An Analysis Of Meaning Relations In The Color Purple By Alice Walker

AN ANALYSIS OF MEANING RELATIONS IN

THE COLOR PURPLE BY ALICE WALKER

A THESIS

BY

KHOIRUN NISA SIBUEA

REG. NO. 040721022

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

MEDAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin, first of all, I would like to thank The Almighty Allah SWT who has given His blessing which made me being able to complete my study, especially in accomplishing this thesis.

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum. I have benefited greatly from her faith in my abilities and her tireless effort to improve my skill as a writer of the thesis. I could have not imagined having a better advisor for my sarjana, and without her commonsense, knowledge, perceptiveness and critical value I would never have finished my thesis. Thank you to my co-supervisor Drs. Yulianus Harefa, MEd TESOL for managing to read the whole thing so throughly, and his patience and care in reviewing my effort and hope to learn from his example.

I would like to thank Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A., Ph.D as the Dean of Faculty of Letters and thank to Dra. Swesana Mardiah Lubis, M.Hum as the Head of English Department and Drs. Yulianus Harefa, MEd TESOL as the Secretary of English Department, for their suggestion and administrative assistances.

My special gratitude is given to my dearest beloved parents, my father Taskot Sibuea, my mother Latipah Sitorus, my younger brother Romadona Idris, my younger sister Ade Putri Ramadhani, my grandfather H. Ali Sanusi, S, my grandmother Hj. Asimah, M, my uncles Ilyas, S, Syahriol Sitorus, S.Si., M.IT., Sanusi Sibuea SPd. Abbas, P, my aunts Lia Rianggawati, Romiyah, SPd., Rodiyah S, and Nuraimah for all their attention, support, prayers and endless loves.

My thanks also go to my friends who support me during the time I compose this thesis such as Tiakhiroh, Sekar, Sri, Tika, Pera, Yusnita, Ade Ris and many else who can not be mentioned one by one.

Medan, June, 2008 The Writer Khoirun Nisa Sibuea

ABSTRACT

Skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of Meaning Relations in The Color Purple by Alice Walker” ini adalah suatu analisis semantik yang membahas tentang penggunaan makna yang difokuskan pada ciri-ciri dan hubungan makna. Dalam skripsi ini penulis ingin mengetahui penggunaan makna relasi seperti Sinonim, Antonim, Polisemi, Homonim, Hiponim dan Meronim dalam konteks dan situasi tertentu didalam novel tesebut. Dalam penulisan skripsi ini penulis menerapkan metode anlisis deskriptif. Dalam menganalisis data penulis menggunakan teori F. R. Palmer. Adapun langkah-langkah yang dilakukan penulis dalam membahas analisa ini diawali dengan membaca, mencari dan mengumpulkan data yang mengandung makna relasi, kemudian mengidentifikasi, mengklasifikasi, dan menganalisis kata-kata tersebut berdasarkan makna yang terdapat dalam novel tersebut. Dalam hasil analisis semantik yang dibuat, disimpulkan bahwa dalam novel The Color Purple, makna relasi ditemukan yaitu Sinonim, Antonim yang terdiri dari Komplementari, Gradasi, Relasi , Polisemi, Homonim , Hiponim, dan Meronim . Makna dari setiap jenis meaning relation itu adakalanya hampir sama, tetapi kadangkala makna tidak hampir sama disebabkan beberapa faktor yaitu ukuran, cara melakukan, dan memperoleh informasi. Contoh Synonym pada kata ’ ship and boat’ maknanya sama yaitu ’kapal’ tetapi ada faktor yang membedakan yaitu ukurannya berbeda, ship adalah kapal besar sedangkan boat adalah kapal kecil.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... i

ABSTRACT ... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS... iii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ... I

1.1 Background of the Analysis ... 1

1.2 Problem of the Analysis ... 4

1.3 Objective of the Analysis ... 4

1.4 Scope of the Analysis... 4

1.5 Significances of the Analysis ... 4

CHAPTER II :REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...

5

2.1 A Brief Review of Semantics Theory ... 5

2.2 The Scope of Semantics ... 6

2.2.1 Meaning ... 7

2.3 The Goals of Semantics Theory... 9

2.4 Meaning Relations in English ... 10

2.4.1 Synonymy ... 10

2.4.2 Antonymy... 12

2.4.3 Polysemy ... 14

2.4.4 Homonymy... 16

2.4.5 Hyponymy... 17

2.4.6 Meronymy ... 18

2.5 Relevance Study... 18

CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY ... 20

3.1 Research Method... 20

3.2 Data Collecting Method ... 20

3.3 Population and Sample... 20

3.4 Data Analysis Method... 21

CHAPTER IV : AN ANALYSIS OF MEANING RELATIONS

IN

THE COLOR PURPLE ...

