The Intrinsic Analysis in C. S. Lewis’s Novel Prince Caspian (Book 2 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)
THE INTRINSIC ANALYSIS IN C.S. LEWIS NOVEL PRINCE CASPIAN
(BOOK 2 IN THE CHRONICLES OF NARNIA)
A PAPER
BY ANDRE YAMME RESA BUKIT
REG. NO. 102202038
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDIES
DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM MEDAN
APRIL 2014
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It has been proved by Supervisor
Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum NIP. 19630216198903 1 003 Submitted to Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera in partial fulfillment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in English.
Approved by Head of Diploma III English Study Program
Dr. Matius C. A. Sembiring, M.A. NIP. 19521126198112 1 001 Approved by the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera as a Paper for the Diploma (D-III) Examination
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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the D-III Examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera.
The Examination is held on April 2014 Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera Dean,
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. NIP. 19511013197603 1 001
Board of Examiners 1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Head of ESP) 2. Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum (Supervisor) 3. ………………………… (Reader)
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AUTHORS DECLARATION
I, ANDRE YAMME RESA BUKIT, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
Signed Date
: …………. : 2014
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name Title of Paper (Book 2 In
Qualification Study Program
: ANDRE YAMME RESA BUKIT : The Intrinsic Analysis in C. S. Lewis Novel Prince Caspian
The Chronicles of Narnia) : D-III/ Ahli Madya : English
I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Department Faculty of Letters USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
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ABSTRAK Novel merupakan salah satu hasil karya sastra manusia yang tidak hanya berisi cerita yang menarik, tetapi juga mengandung pesan moral bagi pembacanya. Kertas karya yang berjudul “The Intrinsic Analysis in C. S. Lewis’s Novel Prince Caspian (Book 2 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” ini membahas tentang unsur-unsur intrinsik dalam suatu karya sastra yang terdiri dari tema, alur, karakter, gaya bahasa, latar dan sudut pandang. Prince Caspian merupakan novel lanjutan dari “The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (Book 1 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” yang ditulis oleh seorang novelis terkenal dan berbakat di dunia C. S. Lewis. Novel ini merupakan novel fiktif hasil dari imajinasi sang penulis yang menceritakan tentang petualangan 4 orang anak Peter, Susan, Edmund dan Lucy, yang merupakan tokoh utama dalam novel ini di dalam sebuah dunia baru yang pernah mereka kunjungi sebelumnya yaitu Narnia. Mereka kembali berpetualang di Narnia setelah kereta api yang mereka tumpangi membawa mereka kembali ke dunia tersebut dan disana mereka bertemu dengan Prince Caspian. Novel ini berisikan pengajaran tentang keberanian untuk hidup dan revolusi demi restorasi dunia yang lebih baik. Para tokoh utama sungguh-sungguh menunjukkan persahabatan dan persaudaraan yang baik. Kertas karya ini menggunakan metode progresif tahap demi tahap, yaitu membaca sumber data utama yaitu Novel Prince Caspian, lalu menginterpretasikan dan menganalisis unsur-unsur intrinsiknya sehingga dapat menyimpulkan teks-teks yang relevan dalam pembuatan dan penulisan kertas karya ini. Novel ini mendeksripsikan bagaimana setiap unsur-unsur intrinsik dalam sebuah kertas karya saling berikaitan satu sama lain, karna tanpa adanya saling keterkaitan itu, tak akan mungkin sebuah karya sastra akan tercipta.
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ABSTRACT Novel is one of the literary which not only concern an interesting story, but it also contain a moral message for the readers. The paper entitles “The Intrinsic Analysis in C. S. Lewis’s Novel Prince Caspian (Book 2 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” is about the intrinsic elements in a literary work consist of theme, plot, character, style, setting and point of view. Prince Caspian is the continued novel of “The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (Book 1 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” that written by C. S. Lewis who is one of talented and famous novelist in the world. This novel is a fiction novel that created by imagination of the writer which tells us about the adventures of 4 children Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy, as the main character in the new world called Narnia that they have visited before. They discover Narnia again after the train that they were travelling brought them to that world and then they met Prince Caspian in there. The content of this novel have taught us about courage for life and the revolution toward for restoration for a better world. The main characters were verily showed good friendship and family hood. This paper use progressive method is step by step. Reading until finish the main source data that is Prince Caspian novel, then interpret and analyze the intrinsic elements in the novel so that can conclude the relevant text to make this paper. This paper describes how each intrinsic element in a literary work is related; because without the absence of interconnections, it would not perhaps a work of literature will be crafted.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
For words. First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the God for blessing and giving me health, strength and ease to accomplish this paper as one of the requirements to get Diploma III certificate from English Department Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera. Then, I would like to express a deep gratitude, love and appreciation to:
• My beloved prents, Drs. Pilemon Bukit, MTh and Ir. Meiyesti Situmorang, MKes. Thank you for all your motivations, advices, prays, and loves for me. I present this paper for you.
• Dr. Matius C. A. Sembiring, M.A. as the Head of English Diploma Study Program, who gives me a lot of knowledge.
• Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum. as my supervisor. Thank you for the valuable time in giving the correction and constructive critics in completing this paper.
• Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. as the Dean of Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera.
• All lectures in English Diploma Study Program for giving me advices and knowledge.
• My lovely sibling, Agnes Gracia Quitha Bukit.
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• My Entire friends in Solidas (Student Of English Diploma Association). Thank you for the nice friendship during us together.
• My best friend: Stefanus, Horas, Basten, Habib, and Wahyu. Thank you for the nice friendship during our study. I will never forget your kindness to me and I will be missing the days we spent together.
Finally, I do realize that this paper is still far from being perfect. Therefore, I welcome any constructive critics and suggestions towards this paper. I hope this paper will be a worthwhile for the readers.
Medan,
April 2014
The writer,
Andre Yamme Resa Bukit Reg. No. 102202038
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION................................................................................ i COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ............................................................................ii ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................ii ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................vii
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1 1.1.Background of the Study ........................................................................... 1 1.2. Scope of the Study..................................................................................... 2 1.3. Purpose of the Study ................................................................................ 3 1.4. Significance of the Study ......................................................................... 3 1.5. The Method of Research .......................................................................... 3
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................................ 4 2.1. The Definition of Novel .............................................................................. 4 2.2. The Intrinsic Element of Novel ................................................................... 6
2.2.1. The Theme ......................................................................................... 7 2.2.2. The Plot.............................................................................................. 9 2.2.3. The Characters................................................................................. 11 2.2.4. The Setting....................................................................................... 12 2.2.5. Point of View................................................................................... 13
3. THE ANALYSIS OF PRINCE OF CASPIAN ............................................... 15 3.1. The Theme ................................................................................................. 15 3.2. The Plot...................................................................................................... 18 3.3. The Character ............................................................................................ 21
3.3.1. Main Character ................................................................................ 21 3.3.2. Peripheral Character ........................................................................ 25 3.4. The Setting................................................................................................. 26
3.4.1. Setting of Place................................................................................ 26 3.4.2. Setting of Time ................................................................................ 27 3.5. Point of View............................................................................................. 27
4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS .......................................................... 28 4.1. Conclusion ................................................................................................. 28 4.2. Suggestion ................................................................................................. 29
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REFERENCES......................................................................................................... 31 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... 32
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ABSTRAK Novel merupakan salah satu hasil karya sastra manusia yang tidak hanya berisi cerita yang menarik, tetapi juga mengandung pesan moral bagi pembacanya. Kertas karya yang berjudul “The Intrinsic Analysis in C. S. Lewis’s Novel Prince Caspian (Book 2 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” ini membahas tentang unsur-unsur intrinsik dalam suatu karya sastra yang terdiri dari tema, alur, karakter, gaya bahasa, latar dan sudut pandang. Prince Caspian merupakan novel lanjutan dari “The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (Book 1 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” yang ditulis oleh seorang novelis terkenal dan berbakat di dunia C. S. Lewis. Novel ini merupakan novel fiktif hasil dari imajinasi sang penulis yang menceritakan tentang petualangan 4 orang anak Peter, Susan, Edmund dan Lucy, yang merupakan tokoh utama dalam novel ini di dalam sebuah dunia baru yang pernah mereka kunjungi sebelumnya yaitu Narnia. Mereka kembali berpetualang di Narnia setelah kereta api yang mereka tumpangi membawa mereka kembali ke dunia tersebut dan disana mereka bertemu dengan Prince Caspian. Novel ini berisikan pengajaran tentang keberanian untuk hidup dan revolusi demi restorasi dunia yang lebih baik. Para tokoh utama sungguh-sungguh menunjukkan persahabatan dan persaudaraan yang baik. Kertas karya ini menggunakan metode progresif tahap demi tahap, yaitu membaca sumber data utama yaitu Novel Prince Caspian, lalu menginterpretasikan dan menganalisis unsur-unsur intrinsiknya sehingga dapat menyimpulkan teks-teks yang relevan dalam pembuatan dan penulisan kertas karya ini. Novel ini mendeksripsikan bagaimana setiap unsur-unsur intrinsik dalam sebuah kertas karya saling berikaitan satu sama lain, karna tanpa adanya saling keterkaitan itu, tak akan mungkin sebuah karya sastra akan tercipta.
