WOMEN’S STRUGGLE TO COPE WITH THE MISERY OF LIVING IN A HAREM IN FATIMA MERNISSI’S DREAMS OF TRESPASS, TALES OF WOMEN’S STRUGGLE TO COPE WITH THE MISERY OF LIVING IN A HAREM IN FATIMA MERNISSI’S DREAMS OF TRESPASS, TALES OF A HAREM GIRLHOOD (1994): A FEM
WOMEN’S STRUGGLE TO COPE WITH THE MISERY OF LIVING IN
A HAREM IN FATIMA MERNISSI’S DREAMS OF TRESPASS, TALES OF
A HAREM GIRLHOOD (1994): A FEMINIST APPROACH
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
By:
NAJIKHATUL LAILI
A 320 070 001
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2011
APPROVAL
WOMEN’S STRUGGLE TO COPE WITH THE MISERY OF LIVING IN
A HAREM IN FATIMA MERNISSI’S DREAMS OF TRESPASS, TALES OF
A HAREM GIRLHOOD (1994): A FEMINIST APPROACH
Approved to be examined
By:
NAJIKHATUL LAILI
A 320 070 001
Approved by the consultants
Consultant I
Consultant II
Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed
NIK. 772
ii
Titis Setyabudi, S.S, M. Hum
NIK. 948
ACCEPTANCE
WOMEN’S STRUGGLE TO COPE WITH THE MISERY OF LIVING IN
A HAREM IN FATIMA MERNISSI’S DREAMS OF TRESPASS, TALES OF
A HAREM GIRLHOOD (1994): A FEMINIST APPROACH
By:
NAJIKHATUL LAILI
A 320 070 001
Accepted and proved by the Board of Examiners
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
On May 25th, 2011
Team Examiners:
1. Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed
(Chair Person)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2. Titis Setyabudi, S. S, M. Hum
(Member I)
3. Drs. M. Thoyibi, M.S
(Member II)
Dean,
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M. Si
NIK. 547
iii
TESTIMONY
Herewith, I testify that there is no plagiarism of the previous literary
studies which have been conducted to obtain bachelor degree of any universities
nor ideas or opinions that have been published by others except those which the
writings are referred in literature review and bibliography. Hence, if it is proven
that there are mistakes in this testimony, I will be fully responsible.
Surakarta, May 13th, 2011
Najikhatul Laili
A320 070 001
iv
MOTTO
A step only is meaningful than nothing
(The writer)
With great power, comes great responsibility
(Ben Parker)
Tanggungjawab itu menembus hambatan dan keterbatasan
(Mz_Ga)
v
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to:
℘
Allah SWT, the Lord of the world
℘
My beloved parents, Mommy and Daddy
℘
My cheerful young sisters, Dahien Nafiesah and
Cut Nabila Nasieq
℘
My lovely “Mz_Ga”, my husband to be…
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
Alhamdulillahi robbil ‘alamin, All praises be to Allah SWT, the Almighty
God, for blessing and guiding in completing this research paper as a partial
fulfilment of the requirement for bachelor degree in English Department.
In this occasion the researcher would like to express her gratitude to the
following persons:
1. Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M.Si., as the Dean of School of Teacher Training
and Education Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
2. Titis Setyabudi, S.S, M.Hum., as the Head of English Department, and
Kosoemo Ratih, S.Pd, M.Hum., as the secretary of English Department,
School of Teacher Training and Education.
3. The first consultant, Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M.Ed, who has
given her great help and guidance in finishing this research paper.
4. The second consultant, Titis Setyabudi, S.S, M.Hum., who has given his
advice and grammatical correction from the beginning until the end of this
research paper.
5. Drs. M. Thoyibi, M.S., as the Academic Consultant.
6. The entire lecturers in Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, especially
in English Department.
7. Her beloved parents, Daddy and Mommy, who always give her strength
and support to face anything, who wish her luck in everything she does,
vii
and who never been tired to give her prayer and motivation to be and to do
the best.
8. All her beloved young sisters, Nafiesa and Nabiela, thanks for all
happiness they gave to her when she was at home.
9. Her big Family in Students Regiment 916/SN Muhammadiyah University
of Surakarta for their motivation. Widya Castrena Dharma Siddha.
10. Her special one, the most imagine sweetheart in her life, Prihadi Gatot
Cahyono, S.IP, who always be patient and give his smile, affection, and
motivation to do the best and to be the best.
11. All her friends in English Department 2007.
12. And the last, to all many people who made this research paper possible
with thanks beyond adequate expression.