24

4.1 Synonymy ... 24

4.2 Antonymy... 30

4.3 Polysemy ... 43

4.4 Homonymy... 44

4.5 Hyponymy... 46

4.6 Meronymy ... 50

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.... 51

5.1 Conclusions ... 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIXES

ABSTRACT

Skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of Meaning Relations in The Color Purple by Alice Walker” ini adalah suatu analisis semantik yang membahas tentang penggunaan makna yang difokuskan pada ciri-ciri dan hubungan makna. Dalam skripsi ini penulis ingin mengetahui penggunaan makna relasi seperti Sinonim, Antonim, Polisemi, Homonim, Hiponim dan Meronim dalam konteks dan situasi tertentu didalam novel tesebut. Dalam penulisan skripsi ini penulis menerapkan metode anlisis deskriptif. Dalam menganalisis data penulis menggunakan teori F. R. Palmer. Adapun langkah-langkah yang dilakukan penulis dalam membahas analisa ini diawali dengan membaca, mencari dan mengumpulkan data yang mengandung makna relasi, kemudian mengidentifikasi, mengklasifikasi, dan menganalisis kata-kata tersebut berdasarkan makna yang terdapat dalam novel tersebut. Dalam hasil analisis semantik yang dibuat, disimpulkan bahwa dalam novel The Color Purple, makna relasi ditemukan yaitu Sinonim, Antonim yang terdiri dari Komplementari, Gradasi, Relasi , Polisemi, Homonim , Hiponim, dan Meronim . Makna dari setiap jenis meaning relation itu adakalanya hampir sama, tetapi kadangkala makna tidak hampir sama disebabkan beberapa faktor yaitu ukuran, cara melakukan, dan memperoleh informasi. Contoh Synonym pada kata ’ ship and boat’ maknanya sama yaitu ’kapal’ tetapi ada faktor yang membedakan yaitu ukurannya berbeda, ship adalah kapal besar sedangkan boat adalah kapal kecil.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Analysis

People need language as a tool of a communication, however it cannot be sapareted from human beings life. We use language to express our ideas, emotions and desires. Besides it is as a medium to share information. Study of language is linguistics. And the branch of linguistics that is concerned with how meaning is expressed in language is called Semantics.

Halliday (1978:2) defines language as a units of semantics. Language is a system of meaning that is to say that when people use language; their language acts are the expression of their meaning. Halliday views language learning how to mean that is how to make meaning such as the following:

Language is being regarded as a means of expressing what human organism ‘can do’, in interaction with other human organism, by turning it into what ‘he can mean ‘(semantics system) is, in turn, encoded into what he can say (the lexico grammar system, or grammar or vocabulary: to use our own folk linguistic terminology, meaning are expressed in wordings. Wordings are finally recoded into sounds or spellings (the phonological and orthogrphic system).

The analysis of meaning has been proved as one of the most difficult and exclusive tasks in linguistics description. Thus, a semantic approach can help us to understand the nature of language. Leech (1974:9) said that Semantics as study of meaning which is central to the study of communication becomes more and more crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes more and

process, cognition, and conceptualization-all these are intricately bound up with the way in which we classify and convey our experience of the world through language.

From the definition above, we can say that Semantics is a division of linguistics dealt with words meaning, it is a study of meaning. One part of Semantics is meaning properties and relations. In this thesis, I just talk about meaning relations. Kreidler (1998:46) said that sense relations is seen in the way words do or do not, go together meaningfully. Then, Palmer (1983:84) states: “Sense relations between words that are of semi logical kind, those that are on a narrow interpretation”. Further, Palmer (1983: 84) divides meaning relations into six parts namely: hyponymy, synonymy, antonymy, relational opposite, polysemy, homonymy and meronymy.

From the Quotations above, it can be inferred that meaning relation is some meaning which have relation.

There are some kinds of meaning relations such as: Synonym is used to mean sameness of meaning (Palmer, 1976:59). Antonym is used for oppositeness of meaning (Palmer, 1976:78). Homonym is several words with the same shape and Polysemy is one word with several meaning (Palmer, 1976:67). Hyponym is relationship between the meaning a word of which may be said to be included in that of another word (Palmer, 1976:76). Relational Opposites is a quite different kind of ‘opposite’ is found with pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of relationship between items (Palmer, 1976:81). And meronym is a part-whole relationship between lexical items.

