An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee”.
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Putri Andam Dewi, 2014
An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee” Univeristas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s
Novel Titled “
The Various Flavors of Coffee”
A RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan degree of English Department.
by:
Putri Andam Dewi 0807323
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
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An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee” Univeristas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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[Type text]
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An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee” Univeristas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in
Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “
The
Various Flavors of Coffee”
Oleh Putri Andam Dewi
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Putri Andam Dewi 2014 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Januari 2014
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis
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ABSTRACT
An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee”
Main Supervisor: Drs. Ahsin Muhammad, M.Ag. Co-Supervisor: Nia Nafisah, M.Pd.
This study discusses the issue of metaphor translation presented in the novel “The
Various Flavors of Coffee”. The aims of the study are to identify the types of
metaphor and the strategies in translating metaphors employed in the novel. This study also determines the quality of metaphor translation in the novel.
This study combined two methods of research namely qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative data were obtained through document analysis. The data collected from document analysis were categorized into two types of metaphors and five strategies of translating it by using Larson’s theory (1984). Meanwhile, the quantitative data were obtained through questionnaire filled by the respondents. The questionnaire consisted of six questions which are in Likert scale form. The data were analyzed by using IBM SPSS 20.0 in order to determine the quality level of the metaphor translation.
This study found out that in all of metaphors involved in novel “The Various
Flavors of Coffee”, live metaphors are more frequently applied rather than dead
metaphors. This study also identified the strategies in translating metaphors in the novel. From five strategies proposed by Larson (1984), the metaphors were mostly transferred by keeping the metaphors directly without making any changes. This study revealed that the quality of those metaphors’ translation is “good”. It fulfilled six criteria of translation namely grammaticality, accuracy, terminology, consistency, cultural identity, and overall impression.
After conducting this study, the author recommends a further research in deeper scope of translating metaphors, such as investigating the relationship between the strategies of metaphors’ translation and the translator competence. In addition, this study was expected to give some valuable information and reference to the readers, the translating major students, and the translators related to metaphors’ translation.
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Keywords: Metaphors’ Translation, Types of Metaphors, Strategies in Translating
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ... i
ABSTRACT ... ii
PREFACE ... iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v
LIST OF TABLES ... viii
LIST OF APPENDIXES... x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Research ... 1
1.2 Research Questions ... 3
1.3 Purposes of the Research ... 3
1.4 Scope of the Research ... 4
1.5 Significance of the Research ... 4
1.6 Clarification of Terms ... 5
1.7 Organization of Paper ... 6
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Translation... 8
2.1.1 Definition of Translation ... 8
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2.1.3 Translation Procedures ... 11
2.1.4 Good Translation ... 16
2.2 Metaphor ... 17
2.2.1 Figurative Language... 17
2.2.2 Metaphor ... 17
2.2.2.1 Definition of Metaphor ... 17
2.2.2.2 Classification of Metaphor ... 17
2.3 Analyzing Metaphor ... 19
2.4 Translating Metaphor ... 20
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Statement of the Problems ... 23
3.2 Research Design ... 23
3.2.1 Novel ... 25
3.2.2 Questionnaire ... 26
3.3 Data Collection... 26
3.3.1 Document Analysis ... 27
3.3.2 Questionnaire ... 27
3.4 The Validity and the Reliability of the Instrument ... 28
3.4.1 Validity of the Instrument ... 28
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3.5 Data Analysis ... 31
3.5.1 Data from Document Analysis ... 31
3.5.2 Data from Questionnaire ... 31
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Data from Document Analysis ... 34
4.1.1 Type of Metaphors ... 34
4.1.2 Strategies of Translating Metaphors ... 40
4.2 Data from Questionnaire ... 47
4.2.1 Quality of Metaphors’ Translation ... 48
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion... 54
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides the introduction of the research which includes background of the research, research questions, purposes of the research, significance of the research, scope of the research, research methodology, clarification of terms, and organization of the paper.