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ABSTRACT Novel is one of the literary which not only concern an interesting story, but it also contain a moral message for the readers. The paper entitles “The Intrinsic Analysis in C. S. Lewis’s Novel Prince Caspian (Book 2 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” is about the intrinsic elements in a literary work consist of theme, plot, character, style, setting and point of view. Prince Caspian is the continued novel of “The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (Book 1 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” that written by C. S. Lewis who is one of talented and famous novelist in the world. This novel is a fiction novel that created by imagination of the writer which tells us about the adventures of 4 children Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy, as the main character in the new world called Narnia that they have visited before. They discover Narnia again after the train that they were travelling brought them to that world and then they met Prince Caspian in there. The content of this novel have taught us about courage for life and the revolution toward for restoration for a better world. The main characters were verily showed good friendship and family hood. This paper use progressive method is step by step. Reading until finish the main source data that is Prince Caspian novel, then interpret and analyze the intrinsic elements in the novel so that can conclude the relevant text to make this paper. This paper describes how each intrinsic element in a literary work is related; because without the absence of interconnections, it would not perhaps a work of literature will be crafted.
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PRINCE CASPIAN NOVEL (BOOK 2 IN THE CHRONICLES OF NARNIA)
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study
Literature is creative expression of human imagination or wishes that it is almost impossible to create an exact definition of it. Wellek & Warren (1971:3) state that literature is the mirror of human life that portrays ‘human feeling, thought, imagination and perception which can be viewed based on personal judgment.
Literature can be divided into three genres, such as prose fiction, poetry and drama. In the sense of literary, prose also called fiction, narrative text, or narrative discourse. Fiction is a narrative work that tells something that is imaginary, something that does not exist and happen in the real world. As a work of imaginary, fiction directs various problems of man and humanity, life and living. Fiction tells the various problems of human life in the interactions with the environment and others. Fiction is the result of dialogue, contemplation, and reactions to the environment and the life of the author.
Novel is fictional prose narrative of considerable length, typically having a plot that is unfolded by the actions, speech and thoughts of the characters. Novel,
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nearly always an extended fictional prose narrative, although some novel are very short, some are non fictional, some have been written in verse and some not even tell a story, novel is fictitious kind of writing.
Novel is a world specially made in words by an author. A novel exists in the way it does because an author has chosen to put it together in that particularly way. This means that novels are not real life. Like all works of art poems, plays, pots or pieces of music – they have been constructed or crafted. (Gill, 1985:77).
There are two important elements in fiction, intrinsic and extrinsic elements. Extrinsic elements include: religion, education, custom, etc. while intrinsic elements include: theme, plot, character, setting, and point of view.
Prince Caspian Novel has written by C. S. Lewis as a part of his seventh book of The Cronicles of Narnia. This novel is a book 2 which content “The return to Narnia” after the ‘main character’ in book 1 (The Lion The Witch and The Wardrobe) adventured, preyed by White Witch. And then Aslan, the noble lion, free Prince Caspian and Narnia from the spell of her (the White Witch).
1.2 Scope of Study
Analyzing literature especially novel is not easy. The scope or limitation of this analysis is to analyze only five intrinsic elements in C.S. Lewis novel Prince of Caspian. There are theme, plot, character, setting, and point of view. It is important to limit the writing in order avoid the readers from confusion.
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1.3 Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study to analyze the intrinsic elements in Prince of Caspian novel, so that the writer can understand how the elements of literature works include theme, plot, character, setting, and point of view made. So the story ideas, conflict in the story, the characters in the story, the setting of place and setting of time, until the point of view that created by the author can be analyzed carefully. The writer hopes this analysis could help the readers who want to know more about the messages in the novel.
1.4 Significance of Study
The significance of this paper is to enrich literary study especially in literature of novel. The writer hope this analysis could become references for further study of literary works whatever forms they will be.
1.5 Method of Research
Method of research conducted in this paper is the step by step method. The first step is reading the main source data until finish; it is Prince of Caspian novel. After reading to the end, the writer select the text, interpret it, and then analyze the texts in order to decide which ones of the text are relevant to the elements of literature contained in the novel so that it can be conclude to this paper. The writer also searches some data from books and internet that related with elements of literature as material to support the completeness of this paper.
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2. REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Definition of Novel
Novel is the name of a literary kind and there is a story to tell about how, over the centuries, its substance has widened and its conventions changed. Henry James (Watson,1978: xi) in an excited moment, called the novel ‘independent, elastic prodigious, and its story is as untidy as some of its masterpieces. If Aristotle had ever read any novels, he would have needed a far wider canvas than he allowed to tragedy in that surviving fragment of analysis known as the poetics.
Novella literally means 'a small new item' and then interpreted as 'a short story in the form of prose' (Abrams,1981: 119). Novels and short stories are two forms of literature that once called fiction. Differences between the novel and short stories are a formality in terms of shape, in terms of story length. A long story, let's say hundreds of pages, clearly can not be called as a short story, but more appropriately called a novel. Because of its length, the novel can not inherit the solid unity that belongs to the short story. The novel is also not able to make the subject stand out like a microcosmic principle of short stories. Instead the novel is able to present the development of one character, a complicated social situation, relationships that involve many or few characters, and a variety of complicated events occurring in greater detail. The novel is able to create a complete universe at once complicated. This means that the novel is both easy and more difficult to read when
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compared with the short story. It is said more easily because the novel is not burdened with the responsibility to deliver something quickly or with solid form and said to be more difficult because the novel was written in large scale units that contain a larger organization rather than short stories.
The novel is educating us because novels can inform on some surprising subjects. Like other kinds of story, a novel is a way of learning about how things were cognitive instrument and those who distrust stories as evidence should consider how often in conversation we use them to make points or answer questions. For one thing, a novel is too untidy an object, often, to be seen as regulated in its entirety and the patterns offered can be impoverishing the figure in the carpet is not itself the carpet, or anything like it. A novel is a fund of knowledge as well as a literary form and any pure and exclusive formalism whether structuralize or other, flies in the face of much of the ordinary experience of reading fiction.
Novel can freely express something, to present something more, more detailed, more detail and more involving many complex problems. This includes various the story elements that build the novel. (Nurgiyantoro, trans.2005:11).
Novels, however are fictional, that is to say, they have been made up. A character in a novel can’t be compared to a real person from whom he or she has been copied, because, for example, there is no Prince Caspian in real life. He, or any other character in a novel, only exists on the page.
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Novel is one of many possible prose narrative forms. Richard Gill in his book (1985:78) state that; in the writing, there is a recognition that a novel is something specially made by an author so that a reader will respond to it in a particular way. The good candidate has recognized three things about a novel: the events of the novel, the author who has created them, and the reader for whom the novel is written. In any good writing about a novel, these three things should be mentioned. They are, however not separable. For instance, the events of a novel are only there because the author has put them there, and they are only recognized as events when read by a reader.
The author, of course is the most important element; the events of the novel and the reactions of the reader depend upon what he or she chooses to do. Because without an author there could be no book at all, but there is also a much more important reason: a novel is a world specially made in words by an author.
2.2 The Instrinsic Elements of Novel
Element of literature denote the things that are used to make up a work literature. There are different types and forms of literature. They are novel, drama, poetry, biography, non-fictional prose, essay, epic and short story. All these types of literature have some elements. To complete a piece of literature, a writer, dramatist or novelist needs to use certain elements like theme, plot, character, etc. However, elements of fiction differ from elements of poetry.
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Extrinsic and intrinsic approaches to literature are employed by critics to evaluate literature according to understandings of the world. Extrinsic and intrinsic approaches to literature are ways to criticize literature in different terms. In intrinsic approach, the critic is mainly concerned with the form, language, style, symbols, images, contrast, structure and development of plot in literary work.Intrinsic is also called formalism as the critic’s basic interest is in the form of the text. In comparison to intrinsic, the extrinsic approach makes the critic to give more importance to the context of a text. It means that he is mainly interested in the background, history, social conditions and biography of the author.
Analysis of the intrinsic elements in literary is an analysis of the literary work itself without looking the related with the data beyond the literary work.(Sukada, trans.1987:51). In this chapter, the writer analyzes further about intrinsic elements in Prince of Caspian novel. There are five elements to develop the story. It consists of theme, plot, character, setting, and point of view.
2.2.1 The Theme
Theme is one of the fundamental components of fiction. Theme means what the novel can be summed up as saying. Another way of putting it would be to talk of the ‘ideas’ of the book. According to Wikipedia, theme is a broad idea, message or moral of a story. The message may be about life, society or human nature. Themes
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often explore timeless and universal ideas and are almost implied rather than stated explicitly.
To determine the main meaning in a novel, we should know the definition of theme itself. Hartoko & Harmanto state that “The theme is the basic common idea that support of literary work that is contained in the text as a semantic structure and related equations similarities or differences”. (Nurgiyantoro, trans.1995.68).