Hopefully, this research paper will be useful for those who want to study
Fatima Mernissi’s Dreams of Trespass and enrich the reader’s knowledge dealing
with the Feminist Approach. The researcher realizes that this research paper is still
far from being perfect. Therefore, supportive criticism and suggestion are needed
to make this research paper better.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
Surakarta, May 13th, 2011
Najikha
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE.............................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL...................................................................................................
ii
TESTIMONY.................................................................................................
iii
ACCEPTANCE .............................................................................................
iv
MOTTO .........................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION ...............................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................
ix
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................
xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................
1
A. Background of the Study....................................................................
1
B. Literature Review ...............................................................................
8
C. Problem Statement .............................................................................
10
D. Objective of the Study ........................................................................
10
E. Limitation of the Study ......................................................................
10
F. Benefits of the Study ..........................................................................
11
G. Research Method................................................................................
11
H. Research Paper Organization .............................................................
13
CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY ....................................................
15
A. Notion of Feminism ...........................................................................
15
B. Major Principles of Feminism............................................................
16
1. Women’s Position .........................................................................
17
2. Women’s Role ...............................................................................
18
3. Women’s Right ..............................................................................
18
4. Women’s Participation ..................................................................
19
C. Structural Elements of the Novel .......................................................
19
1. Character and Characterization .....................................................
20
2. Setting ............................................................................................
20
3. Plot .................................................................................................
21
ix
4. Point of view..................................................................................
22
5. Style ...............................................................................................
23
6. Theme ............................................................................................
24
D. Theoretical Application ......................................................................
25
CHAPTER III: SOCIAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MOROCCO IN
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ..........................................
26
A. Social Aspects ....................................................................................
26
B. Political Aspects .................................................................................
27
C. Economic Aspects ..............................................................................
30
D. Science and Technology Aspects .......................................................
32
E. Cultural Aspects .................................................................................
33
F. Religious Aspects ...............................................................................
39
G. Moroccan Women’s Condition ..........................................................
40
CHAPTER IV: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ...............................................
46
A. Structural Elements of the Novel .......................................................
46
1. Character and Characterization ....................................................
46
2. Setting ..........................................................................................
56
3. Plot ...............................................................................................
62
4. Point of view ................................................................................
68
5. Style .............................................................................................
68
6. Theme ...........................................................................................
72
B. Discussion ..........................................................................................
73
CHAPTER V: FEMINIST ANALYSIS ........................................................
76
A. Feminist Analysis ...............................................................................
76
1. Women’s Position ........................................................................
76
2. Women’s Role..............................................................................
77
3. Women’s Right ............................................................................
80
4. Women’s Participation .................................................................
83
B. Discussion ..........................................................................................
84
x
CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION.................................
87
A. Conclusion .........................................................................................
87
B. Suggestion ..........................................................................................
88
BIBLIOGRAPHY
VIRTUAL REFERENCES
APPENDIX
xi
ABSTRACT
Najikhatul Laili. A320 070 001. WOMEN’S STRUGGLE TO COPE WITH
THE MISERY OF LIVING IN A HAREM IN FATIMA MERNISSI’S
DREAMS OF TRESPASS, TALES OF A HAREM GIRLHOOD (1994): A
FEMINIST APPROACH. Research Paper. Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta. 2011
The major problem of this study is to reveal how women’s struggle to cope with
the misery of living in a harem is reflected in Fatima Mernissi’s Dreams of
Trespass. The objective of this study is to analyze this memoir based on its
structural elements and a feminist approach.
In Analyzing Dreams of Trespass, the researcher uses qualitative method.
The object of this study is Dreams of Trespass memoir which consists of 242
pages, directed by Fatima Mernissi and distributed by Basic books, New York in
1994. The data sources consist of primary data and secondary data. The primary
data source is the Dreams of Trespass memoir itself and the secondary data
sources are the other sources related to the analysis such as the author’s
biography, books of literary theory and feminism, and historical background of
Morocco in the twentieth century. The method of the data collection is library
research. The technique of data analysis is descriptive analysis.
The outcome of this study shows the following conclusions. First, from the
structural analysis of the memoir shows that each of structural elements forms
solid unity. Second, based on Feminist Approach, the conclusion is that there is
women’s struggle to cope with the misery of living in a harem in Fatima
Mernissi’s Dreams of Trespass. Moroccan tradition implicitly described that
women is as inferior. There is discrimination inside a harem between men and
women, such as in position, role, right, and participation.