1.1.Background of the Research
English has been claimed as a global language (Crystal, 2003), since it has special role in most countries all over the world. On similar note, Redmann (2002, p.45) argues that “English spans the divide between people and cultures. It is not owned by Britain and America; now it belongs to everyone.” The main indication of English’s worldwide status is the widespread acceptance of it as a first or a second language. English as a first and second language is applied in non-native countries. English plays a role as second language when it is used in some substantial department such as government, law court, media, and education system. Some non-native countries who use English as their second language are Singapore and Malaysia. On the other hand, English can be served as foreign language when it is taught in schools but it has no official status, as we can see in Indonesia.
However, since not all people are able to speak or write in English, translation is necessary. Catford (1965, p. 20) defines translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). Newmark (1988) also defines that translation is rendering the meaning of a text
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into another language in the way that the author intended the text. In short, translation is the process of transferring messages from one language to another. Translation is needed in order to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpreting between non-native speakers.
Translating literary works often create problems for translators since they have to be skillful enough to translate feelings, cultural nuances, humor and other delicate elements of a piece work. Haque (2012) says that “it is an inherent idea that the translation of poetry is very problematic, yet we have to agree that the translators also have to face lots of difficulties when it comes to translating prose”. Prose includes novel, essays, fiction, short stories, comedy, and folk tale. There are some problems that are faced by translators when it comes to translating prose, namely cultural words, proper names, addressing people, and rendering figure of speech. Since the source and target languages belong to different cultural groups, translators have to be very careful in translating such terms because it determines the quality of translation.
More specifically, figure of speech or figurative language creates problem for its imaginative nature. Figure of speech are imaginative tools in both literature and ordinary communications used for explaining speech beyond its usual usage (Fadaee, 2011). Figures of speech are widely used in literary works, especially in prose. It is used to give clearer description and visualization about condition and things to the readers. One of figure of speech that causes some difficulties is metaphor.
Newmark (1988: 113) admits that while the central problem of translation is the overall choice of a translation method for a text, the most important particular problem is the translation of metaphor. Metaphor is a figure of speech which compares two unlike things. Metaphors are used by the authors in order to give some
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experience and description to the readers by comparing familiar thing around them. The problem is in finding appropriate equivalents in the target language.
The Various Flavors of Coffee is a novel which has a lot of metaphor. It is
interesting to analyze how those metaphors are translated into Bahasa Indonesia. It tells about a young poet, Robert Wallis, who works for Samuel Pinker, a coffee importer. Wallis is offered a job in describing and classifying the taste of a coffee. He falls in love with his assistant who is also Pinker’s daughter, Emily. Then Wallis is sent to Africa to search the source of legendary Arab Mocca. The conflict starts in the middle of his journey, when Wallis meets Fikre and falls in love with her.
Therefore, it is challenging to analyze the strategies and quality of literary works. This study is inspired by Zohdi and Saeedi’s (2011) research about translating metaphor and simile from Persian to English. It investigates the most accurate translation strategy which is employed in Khayyam’s quatrain. In this present study, the researcher 1) analyzes the most frequently used strategy which is used in translating metaphors in novel The Various Flavors of Coffee 2) and also measures the quality of translation which is presented in number.
1.2. Research Questions
This study is conducted to answer some problems related to translation theory. The problems are:
1. What types of metaphors are expressed in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”?
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2. What strategies are used by the translators in translating metaphors in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”?
3. How is the quality of translation of the metaphors in the novel?
1.3. Purposes of the Research
According to the research questions, the purposes of this study are:
1. To get information about types of metaphors those are expressed in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”.
2. To analyze the strategies those are used in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”.
3. To assess the quality of translation of the metaphors in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”.
1.4. Scope of the Research
In order to have an optimal result from the research, the scope of the study is limited on analyzing the strategies in translating metaphors in a novel entitled “The Various Flavors of Coffee”. The items analyzed in this research are types of metaphors that are employed in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”, the translation strategies used in translating the metaphors and quality of metaphors’ translation in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”.
