,
My Life,
And to All People that I Love and loves me
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamin, praised to to Allah S.W.T, The Most
Glorious, The Most Merciful, Lord of the Universe, who gives a million blessings,
miracles and uncountable gifts to the researcher, so I can accomplish my research
paper entitled “LOYALTY OF MAXIMUS IN RIDLEY SCOTT’S GLADIATOR
MOVIE (2000): AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH” as the
requirement for getting bachelor degree of education in English Department of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Peace is upon to Muhammad S.A.W the last messenger of Allah, who will
be hero for all his followers in the life after. I realizes that this research paper
would never been possible without other people’s help, so that the researcher
would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to:
1. Drs. Sofyan Anif, M. Si. The Dean of the School of Teacher Training and
Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2. Titis Setyabudi, S.S. M. Hum. The Chief of English Department ,
3. Dr. Phil. Dewi Candrangrum, M.Ed. The first consultant who has given a
valuable guidance and suggestion during the completion of this research
paper,
vii
4.
Nur Hidayat S. Pd. The second consultant who has corrected the mistakes of
the words and the grammar so that this research paper becomes correct and
interesting to read.
5.
Drs. Abdillah Nugroho, M. Hum. who becomes the third examiner. Thank you
for criticizing my paper,
6. Dra. Dwi Harjanti, M. Hum. The academic adviser who has patiently guided
me from the beginning till the end of study in UMS.
7. Drs. Ahmad Muhibbin, M. Si. The Ex-vice Dean of third Deputy of School of
Teacher Training and Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Who guided me to be a good leader,
8. All of the lecturers of English Department thank for precious knowledge
given to me,
9. My beloved Mother and Father. Thanks for their loves, attention, motivation,
prayers and everything who gives to me.
10. My little brother, thanks for the every joke in our home. But, sometimes you
be my inspiration. Keep istiqomah!!
11. The Tarbiyah. From it I know about the meaning of life and make the me find
the way of life.
12. My students in Nur Hidayah Orphanage, thanks for the prayer and you smiles.
13. The people who have big contribution in helping me doing the research. Mb
Anis thanks for give the title. Sando, Teguh, Andang thanks for share and
printer. And Rita thanks for share and discuss about the research.
14. My friends Teguh, Sando, Atut, Muhsin, Andang, Shandi, Muhromin, Khafid,
Akhris, Fajar, Gawok, Zouvan, Anis, Isna, Rahma, Yudhi, Azam, Danang,
viii
Lik Kuik, Mahfud, Eko, Adnan, Adhe Wangwung, Antok, Arwan, Nova,
Saty, Agus, Arfian and researcher’s friend in EDSO, GEDSO, BEM FKIP
’09, DPM FKIP ’09, English Dept ’06, Mentoring FKIP, LEMKARI UMS,
Universitaria Lintas Kampus, Onde-Onde Lumuten Modern Crew, Field
Work 2009 in SMP Muhammadiyah 4 Surakarta, Yayasan Psikologi
ANAVA, AJI Solo, Trusco Solo, Bigreds Solo. Thanks for friendship.
15. And all of the people, who cannot mentioned one by one, thanks for
everything.
I realizes that the research is far from perfection. Therefore, I would like to
extend my gratitude to the readers who are willing to give input in the form of
suggestion or constructive criticism to make the research paper better. I expects
this research paper would be beneficial to everyone.
Surakarta, April 2011
Fuu_13
ix
SUMMARY
FUAD SIDDIQ PERMANA, A320 060 181, LOYALTY OF MAXIMUS IN
RIDLEY SCOTT’S GLADIATOR MOVIE (2000): AN INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL
APPROACH,
RESEARCH
PAPER,
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA, 2011
This research paper elaborates loyalty of Maximus in Gladiator movie, which are
analyzed through individual psychological approach. The objectives of the
research are to analyze the movie based on its structural elements and to analyze
the movie especially the main character based on the individual psychological
approach.
The researcher employs the descriptive qualitative research as a type of the
research. The data sources are divided into two, namely primary data source and
secondary data source. The primary data source is the events of the movie and
script of Gladiator and the secondary data source is collected from other
literatures discussing about individual psychoanalytic, literary books, criticism,
and some article related to the movie. The method of collecting data is
documentation. The technique of analyzing data is descriptive.