Novel is a literary work. It uses medium to convey the information or message to the reader. Jacob and Illan, (2003:3) in their book The New Encyclopedia Britannica state: “novel is an invented prose narrative of considerable length and a certain complexcity that deals immaginatively with human experience usually through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in specific setting”. By reading novel, we can get meaning. In this thesis, based on the statement above, I am interest in analysing meaning, especially meaning relations in words in the novel The Color Purple.

Word is the minimum free form, the smallest form that may occur in isolution. Not all words seem to have the same kind of meaning. There are two kinds of word, namely; full words and form words. Examples of full words are

tree, sing, blue, table and of form words it, the, of, and, is. Full words seem to have meaning clearly and form words can not give meaning clearly. They can still be said to have meaning, if it has connected with other words. Form word is a grammatical kind and full words is lexical kind.

The Color Purple was written by Alice Walker in 1982. The novel tells about the life of a woman who suffers many forms of violence perpetrated by the people who are supposed to love and protect her. I use the novel The Color Purple

as the subject of the research. The novel is choosen because it contains expressions that have meaning relations.

1.2 Problem of the Analysis

Based on the background above, some problems are formulated as follows: 1). What kinds of meaning relations are found in the novel The Color Purple? 2). What is the meaning of each meaning relations used in the novel The

Color Purple?

1.3 Objective of the Analysis

The objective of the analysis are:

1). To find out the kinds of meaning relations in the novel The Color Purple. 2). To find out the meaning of each meaning relations in the novel The Color

Purple.

1.4 Scope of the Analysis

In this thesis, I focus on meaning relations found in The Color Purple by Alice Walker. There are six meaning relations that will be discussed in this thesis namely; synonym, homonym, antonym, hyponym, polysemy and meronym.

1.5 Significance of the Analysis

I hoped that this analysis can give some significances, they are : 1. To make the writer and readers well understood about meaning relations. 2. To make the writer understand about the meaning in the novel.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 A Brief Review of Semantics Theory

Semantics in general, is defined as the study of meaning. However, meaning covers a variety of language aspects, and there is no general agreement either about what meaning is or about the way in which it should be described.

The term of Semantics is a recent addition to the English language. Although there is no occurrence of semantick in the phrase semantick philoshophy

to mean divination. Semantics has already been since seventeenth century but it does not occurs until it was introduced in a paper read to the American philological association in 1894 entitled ‘Reflected meanings: a point in Semantics’.

In fact, the term Semantics was not simply to refer to meaning but its development. In 1900, Breal released his book Semantics: Studies in the science of meaning. It is one of the earliest linguistic books which are treated as the science of meaning, it was no longer primarily concerned with the development of meaning.

Some definitions of Semantics given by the linguists are as follows:

a. Semantics is the study of meaning which is central to the study of communication, and as communication becomes more and more crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes more and more pressing. Semantics is also at the centre of the study of human

mind-bound up which we classify and convey our experience of the world through language (Leech, 1974: 9).

b. Semantics is the study of Linguistics meaning, it is concerned with what sentences and other linguistic objects express, not with what the arrangement of their syntatic parts or their pronounication (Katz, 1972:1). c. Semantics is the technical terms used top refer to the study of meaning

(Palmer, 1976:1).

d. Semantics is genarally designed as the study of meaning (Lyons, 1977:1). e. Semantics is the study of the relationship between linguistic form and

entities in world, that is how words literally connect to thing. Semantics analysis also attempts to establish the relationship between verbal descriptions and states of affairs in the world as accurate (true) or not, regardless of who produces the description (Yule, 1985:4).

f. Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases, or sentences in the language or Semantics is the study of the meaning of the language, or simply, the study of Linguistics meaning (Siregar, 1992: 2).

From the definitions above, I draw on conclusion that Semantics is defined as study of meaning which deals with meaning of the words.

2.2 The Scope of Semantics

Everyone agrees that the basic question of Semantic is “What is meaning?”, but there is no very general agreement either about the nature of meaning or aout the way in which it should be described. Or we can say that “what is meaning” is a request for semantics theory.

Infact, there are at least two major approaches to the way in which meaning in language is studied, the first is the linguistic approach. The student of language or linguists have long been interested in the way in which meaning in a language is structured. There have been studies of the meanings of words and the semantic structure of sentences. Some of them also have distinguished between different types of meaning in language. The second is philosophical approach. Philosophers have investigated the relation between linguistic expression, such as the word of language, and person, things, and events in the world to which the word refer.