1.5. Significance of the Research
The findings of this research are expected to describe types of metaphors that are employed in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”. Translation strategies
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used in translating the metaphors and quality of metaphors’ translation in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee” are also expected. This particular information has significance to:
1. Translators, to provide information of strategies that can be used in
translation metaphor and to give an illustration of translation quality of metaphors in a literary work.
2. English Department, to enrich the literary and existing research toward the
translation of metaphor in literary works.
3. Future research, as a foundation of further research toward translation of
metaphor and translation strategy in general.
4. General readers, who want to know more about the strategies of translating
metaphor from English to Indonesian, specifically translating metaphor in literary work
1.6. Clarification of Terms
In this research, there are some terms that need to be clarified to make sure that both the researcher and the reader of this research are in the same understanding about the terms used. The terms which need to be clarified are:
1. Analysis
Analysis is detailed examination of the elements or structure of something (Oxford Dictionaries; 2013). The data that are analyzed in this paper are phrases, clauses, or sentences that contain metaphor.
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An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee”
Univeristas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 2. Translation
Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text (Newmark, 1988:5). In this paper, it is rendering the meaning of metaphors found in Capella’s novel “The Various Flavors of
Coffee”into Indonesian “Rasa Cinta dalam Kopi”. 3. Strategy
Strategy is the art of planning the best way to gain an advantage or achieve success. While of translation strategy, it is potentially conscious procedure for the solution of a problem which is faced by a translator when translating a text segment from one language into another (Lorscher 1991 as cited in Poostdoozan 2000). The strategy here means the procedure used by the translator in translating metaphors found in novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”.
4. Metaphor
Metaphor is verbal relation in which an idea or image is enhanced “by the presence of one or more other ideas” (Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics; 1990).
5. Novel
Novel is an invented prose narrative of considerable length and a certain complexity that deals imaginatively with human experience, usually through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting (Encyclopaedia Britannica; 2013).
1.7. Organization of the Paper
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Chapter I: Introduction
This chapter contains a brief overview on background of the research, research questions, purposes of the research, significance of the research, scope of the research, research methodology, clarification of the key terms, and organization of the paper.
Chapter II: Theoretical Review
The second chapter discusses theoretical foundation about translation of metaphor, analyzing metaphor, and translating metaphor.
Chapter III: Research Methodology
This chapter elaborates the methodology of the research that includes research design, site and participants of the research, data collection, and data analysis.
Chapter IV: Findings and Discussion
This chapter presents the findings of the research in form of findings and discussion.
Chapter V: Conclusions and Suggestions
This chapter consists of the conclusion of the research and suggestions for the next research as well as for teachers based on the findings found by the researcher.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the procedure used in this research to answer the three research questions stated in chapter I. This chapter covers statement of the problem, research design, data resources, respondents of the research, data collection and data analysis used in this research.
3.1 Statement of the Problem
Literary works contains a huge number of figure of speech in order to give clearer description and visualization about condition or things to the readers, one of which is metaphor. Metaphor often creates problems to the translators since it is difficult to find the appropriate equivalents in target language. Relevant to the main points explained above, the questions in this research project are formulated as follows:
1. What types of metaphors are expressed in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”?
2. What strategies are used by the translator in translating metaphors in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”?
3. How is the quality of translation of the metaphors in the novel?
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Based on the classification of research designs from Creswell (2006), this research can be characterised as mixed method research because this study employs both qualitative and quantitative data. This research involves integration of the data in its process (Creswell, Clark, Gutmann, Petska & Hanson, 2004). This research is emphasized the attempt to seek the types of metaphors, the strategies of translating metaphors in novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee” and its quality.
The first question is aimed to seek types of metaphors in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”. The types of metaphors in this novel are analyzed by using document analysis technique. The metaphors in this novel are categorized into two types, namely dead and live metaphors. The numbers of the each type of metaphors are presented in percentage. This document analysis technique is also applied to the second question which is to find out the strategies of translating metaphors in the novel. The numbers of data are also presented in percentage. Since document analysis is the main technique in collecting data in these research questions, these questions belong to descriptive qualitative projects (Patton & Cochran, 2002).