Keywords: Woman’s struggle, Misery, Harem, Fatima Mernissi.
Consultant I
Consultant II
Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed
Titis Setyabudi, S.S, M. Hum
Dean,
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M. Si
NIK. 547
xii
A HAREM IN FATIMA MERNISSI’S DREAMS OF TRESPASS, TALES OF
A HAREM GIRLHOOD (1994): A FEMINIST APPROACH
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
By:
NAJIKHATUL LAILI
A 320 070 001
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2011
APPROVAL
WOMEN’S STRUGGLE TO COPE WITH THE MISERY OF LIVING IN
A HAREM IN FATIMA MERNISSI’S DREAMS OF TRESPASS, TALES OF
A HAREM GIRLHOOD (1994): A FEMINIST APPROACH
Approved to be examined
By:
NAJIKHATUL LAILI
A 320 070 001
Approved by the consultants
Consultant I
Consultant II
Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed
NIK. 772
ii
Titis Setyabudi, S.S, M. Hum
NIK. 948
ACCEPTANCE
WOMEN’S STRUGGLE TO COPE WITH THE MISERY OF LIVING IN
A HAREM IN FATIMA MERNISSI’S DREAMS OF TRESPASS, TALES OF
A HAREM GIRLHOOD (1994): A FEMINIST APPROACH
By:
NAJIKHATUL LAILI
A 320 070 001
Accepted and proved by the Board of Examiners
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
On May 25th, 2011
Team Examiners:
1. Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed
(Chair Person)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2. Titis Setyabudi, S. S, M. Hum
(Member I)
3. Drs. M. Thoyibi, M.S
(Member II)
Dean,
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M. Si
NIK. 547
iii
TESTIMONY
Herewith, I testify that there is no plagiarism of the previous literary
studies which have been conducted to obtain bachelor degree of any universities
nor ideas or opinions that have been published by others except those which the
writings are referred in literature review and bibliography. Hence, if it is proven
that there are mistakes in this testimony, I will be fully responsible.
Surakarta, May 13th, 2011
Najikhatul Laili
A320 070 001
iv
MOTTO
A step only is meaningful than nothing
(The writer)
With great power, comes great responsibility
(Ben Parker)
Tanggungjawab itu menembus hambatan dan keterbatasan
(Mz_Ga)
v
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to:
℘
Allah SWT, the Lord of the world
℘
My beloved parents, Mommy and Daddy
℘
My cheerful young sisters, Dahien Nafiesah and
Cut Nabila Nasieq
℘
My lovely “Mz_Ga”, my husband to be…
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
Alhamdulillahi robbil ‘alamin, All praises be to Allah SWT, the Almighty
God, for blessing and guiding in completing this research paper as a partial
fulfilment of the requirement for bachelor degree in English Department.
In this occasion the researcher would like to express her gratitude to the
following persons:
1. Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M.Si., as the Dean of School of Teacher Training
and Education Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
2. Titis Setyabudi, S.S, M.Hum., as the Head of English Department, and
Kosoemo Ratih, S.Pd, M.Hum., as the secretary of English Department,
School of Teacher Training and Education.
3. The first consultant, Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M.Ed, who has
given her great help and guidance in finishing this research paper.
4. The second consultant, Titis Setyabudi, S.S, M.Hum., who has given his
advice and grammatical correction from the beginning until the end of this
research paper.
5. Drs. M. Thoyibi, M.S., as the Academic Consultant.
6. The entire lecturers in Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, especially
in English Department.
7. Her beloved parents, Daddy and Mommy, who always give her strength
and support to face anything, who wish her luck in everything she does,
vii
and who never been tired to give her prayer and motivation to be and to do
the best.
8. All her beloved young sisters, Nafiesa and Nabiela, thanks for all
happiness they gave to her when she was at home.
9. Her big Family in Students Regiment 916/SN Muhammadiyah University
of Surakarta for their motivation. Widya Castrena Dharma Siddha.
10. Her special one, the most imagine sweetheart in her life, Prihadi Gatot
Cahyono, S.IP, who always be patient and give his smile, affection, and
motivation to do the best and to be the best.
11. All her friends in English Department 2007.
12. And the last, to all many people who made this research paper possible
with thanks beyond adequate expression.
Hopefully, this research paper will be useful for those who want to study
Fatima Mernissi’s Dreams of Trespass and enrich the reader’s knowledge dealing
with the Feminist Approach. The researcher realizes that this research paper is still
far from being perfect. Therefore, supportive criticism and suggestion are needed
to make this research paper better.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
Surakarta, May 13th, 2011
Najikha
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE.............................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL...................................................................................................
ii
TESTIMONY.................................................................................................
iii
ACCEPTANCE .............................................................................................
iv
MOTTO .........................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION ...............................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................
ix
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................
xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................
1
A. Background of the Study....................................................................
1
B. Literature Review ...............................................................................
8
C. Problem Statement .............................................................................
10
D. Objective of the Study ........................................................................
10
E. Limitation of the Study ......................................................................
10
F. Benefits of the Study ..........................................................................
11
G. Research Method................................................................................
11
H. Research Paper Organization .............................................................
13
CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY ....................................................
15
A. Notion of Feminism ...........................................................................
15
B. Major Principles of Feminism............................................................
16
1. Women’s Position .........................................................................
17
2. Women’s Role ...............................................................................
18
3. Women’s Right ..............................................................................
18
4. Women’s Participation ..................................................................
19
C. Structural Elements of the Novel .......................................................
19
1. Character and Characterization .....................................................
20
2. Setting ............................................................................................
20
3. Plot .................................................................................................
21
ix
4. Point of view..................................................................................
22
5. Style ...............................................................................................
23
6. Theme ............................................................................................
24
D. Theoretical Application ......................................................................
25
CHAPTER III: SOCIAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MOROCCO IN
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ..........................................
26
A. Social Aspects ....................................................................................
26
B. Political Aspects .................................................................................
27
C. Economic Aspects ..............................................................................
30
D. Science and Technology Aspects .......................................................
32
E. Cultural Aspects .................................................................................
33
F. Religious Aspects ...............................................................................
39
G. Moroccan Women’s Condition ..........................................................
40
CHAPTER IV: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ...............................................
46
A. Structural Elements of the Novel .......................................................
46
1. Character and Characterization ....................................................
46
2. Setting ..........................................................................................
56
3. Plot ...............................................................................................
62
4. Point of view ................................................................................
68
5. Style .............................................................................................
68
6. Theme ...........................................................................................
72
B. Discussion ..........................................................................................
73
CHAPTER V: FEMINIST ANALYSIS ........................................................
76
A. Feminist Analysis ...............................................................................
76
1. Women’s Position ........................................................................
76
2. Women’s Role..............................................................................
77
3. Women’s Right ............................................................................
80
4. Women’s Participation .................................................................
83
B. Discussion ..........................................................................................
84
x
CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION.................................
87
A. Conclusion .........................................................................................
87
B. Suggestion ..........................................................................................
88
BIBLIOGRAPHY
VIRTUAL REFERENCES
APPENDIX
xi
ABSTRACT
Najikhatul Laili. A320 070 001. WOMEN’S STRUGGLE TO COPE WITH
THE MISERY OF LIVING IN A HAREM IN FATIMA MERNISSI’S
DREAMS OF TRESPASS, TALES OF A HAREM GIRLHOOD (1994): A
FEMINIST APPROACH. Research Paper. Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta. 2011
The major problem of this study is to reveal how women’s struggle to cope with
the misery of living in a harem is reflected in Fatima Mernissi’s Dreams of
Trespass. The objective of this study is to analyze this memoir based on its
structural elements and a feminist approach.
In Analyzing Dreams of Trespass, the researcher uses qualitative method.
The object of this study is Dreams of Trespass memoir which consists of 242
pages, directed by Fatima Mernissi and distributed by Basic books, New York in
1994. The data sources consist of primary data and secondary data. The primary
data source is the Dreams of Trespass memoir itself and the secondary data
sources are the other sources related to the analysis such as the author’s
biography, books of literary theory and feminism, and historical background of
Morocco in the twentieth century. The method of the data collection is library
research. The technique of data analysis is descriptive analysis.
The outcome of this study shows the following conclusions. First, from the
structural analysis of the memoir shows that each of structural elements forms
solid unity. Second, based on Feminist Approach, the conclusion is that there is
women’s struggle to cope with the misery of living in a harem in Fatima
Mernissi’s Dreams of Trespass. Moroccan tradition implicitly described that
women is as inferior. There is discrimination inside a harem between men and
women, such as in position, role, right, and participation.
Keywords: Woman’s struggle, Misery, Harem, Fatima Mernissi.
Consultant I
Consultant II
Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed
Titis Setyabudi, S.S, M. Hum
Dean,
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M. Si
NIK. 547
xii