A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN THE DREAM OF TRESPASS NOVEL BY FATIMAH MERNISSI AND ITS TRANSLATION A Translation Analysis Of Deixis In The Dream Of Trespass Novel By Fatimah Mernissi And Its Translation (Pragmatic Perspective).
A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN THE DREAM OF TRESPASS
NOVEL BY FATIMAH MERNISSI AND ITS TRANSLATION
(PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE)
PUBLICATION ARTICLES
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
Written by
UNTUNG WISUDA PURNAMA PUTRA
A320070284
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN THE DREAM OF TRESPASS NOVEL BY
FATIMAH MENISSI AND ITS TRANSLATION (PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE)
Untung Wisuda Purnama Putra
A320070284
Consultant 1:
Dra. Dwi Haryanti, M. Hum.
Consultant 2:
Siti Fatimah, S.Pd. M. Hum
ABSTRACT
UNTUNG WISUDA PURNAMA PUTRA. A 320070284. A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS
OF DEIXIS IN THE DREAM OF TRESPASS NOVEL BY FATIMAH MENISSI AND ITS
TRANSLATION
(PRAGMATIC
PERSPECTIVE).
RESEARCH
PAPER.
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA.
This research belongs to a qualitative research. The researcher tries to identify the types
of deixis and the equivalence of deixis in The Dream of Trespass novel by Fatimah Mernissi and
its Translation.
The object of the research is the novel The Dream of Trespass written by Fatimah
Mernissi that consists of 226 pages. It is translated into Indonesian novel Harem by Amad
Baiquni. In collecting the data, the researcher uses the document. The data in this research are
sentences containing deixis, they are personal deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis
and social deixis. The data are analized based on the theories, the knowledge and desire of the
researcher related to the problem statements. From the collected data, the researcher finds 202
data of English deixis and equivalence.
The result of the research shows that : based on the equivalent and non equivalent deixis
from 202 data of the research, the data involved in: (a) the equivalent deixis which are translated
into Indonesian are 183 data or 90,6%, (b) the non equivalence deixis which are translated into
Indonesian are 19 data or 9,4. It means that the translation analysis of deixis in novel Dream of
Trespass is very good.
Key words : translation, equivalence, pragmatic, deixis
A. Introduction
1. Background of the Study
Translation is an activity related to the diversion process of language from the
source language into the target language, and the message in the source language must
be reasonable and in the closest meaning to the target language. Translation can also be
interpreted as an act of communication in writing between the author of source text or
original text through a translator as reader of source text as well as the sender of the
message of the author of source text to the readers of the target text which has a
language background and cultural backgrounds that are different with the author of
source text.
To do translation, a translator has to master both the source language and target
language. It’s in order to make a good translation, which is able to transfer the message
from source language (SL) into target language (TL). In other hand, translation plays an
important role to solve the problem of Interlingua communication.
According to Levinsson (1983:3) “pragmatics is the study of the relationship
between language and the context, which is a basis in understanding the meaning of
language”. Refering to this statement, pragmatics is the study of the aspect of the
relationship between language and context that are relevant the writing grammar. It is
dealing with language use and the relationship between language form and language use.
Deixis concerns the ways in which language encode or grammatical features of
the context of utterances on the analysis of that context on utterances (Levinson,
1983:54)
The writer wants to analyze the types and the equivalence of deixis in this novel.
The writer chooses this novel because there is an interesting phenomenon to be searched.
The novel has detail and complete utterances.
2. Literature Review
The research in deixis has been analyzed by graduate students of Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta. Juliari (UMS, 2007) analyzed the Personal Deixis and the
Reference of Deixis used in English Translation of Al-Qur’an and Hasanah (UMS, 2006)
discussed about The Use of Deixis in Gladiator Movie Manuscript. The similarity
between the previous researches with the present research is in the analysis of deixis.
While the difference is that the previous researchers were focusing on deixis in a movie
and English Translation of Al-Qur’an. In this research, the writer focuses on the types of
deixis in a novel using Hurford and Brendan theory of deixis, which is reported speech.
The writer analyzes “a Translation Analysis of Deixis in The Dream of Trespass Novel
by Fatimah Mernissi and its Translation (Pragmatic Perspective).
3. Problem Statement
Based on the research background above, the problem of the study is what are the
types and how is the equivalence of deixis in The Dream of Trespass Novel by Fatimah
Mernissi and its translation.
4. Objective of the Study
The objectives of this study are to describe the types and the equivalence of deixis
in The Dream of Trespass Novel by Fatimah Mernissi and its translation.
5. Benefit of the Study
There are two benefits in this study; they are theoretical and practical benefit. In
theoretical benefit, the study is projected to give movie contribution and information to
the large body of knowledge particularly in the linguistic studies. Whereas, in practical
benefit, the study is expected to enrich the knowledge and experience of the writer, and
other students at UMS, and other Universities who have interested in linguistic study
especially in learning deixis.
6. Underlying Theory
Since the researcher wants to analyze the personal deixis, the theory that researcher
wants to describe start from notion of translation, translation shift, equivalence in
translation, notion of pragmatics, notion of deixis, and kind of deixis.
a. Notion of Translation
Widyamartaya (1989:38) defines “that translation is a process of shifting the
meaning from the source language becomes closet equivalent and sound naturally in
target language”. The definition is added by Machali (2005:5) who declares that
“translation is the replacement of textual material in target language by equivalent
textual material in target language”.
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation is reproducing
source language in equivalent way into target language as close as possible to the
original one to ensure that the surface meaning of the two will. Furthermore the
translator must concern that in conveying the message to target language they should
not distort the message from source text.
b. Process of Translation
Nida (1975:80) states that there are three steps of translation process. First,
translator should analyze the source text language by reading it to get the message
that will be conveyed into the target language text. Second is transferring process. It
means that after he or she gets well understanding the source text, he or she begins
transferring the message into target language. The last step is restructuring the
message to target language structure equivalently, in order to make it readable or
communicative and to be easy understood by target language reader then the last as
the result is the product of translation in the receptor language.
c. Principle of Translation
Nida and Taber (1969:12) proposed some principles of translation, as follows :
reproducing the message, equivalent rather than identity, natural equivalent, closest
equivalent, priority of meaning, significance of style.
d. Translation Shifts
Catford (in Leonardi, 2000:6-7) argues that there are two main types of
translation shifts, namely: level shift and category shifts. Category shift divided into
four types, they are: structure-shifts, class-shift, unit-shifts, intra-system shifts.
e. Equivalence in Translation
Equivalence and quality are closely related concepts in translation. Baker (1992:5)
classifies equivalence into 5 categories, those are: equivalence at word level,
equivalence above word level, grammatical equivalence, textual equivalence,
pragmatic equivalence.
f. Notion of Pragmatics
According to levinson (1983:3) pragmatics is the study of the relationship
between language and context, which is a basis in understanding the meaning of
language. Yule (1996:5) states the pragmatics is the study about the relationship
between linguistic form and the use of linguistic term. According to Yule (1996:129133) pragmatics study covers: entailment, implicature, presupposition, speech act,
deixis.
g. Notion of Deixis
In English, the term deictic is used to as pointing directly that opposite from the
word electric which pointing indirectly. Deictic deals with connection between
discourse and situation in which discourse used. The writer concludes that deixis
refers to word in which it’s referred and its pointing is always moving or changing
depends on the speaker, place, and time of utterance. Moreover, the meaning is still
relevant with the context.
h. Kind of Deixis
Levinson (1983:63) identified five major types of deictic marker: Person deixis,
place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis.
B. Research Method
In analyzing and discussing the data, the writer has to enter the research method to get
success in conducting the research. In relation to this research, the writer chooses a
descriptive method to frame the research. The writer uses qualitative research because the
writer wants to classify the types of deixis and to describe the functions of deixis in in The
Dream of Trespass novel by Fatimah Mernissi and its translation. The data in this research
are the utterance containing deixis words. And the data source is The Dream of Trespass
novel by Fatimah Mernissi and its translation. For collecting the data, the writer uses
documentary method by the following procedures: Reading both of the original and the
translation of the novel entitled Dream of Trespass and Harem, Underlying the deixis words
and their translations, Rewriting the underlined data, Coding the data using the following
system. The writer uses comparative method to analyze the data. The writer compares
between source language and target language.
C. Reseach Finding and Discussion
This part describes research result and discussion. The issues of the problem
statements are elaborated here, started from the types of deixis and the equivalence of deixis
in The Dream of Trespass novel by Fatimah Mernissi and its translation.
1. The Types of Deixis in The Dream of Trespass Novel by Fatimah Mernissi and its
Translation
a. Personal Deixis
Personal deixis here refers to the use of first person referring to the speaker
itself, second person refers to the addressee (s), and third person refers to the other
who is neither the speaker nor the addressee.
1) First Person Deixis
First person here refers to the speaker of the utterance.
001/DOT/03/H/15
In this datum, the utterance below is uttered by Fatimah Mernissi to herself.
SL: But since then, looking for the frontier has become my life’s occupation.
Anxiety eats at me whenever I cannot situate the geometric line organizing
my powerlessness.
TL: Tapi sejak saat itu, menemukan batas menjadi pencarian dalam hidup ku.
Cemas aku manakala aku tidak dapat mengurai jalinan kusut yang
membuatku tak berdaya.
Fatimah Mernissi said that looking for the frontier has become her (Fatimah
Mernissi) life’s occupation.
She (Fatimah Mernissi) said that she (Fatimah Mernissi) was anxiety whenever
she can’t situate the geometric line organizing her (Fatimah Mernissi)
powerlessness.
The deitic words in the utterance above are the word “I”, the word “me” and the
word “my”. The type of the word “I, me, and my” are singular first person
deixis. The word “I” is translated into the word “aku” and refers to Fatimah
Mernissi as the speaker which has function as subjective personal pronoun. The
word “me” is translated into the word “ku” which has function as objective
personal pronoun. It refers to Fatimah Mernissi. The world “my” is translated into
the word “aku” and it has function as possessive adjective pronoun of Fatimah
Mernissi.
2) Second Person Deixis
Second person deixis here refers to the use of you, your, yours and
yourself.
007/DOT/08/H/22
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Fatimah’s mother to Fatimah Mernissi.
SL: You have to judge by yourself the impact of your words.
TL: Kamu harus nilai sendiri akibat dari kata-kata mu.
Fatimah’s mother said to Fatimah Mernissi that she (Fatimah Mernissi) has to
judge by herself (Fatimah Mernissi) the impact of her (Fatimah Mernissi) words.
The deitic words in the utterance above are the word “you, yourself” and the
word “your”. The type of the word “you, yourself and your” are second person
deixis. The word “you” is translated into the word “kamu” which has functionas
objective personal pronoun. It refers to Fatimah Mernissi as the addressee. The
word “yourself” is translated into the word “sendiri” which has function as
reflexive pronoun. The word “yourself” or “sendiri” refers to the reflexive
pronoun of Fatimah Mernissi. The word “your” is translated into the word “mu”
which has function as possessive adjective. The word “your” or “mu” refers to
the possessive adjective pronoun of Fatimah Mernissi.
3) Third Person Deixis
Third person deixis is deitic references to a referent (s) not the identified
as the speaker or the addressee, such as: he, she, him, himself, his, her, herself,
they, them, their, and themselves.
014/DOT/10/H/24
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Grandmother Yasmina to Fatimah’s
mother.
SL: Hanging on to samir for protection could be okay, but if she figures out how
to protect others, she can use that skill for herself.
TL: Bergantung kepada samir untuk membela diri juga tidak salah, tapi jika dia
dapat menunjukkan bagaimana melindungi orang lain, dia tentu dapat
melindungi diri sendiri.
Grandmother Yasmina said to Fatimah’s mother that if she (Fatimah Mernissi)
Hanging on to samir for protection could be okay, but if she (Fatimah Mernissi)
figures out how to protect others, she (Fatimah Mernissi) can use that skill for
herself.
The deitic word in the utterance above is the word “she”. The type of the word
“she” is second person deixis. The word “she” is translated into the word “dia”.
It has function as subjective pronoun of Fatimah Mernissi.
017/DOT/13/H/27
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Fatimah Mernissi to her mother.
SL: Mother, do you mean that if the king does not like Scheherazade’s story, he
will call in his siaf (executioner)?
TL: Ibu, apakah kalu sang raja tidak menyukai cerita shahrazad, dia akan
memerintahkan siaf (algojo) memenggal kepala nya?
Fatimah Mernissi ask to her mother that if the king does not like Scheherazade’s
story, he (the King) will call in his (the King) siaf
The deitic words in utterance above are the word “he”, the word “his”. The type
of the word “he and his” are singular third person deixis. The word “he” is
translated into word “dia” which has function as subjective personal pronoun. It
refers to the King. The word “his” is not translated and it has function as
possessive adjective pronoun. It refers to the possessive adjective pronoun of the
King.
b. Place Deixis
Place deixis refers to the location of the person who is doing communication. It
can be proximal and distal. It is used in adverb “here versus there”, in demonstrative
“this versus that”
1) Proximal Distance
076/DOT/55/H/77
In this datum, the utterance below is uttered by Tamou to Yasmina
SL: If all you need is banana tree to feel at home on this farm, we’ll grow you one
right here.
TL: Kalau yang kamu butuhkan untuk merasa betah disini adalah pohon pisang,
kami mau menanamnya disini.
Tamao said to yasmina that if all you (Yasmina) need is banana tree to feel at
home on this (The farm) farm, we (Tamou) will grow you (Yasmina) one right
here (The farm).
The deitic word in the utterance above is the word “this” and the word “here”.
The word “this” is translated into the word “disini” which has function as
relative adverb of place. The word “this” means the object in close to the speech
location. The word “here” is translated into the word “disini”. The word “here”
means close to speaker’s location. The word “here” has function as relative
adverb of place. It refers to the place where the utterance is uttered.
2) Distal Distance
094/DOT/62/H/86
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Grandmother Yasmina to Fatimah
Mernissi
SL: Wherever there are human beings, there is a qa’ida, or invisible rule.
TL: Di mana ada manusia disitu ada qa’idah atau aturan tak tampak.
Grandmother Yasmina said to Fatimah Mernissi that wherever there are human
beings, there (place where the human beings life) is a qa’ida, or invisible rule.
The deitic word in the utterance above is “there”. The word “there” is translated
into the word “di situ”. The word “there” has a function as relative adverb of
place. The word “there” means distal or away from the speaker’s location. It
refers to the place where far away from the speaker.
c. Time Deixis
Time deixis is code of time refers to time in which relative to the time of
speaking or an utterance was spoken.
For example: now, yesterday, tomorrow, then, etc.
001/DOT/03/H/15
In this datum, the utterance below is uttered by Fatimah Mernissi to herself.
SL: But since then, looking for the frontier has become my life’s occupation.
Anxiety eats at me whenever I cannot situate the geometric line organizing
my powerlessness.
TL: Tapi sejak saat itu , menemukan batas menjadi pencarian dalam hidupku.
Cemas aku manakala aku tidak dapat mengurai jalinan kusut yang
membuatku tak berdaya.
Fatimah Mernissi said that since then (when Fatimah Mernissi looking for hudud
meaning) looking for the frontier has become her (Fatimah Mernissi) life’s
occupation. She (Fatimah Mernissi) said that she (Fatimah Mernissi) was anxiety
whenever she can’t situate the geometric line organizing her (Fatimah Mernissi)
powerlessness.
The deitic word in the utterance above is the word “then”. The type of deixis
“then” is the time deixis because it refers to time past time or the time after the
utterance is produced. The word “then” is translated into “saat itu”. It has a
function as relative adverb of time. It refers to the time before the utterance
uttered.
d. Discourse Deixis
Instance of discourse deixis are the use of demonstrative “this” and “that”.
Demonstrative “this” and “that” are place deixis forms that are reuse in discourse
deixis.
037/DOT/26/H/44
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Grandmother Yasmina to Fatimah
Mernissi.
SL: I could not care how rich this woman is.
TL: Aku tidak pedui betapun kayanya perempuan itu.
Grandmother Yasmina said that she (grandmother Yasmina) could not care how
rich this (Lalla Thor) woman is.
The deitic word in the utterance above is the word “this”. The type of deixis
“this” is discourse deixis. The word “This” is translated into “nya” which has
function as objective pronoun. The word “this” refers to Lalla Thor.
e. Social Deixis
Deixis is code to know social relationship between speaker and addressee or
audience. The categories are honorifies, title of address, vocative and pronoun. There
are ttwo tends of social deixis, they are absolute deixis and relational deixis.
1) Absolute Deixis
Absolute deixis are forms uniformly attached to a social role. Absolute
deixis may involve more than just little title.
017/DOT/13/H/27
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Fatimah Mernissi to her mother.
SL: Mother, do you mean that if the king does not like Scheherazade’s story, he
will call in his siaf (executioner)?
TL: Ibu, apakah kalau sang raja tidak menyukai cerita shahrazad, dia akan
memerintahkan siaf (algojo) memenggal kepalanya?
Fatimah Mernissi asked to her (Fatimah Mernissi) mother that did he (the King)
will call in his siaf, if the King does not like her (Scheherazade) story
The deitic words are the words “He”. The type of deixis “He” are absolute social
deixis. The word “He” is translated into “dia” which has a function as objective
pronoun. It belongs to absolute social deixis because the speaker has a respect to
the addressee “He”. It refers to the King.
2) Relational Deixis
Relational deixis term after absolute term is to locate person in relation to
the speaker rather than their roles in society as a whole. In English, relational
deitic may be lexical term, pronoun or particles. In this novel, there is no
relational deixis. This novel commonly is dominated by absolute social deixis.
2. The Equivalence of Deixis in The Dream of Trespass Novel by Fatimah Mernissi and
Its Translation
Equivalence translation is needed to achieve accuracy and appropriateness of SL
message in TL. Translation is said equivalent if the translation equivalent in meaning and
the form of structure both SL and TL.
a. Equivalence Translation
The translation equivalence when there is no omission and addition information
that not relevant of the message of TL. And it is also natural based on the context.
034/DOT/25/H/42
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Grandmother Yasmina to Fatimah
Mernissi.
SL: I will teach you how to get over fears.
TL: Aku akan mengajarimu bagaimana menghadapi rasa takut.
Grandmother Yasmina said that I (Grandmother Yasmina) will teach you
(Fatimah Mernissi) how to get over fears.
The datum above belongs to equivalent translation. The second person pronoun
“you” is translated into “mu”. The Indonesian semantic meaning of “you” is
“kamu”. The first pronoun “I” is translated into “aku”. The Indonesian semantic
meaning of “I” is “aku”. There is no omission and addition information. The
form and the meaning are accurate. So the translation above is classified into
equivalent translation.
b. Non Equivalence Translation
010/DOT/09/H/23
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Lalla Mani to some people.
SL: A beautiful golden tan and the largest black velvet eyes you ever saw
TL: Kulitnya cokelat indah keemasan dan mata hitam beledu, mata terbesar yang
pernah dia lihat.
Lalla Mani said that he (Samir) has a beautiful golden tan and the largest black velvet
eyes she (Lalla Mani) ever saw.
Translation in the utterance above is considered as non equivalent transalation. In fact
that the second person pronoun “you” is translated into third person pronoun “dia”.
Indonesian semantic meaning of “you” is “kamu or anda”. If the word “dia” replace
become “kamu or anda”, it will have an equivalent meaning of SL. So the suggestion
translation will be “Kulitnya cokelat indah keemasan dan mata hitam beledu, mata
terbesar yang pernah kamu lihat.”
D. Conclusion
Based on the analysis, the writer draws the following conclusions: There are 202 data
types of deixis. The 202 data include to personal deixis (first person, second person andthird
person), place deixis (proximal and distal), time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis
(absolute and relational).
The equivalence of translation of deixis can be divided into two, namely equivalent
translation and non equivalent translation. The researcher focuses on the types of deixis. The
translation is considered equivalent if the meaning of SL is appropriate with TL, and
considered non equivalent if the meaning and information are added and omission and not
relevant to the TL. From 202 data of deixis above, there are 183 data of equivalent
translation and 19 data of non equivalent translation. So, the translation is good.
E. Suggestion
Based on the result of research as mentioned above, the researcher gives the following
suggestions: to the English Department Student
can use this research as addition
information in studying translation, especially translation of deixis. To the Translator To
make a good translation, translators have to be more conscious to be different system of SL
and TL. Making translation shift does not always change the message of source language.
To other researcher, concerning to this research, it gives motivation for other researchers to
make further research by giving complete innovations. Therefore, the other researchers are
suggested to investigate such kind of research in different subject
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Baker, M. 1992. In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation. London: Sage publication Ltd.
Hasanah, Hidayatullah. 2006. The Use of Deixis in Gladiator Movie Manuscript. Unpublished
research paper. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Hatch, Evelyn. 1992. Discourse and Language Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Juliari, Siti. 2007. An Analysis of Personal Deixis in English Translation of Al Qur’an.
Unpublished research paper. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Kreider, W. Charles. 1998. Introducing English Semantics. New York. Routledge.
Leech, Goeffresy, 1983. The Principles of Pragmatics. London; Longman Group Limited.
Levinson, Stephen. Pragmatics. (CambridgeTextbooks in Linguistics.) Cambridge : University
Press, 2000.
Machali, Rochayah. 2000. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah. Jakarta: Grasindo.
Mernissi, Fatimah.1994 . The Dream of Trespass. Addison:Wesley publishing company.
Peceei, Jean Stilwell.1999. Pragmatics. London and New York : Routledge Taylor & Francis
group.
Widyamartaya, A.1989. Seni Menerjemahkan. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius.
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. London: Oxford University Press.
Yule, George.2006. The Study of Language in the Third Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge
university press.
NOVEL BY FATIMAH MERNISSI AND ITS TRANSLATION
(PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE)
PUBLICATION ARTICLES
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
Written by
UNTUNG WISUDA PURNAMA PUTRA
A320070284
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN THE DREAM OF TRESPASS NOVEL BY
FATIMAH MENISSI AND ITS TRANSLATION (PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE)
Untung Wisuda Purnama Putra
A320070284
Consultant 1:
Dra. Dwi Haryanti, M. Hum.
Consultant 2:
Siti Fatimah, S.Pd. M. Hum
ABSTRACT
UNTUNG WISUDA PURNAMA PUTRA. A 320070284. A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS
OF DEIXIS IN THE DREAM OF TRESPASS NOVEL BY FATIMAH MENISSI AND ITS
TRANSLATION
(PRAGMATIC
PERSPECTIVE).
RESEARCH
PAPER.
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA.
This research belongs to a qualitative research. The researcher tries to identify the types
of deixis and the equivalence of deixis in The Dream of Trespass novel by Fatimah Mernissi and
its Translation.
The object of the research is the novel The Dream of Trespass written by Fatimah
Mernissi that consists of 226 pages. It is translated into Indonesian novel Harem by Amad
Baiquni. In collecting the data, the researcher uses the document. The data in this research are
sentences containing deixis, they are personal deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis
and social deixis. The data are analized based on the theories, the knowledge and desire of the
researcher related to the problem statements. From the collected data, the researcher finds 202
data of English deixis and equivalence.
The result of the research shows that : based on the equivalent and non equivalent deixis
from 202 data of the research, the data involved in: (a) the equivalent deixis which are translated
into Indonesian are 183 data or 90,6%, (b) the non equivalence deixis which are translated into
Indonesian are 19 data or 9,4. It means that the translation analysis of deixis in novel Dream of
Trespass is very good.
Key words : translation, equivalence, pragmatic, deixis
A. Introduction
1. Background of the Study
Translation is an activity related to the diversion process of language from the
source language into the target language, and the message in the source language must
be reasonable and in the closest meaning to the target language. Translation can also be
interpreted as an act of communication in writing between the author of source text or
original text through a translator as reader of source text as well as the sender of the
message of the author of source text to the readers of the target text which has a
language background and cultural backgrounds that are different with the author of
source text.
To do translation, a translator has to master both the source language and target
language. It’s in order to make a good translation, which is able to transfer the message
from source language (SL) into target language (TL). In other hand, translation plays an
important role to solve the problem of Interlingua communication.
According to Levinsson (1983:3) “pragmatics is the study of the relationship
between language and the context, which is a basis in understanding the meaning of
language”. Refering to this statement, pragmatics is the study of the aspect of the
relationship between language and context that are relevant the writing grammar. It is
dealing with language use and the relationship between language form and language use.
Deixis concerns the ways in which language encode or grammatical features of
the context of utterances on the analysis of that context on utterances (Levinson,
1983:54)
The writer wants to analyze the types and the equivalence of deixis in this novel.
The writer chooses this novel because there is an interesting phenomenon to be searched.
The novel has detail and complete utterances.
2. Literature Review
The research in deixis has been analyzed by graduate students of Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta. Juliari (UMS, 2007) analyzed the Personal Deixis and the
Reference of Deixis used in English Translation of Al-Qur’an and Hasanah (UMS, 2006)
discussed about The Use of Deixis in Gladiator Movie Manuscript. The similarity
between the previous researches with the present research is in the analysis of deixis.
While the difference is that the previous researchers were focusing on deixis in a movie
and English Translation of Al-Qur’an. In this research, the writer focuses on the types of
deixis in a novel using Hurford and Brendan theory of deixis, which is reported speech.
The writer analyzes “a Translation Analysis of Deixis in The Dream of Trespass Novel
by Fatimah Mernissi and its Translation (Pragmatic Perspective).
3. Problem Statement
Based on the research background above, the problem of the study is what are the
types and how is the equivalence of deixis in The Dream of Trespass Novel by Fatimah
Mernissi and its translation.
4. Objective of the Study
The objectives of this study are to describe the types and the equivalence of deixis
in The Dream of Trespass Novel by Fatimah Mernissi and its translation.
5. Benefit of the Study
There are two benefits in this study; they are theoretical and practical benefit. In
theoretical benefit, the study is projected to give movie contribution and information to
the large body of knowledge particularly in the linguistic studies. Whereas, in practical
benefit, the study is expected to enrich the knowledge and experience of the writer, and
other students at UMS, and other Universities who have interested in linguistic study
especially in learning deixis.
6. Underlying Theory
Since the researcher wants to analyze the personal deixis, the theory that researcher
wants to describe start from notion of translation, translation shift, equivalence in
translation, notion of pragmatics, notion of deixis, and kind of deixis.
a. Notion of Translation
Widyamartaya (1989:38) defines “that translation is a process of shifting the
meaning from the source language becomes closet equivalent and sound naturally in
target language”. The definition is added by Machali (2005:5) who declares that
“translation is the replacement of textual material in target language by equivalent
textual material in target language”.
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation is reproducing
source language in equivalent way into target language as close as possible to the
original one to ensure that the surface meaning of the two will. Furthermore the
translator must concern that in conveying the message to target language they should
not distort the message from source text.
b. Process of Translation
Nida (1975:80) states that there are three steps of translation process. First,
translator should analyze the source text language by reading it to get the message
that will be conveyed into the target language text. Second is transferring process. It
means that after he or she gets well understanding the source text, he or she begins
transferring the message into target language. The last step is restructuring the
message to target language structure equivalently, in order to make it readable or
communicative and to be easy understood by target language reader then the last as
the result is the product of translation in the receptor language.
c. Principle of Translation
Nida and Taber (1969:12) proposed some principles of translation, as follows :
reproducing the message, equivalent rather than identity, natural equivalent, closest
equivalent, priority of meaning, significance of style.
d. Translation Shifts
Catford (in Leonardi, 2000:6-7) argues that there are two main types of
translation shifts, namely: level shift and category shifts. Category shift divided into
four types, they are: structure-shifts, class-shift, unit-shifts, intra-system shifts.
e. Equivalence in Translation
Equivalence and quality are closely related concepts in translation. Baker (1992:5)
classifies equivalence into 5 categories, those are: equivalence at word level,
equivalence above word level, grammatical equivalence, textual equivalence,
pragmatic equivalence.
f. Notion of Pragmatics
According to levinson (1983:3) pragmatics is the study of the relationship
between language and context, which is a basis in understanding the meaning of
language. Yule (1996:5) states the pragmatics is the study about the relationship
between linguistic form and the use of linguistic term. According to Yule (1996:129133) pragmatics study covers: entailment, implicature, presupposition, speech act,
deixis.
g. Notion of Deixis
In English, the term deictic is used to as pointing directly that opposite from the
word electric which pointing indirectly. Deictic deals with connection between
discourse and situation in which discourse used. The writer concludes that deixis
refers to word in which it’s referred and its pointing is always moving or changing
depends on the speaker, place, and time of utterance. Moreover, the meaning is still
relevant with the context.
h. Kind of Deixis
Levinson (1983:63) identified five major types of deictic marker: Person deixis,
place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis.
B. Research Method
In analyzing and discussing the data, the writer has to enter the research method to get
success in conducting the research. In relation to this research, the writer chooses a
descriptive method to frame the research. The writer uses qualitative research because the
writer wants to classify the types of deixis and to describe the functions of deixis in in The
Dream of Trespass novel by Fatimah Mernissi and its translation. The data in this research
are the utterance containing deixis words. And the data source is The Dream of Trespass
novel by Fatimah Mernissi and its translation. For collecting the data, the writer uses
documentary method by the following procedures: Reading both of the original and the
translation of the novel entitled Dream of Trespass and Harem, Underlying the deixis words
and their translations, Rewriting the underlined data, Coding the data using the following
system. The writer uses comparative method to analyze the data. The writer compares
between source language and target language.
C. Reseach Finding and Discussion
This part describes research result and discussion. The issues of the problem
statements are elaborated here, started from the types of deixis and the equivalence of deixis
in The Dream of Trespass novel by Fatimah Mernissi and its translation.
1. The Types of Deixis in The Dream of Trespass Novel by Fatimah Mernissi and its
Translation
a. Personal Deixis
Personal deixis here refers to the use of first person referring to the speaker
itself, second person refers to the addressee (s), and third person refers to the other
who is neither the speaker nor the addressee.
1) First Person Deixis
First person here refers to the speaker of the utterance.
001/DOT/03/H/15
In this datum, the utterance below is uttered by Fatimah Mernissi to herself.
SL: But since then, looking for the frontier has become my life’s occupation.
Anxiety eats at me whenever I cannot situate the geometric line organizing
my powerlessness.
TL: Tapi sejak saat itu, menemukan batas menjadi pencarian dalam hidup ku.
Cemas aku manakala aku tidak dapat mengurai jalinan kusut yang
membuatku tak berdaya.
Fatimah Mernissi said that looking for the frontier has become her (Fatimah
Mernissi) life’s occupation.
She (Fatimah Mernissi) said that she (Fatimah Mernissi) was anxiety whenever
she can’t situate the geometric line organizing her (Fatimah Mernissi)
powerlessness.
The deitic words in the utterance above are the word “I”, the word “me” and the
word “my”. The type of the word “I, me, and my” are singular first person
deixis. The word “I” is translated into the word “aku” and refers to Fatimah
Mernissi as the speaker which has function as subjective personal pronoun. The
word “me” is translated into the word “ku” which has function as objective
personal pronoun. It refers to Fatimah Mernissi. The world “my” is translated into
the word “aku” and it has function as possessive adjective pronoun of Fatimah
Mernissi.
2) Second Person Deixis
Second person deixis here refers to the use of you, your, yours and
yourself.
007/DOT/08/H/22
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Fatimah’s mother to Fatimah Mernissi.
SL: You have to judge by yourself the impact of your words.
TL: Kamu harus nilai sendiri akibat dari kata-kata mu.
Fatimah’s mother said to Fatimah Mernissi that she (Fatimah Mernissi) has to
judge by herself (Fatimah Mernissi) the impact of her (Fatimah Mernissi) words.
The deitic words in the utterance above are the word “you, yourself” and the
word “your”. The type of the word “you, yourself and your” are second person
deixis. The word “you” is translated into the word “kamu” which has functionas
objective personal pronoun. It refers to Fatimah Mernissi as the addressee. The
word “yourself” is translated into the word “sendiri” which has function as
reflexive pronoun. The word “yourself” or “sendiri” refers to the reflexive
pronoun of Fatimah Mernissi. The word “your” is translated into the word “mu”
which has function as possessive adjective. The word “your” or “mu” refers to
the possessive adjective pronoun of Fatimah Mernissi.
3) Third Person Deixis
Third person deixis is deitic references to a referent (s) not the identified
as the speaker or the addressee, such as: he, she, him, himself, his, her, herself,
they, them, their, and themselves.
014/DOT/10/H/24
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Grandmother Yasmina to Fatimah’s
mother.
SL: Hanging on to samir for protection could be okay, but if she figures out how
to protect others, she can use that skill for herself.
TL: Bergantung kepada samir untuk membela diri juga tidak salah, tapi jika dia
dapat menunjukkan bagaimana melindungi orang lain, dia tentu dapat
melindungi diri sendiri.
Grandmother Yasmina said to Fatimah’s mother that if she (Fatimah Mernissi)
Hanging on to samir for protection could be okay, but if she (Fatimah Mernissi)
figures out how to protect others, she (Fatimah Mernissi) can use that skill for
herself.
The deitic word in the utterance above is the word “she”. The type of the word
“she” is second person deixis. The word “she” is translated into the word “dia”.
It has function as subjective pronoun of Fatimah Mernissi.
017/DOT/13/H/27
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Fatimah Mernissi to her mother.
SL: Mother, do you mean that if the king does not like Scheherazade’s story, he
will call in his siaf (executioner)?
TL: Ibu, apakah kalu sang raja tidak menyukai cerita shahrazad, dia akan
memerintahkan siaf (algojo) memenggal kepala nya?
Fatimah Mernissi ask to her mother that if the king does not like Scheherazade’s
story, he (the King) will call in his (the King) siaf
The deitic words in utterance above are the word “he”, the word “his”. The type
of the word “he and his” are singular third person deixis. The word “he” is
translated into word “dia” which has function as subjective personal pronoun. It
refers to the King. The word “his” is not translated and it has function as
possessive adjective pronoun. It refers to the possessive adjective pronoun of the
King.
b. Place Deixis
Place deixis refers to the location of the person who is doing communication. It
can be proximal and distal. It is used in adverb “here versus there”, in demonstrative
“this versus that”
1) Proximal Distance
076/DOT/55/H/77
In this datum, the utterance below is uttered by Tamou to Yasmina
SL: If all you need is banana tree to feel at home on this farm, we’ll grow you one
right here.
TL: Kalau yang kamu butuhkan untuk merasa betah disini adalah pohon pisang,
kami mau menanamnya disini.
Tamao said to yasmina that if all you (Yasmina) need is banana tree to feel at
home on this (The farm) farm, we (Tamou) will grow you (Yasmina) one right
here (The farm).
The deitic word in the utterance above is the word “this” and the word “here”.
The word “this” is translated into the word “disini” which has function as
relative adverb of place. The word “this” means the object in close to the speech
location. The word “here” is translated into the word “disini”. The word “here”
means close to speaker’s location. The word “here” has function as relative
adverb of place. It refers to the place where the utterance is uttered.
2) Distal Distance
094/DOT/62/H/86
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Grandmother Yasmina to Fatimah
Mernissi
SL: Wherever there are human beings, there is a qa’ida, or invisible rule.
TL: Di mana ada manusia disitu ada qa’idah atau aturan tak tampak.
Grandmother Yasmina said to Fatimah Mernissi that wherever there are human
beings, there (place where the human beings life) is a qa’ida, or invisible rule.
The deitic word in the utterance above is “there”. The word “there” is translated
into the word “di situ”. The word “there” has a function as relative adverb of
place. The word “there” means distal or away from the speaker’s location. It
refers to the place where far away from the speaker.
c. Time Deixis
Time deixis is code of time refers to time in which relative to the time of
speaking or an utterance was spoken.
For example: now, yesterday, tomorrow, then, etc.
001/DOT/03/H/15
In this datum, the utterance below is uttered by Fatimah Mernissi to herself.
SL: But since then, looking for the frontier has become my life’s occupation.
Anxiety eats at me whenever I cannot situate the geometric line organizing
my powerlessness.
TL: Tapi sejak saat itu , menemukan batas menjadi pencarian dalam hidupku.
Cemas aku manakala aku tidak dapat mengurai jalinan kusut yang
membuatku tak berdaya.
Fatimah Mernissi said that since then (when Fatimah Mernissi looking for hudud
meaning) looking for the frontier has become her (Fatimah Mernissi) life’s
occupation. She (Fatimah Mernissi) said that she (Fatimah Mernissi) was anxiety
whenever she can’t situate the geometric line organizing her (Fatimah Mernissi)
powerlessness.