On the other hand, the last research question is aimed to measure the quality of metaphors’ translation in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”. Questionnaire is chosen as the instrument to find out the quality of translation of 12 respondents who are students of translating major and professional translators. The questionnaire consists of six questions with a five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire data are analyzed by using IBM SPSS 20.0 in order to check the validity and reliability of the data. Ordinal category formula is also applied in order to determine the quality of metaphors’ translation in the novel. Therefore, a quantitative analysis is appropriate to analyze and interpret the questionnaire data.
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From the description of three questions above, it can be seen that this research employs mixed method research since both qualitative and quantitative method are needed in collecting and analyzing the data. The process of mixing the data is shown on the following figure.
Quantitative Data Qualitative Data
Method Methodology
Paradigm Perspective
Using mixed methods in other designs
Figure 3.1 Creswell’s Process of mixing mixed data (2010)
The mixed method helps the researcher in providing richer data and more comprehensive results. This idea is supported by Creswell (2006) who argues that by mixing the datasets, it provides a better understanding of the problem than if the dataset had been used alone. In accordance with Creswell, Brewer and Hunter (1989) express that when both quantitative and qualitative data are included in a study, the data gained will make the result even richer than one form of data.
Since this research employs qualitative and quantitative method, the data are obtained from two sources namely document and survey. The data from document are collected from a novel whereas the data from survey are obtained from a questionnaire. The two data sources are described as follows:
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3.2.1 Novel
“The Various Flavors of Coffee” is the source of data that are required in the first and second research question. The novel is written by Anthony Capella and translated by Gita Yuliani. The original novel is published by Bantam Books Trade Paperbacks whereas the translated version is published by PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. This novel is chosen as the data source of this research because it contains a huge number of figurative languages. It also provides metaphors that are needed in this research.
3.2.2 Questionnaire
The respondents of this study are 10 students of a Bachelor Degree in English Department in UPI Bandung, who voluntarily participated in this study upon the information given by the researcher on the nature of the study and what is expected from them. The respondents are those who have taken Translating course both English-Indonesian and Indonesian-English. The students are expected to fill a questionnaire that is used to measure the quality of metaphors in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”. The questionnaire consists of six questions in five-point Likert scale and one open question. In order to make the measurement more reliable, one expert and one professional translator are involved in this research. The expert is a senior lecturer in translating major in English Department in UPI Bandung whereas the professional translator is a translator and interpreter in Pakistan Embassy in Jakarta. By selecting these respondents and some experts, the researcher hopes that this survey gives a valid and reliable result in measuring the quality of metaphors’ translation in novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”.
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3.3 Data Collection
The data of this research are collected by applying triangulation approach. This approach is employed to ensure validity of raw data by using multiple methods of data collection (Gillham, 2000; Bassey; 1999). There were two methods of data collection used in this research namely document analysis and survey. Qualitative data are gathered from a novel by using document analysis technique. On the other hand, quantitative data are collected through a questionnaire.
3.3.1 Document Analysis
Document analysis, as proposed by Bassey (1999), is transferring information from anything that was made in case site and ensuring that it was properly labeled as source so it could be treated as data item. The document which is analyzed in this research is one of Anthony Capella’s novel entitled “The Various Flavors of Coffee”.
Phrase, clause, or sentences in the novel which contain metaphor are analyzed as data source in this research. The data collected for document analysis is all of metaphors in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”.
3.3.2 Questionnaire
Questionnaire is an instrument to obtain data from many respondents. It is also called a survey, checklist or schedule. Dörnyei (2003, pp. 8-9, cited in Burns, 2010: 81-82) notes that “questionnaire can get you three types of information: factual or demographic (who the interviewees are and their background/experiences), behavioural (what they do, or did in the past) and attitudinal (attitudes, opinions,
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beliefs, interests and values). In this study, the questionnaire is expected to present the respondents’ opinions upon the metaphors and its quality of translation.