A theme must represent the whole part of the story, because theme is basic development of story. Like as the important meaning in ourselves experience, the theme of a story is individualistic and universal. Theme gives a strong to explained unity of event that describing and also tells about life in common context.
Thus, to find the theme of a work of fiction, it must be inferred from the whole story, not only on the basis of certain parts of the story. Principal themes as the meaning of a work of fiction are not deliberately hidden because of precisely this that is offered to readers. However, the overall theme is the meaning of which supported the story, by itself it will be hidden behind the story that supports it. As a meaning, in general, the themes not depicted directly or specifically. The existence or presence of the theme possesses the whole story and this is causes the small probability for the direct depiction. And this is also the cause not easy interpretation the themes. The main theme is interpretation of understanding by the overall story. However,
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sometimes it can also found any sentences or paragraphs of certain conversations that can be interpreted as something that contains the main theme.
2.2.2 Plot
According to Stanton (1965:14), state that the plot is a story that contains the sequence of events, but each incident was only connected in cause and effect, the events that caused one and also cause the occurrence of other events. Appearance of events for events that only based on the order of time is not necessarily a plot. To be a plot, the events must be processed and made creatively, so that the results of processing and making itself is something beautiful and interesting, particularly in relation to the relevant works of fiction as a whole.
Kenny (1966:14) points out the plot as the events are displayed in a not simple story, because the author set the events was based on a causal connection. The plot is basically sequences of events in logical and chronological relations are interrelated and are caused or experienced by the characters. The plot outline is divided into three parts, namely early, middle, and end. The first part contains the exposition that contains instability and conflicts. The middle part contains the climax which is the height of the conflict. The final section contains troubleshooting (Wiyatmi, trans.2008:37).
The plot has a number of rules, namely plausibility, surprise, suspense, and unity. The series of events arranged plausibility. A story said is plausible to remain
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within the framework of fiction. A story says makes sense if the story has a truth, which is right for the story itself. In addition, the surprise also serves to slow down or speed up the climax. Suspense arises when a series of events related to previous events, arrive - arrived diverted to other events that are not related, so the continuation of the event was delayed and experience uncertainty. The series of events contained in a story has to have integrity.
In accordance with the composition of the events or its parts, the plot can be divided into several types. There are the progressive plot and regressive plot. In a progressive plot, the events arranged: early, middle, end. A novel is called progressive if the events which are narrated chronologically, the first event followed by the events that happened later. While the regressive plot also called as flash back plot is arranged on the contrary, for example: the middle, beginning, end or the end, beginning, middle.
On the basis of quantity, there are a single plot and plural plot. Plot is called a single when the events contain only one primary event, while the plot is called plural when containing a variety of primary events and other events. When viewed from its quality, there are dense plot and loose plot. The dense plot is when the main plot of the story doesn’t have a space to be added another plot. Conversely, the loose plot is when it has possibility to inserting another plot.
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2.2.3 Character
Characters, according to Abrams in Nurgiyantoro (Trans.1995:164) ‘are the people who featured in a narrative or dramatic works that are interpreted to have certain moral qualities and tendencies as expressed in speech and what is done in action’.
Fiction is a form of creative work, so how authors create characters and develop the story was not separated from the freedom of creativity. Fiction offers the life model which attitudes and experienced by the characters of story according to how the author in looking life itself. Because the author is deliberately created the world in fiction, he has the complete freedom to display the characters according to his taste, whoever the person, whatever his social status, however his attitude and whatever the problems faced.
Although the characters are figure just created by the author, they should be who living fairly as how the man in the real life which contained of blood and meat also has thoughts and feelings. The life of the character is only in a fictional world, so they should be appropriate according to the story and the role that played. If there are any other actions of characters from stories that have been described previously, it should be on the responsibility of accountable in terms of plot, so the story still has a higher plausibility level. Or if the characters act strange in a reasonable life, they attitudes and actions must remain consistent. In terms of its role, there is a character
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in a story that is rated important and is shown continuously, so it felt to dominate most of the story, it is called the central / main character. While there are also characters that only appear once or several times in the story and it were probably in a relatively short portion, namely peripheral character.
2.2.4 Setting
Setting is the foundation that leads to understanding the place, time relations, and social environment where the occurrence of the events described. In fiction, the background can be divided into three kinds, namely the setting place, time, and social. The setting of place is related to geographical problems, the location where the incident occurred, in what village, what city, and so forth. The setting of time is related to matter of time, days, hours, and historical. The setting of social is related to people’s lives (Wiyatmi,trans.2008:40). A story requires clarity about where the accident occurred and when it happens to easy imagination and understanding. That means that a story requires the setting of places, the setting of time and the setting of social-cultural where the story took place.
According to Gill (1985:106), Setting is a broad word. It covers the places in which characters are presented; the social context of characters, such as their families, friends and class; the customs, beliefs and rules of behavior of their society; the scenes that are the background or the situation for the events of the novel; and the total atmosphere, mood or feel that id created by these. All of them are examples of
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setting. When we study a novel, we should pay attention to setting, because it can make a contribution to the book. A successful setting is one which is appropriate to the section of the novel in which it appears and also, possibly, to the book as whole.
Setting is important to development the story. Setting provides in a concrete and clear. It will give a realistic impression for the reader. That is the story told as if it is happening and earnestly. Provide basic background in concrete and clear. This will give the reader a realistic impression, that is the story told as if it happened and in earnest, so that the reader feels much easier to operate a good imagination power to participate critically in relation to knowledge about the setting. Readers feel to find something truly become a part of him when read the story.
2.2.5 Point of View
The point of view can be interpreted as how a story is told. Abrams state that the point of view is the way of the author used as a means of displaying the characters, action, background, and various events that make up the story in a fictional text to the readers. So, the point of view is the way, strategy, or tactic that is deliberately chosen by the writer to express stories and ideas. Selection of point of view in fiction, in many cases will affect the freedom, sharpness, and objectivity in telling stories, and it will also influence the level of plausibility of the story.
Point of view distinguished by the form of persona which tells in the story. Based on the persona, it can be divided into first-person point of view and third
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person point of view. Based on two forms of persona, Lukens (2003:168) distinguishes point of view into four categories, namely first person point of view, omniscient point of view, limited omniscient point of view, and dramatic point of view. According to Mitchell (2003:267), first person point of view and third person point of view is still dominant, but in the writing of contemporary have been modified in such away as to appear more attractive.
First person point of view displaying the “I” character as the center of narration and central of story. The “I” character usually be the protagonist character who tells about what he experienced, though only occurred in the mind or the real, which is conducted verbally and none verbally. Third person point of view shows the “He” character as the central of story. The character of “He” appears with the title name such as he, she or they. The omniscient point of view describes imagery of the some characters into the other characters concerning the events that made and placed in the reality, or any event which tells the author's mind that happened in hearts and minds of the characters and what is done in real, and also actions and reactions that take place between the character, as the author became a source of information to know everything. Limited omniscient point of view does not give the author to tell about the character as told. The author has limitations in accessing information that can be told, either in relation to the number of characters and events because the position that only the start of a character.
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3. The Analysis of Prince Caspian Novel.
3.1 The Theme
To look for the theme in novel, we must read the previous novels in The Cronicles of Narnia saga. This novel writen with fantasy and myth stories so to analyze it we need to read it with concern and imagination. In Prince Caspian novel the writer delivered two major themes of the story are courage for life and the revolution toward for restoration for a better world. Then the sub theme in this novel is about adventure and friendship.
• Courage The stories about courage for life always appear in the novel, that is why the
writer decides that courage for life is the central theme in Prince Caspian novel. The story happens when the main character, which is Prince Caspian (The Tenth = X), as a small boy (by which time both of his parents are dead), His uncle King Miraz appoints Doctor Cornelius Caspian's tutor. Cornelius tells Caspian that Miraz killed Caspian IX, Caspian's father and Miraz's elder brother, to take the throne for himself. Although Miraz never cared much for Prince Caspian, he was willing that Caspian should succeed him as king, as he would rather Caspian inherit the throne than a stranger. When Miraz's wife Prunaprismia gives birth to a son, this situation changes overnight. Miraz wish to inherit the throne to his own son, and will murder Caspian X.
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And when he found himself in two reality that first King Miraz secretly planned to kill him immedietly and second his people need the true King lo lean the nation on, he started to learn to become a King, learn about his history, philosophy, and how to embrace every segment of his people. The stories about courage also delivered when the journey of Caspian meet his loyals (The Old Narnian Hood) on the sixth chapter, The People that Lived in Hiding, this chapter tell two side of courages first about many marginalized people by Telmarine found the prince in the wood and reborn a new hope for the future, second for Caspian for being brave enough to lead those people. And then Caspian started to courage himself to start his own journey to the Old Narnia and meet Aslan (the representation of hope and nearly god). Then he was blowing his magic horn to recall the Kings and Queens of The Old Narnian, which is Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy: four children who found their way into the magical land of Narnia through a secret passage way through a wardrobe in the first novel. The recall of The Old Narnian Kings and Queens also build a subjective about courage, Caspian and his old narnian people hoping for a help, a big chilvary and magic but in fact, they did not found anything but only the four young people, children of adam, and when they missed the expectation, they remind themselves about the spirit of old narnian, that spirit is more important than any military equipment and dozens knight. The spirit for being brave, the spirit for being wise, the spirit of familyhood instead of helping each other and trusting each other, is the pursuade of their willingness to rebuild the kingdom of Narnia.
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• The Revolution toward for Restoration for a better world
Whole Saga of The Cronicles of Narnia repeat this theme, the revolution toward for restoration for a better world, but the second novel which is Prince Caspian novel reflect it more. For the start, this novel telling us about the magnificiant world that left behind, an ancient that have been forgotten, in the middle of the novel, the story tell us that the new world became chaos for greedy politic and imperial hesitation, then the novel tell us about how the forgotten one, which is the old narnian arise again, step by step. Started with the young prince of Telmarine, Caspian horn is revolusion for his uncle. And the four Kings and Queens of Narnia ; Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy, with the kings and queens of old and Aslan at his side Prince Caspian finds himself easily capable of defeating his uncle and bringing Narnia back to its previous glory. remake the restoration just like what Aslan did about The Whitch Kingdom in the first book of the Saga
• Adventure and Friendship.
In was reflect in every parts of the novel. It started with adventure, it was described since the beginning of the novel on the first chapter, The Island. The first chapter tell about when the four children are sitting in a railway station when they feel themselves being tugged back into Narnia. They are somehow transported to Cair Paravel, their former castle, which is now a ruin. There they are found by a dwarf who brings them back to Caspian. At the end of the story, Susan and Peter are told that this will be their last trip to Narnia as they are growing up. Friendship of the four
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Kings and Queens with Aslan, The four Kings and Queens with Caspian, Caspian and his tutor – half telmarine half narnian, Caspian and his little knight of Old Narnian, reflect an adventure journey from the beginning until the end of the story.
3.2 Plot
In Prince Caspian novel, the author tells the story step by step in chronologivally manner. Thus, Prince Caspian novel is using progressive plot. The story began, when The Kings and Queens of Narnia, in real world Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy Pevensie standing on a British railway station, awaiting their train to school after the summer holidays, are magically whisked away to a beach near an old and ruined castle. They come to realize the ruin is Cair Paravel, where they once ruled as the Kings and Queens of Narnia, and discover the treasure vault where Peter's sword and shield, Susan's bow and arrows, and Lucy's bottle of magical cordial and dagger are stored. Susan's horn for summoning help is missing, however, as she left it in the woods the day they returned to England after their first visit to Narnia. Although only a year has passed in England, many centuries have passed in Narnia.[a]
That same day, they intervene to rescue Trumpkin the dwarf from soldiers who have brought him to the ruins to drown him. Trumpkin tells the children that since their disappearance, a race of men called Telmarines have invaded Narnia, driving the Talking Beasts into the wilderness and pushing even their memory underground. Narnia is now ruled by King Miraz and his wife Queen Prunaprismia,
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but the rightful king is Miraz's young nephew, Prince Caspian, who has gained the support of the Old Narnians.
Miraz had usurped the throne by killing his own brother, Caspian's father King Caspian IX. Miraz tolerated Caspian as heir until his own son was born. Prince Caspian, until that point ignorant of his uncle's evil deeds, escaped from Miraz's Castle with the aid of his tutor Doctor Cornelius, who had schooled him in the lore of Old Narnia, and who gives him in parting Queen Susan's horn. Caspian flees into the forest but is knocked unconscious when his horse bolts. He awakes in the den of a talking badger, Trufflehunter, and two dwarfs, Nikabrik and Trumpkin, who accept Caspian as their king.
The badger and dwarves take Caspian to meet many creatures of Old Narnia. They gather for a council at midnight on Dancing Lawn. Doctor Cornelius arrives to warn them of the approach of King Miraz and his army; he urges them to flee to Aslan's How in the great woods near Cair Paravel. But the Telmarines follow the Narnians to the How, and after several skirmishes the Narnians appear close to defeat. At a second war council, they discuss whether to use Queen Susan's horn, and whether it will bring Aslan or the Kings and Queens of the golden age. Not knowing where help will arrive, they dispatch Pattertwig the Squirrel to Lantern Waste and Trumpkin to Cair Paravel, and it is then that Trumpkin is captured by the Telmarines and rescued by the Pevensies.
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Trumpkin and the Pevensies make their way to Caspian. They try to save time by travelling up Glasswater Creek, but lose their way. Lucy sees Aslan and wants to follow where he leads, but the others do not believe her and follow their original course, which becomes increasingly difficult. In the night, Aslan calls Lucy and tells her that she must awaken the others and insist that they follow her on Aslan's path. In the cold early hours of morning the others eventually obey. They begin to see Aslan's shadow, then Aslan himself. Aslan sends Peter, Edmund, and Trumpkin ahead to Aslan's How to deal with the treachery brewing there, and follows with Susan and Lucy.
Peter, Edmund, and Trumpkin enter Aslan's How; they overhear Nikabrik and his confederates, a Hag and a Wer-Wolf, trying to convince Caspian, Cornelius, and Trufflehunter to help them resurrect the White Witch in hopes of using her power to defeat Miraz. A fight ensues, and Nikabrik and his two friends are slain.
Peter challenges Miraz to single combat; the army of the victor in this duel will be considered the victor in the war. Even though he has a stronger army and thus has more to lose by a duel, Miraz accepts the challenge, goaded by his two lords, Glozelle and Sopespian. After a stiff fight, Miraz falls. Glozelle and Sopespian cry that the Narnians have cheated and stabbed the King in the back while he was down. They command the Telmarine army to attack, and in the commotion that follows, Glozelle stabs Miraz in the back. Aslan, meanwhile, accompanied by Lucy and Susan, summons the gods Bacchus and Silenus, and with their help brings the
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woods to life. The gods and awakened trees liberate several victims of Telmarine oppression, then intervene to turn the tide of battle and send the Telmarines fleeing. Discovering themselves trapped at the Great River, where their bridge has been destroyed by Bacchus, the Telmarines surrender.
Aslan gives the Telmarines a choice of staying in Narnia under Caspian or returning to Earth, their original home. After one volunteer disappears through the magic door created by Aslan, the Pevensies go through to reassure the other Telmarines, though Peter and Susan reveal to Edmund and Lucy that they are too old to return furthermore to Narnia. The Pevensies find themselves back at the railway station where the adventure began, just as the train to Susan and Lucy's boarding school pulls up into the station. 3.3 The Character
There are some character in Prince Caspian novel. In this chapter, the writer will describe main character and peripheral character. There are six main characters in this novel, and ten peripheral characters. 3.3.1 Main Character
• Prince Caspian, the rightful Telmarine King, who becomes King of Narnia. introduces Caspian as the young nephew of and heir to King Miraz of Narnia. By this time 1300 years have passed since the rule of High KingPeter and his siblings, and Old Narnians no longer live openly in Narnia, having been driven
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into hiding by Caspian's ancestors, the Telmarines. In fact, the talking beasts are believed to be mythical, and stories of them are forbidden in Miraz's castle. With Aslan's help, they defeat Miraz in what Lewis called the "War of Deliverance" and restore old Narnia. Despite his Telmarine bloodline, Caspian is named the rightful heir by Aslan himself, for he is a member of Adam's race from Earth. He becomes King Caspian X. • Miraz, a descendant of the Telmarines who had invaded Narnia hundreds of years before, is a cruel and unpopular ruler who has imposed stern laws and high taxes on the Narnian population. Most notorious for banning the teaching of Narnia's pre-Telmarine history, he also levies high taxes and enacts harsh laws. He initially tolerates Caspian as his heir, taking the title of "Lord Protector" for himself, before ascending the throne while Caspian is a small child. Many years later, his wife, Prunaprismia, bears a son. Miraz is then ready to kill Caspian too, in order to clarify the succession. He fights the Old Narnians, who support Caspian, and accepts a challenge to single combat with Peter to settle the matter; but he is killed treacherously by Lord Glozelle after the duel. • Lucy Pevensie, the youngest Pevensie child, is the first to see Aslan again. and she has a terrible time convincing her brothers and sister as well as Trumpkin the dwarf that he had returned, echoing her trials early in the first book. However, Edmund believes her and backs her up, due to her being right about Narnia itself existing. Aslan tells her to try again, and says that she must follow him alone if
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they refuse to come with her. Lucy comments that Aslan has grown larger, but really she is the one that has grown. • Edmund Pevensie is the third Pevensie child. Unlike his older siblings, he trusts Lucy's sighting of Aslan, pointing out that in their first adventure she turned out to be right and he ended up looking a bit silly. He convinces Trumpkin the dwarf that they are the Kings and Queens from the legend by defeating him in a sparring practice. He later helps Peter and Trumpkin defend Caspian against Nikabrik, the hag, and the werewolf, which Edmund kills. Edmund is also there to witness Peter's duel against Miraz. In this book Edmund is around 11 years old at the time of their return. He has since become more caring and protective of Lucy, and is the first person to believe her when she sees A
(BOOK 2 IN THE CHRONICLES OF NARNIA)
A PAPER
BY ANDRE YAMME RESA BUKIT
REG. NO. 102202038
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDIES
DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM MEDAN
APRIL 2014
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It has been proved by Supervisor
Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum NIP. 19630216198903 1 003 Submitted to Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera in partial fulfillment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in English.