The results of the study are as follows. First based on the structural analysis, the
element of the story such as character and characterization, plot, setting, point of
view, theme, style are structurally in unity and related one another in building the
story. Second based on Individual Psychological approach, Maximus’s loyalty
reflected in his fiction finalism, inferiority feeling, striving for superiority, style of
live, social interest, and creative power.
Keywords: Maximus’s loyalty, Gladiator, Individual Psychological approach.
Consultant I
Consultant II
Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed.
NIK. 772
Nur Hidayat, S. Pd.
NIK. 771
School of Teacher Training and Education
Dean,
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif. M.Si
NIK. 547
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
TITLE ........................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL ..............................................................................................
ii
ACCEPTANCE .........................................................................................
iii
TESTIMONY ............................................................................................
iv
MOTTO .....................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION ...........................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..........................................................................
vii
SUMMARY ...............................................................................................
x
TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................
xi
LIST OF FIGURE ....................................................................................
xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..............................................................
1
A. Background of Study .............................................................
1
B. Literature Review ..................................................................
7
C. Problem Statement .................................................................
8
D. Objective of the Study ...........................................................
8
E. Limitation of the Study ..........................................................
8
F. Benefit of the Study ...............................................................
8
1. Theoretical Benefit ............................................................
8
2. Practical Benefit ................................................................
9
xi
G. Research Method ...................................................................
9
1. Types of the Study ..........................................................
9
2. Type of the Data and the Data Sources ...........................
9
3. Object of the Study..........................................................
10
4. Technique of the Data Collection ...................................
10
5. Technique of the Data Analysis ....................................
11
H. Research Organization ...........................................................
11
CHAPTER II UNDERLYING THEORY ..............................................
12
A. Notion of Individual Psychology ...........................................
12
B. Basic Assumption of Individual Psychology .........................
14
1. Fictional Finalism ...............................................................
14
2. Inferiority Feeling ...............................................................
15
3. Striving for Superiority .......................................................
16
4. Style of Life.........................................................................
17
5. Social Interest ......................................................................
19
6.Creative Power .....................................................................
21
C. Structural Elements of the Movie ...........................................
22
1. Narrative Element ............................................................
20
a. Character and Characterization .....................................
22
b. Setting ...........................................................................
24
c. Plot ................................................................................
25
d. Point of View ................................................................
26
e. Theme ............................................................................
27
xii
2. Technical Elements ..........................................................
28
a. Mise-en-Scene ...............................................................
28
b. Cinematography ............................................................
31
c. Sound .............................................................................
33
d. Editing ...........................................................................
34
e. Casting ...........................................................................
36
D. Theoretical Application ..........................................................
36
CHAPTER III STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ..........................................
38
A. Structural Elements .............................................................
38
1. Narrative Elements ............................................................
38
a. Character and Characterization .....................................
38
b. Setting ...........................................................................
49
c. Plot ................................................................................
51
d. Point of View ................................................................
54
e. Theme ............................................................................
55
2. Technical Elements ............................................................
56
a. Mise-en-Scene ...............................................................
56
b. Cinematography ............................................................
61
c. Sound .............................................................................
64
d. Editing ...........................................................................
65
e. Casting ...........................................................................
68
B. Discussion ..............................................................................
71
CHAPTER IV INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ........
76
A. Individual Psycology .............................................................
76
xiii
1. Fictional Finalism .............................................................
76
2. Inferiority Feeling .............................................................
77
3. Striving for Superiority .....................................................
78
4. Style of Life.......................................................................
81
5. Social Interest ....................................................................
85
6. Creative Power ..................................................................
86
B. Discussion ..............................................................................
88
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...........................