The questionnaire is adopted from Peter Kahl’s journal entitled “Translation Quality – how can we tell it’s good enough?” which has been presented on Translating and the Computer Seminar in London on 1990. There are six questions related to the criteria of translation namely grammatical, accuracy, terminology, consistency, cultural identity and overall impression. Those questions are in Likert scale form and categorized as subject-completed instrument (Creswell, 2008). The scales are ranged from 1 (very poor) to 5 (very good). The respondents are asked to circle the letter of the list that represents their opinion about the criteria of translation. The quality of translation is taken from the respondents’ total score of all items categorized in the norm scale.
3.4 The Validity and the Reliability of the Instrument
The purpose of trying out the instrument is to make sure that the items are valid and reliable before it is administered to the respondents. The try out is administered to 10 college students who have taken Translating course and the results are analyzed by using IBM SPSS 20.0. Each step is explained as follows:
3.4.1 Validity of the Instrument
Checking the validity of the instrument before taking further action is an important step in research. An invalid instrument can lead to misunderstanding which can give wrong data and wrong result. Borg (1979) argues that validity is the degree to which a test measures what is supposed to be measured. The validity of the instrument is mostly checked by using correlation technique (Masrun, 1979).
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Sugiyono (2011) explains that the valid item is the item with positive and high correlation with the total score. The following are the steps to measure the instrument’s validity:
1. If r-result is bigger than r-table (r-result > r-table), so the item is valid. However, the item will be considered as invalid if the correlation between the items and r-result is smaller than r-table (r-result < r-table).
2. Comparing r-result and r-table (0.252).
3. Conclude the comparison. (Sugiyono, 2011)
Figure 3.2
The Result of Validity Test of Translation Quality Questionnaire
Items of Questions r-result r-table Information
TQ 1 0.668 0.252 Valid
TQ 2 0.731 0.252 Valid
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TQ 4 0.838 0.252 Valid
TQ 5 0.756 0.252 Valid
TQ 6 0.650 0.252 Valid
Validity test on the questionnaire of this research shows that the r-result from all of the questions is bigger than the r-table (0.252). It means that the questionnaire is valid as an instrument of research.
3.4.2 Reliability of the Instrument
Reliability is defined as the extent to which a test procedures consistent to the results when it is administered under similar condition (Hatch & Fahardy, 1982). Testing the reliability of the instruments is intended to convince that the instrument will give the same results even though it is carried out in different site of research. One of the methods that are used to check the reliability of an instrument is Alpha-Cronbach method (Budi, 2006). The formulas are:
2 2 1
1
1
y k i x xxs
s
k
k
r
1
1 2 2n
X
X
s
n i i x1
2 1 2n
Y
Y
s
n i i y(26)
Putri Andam Dewi, 2014
An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee” Univeristas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Where:
rxx = reliability coefficient value of Cronbach’s Alpha
k = the numbers of questions s2x = the varian of each item
sy2 = the total score of the varians (Friedenberg, 1995:197)
Reliability of this instrument of research is tested by using IBM SPSS 20.0. The result of reliability test is shown on the table 3.2 below.
Figure 3.3
The Result of Reliability Test of Translation Quality of Metaphors in Novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”
Variable Cronbach Alpha N of Items Status
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3.5 Data Analysis
The data collected from document analysis and survey which have been mentioned above had no meaning until it was classified, organized, and interpreted (Alwasilah, 2000). The data analysis of each instrument is elaborated as follows:
3.5.1Data from Document Analysis
The data analyzed from document analysis process show the types of metaphors which are employed in novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”. Besides, it also
reveals the strategies that are used in translating those metaphors. The collected data are analyzed through the following steps:
1. Classifying metaphors
The collected English metaphors are classified into two types that are live and dead metaphors (Larson, 1984). The data are analyzed by using those theories. Then, the writer counts the percentage of it by divided the frequency of dead or live metaphor with the number of samples.