The answer of the scope of Semantics should relate to all meaningfull utterance of language and relationship of meaning, which is contained by the utterance. In other words, the scope of Semantics is the characterization of meaning and its relations. Although there may be different approaches to semantics, three basic terms seem to be widely mentioned in each of these approach, i.e. meaning, sense, and reference.

2.2.1 Meaning

The term meaning is simply derived fom the word mean. The noun “meaning” has a number of definitions as suggested by semanticists. For example, Leech (1981: 23) notes tree points of meaning, they are:

1. Meaning involves the speaker’s intention to convey a certain meaning, which may or may not be evident from the message itself.

3. Meaning in the sense, is something, which is performed rather than something that exists in a static way. It involves action (the speaker produces and effects on the hearer) and interaction (the meaning being negotiated between the speaker and hearer on the basis of their mutual knowledge).

There are some definitions of meaning from linguists, such as:

• Meaning is a word of ordinary, everyday vocubalary of English (Lyon, 1977:4).

• Meaning are ideas or concepts, which can be transferred from the mind of the speaker to the mind of the speaker to the mind of the hearer by embodying them, as it was, in the forms of language or another (Dongoran, 1991:1).

• Meaning is a complex phenomenon involving relationship between a language and the mind of its speakers and the practical use to which it is put (Nikelas, 1988:231).

Dictionary gives different definitions of the term meaning, such as: 1. Meaning : What is meant or intended

2. Meaning : What is meant, significance

3. Meaning : What is understood by a word sentence, etc.

From the definitions, it can be concluded that meaning is the relation between words (sound) and represents to which they refer to.

Even there are various terms of meaning, infacts, exemplify two importantly different sort of meaning, linguistic meaning and speaker meaning. Linguistic meaning of an expression is implying the meanings of that expression

in some forms of language. For example, the word run “I like to run” means,

“Walk fast” and in “They run a mail order house” means, “to manage”.

Although we are supposed not to make words means what they do not mean, we sometimes mean words mean what they do not mean, we sometimes mean somethimg different from what our word mean (linguistically). On the other words, we speak nonliterally. Thus if we are speaking nonliterally, then we will mean something different from what our words mean. If we are speaking literally, then we mean what our words mean.

2.3 The Goals of Semantics Theory

There are two questions about the goals of Semantics theory. The first question is what should a Semantics theory do and how should it do it? The answer to the first question is that a Semantics theory should attribute to each expression in the language and the semantic relation it has should define those relations.

Thus, if an expression is synonymous or entails the other, the semantic theory should make those semantic relations. The second question is that a semantic theory should have at least two kinds of constrains:

1. A Semantics theory should attribute to each expression in the language the semantic properties and relations.

2. A Semantics theory should define those proprties and relations, i.e. at least two kinds of constrains:

a. A Semantics theory of natural language should be finite. People are capable of storing only a finite amount of information but they learn the semantics of natural language.

b. A Semantics theory of natural language should reflect the facts except for idioms expressions are compositional. This means that meaning of syntactically complex expression is determined by the meaning of its constituents and their grammatical relations.

2.4 Meaning Relations in English

Meaning relations is also called sense or semantics relations. It is the realtionships of meaning or sense that may be set up between two individual and groups of lexical items. Semantic or meaning relations have six terms that will be discussed in this thesis. They are synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy.

2.4.1 Synonymy

The term synonymy is derived from Greek word synonymy syn which means with together and onyma means name. So, synonymy means name together. Two words or more (together) name the same object, action, event or quality.

Synonymy are words from the same language and grammatical category, which have similar or almost similar meaning but different spelling, sound, connotation, or application. It is identical in sense to another word or has the same

or nearly the same general sense as another word but it is perhaps use in different context. Examples of synonyms are the pairs:

1. kingly = royal 2. world = universe 3. buy = purchase 4. brotherly = fraternal 5. almost = nearly

Nevertheless, it has been aid as well to remember that no two words ever have exactly the same meaning (no perfect synonym). Two words might be synoymous in one sentence but different in another. It seems to be very little if any differences between the expressions. Both of the following expressions have difference to be considered. For examples:

a. Marry is sitting in the sofa

b. Marry is sitting in the couch

Some individuals may always use sofa and couch, but if they know the two words, they will understand the sentences with either word and interpret them to mean the same thing. The degree of semantic similarity between words depends on great extent on the number of semantic properties they share. Sofa and couch refer to the same type of object and share most, if not all, their semantic properties.