90
A. Conclusion ............................................................................
90
B. Suggestion ..............................................................................
91
BIBLIOGRAPHY
VIRTUAL REFERENCES
APPENDICES
xiv
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1. Maximus ...................................................................................... 40
Figure 2. Commodus ................................................................................... 42
Figure 3. Lucilla .......................................................................................... 44
Figure 4. Marcus Aurelius .......................................................................... 46
Figure 5. Proximo ....................................................................................... 47
Figure 6. Gracchus ...................................................................................... 48
Figure 7. Juba .............................................................................................. 49
Figure 8. Morning Situation ........................................................................ 57
Figure 9. Noon Situation ............................................................................. 57
Figure 10. Night Situation ........................................................................... 57
Figure 11. Light From Fire ......................................................................... 58
Figure 12. Light From Sun .......................................................................... 58
Figure 13. Light From Candle ..................................................................... 58
Figure 14. General Costume ....................................................................... 59
Figure 15. Rome Soldier Costume .............................................................. 59
Figure 16. Cesar Costume ........................................................................... 59
Figure 17. Senator Costume ........................................................................ 59
Figure 18. Gladiator Costume ..................................................................... 59
Figure 19. Soft-Brown Make Up ................................................................ 60
Figure 20. Blood and Wound ...................................................................... 60
Figure 21. Coloseum From Outside ............................................................ 61
Figure 22. Coloseum From Inside ............................................................... 61
Figure 23. Extreme Long Shot .................................................................... 63
xv
Figure 24. Long Shot .................................................................................. 63
Figure 25. Medium Long Shot .................................................................... 63
Figure 26. Medium Shot ............................................................................. 63
Figure 27. Medium Close Up ...................................................................... 63
Figure 28. Person Walking.......................................................................... 65
Figure 29. Two People Conversing ............................................................. 65
Figure 30. The Commodus Desk ................................................................ 66
Figure 31. Gladiators Looking .................................................................... 67
Figure 32. Object That Gladiatoes Looking at ............................................ 67
Figure 33. Maximus Stand Up .................................................................... 67
Figure 34. Maximus Pray ............................................................................ 68
Figure 35. Maximus Family ........................................................................ 68
xvi
IN RIDLEY SCOTT’S GLADIATOR MOVIE (2000):
AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for getting
Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department
by:
FUAD SIDDIQ PERMANA
A. 320 060 181
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2011
i
APPROVAL
LOYALTY OF MAXIMUS
IN RIDLEY SCOTT’S GLADIATOR MOVIE (2000):
AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
Written by:
FUAD SIDDIQ PERMANA
A320 060 181
Approved to be Examined by Consultant Team
Consultant I
Consultant II
Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed.
NIK. 772
ii
Nur Hidayat, S. Pd.
NIK. 771
ACCEPTANCE
LOYALTY OF MAXIMUS
IN RIDLEY SCOTT’S GLADIATOR MOVIE (2000):
AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
Accepted by the Board of Examiners
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
The Board of Examiners:
1. Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed.
(
)
(
)
(
)
Chairperson
2. Nur Hidayat, S. Pd.
Member I
3. Drs. Abdillah Nugroho, M. Hum.
Member II
School of Teacher Training and Education
Dean,
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif. M.Si
NIK. 547
iii
TESTIMONY
Herewith, I testify that in this research paper, there is no plagiarism of the
previous literary work which has been conducted in obtaining bachelor degree of
university, and also there are no masterpieces which have been written or
published by others, except those in writing are referred in the manuscript and
mentioned in the literature review and bibliography.
Hence, later, if it is proven that there are some untrue statements in this
testimony, I will be fully responsible.
Surakarta, April 2011
Fuad Siddiq Permana
A320 060 181
iv
MOTTO
In Tanshururullah yan shurkum wa yutsabbit
aqdaamakum” (Q.S Muhammad: 7)
All things is difficult before they are easy
You’ll Never Walk Alone
v
DEDICATION
I dedicate my research to:
My Mother,
My Father,
Myself,
My Future,
My Life,
And to All People that I Love and loves me
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamin, praised to to Allah S.W.T, The Most
Glorious, The Most Merciful, Lord of the Universe, who gives a million blessings,
miracles and uncountable gifts to the researcher, so I can accomplish my research
paper entitled “LOYALTY OF MAXIMUS IN RIDLEY SCOTT’S GLADIATOR
MOVIE (2000): AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH” as the
requirement for getting bachelor degree of education in English Department of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Peace is upon to Muhammad S.A.W the last messenger of Allah, who will
be hero for all his followers in the life after. I realizes that this research paper
would never been possible without other people’s help, so that the researcher
would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to:
1. Drs. Sofyan Anif, M. Si. The Dean of the School of Teacher Training and
Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2. Titis Setyabudi, S.S. M. Hum. The Chief of English Department ,
3. Dr. Phil. Dewi Candrangrum, M.Ed. The first consultant who has given a
valuable guidance and suggestion during the completion of this research
paper,
vii
4.
Nur Hidayat S. Pd. The second consultant who has corrected the mistakes of
the words and the grammar so that this research paper becomes correct and
interesting to read.
5.
Drs. Abdillah Nugroho, M. Hum. who becomes the third examiner. Thank you
for criticizing my paper,
6. Dra. Dwi Harjanti, M. Hum. The academic adviser who has patiently guided
me from the beginning till the end of study in UMS.
7. Drs. Ahmad Muhibbin, M. Si. The Ex-vice Dean of third Deputy of School of
Teacher Training and Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Who guided me to be a good leader,
8. All of the lecturers of English Department thank for precious knowledge
given to me,
9. My beloved Mother and Father. Thanks for their loves, attention, motivation,
prayers and everything who gives to me.
10. My little brother, thanks for the every joke in our home. But, sometimes you
be my inspiration. Keep istiqomah!!
11. The Tarbiyah. From it I know about the meaning of life and make the me find
the way of life.
12. My students in Nur Hidayah Orphanage, thanks for the prayer and you smiles.
13. The people who have big contribution in helping me doing the research. Mb
Anis thanks for give the title. Sando, Teguh, Andang thanks for share and
printer. And Rita thanks for share and discuss about the research.
14. My friends Teguh, Sando, Atut, Muhsin, Andang, Shandi, Muhromin, Khafid,
Akhris, Fajar, Gawok, Zouvan, Anis, Isna, Rahma, Yudhi, Azam, Danang,
viii
Lik Kuik, Mahfud, Eko, Adnan, Adhe Wangwung, Antok, Arwan, Nova,
Saty, Agus, Arfian and researcher’s friend in EDSO, GEDSO, BEM FKIP
’09, DPM FKIP ’09, English Dept ’06, Mentoring FKIP, LEMKARI UMS,
Universitaria Lintas Kampus, Onde-Onde Lumuten Modern Crew, Field
Work 2009 in SMP Muhammadiyah 4 Surakarta, Yayasan Psikologi
ANAVA, AJI Solo, Trusco Solo, Bigreds Solo. Thanks for friendship.
15. And all of the people, who cannot mentioned one by one, thanks for
everything.
I realizes that the research is far from perfection. Therefore, I would like to
extend my gratitude to the readers who are willing to give input in the form of
suggestion or constructive criticism to make the research paper better. I expects
this research paper would be beneficial to everyone.
Surakarta, April 2011
Fuu_13
ix
SUMMARY
FUAD SIDDIQ PERMANA, A320 060 181, LOYALTY OF MAXIMUS IN
RIDLEY SCOTT’S GLADIATOR MOVIE (2000): AN INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL
APPROACH,
RESEARCH
PAPER,
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA, 2011
This research paper elaborates loyalty of Maximus in Gladiator movie, which are
analyzed through individual psychological approach. The objectives of the
research are to analyze the movie based on its structural elements and to analyze
the movie especially the main character based on the individual psychological
approach.
The researcher employs the descriptive qualitative research as a type of the
research. The data sources are divided into two, namely primary data source and
secondary data source. The primary data source is the events of the movie and
script of Gladiator and the secondary data source is collected from other
literatures discussing about individual psychoanalytic, literary books, criticism,
and some article related to the movie. The method of collecting data is
documentation. The technique of analyzing data is descriptive.
The results of the study are as follows. First based on the structural analysis, the
element of the story such as character and characterization, plot, setting, point of
view, theme, style are structurally in unity and related one another in building the
story. Second based on Individual Psychological approach, Maximus’s loyalty
reflected in his fiction finalism, inferiority feeling, striving for superiority, style of
live, social interest, and creative power.
Keywords: Maximus’s loyalty, Gladiator, Individual Psychological approach.
Consultant I
Consultant II
Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed.
NIK. 772
Nur Hidayat, S. Pd.
NIK. 771
School of Teacher Training and Education
Dean,
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif. M.Si
NIK. 547
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
TITLE ........................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL ..............................................................................................
ii
ACCEPTANCE .........................................................................................
iii
TESTIMONY ............................................................................................
iv
MOTTO .....................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION ...........................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..........................................................................
vii
SUMMARY ...............................................................................................
x
TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................
xi
LIST OF FIGURE ....................................................................................
xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..............................................................
1
A. Background of Study .............................................................
1
B. Literature Review ..................................................................
7
C. Problem Statement .................................................................
8
D. Objective of the Study ...........................................................
8
E. Limitation of the Study ..........................................................
8
F. Benefit of the Study ...............................................................
8
1. Theoretical Benefit ............................................................
8
2. Practical Benefit ................................................................
9
xi
G. Research Method ...................................................................
9
1. Types of the Study ..........................................................
9
2. Type of the Data and the Data Sources ...........................
9
3. Object of the Study..........................................................
10
4. Technique of the Data Collection ...................................
10
5. Technique of the Data Analysis ....................................
11
H. Research Organization ...........................................................
11
CHAPTER II UNDERLYING THEORY ..............................................