2. Analyzing the translation strategies by comparing original English metaphors with its Indonesian version
The writer identifies the translation strategies by comparing the original English metaphors expressed in the novel with its Indonesian translation by using Larson’s theory. Larson (1984) proposes 5 ways to translate metaphors (See chapter IV). All metaphors are clustered and counted based on the translation strategies above. The data are presented as a percentage.
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In measuring the translation quality of metaphors in novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”, the scores in the questionnaire are quantified by using IBM SPSS
20.0 and categorized to ordinal category. The steps of analyzing the collected data through questionnaire are listed as follows:
1. Calculate the total score of each questionnaire by summing up the point of each question.
2. Arrange the scores in order.
3. Analyze the data by using SPSS 20.0 to get the descriptive depiction of the data.
4. Analyze the score by using the ordinal category formula to determine the translation quality of metaphor.
Ordinal category is a categorization of a group tested or a scale into several levels. As stated by Azwar (2012), it is used to place an individual or thing to their own level according to the assessed attribute. The continuum of the level would be “the highest to the lowest”. For that reason, the levels can be determined by grouping it based on existing formula (See table 3.3)
The quality of translation is categorized into five levels, namely very good, good, quite good, poor, and very poor by using the translation quality scale category. The categories of the data scales are described in the following table. The further explanation of the application of the formula can be seen in Chapter 4.
Figure 3.4
Ordinal Category in Normal Distribution Data
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X + 1,5 Very Good
+ 0,5 < X + 1,5 Good
– 0,5 < X + 0,5 Quite Good
– 1,5 < X – 0,5 Poor
X – 1,5 Very Poor
Where
X : Subjects’ raw score : Mean score
: Standard deviation
The level of quality can be determined by applying the means and the standard deviations into the formula.
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An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee” Univeristas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents conclusions that can be drawn from this research and recommendations for students of translating major, translator, and future researcher regarding the analysis of metaphor translation in literary works.
5.1 Conclusions
This study finds out that there are two types of metaphor of the total number of 155 sentences found in the novel “The Various Flavors of Coffee”, namely: live metaphor (79 items or 68.70%) and dead metaphor (36 items or 31.30%). Next, there are five ways of translating metaphors that are proposed by Larson: (1) keeping the metaphor, (2) translating the metaphor as simile, (3) substituting the metaphor with similar term in target language, (4) explaining the metaphor, and (5) translating the metaphor without keeping the metaphorical meaning. The first strategy is the most frequently used whereas the least used is the third strategy. It is happened because there are some difficulties in finding the equal term in target language.
Based on some criteria namely grammaticality, accuracy, terminology, consistency, cultural identity, and overall impressions (Kahl, 1990), the quality of its
translation is “good”. However, terminology and cultural identity should be taken more into consideration to get a good quality of translation.
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5.2 Suggestions
In regard to the research, the researcher proposes some suggestions that might be helpful for those who are interested in conducting research in this field.
First, involve more participants so the result will be more valid and reliable. It will be better if the participants are the translators, and the experts are the certified translators.
Second, before translating any metaphors, the translator should have the knowledge about metaphors in source language and target language. The translator should be able to find strategies to translate metaphor without losing its aesthetic.
Last but not least, for further study, which investigate related issue, can discuss about the relation between the strategies of translating metaphors with the
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Capella, Anthony. (2012). (Translated). The Various Flavours of Coffee (Rasa Cinta
dalam Kopi). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Capella, Anthony. (2008). The Various Flavors of Coffee. United States of America: Bantam Books.
Crystal, David. (2003). English as a Global Language. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Emilia, Emi. (2009). Menulis Tesis dan Disertasi. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Haque, Ziaul. (2012). Translating Literary Prose: Problems and Solutions.
International Journal of English Linguistics. Vol. 2. No.6. Canadian Center of
Science and Education.