2.4.2 Antonymy

Antonymy are words or expressions which are opposite in meaning. Or two forms with opposite meaning. They can share an aspect of meaning but opposite or incompatible in some other aspect of meaning.

There are three kinds of antonyms, they are: 1. Complementary Pairs

It means the items complementary to each other. The items belong to the set of incompatible terms. We can also say that the negative of one word is synonymous with the other. For example: male X female and clean X dirty are complementary pairs. If not male = female and if not female = male and also if not clean = dirty, if not dirty = clean.

Complementary pairs are predicates which come in pairs and between them exhaust all the relevant possibilities. If the one predicates is applicable, then the other can not be and vice versa. For instance, the words married and single. These two words cannot be used to refer the same individual at the same time. There is only one possibility of the fact, such as in the sentence Peter is married or Peter is single. If married is application, then single is not, and vise versa. It means, to say Peter is married is to say that He is not single. So, to say something is Not the one is to say that is the other.

2. Gradable Pairs

It means the pairs of words have gradation of width, age, size, etc. All are indicated by the adjectives. For examples: old X new and hard X soft are gradable pairs. If we say not old, it is not necessarily equal with new because when

someone is not old, it doesn’t mean he is new. Gradable pairs also means the negative of one word is not synonymous with the other.

Gradable pairs can be graded into comparative and superlative degrees by adding the word more or most and inflection -er or –es to which are being compared. For example, the word big is the opposite of word small. The word big can be graded into comparative degree bigger or superlative degree biggest, and the word small can be garded into comparative degree smaller or superlative degree smallest. It is also true of gradable pairs that more of one is less of another. For example: longer is less short, , wider is less narrow, and more bigness is less smaller.

There are two characteristics of gradable pairs, they are marked term and unmarked term. Marked term means that the term is not so used by the speaker. In contrary, unmarked term means that the term of the pairs is commonly used by people in speaking of their language. For example, the expression How high is it? or How wide is it? are commonly used than How low is it? or How narrow is it?.

3. Relational Opposite

Relational opposites is a quite different kind of ‘opposite’ found with pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of relationship between items (Palmer, 1976:81).

It means we can find the relationship between the opposite pairs of words or two-way contrast where one number presupposes the other, symetry, transitivity, and reflexivity are the characteristics of relation.

Relational opposite comes from verbs: buy/sell, lend/borrow, rent/let,

own/belong to, and give/recieve. There are also nouns: husband/wife,

fiance/fiancee, parent/child, debtor/creditor, and teacher/pupi; in a number of terms referring to spatial position: above/below, infront of/behind, north of/south of; and in grammar too, active and passive such as: ifTom hits Harry, Harry is hit by Tom.

It is clear that if A gives Y to B, then B receives Y from A ; if A is B’s teacher, then B is A’s pupil. Pairs of words ending in –er and –ee are usually relational opposite. For instance, if Ann is Bob’s emlpoyer, then Bob is Ann’s employee. Other forms to form antonyms are by adding the prefix un-, prefix non-, prefix in- before the word. For examples:

equal X unequal important X unimportant fiction X nonfiction stop X nonstop direct X indirect capable X incapable

2.4.3 Polysemy

The term Polysemy is derived from Greek word poly means many and sema means sign or mark. So, the sameness of meaning is not very easy to deal with but there seems nothing inherently difficult about the difference of meaning. Not only do different words have different meanings; it is also the case that the same word may have a set of different meanings. This is polysemy; such a word is

polysemic. Thus the dictionary will define the word flight in at least the following ways: passing through the air, power of flying, air journey, and unit of the Air

Force. Yet there are problems even with this apparently simple concept. And

other example the noun head, for instance, seems to have related meaning when speak of the head of a person, the head of a company, head of a table of bad, and head of lettuce or cabbage. If we take the anatomical reference as the basic one, either reflecting the general shape of the human head or, more abstractly, the relation of the head to the rest of the body.

First, we cannot clearly distinguish whether two meanings ate the same or different and therefore, determine exactly how many meanings a word has. For a meaning is not easily delimited and so distinguished from other meanings. Consider the verb eat. The dictionary distinguishes the ‘literal’ sense of taking food and derived meanings of ‘use up’ and ‘corrode’ and we should, perhaps treat these as three different meanings. But we can also distinguish between eating meat and eating soup, the former with a knife and fork and the letter with a spoon. Morever, we talk about dringking soup as well as eating it.