12
A. Notion of Individual Psychology ...........................................
12
B. Basic Assumption of Individual Psychology .........................
14
1. Fictional Finalism ...............................................................
14
2. Inferiority Feeling ...............................................................
15
3. Striving for Superiority .......................................................
16
4. Style of Life.........................................................................
17
5. Social Interest ......................................................................
19
6.Creative Power .....................................................................
21
C. Structural Elements of the Movie ...........................................
22
1. Narrative Element ............................................................
20
a. Character and Characterization .....................................
22
b. Setting ...........................................................................
24
c. Plot ................................................................................
25
d. Point of View ................................................................
26
e. Theme ............................................................................
27
xii
2. Technical Elements ..........................................................
28
a. Mise-en-Scene ...............................................................
28
b. Cinematography ............................................................
31
c. Sound .............................................................................
33
d. Editing ...........................................................................
34
e. Casting ...........................................................................
36
D. Theoretical Application ..........................................................
36
CHAPTER III STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ..........................................
38
A. Structural Elements .............................................................
38
1. Narrative Elements ............................................................
38
a. Character and Characterization .....................................
38
b. Setting ...........................................................................
49
c. Plot ................................................................................
51
d. Point of View ................................................................
54
e. Theme ............................................................................
55
2. Technical Elements ............................................................
56
a. Mise-en-Scene ...............................................................
56
b. Cinematography ............................................................
61
c. Sound .............................................................................
64
d. Editing ...........................................................................
65
e. Casting ...........................................................................
68
B. Discussion ..............................................................................
71
CHAPTER IV INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ........
76
A. Individual Psycology .............................................................
76
xiii
1. Fictional Finalism .............................................................
76
2. Inferiority Feeling .............................................................
77
3. Striving for Superiority .....................................................
78
4. Style of Life.......................................................................
81
5. Social Interest ....................................................................
85
6. Creative Power ..................................................................
86
B. Discussion ..............................................................................
88
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...........................
90
A. Conclusion ............................................................................
90
B. Suggestion ..............................................................................
91
BIBLIOGRAPHY
VIRTUAL REFERENCES
APPENDICES
xiv
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1. Maximus ...................................................................................... 40
Figure 2. Commodus ................................................................................... 42
Figure 3. Lucilla .......................................................................................... 44
Figure 4. Marcus Aurelius .......................................................................... 46
Figure 5. Proximo ....................................................................................... 47
Figure 6. Gracchus ...................................................................................... 48
Figure 7. Juba .............................................................................................. 49
Figure 8. Morning Situation ........................................................................ 57
Figure 9. Noon Situation ............................................................................. 57
Figure 10. Night Situation ........................................................................... 57
Figure 11. Light From Fire ......................................................................... 58
Figure 12. Light From Sun .......................................................................... 58
Figure 13. Light From Candle ..................................................................... 58
Figure 14. General Costume ....................................................................... 59
Figure 15. Rome Soldier Costume .............................................................. 59
Figure 16. Cesar Costume ........................................................................... 59
Figure 17. Senator Costume ........................................................................ 59
Figure 18. Gladiator Costume ..................................................................... 59
Figure 19. Soft-Brown Make Up ................................................................ 60
Figure 20. Blood and Wound ...................................................................... 60
Figure 21. Coloseum From Outside ............................................................ 61
Figure 22. Coloseum From Inside ............................................................... 61
Figure 23. Extreme Long Shot .................................................................... 63
xv
Figure 24. Long Shot .................................................................................. 63
Figure 25. Medium Long Shot .................................................................... 63
Figure 26. Medium Shot ............................................................................. 63
Figure 27. Medium Close Up ...................................................................... 63
Figure 28. Person Walking.......................................................................... 65
Figure 29. Two People Conversing ............................................................. 65
Figure 30. The Commodus Desk ................................................................ 66
Figure 31. Gladiators Looking .................................................................... 67
Figure 32. Object That Gladiatoes Looking at ............................................ 67
Figure 33. Maximus Stand Up .................................................................... 67
Figure 34. Maximus Pray ............................................................................ 68
Figure 35. Maximus Family ........................................................................ 68
xvi