House, J. (2000). ―Consciousness and the Strategic Use of Aids in Translation‖.
Tapping and Mapping the Processes of Translation and Interpreting.
Kahl, Peter. (1991). Translation Quality – how can we tell it’s good enough?.
Translating and the Computer 12: Applying Technology to the Translation Process. London: Aslib.
Larson, M.L. (1984). Meaning-based Translation: A guide to cross-language
equivalence. New York: University Press of America.
Newmark, Peter. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Great Britain: Prentice Hall International.
Sugiyono. (2008). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Pendekatan Kuantitaif, Kualitatif,
dan R&D). Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sun, Hongmei. (2011). On Cultural Differences and Translation Methods. Journal of
Language Teaching and Research. Vol. 2, pp. 160-163. Finland: Academic
Publisher.
Zohdi, M., Saedi, Abou, R. (2011). Translating Metaphor and Simile from Persian to English: A Case Study of Khayyam’s Quatrains. Theory and Practice in Language Studies 1/9. p. 1122-1138. Finland: Academy Publisher.
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An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee” Univeristas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee” Univeristas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
APPENDIX A
Questionnaire for assessing the quality of translation adapted from Peter Kahl (1990).
EVALUATION FORM
Dear Evaluator,
Thank you for agreeing to assess a translation of Anthony Capella’s novel entitled “The Various
Flavors of Coffee”. The aim has been to develop a set of standards by which we can measure the quality of individual translations.
In the following, you will be therefore be asked to rate each translation by seven different criteria. Each criterion is presented on a scale of 1-5 and is illustrated in a sentence. You should circle the number of the statement that you think comes closest to your opinion on the translation.
After you have finished, please return the evaluation form and the text to the co-ordinator. Thank you once again for your assistance.
A. Grammaticality
Please rate the syntax and grammaticality of the translation. The text is: 1 - consistently grammatical
2 - largely grammatical 3 - mostly grammatical 4 - often ungrammatical 5 - largely ungrammatical
B. Accuracy
Please rate, as far as is possible for you, the accuracy of the translation. The text is: 1 - an entirely accurate version of the original
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3 - a generally accurate version of the original 4 - a not very accurate version of the original 5 - an often inaccurate version of the original
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C. Terminology
Please rate whether you think the terminology is appropriate or not. The terminology used in the text is:
1 - entirely appropriate 2 - largely appropriate 3 - generally appropriate 4 - not very appropriate 5 - often inappropriate
D. Consistency
Please rate, whether terminology and style are used consistently in the translation. The text is: 1 - entirely internally consistent
2 - largely internally consistent 3 - generally internally consistent 4 - internally not very consistent 5 - often internally inconsistent
E. Cultural Identity
Please rate the extent to which you feel the translation could pass as a text that was originally written in the translated language. The text looks:
1 - like an original text in the translated language
2 - almost like an original text in the translated language 3 - like a good translation of the original
4 - noticeably like a translation of the original 5 - unacceptable as a text in the translated language
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F. Overall Impression
Please rate the overall impression the translation made on you. The overall impression was: 1 - Excellent
2 - Good 3 - Average 4 - Poor
5 – Unacceptable
G. Comments
Please list any other comments you may have here. Feel free to draw our attention to peculiarities and positive or negative aspects of the text. You may also want to highlight passages in the text to illustrate a particular point.
______________________________________________________________________________
Adapted from: Kahl, Peter. (1990). Translation Quality –how can we tell it’s good enough? in
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Putri Andam Dewi, 2014
An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee”
Univeristas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu BIBLIOGRAPHY
Capella, Anthony. (2012). (Translated). The Various Flavours of Coffee (Rasa Cinta
dalam Kopi). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Capella, Anthony. (2008). The Various Flavors of Coffee. United States of America: Bantam Books.
Crystal, David. (2003). English as a Global Language. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Emilia, Emi. (2009). Menulis Tesis dan Disertasi. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Haque, Ziaul. (2012). Translating Literary Prose: Problems and Solutions.
International Journal of English Linguistics. Vol. 2. No.6. Canadian Center of
Science and Education.
House, J. (2000). ―Consciousness and the Strategic Use of Aids in Translation‖.
Tapping and Mapping the Processes of Translation and Interpreting.
Kahl, Peter. (1991). Translation Quality – how can we tell it’s good enough?.
Translating and the Computer 12: Applying Technology to the Translation Process. London: Aslib.
Larson, M.L. (1984). Meaning-based Translation: A guide to cross-language
equivalence. New York: University Press of America.
Newmark, Peter. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Great Britain: Prentice Hall International.
Sugiyono. (2008). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Pendekatan Kuantitaif, Kualitatif,
dan R&D). Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sun, Hongmei. (2011). On Cultural Differences and Translation Methods. Journal of
Language Teaching and Research. Vol. 2, pp. 160-163. Finland: Academic
Publisher.
Zohdi, M., Saedi, Abou, R. (2011). Translating Metaphor and Simile from Persian to English: A Case Study of Khayyam’s Quatrains. Theory and Practice in Language Studies 1/9. p. 1122-1138. Finland: Academy Publisher.
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Putri Andam Dewi, 2014
An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee”
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Putri Andam Dewi, 2014
An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee”
Univeristas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu APPENDIX A
Questionnaire for assessing the quality of translation adapted from Peter Kahl (1990).
EVALUATION FORM
Dear Evaluator,
Thank you for agreeing to assess a translation of Anthony Capella’s novel entitled “The Various
Flavors of Coffee”. The aim has been to develop a set of standards by which we can measure the
quality of individual translations.
In the following, you will be therefore be asked to rate each translation by seven different criteria. Each criterion is presented on a scale of 1-5 and is illustrated in a sentence. You should circle the number of the statement that you think comes closest to your opinion on the translation.
After you have finished, please return the evaluation form and the text to the co-ordinator. Thank you once again for your assistance.
A. Grammaticality
Please rate the syntax and grammaticality of the translation. The text is: 1 - consistently grammatical
2 - largely grammatical 3 - mostly grammatical 4 - often ungrammatical 5 - largely ungrammatical
B. Accuracy
Please rate, as far as is possible for you, the accuracy of the translation. The text is: 1 - an entirely accurate version of the original
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Putri Andam Dewi, 2014
An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee”
Univeristas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3 - a generally accurate version of the original 4 - a not very accurate version of the original 5 - an often inaccurate version of the original
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Putri Andam Dewi, 2014
An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee”
Univeristas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu C. Terminology
Please rate whether you think the terminology is appropriate or not. The terminology used in the text is:
1 - entirely appropriate 2 - largely appropriate 3 - generally appropriate 4 - not very appropriate 5 - often inappropriate
D. Consistency
Please rate, whether terminology and style are used consistently in the translation. The text is: 1 - entirely internally consistent
2 - largely internally consistent 3 - generally internally consistent 4 - internally not very consistent 5 - often internally inconsistent
E. Cultural Identity
Please rate the extent to which you feel the translation could pass as a text that was originally written in the translated language. The text looks:
1 - like an original text in the translated language
2 - almost like an original text in the translated language 3 - like a good translation of the original
4 - noticeably like a translation of the original 5 - unacceptable as a text in the translated language
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An Analysis of Metaphor Translation in Anthony Capella’s Novel Titled “The Various Flavors of Coffee”
Univeristas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu F. Overall Impression
Please rate the overall impression the translation made on you. The overall impression was: 1 - Excellent
2 - Good 3 - Average 4 - Poor
5 – Unacceptable
G. Comments
Please list any other comments you may have here. Feel free to draw our attention to peculiarities and positive or negative aspects of the text. You may also want to highlight passages in the text to illustrate a particular point.
______________________________________________________________________________
Adapted from: Kahl, Peter. (1990). Translation Quality –how can we tell it’s good enough? in