Approved by Head of Diploma III English Study Program
Dr. Matius C. A. Sembiring, M.A. NIP. 19521126198112 1 001 Approved by the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera as a Paper for the Diploma (D-III) Examination
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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the D-III Examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera.
The Examination is held on April 2014 Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera Dean,
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. NIP. 19511013197603 1 001
Board of Examiners 1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Head of ESP) 2. Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum (Supervisor) 3. ………………………… (Reader)
Signature ________ ________ ________
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AUTHORS DECLARATION
I, ANDRE YAMME RESA BUKIT, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
Signed Date
: …………. : 2014
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name Title of Paper (Book 2 In
Qualification Study Program
: ANDRE YAMME RESA BUKIT : The Intrinsic Analysis in C. S. Lewis Novel Prince Caspian
The Chronicles of Narnia) : D-III/ Ahli Madya : English
I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Department Faculty of Letters USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
Signed Date
: …………… : 2014
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ABSTRAK Novel merupakan salah satu hasil karya sastra manusia yang tidak hanya berisi cerita yang menarik, tetapi juga mengandung pesan moral bagi pembacanya. Kertas karya yang berjudul “The Intrinsic Analysis in C. S. Lewis’s Novel Prince Caspian (Book 2 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” ini membahas tentang unsur-unsur intrinsik dalam suatu karya sastra yang terdiri dari tema, alur, karakter, gaya bahasa, latar dan sudut pandang. Prince Caspian merupakan novel lanjutan dari “The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (Book 1 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” yang ditulis oleh seorang novelis terkenal dan berbakat di dunia C. S. Lewis. Novel ini merupakan novel fiktif hasil dari imajinasi sang penulis yang menceritakan tentang petualangan 4 orang anak Peter, Susan, Edmund dan Lucy, yang merupakan tokoh utama dalam novel ini di dalam sebuah dunia baru yang pernah mereka kunjungi sebelumnya yaitu Narnia. Mereka kembali berpetualang di Narnia setelah kereta api yang mereka tumpangi membawa mereka kembali ke dunia tersebut dan disana mereka bertemu dengan Prince Caspian. Novel ini berisikan pengajaran tentang keberanian untuk hidup dan revolusi demi restorasi dunia yang lebih baik. Para tokoh utama sungguh-sungguh menunjukkan persahabatan dan persaudaraan yang baik. Kertas karya ini menggunakan metode progresif tahap demi tahap, yaitu membaca sumber data utama yaitu Novel Prince Caspian, lalu menginterpretasikan dan menganalisis unsur-unsur intrinsiknya sehingga dapat menyimpulkan teks-teks yang relevan dalam pembuatan dan penulisan kertas karya ini. Novel ini mendeksripsikan bagaimana setiap unsur-unsur intrinsik dalam sebuah kertas karya saling berikaitan satu sama lain, karna tanpa adanya saling keterkaitan itu, tak akan mungkin sebuah karya sastra akan tercipta.
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ABSTRACT Novel is one of the literary which not only concern an interesting story, but it also contain a moral message for the readers. The paper entitles “The Intrinsic Analysis in C. S. Lewis’s Novel Prince Caspian (Book 2 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” is about the intrinsic elements in a literary work consist of theme, plot, character, style, setting and point of view. Prince Caspian is the continued novel of “The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (Book 1 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” that written by C. S. Lewis who is one of talented and famous novelist in the world. This novel is a fiction novel that created by imagination of the writer which tells us about the adventures of 4 children Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy, as the main character in the new world called Narnia that they have visited before. They discover Narnia again after the train that they were travelling brought them to that world and then they met Prince Caspian in there. The content of this novel have taught us about courage for life and the revolution toward for restoration for a better world. The main characters were verily showed good friendship and family hood. This paper use progressive method is step by step. Reading until finish the main source data that is Prince Caspian novel, then interpret and analyze the intrinsic elements in the novel so that can conclude the relevant text to make this paper. This paper describes how each intrinsic element in a literary work is related; because without the absence of interconnections, it would not perhaps a work of literature will be crafted.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
For words. First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the God for blessing and giving me health, strength and ease to accomplish this paper as one of the requirements to get Diploma III certificate from English Department Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera. Then, I would like to express a deep gratitude, love and appreciation to:
• My beloved prents, Drs. Pilemon Bukit, MTh and Ir. Meiyesti Situmorang, MKes. Thank you for all your motivations, advices, prays, and loves for me. I present this paper for you.
• Dr. Matius C. A. Sembiring, M.A. as the Head of English Diploma Study Program, who gives me a lot of knowledge.
• Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum. as my supervisor. Thank you for the valuable time in giving the correction and constructive critics in completing this paper.
• Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. as the Dean of Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera.
• All lectures in English Diploma Study Program for giving me advices and knowledge.
• My lovely sibling, Agnes Gracia Quitha Bukit.
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• My Entire friends in Solidas (Student Of English Diploma Association). Thank you for the nice friendship during us together.
• My best friend: Stefanus, Horas, Basten, Habib, and Wahyu. Thank you for the nice friendship during our study. I will never forget your kindness to me and I will be missing the days we spent together.
Finally, I do realize that this paper is still far from being perfect. Therefore, I welcome any constructive critics and suggestions towards this paper. I hope this paper will be a worthwhile for the readers.
Medan,
April 2014
The writer,
Andre Yamme Resa Bukit Reg. No. 102202038
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION................................................................................ i COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ............................................................................ii ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................ii ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................vii
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1 1.1.Background of the Study ........................................................................... 1 1.2. Scope of the Study..................................................................................... 2 1.3. Purpose of the Study ................................................................................ 3 1.4. Significance of the Study ......................................................................... 3 1.5. The Method of Research .......................................................................... 3
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................................ 4 2.1. The Definition of Novel .............................................................................. 4 2.2. The Intrinsic Element of Novel ................................................................... 6
2.2.1. The Theme ......................................................................................... 7 2.2.2. The Plot.............................................................................................. 9 2.2.3. The Characters................................................................................. 11 2.2.4. The Setting....................................................................................... 12 2.2.5. Point of View................................................................................... 13
3. THE ANALYSIS OF PRINCE OF CASPIAN ............................................... 15 3.1. The Theme ................................................................................................. 15 3.2. The Plot...................................................................................................... 18 3.3. The Character ............................................................................................ 21
3.3.1. Main Character ................................................................................ 21 3.3.2. Peripheral Character ........................................................................ 25 3.4. The Setting................................................................................................. 26
3.4.1. Setting of Place................................................................................ 26 3.4.2. Setting of Time ................................................................................ 27 3.5. Point of View............................................................................................. 27
4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS .......................................................... 28 4.1. Conclusion ................................................................................................. 28 4.2. Suggestion ................................................................................................. 29
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REFERENCES......................................................................................................... 31 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... 32
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ABSTRAK Novel merupakan salah satu hasil karya sastra manusia yang tidak hanya berisi cerita yang menarik, tetapi juga mengandung pesan moral bagi pembacanya. Kertas karya yang berjudul “The Intrinsic Analysis in C. S. Lewis’s Novel Prince Caspian (Book 2 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” ini membahas tentang unsur-unsur intrinsik dalam suatu karya sastra yang terdiri dari tema, alur, karakter, gaya bahasa, latar dan sudut pandang. Prince Caspian merupakan novel lanjutan dari “The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (Book 1 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” yang ditulis oleh seorang novelis terkenal dan berbakat di dunia C. S. Lewis. Novel ini merupakan novel fiktif hasil dari imajinasi sang penulis yang menceritakan tentang petualangan 4 orang anak Peter, Susan, Edmund dan Lucy, yang merupakan tokoh utama dalam novel ini di dalam sebuah dunia baru yang pernah mereka kunjungi sebelumnya yaitu Narnia. Mereka kembali berpetualang di Narnia setelah kereta api yang mereka tumpangi membawa mereka kembali ke dunia tersebut dan disana mereka bertemu dengan Prince Caspian. Novel ini berisikan pengajaran tentang keberanian untuk hidup dan revolusi demi restorasi dunia yang lebih baik. Para tokoh utama sungguh-sungguh menunjukkan persahabatan dan persaudaraan yang baik. Kertas karya ini menggunakan metode progresif tahap demi tahap, yaitu membaca sumber data utama yaitu Novel Prince Caspian, lalu menginterpretasikan dan menganalisis unsur-unsur intrinsiknya sehingga dapat menyimpulkan teks-teks yang relevan dalam pembuatan dan penulisan kertas karya ini. Novel ini mendeksripsikan bagaimana setiap unsur-unsur intrinsik dalam sebuah kertas karya saling berikaitan satu sama lain, karna tanpa adanya saling keterkaitan itu, tak akan mungkin sebuah karya sastra akan tercipta.
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ABSTRACT Novel is one of the literary which not only concern an interesting story, but it also contain a moral message for the readers. The paper entitles “The Intrinsic Analysis in C. S. Lewis’s Novel Prince Caspian (Book 2 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” is about the intrinsic elements in a literary work consist of theme, plot, character, style, setting and point of view. Prince Caspian is the continued novel of “The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (Book 1 In The Chronicles Of Narnia)” that written by C. S. Lewis who is one of talented and famous novelist in the world. This novel is a fiction novel that created by imagination of the writer which tells us about the adventures of 4 children Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy, as the main character in the new world called Narnia that they have visited before. They discover Narnia again after the train that they were travelling brought them to that world and then they met Prince Caspian in there. The content of this novel have taught us about courage for life and the revolution toward for restoration for a better world. The main characters were verily showed good friendship and family hood. This paper use progressive method is step by step. Reading until finish the main source data that is Prince Caspian novel, then interpret and analyze the intrinsic elements in the novel so that can conclude the relevant text to make this paper. This paper describes how each intrinsic element in a literary work is related; because without the absence of interconnections, it would not perhaps a work of literature will be crafted.
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PRINCE CASPIAN NOVEL (BOOK 2 IN THE CHRONICLES OF NARNIA)
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study
Literature is creative expression of human imagination or wishes that it is almost impossible to create an exact definition of it. Wellek & Warren (1971:3) state that literature is the mirror of human life that portrays ‘human feeling, thought, imagination and perception which can be viewed based on personal judgment.
Literature can be divided into three genres, such as prose fiction, poetry and drama. In the sense of literary, prose also called fiction, narrative text, or narrative discourse. Fiction is a narrative work that tells something that is imaginary, something that does not exist and happen in the real world. As a work of imaginary, fiction directs various problems of man and humanity, life and living. Fiction tells the various problems of human life in the interactions with the environment and others. Fiction is the result of dialogue, contemplation, and reactions to the environment and the life of the author.
Novel is fictional prose narrative of considerable length, typically having a plot that is unfolded by the actions, speech and thoughts of the characters. Novel,
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nearly always an extended fictional prose narrative, although some novel are very short, some are non fictional, some have been written in verse and some not even tell a story, novel is fictitious kind of writing.
Novel is a world specially made in words by an author. A novel exists in the way it does because an author has chosen to put it together in that particularly way. This means that novels are not real life. Like all works of art poems, plays, pots or pieces of music – they have been constructed or crafted. (Gill, 1985:77).
There are two important elements in fiction, intrinsic and extrinsic elements. Extrinsic elements include: religion, education, custom, etc. while intrinsic elements include: theme, plot, character, setting, and point of view.
Prince Caspian Novel has written by C. S. Lewis as a part of his seventh book of The Cronicles of Narnia. This novel is a book 2 which content “The return to Narnia” after the ‘main character’ in book 1 (The Lion The Witch and The Wardrobe) adventured, preyed by White Witch. And then Aslan, the noble lion, free Prince Caspian and Narnia from the spell of her (the White Witch).
1.2 Scope of Study
Analyzing literature especially novel is not easy. The scope or limitation of this analysis is to analyze only five intrinsic elements in C.S. Lewis novel Prince of Caspian. There are theme, plot, character, setting, and point of view. It is important to limit the writing in order avoid the readers from confusion.
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1.3 Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study to analyze the intrinsic elements in Prince of Caspian novel, so that the writer can understand how the elements of literature works include theme, plot, character, setting, and point of view made. So the story ideas, conflict in the story, the characters in the story, the setting of place and setting of time, until the point of view that created by the author can be analyzed carefully. The writer hopes this analysis could help the readers who want to know more about the messages in the novel.
1.4 Significance of Study
The significance of this paper is to enrich literary study especially in literature of novel. The writer hope this analysis could become references for further study of literary works whatever forms they will be.
1.5 Method of Research
Method of research conducted in this paper is the step by step method. The first step is reading the main source data until finish; it is Prince of Caspian novel. After reading to the end, the writer select the text, interpret it, and then analyze the texts in order to decide which ones of the text are relevant to the elements of literature contained in the novel so that it can be conclude to this paper. The writer also searches some data from books and internet that related with elements of literature as material to support the completeness of this paper.
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2. REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Definition of Novel
Novel is the name of a literary kind and there is a story to tell about how, over the centuries, its substance has widened and its conventions changed. Henry James (Watson,1978: xi) in an excited moment, called the novel ‘independent, elastic prodigious, and its story is as untidy as some of its masterpieces. If Aristotle had ever read any novels, he would have needed a far wider canvas than he allowed to tragedy in that surviving fragment of analysis known as the poetics.
Novella literally means 'a small new item' and then interpreted as 'a short story in the form of prose' (Abrams,1981: 119). Novels and short stories are two forms of literature that once called fiction. Differences between the novel and short stories are a formality in terms of shape, in terms of story length. A long story, let's say hundreds of pages, clearly can not be called as a short story, but more appropriately called a novel. Because of its length, the novel can not inherit the solid unity that belongs to the short story. The novel is also not able to make the subject stand out like a microcosmic principle of short stories. Instead the novel is able to present the development of one character, a complicated social situation, relationships that involve many or few characters, and a variety of complicated events occurring in greater detail. The novel is able to create a complete universe at once complicated. This means that the novel is both easy and more difficult to read when
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compared with the short story. It is said more easily because the novel is not burdened with the responsibility to deliver something quickly or with solid form and said to be more difficult because the novel was written in large scale units that contain a larger organization rather than short stories.
The novel is educating us because novels can inform on some surprising subjects. Like other kinds of story, a novel is a way of learning about how things were cognitive instrument and those who distrust stories as evidence should consider how often in conversation we use them to make points or answer questions. For one thing, a novel is too untidy an object, often, to be seen as regulated in its entirety and the patterns offered can be impoverishing the figure in the carpet is not itself the carpet, or anything like it. A novel is a fund of knowledge as well as a literary form and any pure and exclusive formalism whether structuralize or other, flies in the face of much of the ordinary experience of reading fiction.
Novel can freely express something, to present something more, more detailed, more detail and more involving many complex problems. This includes various the story elements that build the novel. (Nurgiyantoro, trans.2005:11).
Novels, however are fictional, that is to say, they have been made up. A character in a novel can’t be compared to a real person from whom he or she has been copied, because, for example, there is no Prince Caspian in real life. He, or any other character in a novel, only exists on the page.
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Novel is one of many possible prose narrative forms. Richard Gill in his book (1985:78) state that; in the writing, there is a recognition that a novel is something specially made by an author so that a reader will respond to it in a particular way. The good candidate has recognized three things about a novel: the events of the novel, the author who has created them, and the reader for whom the novel is written. In any good writing about a novel, these three things should be mentioned. They are, however not separable. For instance, the events of a novel are only there because the author has put them there, and they are only recognized as events when read by a reader.
The author, of course is the most important element; the events of the novel and the reactions of the reader depend upon what he or she chooses to do. Because without an author there could be no book at all, but there is also a much more important reason: a novel is a world specially made in words by an author.
2.2 The Instrinsic Elements of Novel
Element of literature denote the things that are used to make up a work literature. There are different types and forms of literature. They are novel, drama, poetry, biography, non-fictional prose, essay, epic and short story. All these types of literature have some elements. To complete a piece of literature, a writer, dramatist or novelist needs to use certain elements like theme, plot, character, etc. However, elements of fiction differ from elements of poetry.
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Extrinsic and intrinsic approaches to literature are employed by critics to evaluate literature according to understandings of the world. Extrinsic and intrinsic approaches to literature are ways to criticize literature in different terms. In intrinsic approach, the critic is mainly concerned with the form, language, style, symbols, images, contrast, structure and development of plot in literary work.Intrinsic is also called formalism as the critic’s basic interest is in the form of the text. In comparison to intrinsic, the extrinsic approach makes the critic to give more importance to the context of a text. It means that he is mainly interested in the background, history, social conditions and biography of the author.
Analysis of the intrinsic elements in literary is an analysis of the literary work itself without looking the related with the data beyond the literary work.(Sukada, trans.1987:51). In this chapter, the writer analyzes further about intrinsic elements in Prince of Caspian novel. There are five elements to develop the story. It consists of theme, plot, character, setting, and point of view.
2.2.1 The Theme
Theme is one of the fundamental components of fiction. Theme means what the novel can be summed up as saying. Another way of putting it would be to talk of the ‘ideas’ of the book. According to Wikipedia, theme is a broad idea, message or moral of a story. The message may be about life, society or human nature. Themes
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often explore timeless and universal ideas and are almost implied rather than stated explicitly.
To determine the main meaning in a novel, we should know the definition of theme itself. Hartoko & Harmanto state that “The theme is the basic common idea that support of literary work that is contained in the text as a semantic structure and related equations similarities or differences”. (Nurgiyantoro, trans.1995.68).
A theme must represent the whole part of the story, because theme is basic development of story. Like as the important meaning in ourselves experience, the theme of a story is individualistic and universal. Theme gives a strong to explained unity of event that describing and also tells about life in common context.
Thus, to find the theme of a work of fiction, it must be inferred from the whole story, not only on the basis of certain parts of the story. Principal themes as the meaning of a work of fiction are not deliberately hidden because of precisely this that is offered to readers. However, the overall theme is the meaning of which supported the story, by itself it will be hidden behind the story that supports it. As a meaning, in general, the themes not depicted directly or specifically. The existence or presence of the theme possesses the whole story and this is causes the small probability for the direct depiction. And this is also the cause not easy interpretation the themes. The main theme is interpretation of understanding by the overall story. However,
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sometimes it can also found any sentences or paragraphs of certain conversations that can be interpreted as something that contains the main theme.
2.2.2 Plot
According to Stanton (1965:14), state that the plot is a story that contains the sequence of events, but each incident was only connected in cause and effect, the events that caused one and also cause the occurrence of other events. Appearance of events for events that only based on the order of time is not necessarily a plot. To be a plot, the events must be processed and made creatively, so that the results of processing and making itself is something beautiful and interesting, particularly in relation to the relevant works of fiction as a whole.
Kenny (1966:14) points out the plot as the events are displayed in a not simple story, because the author set the events was based on a causal connection. The plot is basically sequences of events in logical and chronological relations are interrelated and are caused or experienced by the characters. The plot outline is divided into three parts, namely early, middle, and end. The first part contains the exposition that contains instability and conflicts. The middle part contains the climax which is the height of the conflict. The final section contains troubleshooting (Wiyatmi, trans.2008:37).
The plot has a number of rules, namely plausibility, surprise, suspense, and unity. The series of events arranged plausibility. A story said is plausible to remain
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within the framework of fiction. A story says makes sense if the story has a truth, which is right for the story itself. In addition, the surprise also serves to slow down or speed up the climax. Suspense arises when a series of events related to previous events, arrive - arrived diverted to other events that are not related, so the continuation of the event was delayed and experience uncertainty. The series of events contained in a story has to have integrity.
In accordance with the composition of the events or its parts, the plot can be divided into several types. There are the progressive plot and regressive plot. In a progressive plot, the events arranged: early, middle, end. A novel is called progressive if the events which are narrated chronologically, the first event followed by the events that happened later. While the regressive plot also called as flash back plot is arranged on the contrary, for example: the middle, beginning, end or the end, beginning, middle.
On the basis of quantity, there are a single plot and plural plot. Plot is called a single when the events contain only one primary event, while the plot is called plural when containing a variety of primary events and other events. When viewed from its quality, there are dense plot and loose plot. The dense plot is when the main plot of the story doesn’t have a space to be added another plot. Conversely, the loose plot is when it has possibility to inserting another plot.
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2.2.3 Character
Characters, according to Abrams in Nurgiyantoro (Trans.1995:164) ‘are the people who featured in a narrative or dramatic works that are interpreted to have certain moral qualities and tendencies as expressed in speech and what is done in action’.
Fiction is a form of creative work, so how authors create characters and develop the story was not separated from the freedom of creativity. Fiction offers the life model which attitudes and experienced by the characters of story according to how the author in looking life itself. Because the author is deliberately created the world in fiction, he has the complete freedom to display the characters according to his taste, whoever the person, whatever his social status, however his attitude and whatever the problems faced.
Although the characters are figure just created by the author, they should be who living fairly as how the man in the real life which contained of blood and meat also has thoughts and feelings. The life of the character is only in a fictional world, so they should be appropriate according to the story and the role that played. If there are any other actions of characters from stories that have been described previously, it should be on the responsibility of accountable in terms of plot, so the story still has a higher plausibility level. Or if the characters act strange in a reasonable life, they attitudes and actions must remain consistent. In terms of its role, there is a character
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in a story that is rated important and is shown continuously, so it felt to dominate most of the story, it is called the central / main character. While there are also characters that only appear once or several times in the story and it were probably in a relatively short portion, namely peripheral character.
2.2.4 Setting
Setting is the foundation that leads to understanding the place, time relations, and social environment where the occurrence of the events described. In fiction, the background can be divided into three kinds, namely the setting place, time, and social. The setting of place is related to geographical problems, the location where the incident occurred, in what village, what city, and so forth. The setting of time is related to matter of time, days, hours, and historical. The setting of social is related to people’s lives (Wiyatmi,trans.2008:40). A story requires clarity about where the accident occurred and when it happens to easy imagination and understanding. That means that a story requires the setting of places, the setting of time and the setting of social-cultural where the story took place.
According to Gill (1985:106), Setting is a broad word. It covers the places in which characters are presented; the social context of characters, such as their families, friends and class; the customs, beliefs and rules of behavior of their society; the scenes that are the background or the situation for the events of the novel; and the total atmosphere, mood or feel that id created by these. All of them are examples of
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setting. When we study a novel, we should pay attention to setting, because it can make a contribution to the book. A successful setting is one which is appropriate to the section of the novel in which it appears and also, possibly, to the book as whole.
Setting is important to development the story. Setting provides in a concrete and clear. It will give a realistic impression for the reader. That is the story told as if it is happening and earnestly. Provide basic background in concrete and clear. This will give the reader a realistic impression, that is the story told as if it happened and in earnest, so that the reader feels much easier to operate a good imagination power to participate critically in relation to knowledge about the setting. Readers feel to find something truly become a part of him when read the story.
2.2.5 Point of View
The point of view can be interpreted as how a story is told. Abrams state that the point of view is the way of the author used as a means of displaying the characters, action, background, and various events that make up the story in a fictional text to the readers. So, the point of view is the way, strategy, or tactic that is deliberately chosen by the writer to express stories and ideas. Selection of point of view in fiction, in many cases will affect the freedom, sharpness, and objectivity in telling stories, and it will also influence the level of plausibility of the story.
Point of view distinguished by the form of persona which tells in the story. Based on the persona, it can be divided into first-person point of view and third
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person point of view. Based on two forms of persona, Lukens (2003:168) distinguishes point of view into four categories, namely first person point of view, omniscient point of view, limited omniscient point of view, and dramatic point of view. According to Mitchell (2003:267), first person point of view and third person point of view is still dominant, but in the writing of contemporary have been modified in such away as to appear more attractive.
First person point of view displaying the “I” character as the center of narration and central of story. The “I” character usually be the protagonist character who tells about what he experienced, though only occurred in the mind or the real, which is conducted verbally and none verbally. Third person point of view shows the “He” character as the central of story. The character of “He” appears with the title name such as he, she or they. The omniscient point of view describes imagery of the some characters into the other characters concerning the events that made and placed in the reality, or any event which tells the author's mind that happened in hearts and minds of the characters and what is done in real, and also actions and reactions that take place between the character, as the author became a source of information to know everything. Limited omniscient point of view does not give the author to tell about the character as told. The author has limitations in accessing information that can be told, either in relation to the number of characters and events because the position that only the start of a character.
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3. The Analysis of Prince Caspian Novel.
3.1 The Theme
To look for the theme in novel, we must read the previous novels in The Cronicles of Narnia saga. This novel writen with fantasy and myth stories so to analyze it we need to read it with concern and imagination. In Prince Caspian novel the writer delivered two major themes of the story are courage for life and the revolution toward for restoration for a better world. Then the sub theme in this novel is about adventure and friendship.
• Courage The stories about courage for life always appear in the novel, that is why the
writer decides that courage for life is the central theme in Prince Caspian novel. The story happens when the main character, which is Prince Caspian (The Tenth = X), as a small boy (by which time both of his parents are dead), His uncle King Miraz appoints Doctor Cornelius Caspian's tutor. Cornelius tells Caspian that Miraz killed Caspian IX, Caspian's father and Miraz's elder brother, to take the throne for himself. Although Miraz never cared much for Prince Caspian, he was willing that Caspian should succeed him as king, as he would rather Caspian inherit the throne than a stranger. When Miraz's wife Prunaprismia gives birth to a son, this situation changes overnight. Miraz wish to inherit the throne to his own son, and will murder Caspian X.
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And when he found himself in two reality that first King Miraz secretly planned to kill him immedietly and second his people need the true King lo lean the nation on, he started to learn to become a King, learn about his history, philosophy, and how to embrace every segment of his people. The stories about courage also delivered when the journey of Caspian meet his loyals (The Old Narnian Hood) on the sixth chapter, The People that Lived in Hiding, this chapter tell two side of courages first about many marginalized people by Telmarine found the prince in the wood and reborn a new hope for the future, second for Caspian for being brave enough to lead those people. And then Caspian started to courage himself to start his own journey to the Old Narnia and meet Aslan (the representation of hope and nearly god). Then he was blowing his magic horn to recall the Kings and Queens of The Old Narnian, which is Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy: four children who found their way into the magical land of Narnia through a secret passage way through a wardrobe in the first novel. The recall of The Old Narnian Kings and Queens also build a subjective about courage, Caspian and his old narnian people hoping for a help, a big chilvary and magic but in fact, they did not found anything but only the four young people, children of adam, and when they missed the expectation, they remind themselves about the spirit of old narnian, that spirit is more important than any military equipment and dozens knight. The spirit for being brave, the spirit for being wise, the spirit of familyhood instead of helping each other and trusting each other, is the pursuade of their willingness to rebuild the kingdom of Narnia.
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• The Revolution toward for Restoration for a better world
Whole Saga of The Cronicles of Narnia repeat this theme, the revolution toward for restoration for a better world, but the second novel which is Prince Caspian novel reflect it more. For the start, this novel telling us about the magnificiant world that left behind, an ancient that have been forgotten, in the middle of the novel, the story tell us that the new world became chaos for greedy politic and imperial hesitation, then the novel tell us about how the forgotten one, which is the old narnian arise again, step by step. Started with the young prince of Telmarine, Caspian horn is revolusion for his uncle. And the four Kings and Queens of Narnia ; Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy, with the kings and queens of old and Aslan at his side Prince Caspian finds himself easily capable of defeating his uncle and bringing Narnia back to its previous glory. remake the restoration just like what Aslan did about The Whitch Kingdom in the first book of the Saga
• Adventure and Friendship.
In was reflect in every parts of the novel. It started with adventure, it was described since the beginning of the novel on the first chapter, The Island. The first chapter tell about when the four children are sitting in a railway station when they feel themselves being tugged back into Narnia. They are somehow transported to Cair Paravel, their former castle, which is now a ruin. There they are found by a dwarf who brings them back to Caspian. At the end of the story, Susan and Peter are told that this will be their last trip to Narnia as they are growing up. Friendship of the four
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Kings and Queens with Aslan, The four Kings and Queens with Caspian, Caspian and his tutor – half telmarine half narnian, Caspian and his little knight of Old Narnian, reflect an adventure journey from the beginning until the end of the story.
3.2 Plot
In Prince Caspian novel, the author tells the story step by step in chronologivally manner. Thus, Prince Caspian novel is using progressive plot. The story began, when The Kings and Queens of Narnia, in real world Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy Pevensie standing on a British railway station, awaiting their train to school after the summer holidays, are magically whisked away to a beach near an old and ruined castle. They come to realize the ruin is Cair Paravel, where they once ruled as the Kings and Queens of Narnia, and discover the treasure vault where Peter's sword and shield, Susan's bow and arrows, and Lucy's bottle of magical cordial and dagger are stored. Susan's horn for summoning help is missing, however, as she left it in the woods the day they returned to England after their first visit to Narnia. Although only a year has passed in England, many centuries have passed in Narnia.[a]
That same day, they intervene to rescue Trumpkin the dwarf from soldiers who have brought him to the ruins to drown him. Trumpkin tells the children that since their disappearance, a race of men called Telmarines have invaded Narnia, driving the Talking Beasts into the wilderness and pushing even their memory underground. Narnia is now ruled by King Miraz and his wife Queen Prunaprismia,
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but the rightful king is Miraz's young nephew, Prince Caspian, who has gained the support of the Old Narnians.
Miraz had usurped the throne by killing his own brother, Caspian's father King Caspian IX. Miraz tolerated Caspian as heir until his own son was born. Prince Caspian, until that point ignorant of his uncle's evil deeds, escaped from Miraz's Castle with the aid of his tutor Doctor Cornelius, who had schooled him in the lore of Old Narnia, and who gives him in parting Queen Susan's horn. Caspian flees into the forest but is knocked unconscious when his horse bolts. He awakes in the den of a talking badger, Trufflehunter, and two dwarfs, Nikabrik and Trumpkin, who accept Caspian as their king.
The badger and dwarves take Caspian to meet many creatures of Old Narnia. They gather for a council at midnight on Dancing Lawn. Doctor Cornelius arrives to warn them of the approach of King Miraz and his army; he urges them to flee to Aslan's How in the great woods near Cair Paravel. But the Telmarines follow the Narnians to the How, and after several skirmishes the Narnians appear close to defeat. At a second war council, they discuss whether to use Queen Susan's horn, and whether it will bring Aslan or the Kings and Queens of the golden age. Not knowing where help will arrive, they dispatch Pattertwig the Squirrel to Lantern Waste and Trumpkin to Cair Paravel, and it is then that Trumpkin is captured by the Telmarines and rescued by the Pevensies.
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Trumpkin and the Pevensies make their way to Caspian. They try to save time by travelling up Glasswater Creek, but lose their way. Lucy sees Aslan and wants to follow where he leads, but the others do not believe her and follow their original course, which becomes increasingly difficult. In the night, Aslan calls Lucy and tells her that she must awaken the others and insist that they follow her on Aslan's path. In the cold early hours of morning the others eventually obey. They begin to see Aslan's shadow, then Aslan himself. Aslan sends Peter, Edmund, and Trumpkin ahead to Aslan's How to deal with the treachery brewing there, and follows with Susan and Lucy.
Peter, Edmund, and Trumpkin enter Aslan's How; they overhear Nikabrik and his confederates, a Hag and a Wer-Wolf, trying to convince Caspian, Cornelius, and Trufflehunter to help them resurrect the White Witch in hopes of using her power to defeat Miraz. A fight ensues, and Nikabrik and his two friends are slain.
Peter challenges Miraz to single combat; the army of the victor in this duel will be considered the victor in the war. Even though he has a stronger army and thus has more to lose by a duel, Miraz accepts the challenge, goaded by his two lords, Glozelle and Sopespian. After a stiff fight, Miraz falls. Glozelle and Sopespian cry that the Narnians have cheated and stabbed the King in the back while he was down. They command the Telmarine army to attack, and in the commotion that follows, Glozelle stabs Miraz in the back. Aslan, meanwhile, accompanied by Lucy and Susan, summons the gods Bacchus and Silenus, and with their help brings the
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woods to life. The gods and awakened trees liberate several victims of Telmarine oppression, then intervene to turn the tide of battle and send the Telmarines fleeing. Discovering themselves trapped at the Great River, where their bridge has been destroyed by Bacchus, the Telmarines surrender.
Aslan gives the Telmarines a choice of staying in Narnia under Caspian or returning to Earth, their original home. After one volunteer disappears through the magic door created by Aslan, the Pevensies go through to reassure the other Telmarines, though Peter and Susan reveal to Edmund and Lucy that they are too old to return furthermore to Narnia. The Pevensies find themselves back at the railway station where the adventure began, just as the train to Susan and Lucy's boarding school pulls up into the station. 3.3 The Character
There are some character in Prince Caspian novel. In this chapter, the writer will describe main character and peripheral character. There are six main characters in this novel, and ten peripheral characters. 3.3.1 Main Character
• Prince Caspian, the rightful Telmarine King, who becomes King of Narnia. introduces Caspian as the young nephew of and heir to King Miraz of Narnia. By this time 1300 years have passed since the rule of High KingPeter and his siblings, and Old Narnians no longer live openly in Narnia, having been driven
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into hiding by Caspian's ancestors, the Telmarines. In fact, the talking beasts are believed to be mythical, and stories of them are forbidden in Miraz's castle. With Aslan's help, they defeat Miraz in what Lewis called the "War of Deliverance" and restore old Narnia. Despite his Telmarine bloodline, Caspian is named the rightful heir by Aslan himself, for he is a member of Adam's race from Earth. He becomes King Caspian X. • Miraz, a descendant of the Telmarines who had invaded Narnia hundreds of years before, is a cruel and unpopular ruler who has imposed stern laws and high taxes on the Narnian population. Most notorious for banning the teaching of Narnia's pre-Telmarine history, he also levies high taxes and enacts harsh laws. He initially tolerates Caspian as his heir, taking the title of "Lord Protector" for himself, before ascending the throne while Caspian is a small child. Many years later, his wife, Prunaprismia, bears a son. Miraz is then ready to kill Caspian too, in order to clarify the succession. He fights the Old Narnians, who support Caspian, and accepts a challenge to single combat with Peter to settle the matter; but he is killed treacherously by Lord Glozelle after the duel. • Lucy Pevensie, the youngest Pevensie child, is the first to see Aslan again. and she has a terrible time convincing her brothers and sister as well as Trumpkin the dwarf that he had returned, echoing her trials early in the first book. However, Edmund believes her and backs her up, due to her being right about Narnia itself existing. Aslan tells her to try again, and says that she must follow him alone if
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they refuse to come with her. Lucy comments that Aslan has grown larger, but really she is the one that has grown. • Edmund Pevensie is the third Pevensie child. Unlike his older siblings, he trusts Lucy's sighting of Aslan, pointing out that in their first adventure she turned out to be right and he ended up looking a bit silly. He convinces Trumpkin the dwarf that they are the Kings and Queens from the legend by defeating him in a sparring practice. He later helps Peter and Trumpkin defend Caspian against Nikabrik, the hag, and the werewolf, which Edmund kills. Edmund is also there to witness Peter's duel against Miraz. In this book Edmund is around 11 years old at the time of their return. He has since become more caring and protective of Lucy, and is the first person to believe her when she sees A