Secondly, we may ask whether we can make any general remarks about differences of meaning. Are regular types of difference found in the meaning of various words? One of the most familiar kinds of relationship between meanings.

Thirdly, there is the problem that if one form has several meanings, it is not always clear whether we shall say that this is an examples of polysemy (that there is one word with several meanings) or of Homonymy (that there are several words with the same shape).

According to Palmer (1976:68) ” The problem, however, is to decide when we have polysemy and when we have homonymy. Given that we have a written form with two meanings, do are we say that it is one word with different meaning (polysemy) or two different words with the same shapes of homonymy)”.

2.4.4 Homonymy

Homonymy is relation between two or more ethic expressions that have the same form but different meaning. Complete homonyms have the same pronounciation and the same spelling. In other word, homonyms are words which are spelled and pronounced alike, but differing in meaning.

Homonym can be subdivided into homophone and homograph. Homophone is word that have the same pronounciation but different in spelling and meaning. For examples:

- Flour /flaυə(r)/ means used for making bread or cake - Flower /flaυə(r)/ means the part of plant

- Raise /reiz/ means raise one’s hand - Raze /reiz/ means destroy a building - Tale /tail/ means story

- Tail /tail/ means one part of the animal body

While homograph is word which have the same spelling but different in pronouncing and meaning. For examples:

- Lead /led/ means metal - Lead /li:d/ means dog’s lead

- Live /laiv/ means having life Another examples: He is a pupil

Westerner’s pupil is blue Meaning :

Pupil /’pyuwpəl/ student Pupil /’pyuwpəl/ part of the eye

The words pupil /’pyuwpəl/ and pupil /’pyuwpəl/ are homonym because they are words with the same form, and sound (pronounciation) but different in meaning.

2.4.5 Hyponymy

Hyponymy is the relationship between the meaning of a word of which may be said to be included in that of another word. Palmer (1976:76) states that “hyponym involves us in the nation of inclusion in the sense”.

For examples: Tulip, rose and jasmine are included in flower Lion, tiger and elephant are included in animal

The meaning of the word flower is defined as the superordinate, in the sense it is the upper term. Whereas tulip is hyponym of flower, in the sense it is the lower term. Furthermore, Tulip, rose and jasmine are co-hyponyms of flower, since each is a hyponym of the same lexeme. A tulip is not necessarily called a tulip flower, since the meaning of the flower has been included in the meaning of rose.

2.4.6 Meronymy

Meronymy is a part-whole relationship between lexical items. Thus, cover and page are meronymy of book. This relationship can be illustrated by using sentence frames like X is part of Y, or Y has X, as in A page is part of a book, or A book has pages. Meronymy reflects hierarchical classifications in the lexicon somewhat like taxonomic classifications. Meronym differs from hyponym in transitivity. Not all meronimies are transitive. Hole is a meronym of button and button of shirt, but hole is not a meronym of shirt.

2.5 Relevance Study

In additional of review of literature, there have been some analyses that have ever been done:

Nondang (2007), in her thesis An Analysis of Meaning Relations in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man And The Sea. Found types of meaning relations such as Antonym consist of complementary pairs 24, Gradable pairs 18, Relation pairs 5, Synonym 21, Polysemi 7, Homonym 12, and Hyponym 11.

Margareta (2003). In her thesis An Analysis of Meaning Properties and Meaning Relation Used In Sydney Sheldon’s novel Nothing Last Forever. Has analyzed the novel Nothing Last Forever, and she found 20 sentences of meaningfulness, 7 sentences of anomaly, 6 sentences of contradictory, 7 lexical ambiguity, 5 sentences of structural ambiguity, and 6 sentences of redudancy. Meanwhile in meaning relation she found 16 sentences of homonym, 39 sentences of synonym, 21 sentences of complementary pairs, 16 sentences of gradable pairs, and 6 sentences of relation opposite pairs.

Simbolon (2003), in her thesis An Analysis of Meaning Properties And Relations in Westlife’s Song. Has analyzed Westlife’s Song. In her analysis, she found 24 sentences of meaningfulness, 8 sentences of anomaly, 4 sentences of contradictory, 7 lexical ambiguity, 3 sructural ambiguity, and 5 sentences of redudancy. Meanwhile in meaning relation she found 7 sentences of homonym, 13 sentences of synonym, 8 sentences of complementary pairs, 10 sentences of gradable pairs, and 5 sentences of relation opposite pairs.

Sinaga (2005). In his thesis, Types of Meaning and Their Relations in The Ant And Grasshoper. