The metamotivation of Briony Tallis in writing her last novel as seen in Christopher Hampton`s Atonement.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRACT
Sarwendah, FransiscaWestri (2012). The metamotivation of BrionyTallis in
writing her last novel as seen in Christopher Hampton’s Atonement. Yogyakarta:
English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses Christopher Hampton’s screenplay entitled Atonement.
Furthermore, this study raises the topic of “metamotivation”to find outBrionyTallis’
“metamotivation” in writing her last novel. This story is about BrionyTallis who
writes her last novel to atone herself from her big mistake she made when she was a
child. Her needs as a self-actualized person “metamotivate” her to finish her last
novel.
There are two problems discussed in this study: (1) how is BrionyTallis, in
Christoper Hampton’s Atonement, characterized? (2) what is old Briony Tallis’
metamotivation in writing her last novel?
This study applies psychological approach to solve the problems formulation.
Those are solved by the theory on character and characterization and theory on
“metamotivation”.
The result of the study of BrionyTallis’ characterization in the screenplay
finds out that BrionyTallis experiences three stages in her life. When she is thirteen
years old, she becomes a family oriented, fanciful, cold, unrestrained, patronising,

and confident child.The big mistake she makes is that she convinces other people that
Robbie rapes Lola and brings him to jail. After five years, her characteristics are
changing. She prefers being a nurse to studying in Cambridge. Young Briony is a
controlled, humble, and unconfident girl. Older Briony cannot escape from her guilt,
so she makes a novel when she gets older based on her true life. The researcher
concludes that Older Brionybecomes a self-actualized person.
In finishing her last novel, she is “metamotivated” by wholeness, perfection,
completion, reality, aliveness, richness, playfulness, simplicity, self-sufficiency,
beauty, goodness, and uniqueness. Those points are needs for a self-actualized
person. Older Briony’sstatus as a self-actualized person drives her to use her ability in
writing to make a novel as her atonement.
This study also suggests the future researchers to reveal BrionyTallis’
personal development and correlation between Older Brony’s novel and atonement
itself. For teaching implementation, the screenplay can be used as a material to teach
drama class.
Key words: self-actualized, metamotivation, BrionyTallis

vii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK
Sarwendah, Fransisca Westri (2012). The metamotivation of BrionyTallis in
writing her last novel as seen in Christopher Hampton’s Atonement. Yogyakarta:
Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membicarakan tentang naskah film yang dibuat oleh Christopher
Hampton berjudul Atonement .Studi ini mengangkat topic tentang “metamotivasi”
untuk menjabarkan motivasi Briony saat menulis novel terakhirnya. Cerita dalam
naskah film ini menceritakan tentang Briony Tallis yang menulis novel terakhirnya
untuk menebus dosa dari kesalahan besar yang dia buat semasa kecil. Kebutuhannya
sebagai seorang yang memiliki karakteraktualisasi diri telah mendorongnya untuk
menyelesaikan novel terakhirnya.
Rumusan masalah yang akan dijawab dalam studi ini: (1) bagaimana karakter
Briony Tallis di dalam naskah film? (2) apa metamotivasi BrionyTallis untuk menulis
novel terakhirnya?
Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi untuk menjawab rumusan
masalah. Rumusan masalah tersebut terpecahkan berdasarkan teori character and
characterization dan metamotivation.
Hasil dari penelitian terhadap karakter Briony Tallis di dalam naskah film
mengungkapkan bahwa BrionyTallis mengalami tiga tahap dalam hidupnya. Ketika

dia berusia tiga belas tahun, dia menjadi anak yang mencintai keluarganya, suka
berkhayal, dingin, tidak terkontrol, anti-sosial, dan percaya diri.Setelah limatahun,
kepribadiannya berubah. Dia memilih untuk menjadi seorang perawat. Pada saat itu,
dia berubah menjadi lebih terkontrol, bias bersosialisasi, dan tidak percaya diri. Older
Briony tidak bias melepas rasa bersalahnya, sehingga dia membuat novel berdasarkan
pengalaman hidupnya ketika dia sudah tua. Penulis beranggapan bahwa Briony yang
sudah tua telah memiliki karakter self-actualized.
Untuk menyelesaikan novel terakhirnya, Ia termotivasi oleh poin keseluruhan,
kesempurnaan, kelengkapan, kenyataan, kehidupan, kekayaan, permainan, hal-hal
sederhana, kemampuan diri, keindahan, hal-hal yang baik, dan keunikan. Semua poin
ini merupakan kebutuhan sebagai seseorang yang memiliki karakter selfactualization. Hal ini jugalah yang mendorongnya untuk menggunakan bakat
menulisnya untuk menulis sebuah novel sebagai penebusan dosanya.
Studi ini juga menyarankan kepada peneliti selanjutnya untuk mengungkap
pengembangan diri Briony Tallis dan hubungan antara novel terakhir yang ditulis
oleh Briony dan penebusan dosa itu sendiri. Dalam kegiatan mengajar, naskah film
ini sendiri dapat digunakan sebagai alat untuk mengajar dalam kelas drama.
Kata kunci: self-actualized, metamotivation, BrionyTallis
viii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THE METAMOTIVATION OF BRIONY TALLIS IN WRITING
HER LAST NOVEL AS SEEN IN CHRISTOPHER HAMPTON’S
ATONEMENT
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Fransisca Westri Sarwendah
Student Number: 081 214 098

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THE METAMOTIVATION OF BRIONY TALLIS IN WRITING
HER LAST NOVEL AS SEEN IN CHRISTOPHER HAMPTON’S
ATONEMENT
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Fransisca Westri Sarwendah
Student Number: 081 214 098

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA
2012

i

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

iii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or
parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta,December 6th, 2012
The Writer

FransiscaWestriSarwendah
081214098

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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama

: Fransisca Westri Sarwendah

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 08 1214 098

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE METAMOTIVATION OF BRIONY TALLIS IN WRITING HER LAST
NOVEL AS SEEN IN CHRISTOPHER HAMPTON’S ATONEMENT
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bilaada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan
dalam

bentuk

media

lain,

mengelolanya

dalam

bentuk

pangkalan

data,

mendistribusikan secara terbatas, mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain
untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan
royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada 16 November 2012
Yang menyatakan,

(Fransisca Westri Sarwendah)

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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

This thesis is dedicated to my beloved mom.

“But no matter how hard I work, no matter how long the hours,
I can’t escape from what I did…”
-BrionyTallis-

vi

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRACT
Sarwendah, FransiscaWestri (2012). The metamotivation of BrionyTallis in
writing her last novel as seen in Christopher Hampton’s Atonement. Yogyakarta:
English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses Christopher Hampton’s screenplay entitled Atonement.
Furthermore, this study raises the topic of “metamotivation”to find outBrionyTallis’
“metamotivation” in writing her last novel. This story is about BrionyTallis who
writes her last novel to atone herself from her big mistake she made when she was a
child. Her needs as a self-actualized person “metamotivate” her to finish her last
novel.
There are two problems discussed in this study: (1) how is BrionyTallis, in

Christoper Hampton’s Atonement, characterized? (2) what is old Briony Tallis’
metamotivation in writing her last novel?
This study applies psychological approach to solve the problems formulation.
Those are solved by the theory on character and characterization and theory on
“metamotivation”.
The result of the study of BrionyTallis’ characterization in the screenplay
finds out that BrionyTallis experiences three stages in her life. When she is thirteen
years old, she becomes a family oriented, fanciful, cold, unrestrained, patronising,
and confident child.The big mistake she makes is that she convinces other people that
Robbie rapes Lola and brings him to jail. After five years, her characteristics are
changing. She prefers being a nurse to studying in Cambridge. Young Briony is a
controlled, humble, and unconfident girl. Older Briony cannot escape from her guilt,
so she makes a novel when she gets older based on her true life. The researcher
concludes that Older Brionybecomes a self-actualized person.
In finishing her last novel, she is “metamotivated” by wholeness, perfection,
completion, reality, aliveness, richness, playfulness, simplicity, self-sufficiency,
beauty, goodness, and uniqueness. Those points are needs for a self-actualized
person. Older Briony’sstatus as a self-actualized person drives her to use her ability in
writing to make a novel as her atonement.
This study also suggests the future researchers to reveal BrionyTallis’
personal development and correlation between Older Brony’s novel and atonement
itself. For teaching implementation, the screenplay can be used as a material to teach
drama class.
Key words: self-actualized, metamotivation, BrionyTallis

vii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK
Sarwendah, Fransisca Westri (2012). The metamotivation of BrionyTallis in
writing her last novel as seen in Christopher Hampton’s Atonement. Yogyakarta:
Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membicarakan tentang naskah film yang dibuat oleh Christopher
Hampton berjudul Atonement .Studi ini mengangkat topic tentang “metamotivasi”
untuk menjabarkan motivasi Briony saat menulis novel terakhirnya. Cerita dalam
naskah film ini menceritakan tentang Briony Tallis yang menulis novel terakhirnya
untuk menebus dosa dari kesalahan besar yang dia buat semasa kecil. Kebutuhannya
sebagai seorang yang memiliki karakteraktualisasi diri telah mendorongnya untuk
menyelesaikan novel terakhirnya.
Rumusan masalah yang akan dijawab dalam studi ini: (1) bagaimana karakter
Briony Tallis di dalam naskah film? (2) apa metamotivasi BrionyTallis untuk menulis
novel terakhirnya?
Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi untuk menjawab rumusan
masalah. Rumusan masalah tersebut terpecahkan berdasarkan teori character and
characterization dan metamotivation.
Hasil dari penelitian terhadap karakter Briony Tallis di dalam naskah film
mengungkapkan bahwa BrionyTallis mengalami tiga tahap dalam hidupnya. Ketika
dia berusia tiga belas tahun, dia menjadi anak yang mencintai keluarganya, suka
berkhayal, dingin, tidak terkontrol, anti-sosial, dan percaya diri.Setelah limatahun,
kepribadiannya berubah. Dia memilih untuk menjadi seorang perawat. Pada saat itu,
dia berubah menjadi lebih terkontrol, bias bersosialisasi, dan tidak percaya diri. Older
Briony tidak bias melepas rasa bersalahnya, sehingga dia membuat novel berdasarkan
pengalaman hidupnya ketika dia sudah tua. Penulis beranggapan bahwa Briony yang
sudah tua telah memiliki karakter self-actualized.
Untuk menyelesaikan novel terakhirnya, Ia termotivasi oleh poin keseluruhan,
kesempurnaan, kelengkapan, kenyataan, kehidupan, kekayaan, permainan, hal-hal
sederhana, kemampuan diri, keindahan, hal-hal yang baik, dan keunikan. Semua poin
ini merupakan kebutuhan sebagai seseorang yang memiliki karakter selfactualization. Hal ini jugalah yang mendorongnya untuk menggunakan bakat
menulisnya untuk menulis sebuah novel sebagai penebusan dosanya.
Studi ini juga menyarankan kepada peneliti selanjutnya untuk mengungkap
pengembangan diri Briony Tallis dan hubungan antara novel terakhir yang ditulis
oleh Briony dan penebusan dosa itu sendiri. Dalam kegiatan mengajar, naskah film
ini sendiri dapat digunakan sebagai alat untuk mengajar dalam kelas drama.
Kata kunci: self-actualized, metamotivation, BrionyTallis
viii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to God and all those who
gave me the strength to finish this thesis. I would like to thank the people in charge
in the English Language Study Program and Faculty of Teacher’s Training and
Education Sanata Dharma University who gave me the chances to have some
wonderful moments during studying in here. I am deeply indebted to my sponsor, Dr.
Antonius Herujiyanto, M. A., who encouraged me and gave his time to give his
concern and suggestions for my thesis.
I would like to give my big thanks to all PBI lecturers and my friends in PBI;
SiskaIting, Angel, Nita Lemot, Rosa Sasa, Siwi, Bhe Berlin, Mia, BeniBendot,
AgungAjunk, Adi Frater, Artdo, Bella, Ryo Pakde, Agatha, Leo, Jenny, Risky
Suket, Vincent, Adam, Sherly, Mas AgungKisruh, Mas CahyoKecap, Ajeng,
Heni, Amink, YosaAsoy, Depri, Atma, Selly and friends, Mbak Dei Ndut, Seto,
Grace, MbakHaya, Pakde Yoko, Via, Yosua,and all friends for giving me their
time, support, help, interest during all those years. My personal gratitude is also
presented to my dad BapakVincentiusSujito, my momIbu Agnes Yuvita Sri Harti,
my sister Widuri Gita Rumjati, my brother BayuGembod, my housemates; Sore,
SantiNtin, Widiana, SisilOsrot, andTyaKentus, and my best friends Rere, Anita,
and SEXEN for the smile and tears we gave each other. I also appreciate what
Christopher has done for me, for being next to me in all conditions and with his
pleasure gave his time for grammar checking. I would like to thankClem, Alexi,
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Bert, Alejandro, Simon, Bagas, Aryo, and Mario for giving their concern and
always ask my progress in doing my thesis. Last but not least, my gratitude goes to
the people that I cannot mention all of their names here. Their help and support mean
so much for me and this study.

FransiscaWestriSarwendah

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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................ i
APPROVAL PAGES ................................................................................................... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ............................................................ iv
PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ..................................................................................... v
PAGE OF DEDICATION............................................................................................ vi
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ vii
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................. viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1
A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ........................................................... 1
B. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ................................................................ 3
C. PROBLEMS FORMULATION ................................................................. 3
D. DEFINITION OF TERMS.......................................................................... 3
1. Self-actualization................................................................................... 4
2. “Metamotivation”.................................................................................. 4
3. Atonement ............................................................................................. 5

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CHAPTER II. THEORITICAL REVIEW .................................................................... 6
A. Review of Related Studies .......................................................................... 6
B. Review of Related Theories ........................................................................ 7
1. Theory on Character and Characterization ........................................... 7
a. Theory on Character ........................................................................ 8
b. Theory on Characterization ............................................................. 9
2. Theory on “Metamotivation” .............................................................. 10
C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................. 14
D. Context of The Screenplay ........................................................................ 14
1. Setting of Authorship .......................................................................... 14
2. Setting of The Screenplay ................................................................... 15
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................ 16
A. Object of the Study.................................................................................... 16
B. Approach of the Study .............................................................................. 19
C. Method of the Study .................................................................................. 19
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS ....................................................................................... 21
A. The Characteristics of BrionyTallis as The Main Character ..................... 21
1. First stage: a 13 year old girl. .............................................................. 21
a. Family Oriented ............................................................................ 21
b. Fanciful ......................................................................................... 23
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

c. Cold ............................................................................................... 26
d. An Unrestrained Child .................................................................. 27
e. Patronising .................................................................................... 29
f. Confident ....................................................................................... 30
2. Second stage: an 18 year old girl ........................................................ 31
a. A controlled person ....................................................................... 31
b. A humble person ........................................................................... 33
c. Lacking of confidence ................................................................... 34
3. Third stage: a 76 year old woman ....................................................... 35
B. Old Briony’sMetamotivation in Writing Her Last Novel ......................... 37
1. Wholeness ........................................................................................... 38
2. Perfection ............................................................................................ 39
3. Completion .......................................................................................... 39
4. Justice, Truth, and Honesty: Reality ................................................... 40
5. Aliveness ............................................................................................. 40
6. Richness and Playfulness .................................................................... 41
7. Simplicity and Self-sufficiency ........................................................... 42
8. Beauty, Goodness, and Uniqueness .................................................... 42
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS........................................... 43
A. Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 43
B. Suggestions ..................................................................................................... 44
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1. Suggestions for Future Researchers .......................................................... 44
2. Suggestions for Teaching Implementation................................................ 45
REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 46
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................ 48
Appendix A: The Summary of Christopher Hampton’s Atonement .......................... 48
Appendix B: Biography .............................................................................................. 50
Appendix C: Syllabus of Drama ................................................................................. 52
Appendix D: Lesson Plan ........................................................................................... 54
Appendix E: Student’s Worksheet .............................................................................. 56

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of four parts, namely: background of the study; objectives
of the study; problem formulation; and definition of terms. In the first part, the
researcher is going to explain about the topic of the study and the reason why the
researcher is using the screenplay. The objective of the study is presented after this to
explain the purpose of the study. In the problem formulation, the researcher presents
two problems to be discussed in this study. The last part is the definition of terms
which presents some words needed to be explained further.

A.

Background of the Study
Reading a literary work can entertain the readers. It is not about the content but

how the readers can get their own pleasure by reading it. It can also enrich the readers
with new experience and knowledge that they have never experienced in real life
through literary works.
A literary work may present a real life since according to Rene Wellek and
Austin Warren; a literary work is the imitation of life.
But, furthermore, literature ‘represent’ ‘life’, and ‘life’ is, in large measure, a social
reality, even though the natural work and the inner or subjective world of the individual
have also been objects of literary ‘imitation’. (Wellek and Warren, 1964, p. 94)

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2
If the literary work is a representation of reality, it can be said that the
characters in the literary work represent human nature.
David Trottier (1998) defined a screenplay or script as a written work that is
made especially for a film or television program. Screenplays can be original works
or adaptations from existing pieces of writing. In this study, the researcher analyzes a
screenplay that is adapted from a novel written by Ian McEwan. The screenplay that
will be discussed in this study is entitled Atonement by Christopher Hampton.
Christopher Hampton (born 26 January 1946) is a British playwright, screen
researcher and film director. He is a member of Dramatists Club, Royal Society of
Literature. In screenplays, the readers can find that the movement, actions,
expression, and dialogues of the characters are also directed.
This screenplay tells about a thirteen year old girl named BrionyTallis who
experiences premature adulthood. Premature adulthood happens when a child acts
like an adult. A child becomes mature before her or his time. When she is thirteen
years old, she tells people around her, based on her assumption, a lie about Robbie
Turner because of her jealousy and because she is afraid that Robbie may do
something harmful to Cecilia, her sister. A little Briony thinks that she is mature
enough to talk about her assumption. As time goes by, she feels guilty about doing
that. By writing a novel, she tries to tell the truth when she gets older. By telling the
truth, she can live peacefully without shame anymore. She has realized that she has
committed a sin when she becomes a nurse. She wants to be able to apologize to
Cecilia and Robbie.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

3
The interesting point from this study is old Briony’s “metamotivation” in
writing her last novel. The topic about “metamotivation” is interesting to discuss
because the readers may learn that someone’s “metamotivation” can come from any
reason. In order to analyze the topic, the researcher has formulated two problems to
be discussed.

B.

Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to see the “metamotivation” of BrionyTallis, the main

character of Christopher Hampton’s Atonement, in writing her last novel.

C.

Problem Formulation
There are two problems that will be discussed in this study. They are formulated

as follows:
1.

How is BrionyTallis, in Christoper Hampton’s Atonement, characterized?

2.

What is old BrionyTallis’ “metamotivation” in writing her last novel?

D.

Definition of Terms
There are several terms in this topic that need to be defined specifically in order

to support the analysis.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

4
1.

Self-actualization
According to Abraham Maslow in Frank Goble’s book The Third Force (1971),

“the definition of a self-actualized person was still vague, but Maslow loosely
described it as the full use and exploitation of talent, capacities, and potentialities-etc.
Such people seem to be fulfilling themselves and doing the best that they are capable
of doing” (p. 24).
It is also stated in Abraham Maslow’s book The Farther Reaches of Human
Nature (1971) that self-actualization is an ongoing process; it means making each of
the many single choices about whether to lie or be honest, whether to steal or not to
steal at a particular point and it means to make each of these choices as a growth
choice (p. 44).
Moreover, based on the theory on “metamotivation” by Abraham Maslow, selfactualized people are usually sixty years of age or more. The researcher sees the old
Briony as a self-actualized person because she is mature enough, creative, and has a
talent in writing.

2.

Metamotivation
“Metamotivation” is a word used instead of “motivation” for self-actualized

people. When people are getting older and reaching self-actualization, the word
“motivation” is not appropriate for them anymore.
In his book, Frank Goble (1971) wrote, “Dr. Maslow believes that the term
motivation does not correctly apply to most mature individuals. In a later statement,

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

5
he has defined “metamotivation” as the impulse to act beyond the basic needs” (p.
32).
Self-actualized people need “metamotivation” to be more creative. In this study,
a 76 year old Briony needs it to write her last novel to atone for her action. She does
not need motivation anymore since her basic needs have been fulfilled. She needs
“metamotivation” to fulfill her needs before she dies.

3.

Atonement
As stated in an article Atonement (2010), written by Gordon Graham,

“atonement is unusual in being a term with English origins that has entered the
standard vocabulary of Christian theology. Broken into its component parts – at-onement – it naturally suggests a state of affairs in which two parties are united or
reconciled, but in both its theological and non-theological uses, it more usually refers
to the act or process by which this has come about” (p. 1). It is also stated that the
traditional Christian belief in ‘the atonement’ refers primarily to the spiritual
significance of the life and work of Jesus Christ. Christopher Hampton, the author of
the screenplay used by the researcher, may have chosen the term because he is
writing about a Christian character.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL REVIEW
This chapter consists of three parts. Those are; review of the related studies;
review of related theories and theoretical framework. The review of related studies is
presented in order to show comments on the screenplay by other people and analysis
of the same topic from other angles. The review of related theories presents the
theories that will be used to analyze the screenplay. The theoretical framework details
the importance of the theories that are presented in the review of related theories.
A.

Review of Related Studies
There were many people that gave their own comments, suggestions, and

criticisms when Christopher Hampton’s Atonement was in progress and read by them.
Those comments, suggestions, and criticisms concern the screenplay itself.
Joe Wright (the director) meant that the story would have to be told primarily in
images and that the actors’ thoughts would have to be readable on their faces rather
than audible on the sound track; and that, echoing the bold strategy of the book, they
would be dealing in big, self-contained chunks of narrative, where the focus would
shift unapologetically from one to another.
Christopher Hampton (the scriptwriter) also stated that this story had one major
unforeseen advantage: the twenty-minute gap between seeing Briony at thirteen and

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Briony at eighteen made it far easier to think of casting two separate actors, an idea
that had not really occurred to them before, when our structure had appeared to insist
on a teenage actor capable of aging up and down.
From the two comments above, it is shown that the story was produced with
insight. The scriptwriter directly presents an image of the characters in this story. It is
about Briony who grows up from a 13 year old to an 18 year old and what influences
Older Briony to make her last novel in her 76th year.
One positive comment, which can be found on the internet from
theincitingincident.blogspot.com, praises the screenwriter’s foresight. The comment
was from Hurlywood. He said that he was sure the shooting crew all read the novel which he had not - and the script could have jumped around even more without
expounding.
In this study, the researcher focuses on the characteristics of Briony as the main
character. The researcher will also analyze old Briony’s “metamotivation” in writing
her last novel.
B.

Review of Related Theories

1.

Theory on Character and Characterization
In this review, the researcher presents the theory of character and

characterization. The theory of character gives an explanation on how the characters
are described in the story and the nature of their personalities. The theory of the

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8
characterization gives an explanation of the ways of understanding the traits of the
characters.

a.

Theory on Character
This screenplay contains many elements. One of them is characters. There are

many characters in this screenplay that are presented by the author who describes
their physical appearances and personality. The characters are described through their
behavior, dialogues, and thought. M.H Abrams (2008) defines, “characters are the
persons presented on a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader
as being endowed with moral and disposition quality that are expressed in what they
say (through dialogue), and by what they do (through action)” (p. 23).
A screenplay is written to reveal characters. It means that in a screenplay,
characters are projected and described through the story. IanMilligan (1983) states,
“Not all characters play an important role. At least one character appears to be the
center of the story. There are two types of character based on their importance. The
first is the main/major character. The main character is the center of the story and the
most important character in the story. On the other hand, minor character appears
only one or twice in the story and their role is less important than the major
character” (p. 155). In this study, the researcher decides that Briony is the main
character of the story because she is the center of the story who plays her role from
beginning to end of the story.

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b.

Theory on Characterization
Richard Gill (1995) in his book Mastering English Literature describes six

ways in an author’s attempt to make his characters, understandable to, and come alive
for, his reader (p. 235-243).
First are characters and words. It means that how the author tries to describe the
character can be learnt from the words of the play. This means that the general
sources of information are dialogue, soliloquy and, in certain special cases, stage
directions. A playwright is different from a novelist. A playwright cannot tell some
things directly (Richard Gill, 1995, p. 235). The researcher thinks that a playwright
and a scriptwriter have the same purpose to change a story so that a story can be
interested to perform.
Second are characters and speech. The most important point about characters in
drama and what makes a character distinctive is the way in which he or she speaks;
that is their tone of voice.
Third are characters themselves. The easiest thing to do is compare what they
say with how they act.
Fourth are characters speaking about each other. This is the fourth way of
establishing character. This means that the reader can know one character from other
character’s dialogue and check whether or not it is true.
Fifth are characters contrasted. The contrasts can be of different kinds. Some
characters are contrasted because they have a lot in common, others because they are

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10
very different. In a screenplay, usually a contrast brings out something important
about the meaning of the play as a whole.
Sixth are characters without distinctive personalities. Sometimes, however,
people may not be able to discover characters that have distinctive personalities.
These are six methods the author will use to describe the characteristics of the
character. This essay will determine whether the author has used any of these
methods to describe characteristics of the characters in Christopher Hampton’s
Atonement.

2.

Theory on “Metamotivation”
The researcher does not use the term “motivation” because an old BrionyTallis,

the main character of the story, is a self-actualized person who needs more than
“motivation” to live her life which is drawing to an end.
According to Frank Goble in his book The Third Force (1971),
The average individual is motivated by deficiencies; he is seeking to fulfill his
basic needs for safety, belongliness, love, respect, and self esteem. The healthy
man is “primarily motivated by his need to develop and actualize his fullest
potentialities and capacities.” The healthy individual, in other words, is
motivated primarily by a desire for self-actualization (p. 32).
It is also stated that the term “motivation” does not correctly apply to most
mature individuals. “They are spontaneous; they are doing what is natural; they are
merely expressing themselves” (p. 32).
Self-actualized people focus on more than basic needs. They are
“metamotivated” by growth needs. What Maslow (1971) discovered was a whole new

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11
list of needs in a still higher category, which he described “as growth needs (Beingvalues or B-values), as contrasted with the basic or deficiency needs. Thus, man is
initially motivated by a series of basic needs; as these are satisfied, he moves toward
the level of the higher needs and becomes motivated by them. As mentioned before
about a self-actualized person, Maslow’s term for this is “metamotivation”” (p. 47).
When basic needs are fulfilled, mature people need something more. Frank
Goble (1971) in his book The Third Force wrote that Maslow describes fourteen
points as a list of Being-values (p. 47-48).

1.

Wholeness
It consists of unity; integration, tendency to oneness, interconnectedness

simplicity, organization, structure, dichotomy-transcendence, and order.

2.

Perfection
It consists of necessity, just-right-ness, just-so-ness, inevitability, suitability,

justice, completeness, and oughtness.

3.

Completion
It consists of ending, finality, justice, “it’s finished”, fulfillment, finis and telos,

destiny, and fate.

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4.

Justice
It consists of fairness, orderliness, lawfulness, and oughtness.

5.

Aliveness
It consists of process, non-deadness, spontaneity, self-regulation, and full-

functioning.

6.

Richness
It consists of differentiation, complexity, and intricacy.

7.

Simplicity
It consists of honesty, nakedness, abstract, essential, skeletal structure, and

essentiality.

8.

Beauty
It consists of rightness, form, aliveness, simplicity, richness, wholeness,

perfection, completion, uniqueness, and honestly.

9.

Goodness
It consists of rightness, desirability, oughtness, justice, benevolence, and

honesty.

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10.

Uniqueness
It consists of idiosyncrasy, individuality, noncomparability, and novelty.

11.

Effortless
It consists of ease, lack of strain, striving or difficulty, grace, perfect, and

beautiful functioning.

12.

Playfulness
It consists of fun, joy, amusement, gaiety, humor, exuberance, and

effortlessness.

13.

Truth and Honesty: Reality
It consists of nakedness, simplicity, richness, oughtness, beauty, pure, clean and

unadulterated, completeness, and essentiality.

14.

Self-sufficiency
It consists of autonomy, independence, not-needing-other-than-itself-in-order-

to-be-itself, self-determining, environment-transcendence, separateness, and living by
its own laws.

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C.

Theoretical Framework
In this study, the researcher uses three theories to analyze the topic about

“metamotivation”. Before analyzing the “metamotivation” of BrionyTallis, the
researcher has to find her characteristics first. The first is theory on character by M.
H. Abrams (2008). This theory helps the researcher to understand the characteristics
of BrionyTallis by describing the characters of the screenplay through dialogues and
actions. The second theory on characterization by Richard Gill (1995) is used to get
better understanding about the BrionyTallis’ personality in the screenplay. The third
theory is theory on “metamotivation” by Abraham Maslow (1971). After finding out
BrionyTallis’ characteristics, the researcher uses the theory of “metamotivation” by
Maslow to analyze why she writes her last novel.

D.

Context of The Screenplay

1.

Setting of Authorship
According to the author’s note attached to the screenplay, at the end of 2001,

Christopher Hampton was in Thailand and brought Ian McEwan’s novel Atonement.
He read the novel before he makes its screenplay. He felt like sinking into the world
of BrionyTallis. By the time he came back to England, he was convinced that,
complex and interiorized as it was, the novel could still be the basis of a powerful
film. He produced three or four drafts for a couple of years.

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15
At the end of 2005, he and Joe Wright, the director, went to spend two weeks on
a property close to Florence, belonging to Susa Gelpke. They talked about the
screenplay and finally got a final draft.

2.

Setting of The Screenplay
Atonement is mostly set in two periods, 1935 and 1940. In 1935, BrionyTallis is

still a young girl. She is 13 years old at this time. She lives with her family in
England. In this year, the world economy was in trouble. The author of the screenplay
made some correlations between Briony and the world, especially in Europe. As with
the economy, Briony is also having a trouble. She convinces everyone around her that
Robbie Turner raped Lola even though it is not true. It causes Robbie to go to jail.
But, Briony does not realize that by 1940, her life will be in far greater turmoil along
with the rest of the world. In this time, Briony is eighteen years old and decides to be
a nurse after her sister does. She is practicing in St. Thomas’ Hospital, London. She
prefers being a nurse to being a researcher because she wants to do something useful
for others. She is restless.
In 1999, she is being interviewed in a television show. She reveals the truth
about her life in 1935 and 1940; her mistake and why she wrote her last novel.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three parts, namely: object of the study; approach of the
study; and method of the study. Object of the study contains the explanation about the
identity of the screenplay. In the approach of the study, it discusses the approach that
is appropriate to analyze the topic. In this study, the approach used is a psychological
approach. Methodology of the study contains the method that the researcher uses to
analyze the topic.
A.

Object of the Study
This screenplay was written by Christopher Hampton and was adapted from a

novel entitled Atonement by Ian McEwan (2001). The author, Christopher Hampton,
was born on 26 January 1946, in Faial, Açores, Portugal.
In the screenplay, the author presents the story on 92 pages. Atonement is a
screenplay of the dramatic life of a 13 year old girl named Briony who is growing up
to become a girl who will atone when she gets older.
The screenplay tells of an old researcher BrionyTallis who writes her last novel
about her past life. As a 13-year-old girl, she decidedly changes the course of several
lives when she accuses Robbie Turner of a crime he did not commit. As the
screenplay begins, it focuses on BrionyTallis, the thirteen-year-old youngest daughter
of three, who wants to be a researcher. She has written a play to be performed at

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17
dinner for the homecoming of her brother, Leon, and put on by herself and her three
cousins who are staying with the Tallises for the summer because of a divorce
between their parents. They are Lola Quincey, 15, and her twin 9 year-old brothers,
Pierrot and Jackson. Before the play can be properly rehearsed, Briony witnesses a
scene between her older sister Cecilia and the son of the family charwoman –
housemaid - Robbie Turner. What is in actual fact an innocent act is greatly
misunderstood by the young imagination of Briony, and this sets off a series of events
with far-reaching consequences.
Following the fountain scene, Robbie hands a letter for Cecilia to Briony and
she reads it. In it, she discovers perverse desires and sets out to protect her sister from
this sex-craved maniac. Before she can do so, she sees the couple making love and
mistakes it for assault, further confirming her assumption that Robbie is out to harm
Cecilia.
Before the night is through, her twin cousins run away from home triggering the
rest of the dinner guests to search for them in the dark night. Briony, who is searching
alone, sees a rape taking place of her older cousin Lola. Not one to miss her
opportunity, Briony convinces herself and everyone at the scene, including authorities
that the assailant was Robbie Turner, and he is taken to jail.
Five years later, the screenplay follows Robbie Turner as he retreats through
France as a soldier during the war. He gets two options; to stay in prison or join the
army. Separated from his battalion, Robbie is marching through the countryside with
two other corporals trying to get to the evacuation town of Dunkirk. During his

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18
march, Robbie experiences the atrocities of war, and has plenty of time to consider
his situation as soldier, criminal, and victim of Briony's false accusations. The three
men make it to Dunkirk which is in a state of complete chaos. Robbie is severely
wounded but is determined to make it home to Cecilia who is waiting for him.
Suffering from guilt for her crime as a girl, Briony hopes nursing will act as a
penance for her sin. Briony is also still writing. Briony seeks out her older sister.
Before she does, she attends the wedding of Paul Marshall (whom she now knows to
be Lola's rapist) and Lola in a church. Briony does nothing to stop the marriage.
When she visits her sister, it is discovered that Robbie is still alive and living
with Cecilia. She does not so much as ask for forgiveness from the two lovers (who
refuse it anyway) as simply admit her guilt and seek counsel on what she can do to
make it better. Robbie and Cecilia give Briony a list of instructions to follow that will
help clear Robbie's name. Briony agrees to do each one, and heads back to work in
London. The last we see of Robbie and Cecilia are on the tube station platform.
The final section (London, 1999) is an interview old Briony’s giving for
television. It is revealed here that she becomes a popular novelist. She reveals that she
is dying. In a final twist, Briony informs that she has made up the part about visiting
Cecilia and Robbie in London and how both people died in the war. Her act to let
their love last forever in the pages of her book will be her final atonement to her
crime.

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19
B.

Approach of the Study
In this screenplay, an old BrionyTallis is “metamotivated” to make her last

novel to put her conscience to rest before she dies. Since the topic is closely related to
human psychology including emotional and psychological aspects, the approach used
in this study is the psychological approach. The psychological approach will help the
researcher to find out the pertinence of the “metamotivation” of BrionyTallis, the
main character of this screenplay, to write her last novel as her atonement. David
Daiches (1981) in his book entitled Critical Approaches to Literature stated that
psychology relates to a discussion of the state of mind out of which literary creation
arises. A psychological approach can be used to interpret a work of literature such as
the behavior of the characters (p. 329-344).
It is stated above that the psychological approach is an approach that is used to
analyze the characters in a literary work. In this study, the researcher uses the
psychological approach because the researcher wanted to reveal the main character’s
motivation by applying some psychological theories.

C.

Method of the Study
The researcher also used some books as references. Those books are M. H.

Abrams’ A Glossary of Literary Terms, Richard Gill’s Mastering English Literature,
Abraham H. Maslow’s The Healthy Personality, and Frank Goble’s The Third Force.
The researcher also borrowed some information from the internet in relation to
Christopher Hampton’s screenplay, Atonement.

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20
In analyzing the screenplay, there were several steps that were applied. The first
step was to review the screenplay several times in order to understand the story, by
focusing on the main and minor character’s characteristics and also on the influence
that later caused the “metamotivation” of the main character.
The second step was that the researcher tried to formulate the problems to
analyze the topic about “metamotivation”. The next step was the researcher tried to
find some relevant theories. In order to analyze the “metamotivation” of the main
character, the researcher applied theories on character and characteristics. Theory on
character and characteristics was applied to reveal the personality traits of the main
character. After revealing the personality traits of the main character, the researcher
applied Abraham Maslow’s theories to analyze the “metamotivation” of the main
character.
The last step was reviewing all the information which had been gathered
concerned the personality and “metamotivation” of the main character and deciding
what could be concluded from the study. After answering the questions in the
problem formulation, the researcher made the conclusion of the study.

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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter is divided into two parts. In the first part, the researcher analyzes
the characteristics of BrionyTallis that are described in the story. In the second part,
the researcher analyzes Older Briony’s “metamotivation” in writing her last novel.
A.

The Characteristics of BrionyTallis as The Main Character
The researcher divides the characteristics of BrionyTallis based on her age. In

the screenplay, BrionyTallis experiences three stages in her life. The first stage is
when she is 13 years old. The second stage is when she is 18 years o