The deitic word in the utterance above is the word “then”. The type of deixis
“then” is the time deixis because it refers to time past time or the time after the
utterance is produced. The word “then” is translated into “saat itu”. It has a
function as relative adverb of time. It refers to the time before the utterance
uttered.
d. Discourse Deixis
Instance of discourse deixis are the use of demonstrative “this” and “that”.
Demonstrative “this” and “that” are place deixis forms that are reuse in discourse
deixis.
037/DOT/26/H/44
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Grandmother Yasmina to Fatimah
Mernissi.
SL: I could not care how rich this woman is.
TL: Aku tidak pedui betapun kayanya perempuan itu.
Grandmother Yasmina said that she (grandmother Yasmina) could not care how
rich this (Lalla Thor) woman is.
The deitic word in the utterance above is the word “this”. The type of deixis
“this” is discourse deixis. The word “This” is translated into “nya” which has
function as objective pronoun. The word “this” refers to Lalla Thor.
e. Social Deixis
Deixis is code to know social relationship between speaker and addressee or
audience. The categories are honorifies, title of address, vocative and pronoun. There
are ttwo tends of social deixis, they are absolute deixis and relational deixis.
1) Absolute Deixis
Absolute deixis are forms uniformly attached to a social role. Absolute
deixis may involve more than just little title.
017/DOT/13/H/27
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Fatimah Mernissi to her mother.
SL: Mother, do you mean that if the king does not like Scheherazade’s story, he
will call in his siaf (executioner)?
TL: Ibu, apakah kalau sang raja tidak menyukai cerita shahrazad, dia akan
memerintahkan siaf (algojo) memenggal kepalanya?
Fatimah Mernissi asked to her (Fatimah Mernissi) mother that did he (the King)
will call in his siaf, if the King does not like her (Scheherazade) story
The deitic words are the words “He”. The type of deixis “He” are absolute social
deixis. The word “He” is translated into “dia” which has a function as objective
pronoun. It belongs to absolute social deixis because the speaker has a respect to
the addressee “He”. It refers to the King.
2) Relational Deixis
Relational deixis term after absolute term is to locate person in relation to
the speaker rather than their roles in society as a whole. In English, relational
deitic may be lexical term, pronoun or particles. In this novel, there is no
relational deixis. This novel commonly is dominated by absolute social deixis.
2. The Equivalence of Deixis in The Dream of Trespass Novel by Fatimah Mernissi and
Its Translation
Equivalence translation is needed to achieve accuracy and appropriateness of SL
message in TL. Translation is said equivalent if the translation equivalent in meaning and
the form of structure both SL and TL.
a. Equivalence Translation
The translation equivalence when there is no omission and addition information
that not relevant of the message of TL. And it is also natural based on the context.
034/DOT/25/H/42
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Grandmother Yasmina to Fatimah
Mernissi.
SL: I will teach you how to get over fears.
TL: Aku akan mengajarimu bagaimana menghadapi rasa takut.
Grandmother Yasmina said that I (Grandmother Yasmina) will teach you
(Fatimah Mernissi) how to get over fears.
The datum above belongs to equivalent translation. The second person pronoun
“you” is translated into “mu”. The Indonesian semantic meaning of “you” is
“kamu”. The first pronoun “I” is translated into “aku”. The Indonesian semantic
meaning of “I” is “aku”. There is no omission and addition information. The
form and the meaning are accurate. So the translation above is classified into
equivalent translation.
b. Non Equivalence Translation
010/DOT/09/H/23
In this datum, the utterance is uttered by Lalla Mani to some people.
SL: A beautiful golden tan and the largest black velvet eyes you ever saw
TL: Kulitnya cokelat indah keemasan dan mata hitam beledu, mata terbesar yang
pernah dia lihat.
Lalla Mani said that he (Samir) has a beautiful golden tan and the largest black velvet
eyes she (Lalla Mani) ever saw.
Translation in the utterance above is considered as non equivalent transalation. In fact
that the second person pronoun “you” is translated into third person pronoun “dia”.
Indonesian semantic meaning of “you” is “kamu or anda”. If the word “dia” replace
become “kamu or anda”, it will have an equivalent meaning of SL. So the suggestion
translation will be “Kulitnya cokelat indah keemasan dan mata hitam beledu, mata
terbesar yang pernah kamu lihat.”
D. Conclusion
Based on the analysis, the writer draws the following conclusions: There are 202 data
types of deixis. The 202 data include to personal deixis (first person, second person andthird
person), place deixis (proximal and distal), time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis
(absolute and relational).
The equivalence of translation of deixis can be divided into two, namely equivalent
translation and non equivalent translation. The researcher focuses on the types of deixis. The
translation is considered equivalent if the meaning of SL is appropriate with TL, and
considered non equivalent if the meaning and information are added and omission and not
relevant to the TL. From 202 data of deixis above, there are 183 data of equivalent
translation and 19 data of non equivalent translation. So, the translation is good.
E. Suggestion
Based on the result of research as mentioned above, the researcher gives the following
suggestions: to the English Department Student
can use this research as addition
information in studying translation, especially translation of deixis. To the Translator To
make a good translation, translators have to be more conscious to be different system of SL
and TL. Making translation shift does not always change the message of source language.
To other researcher, concerning to this research, it gives motivation for other researchers to
make further research by giving complete innovations. Therefore, the other researchers are
suggested to investigate such kind of research in different subject
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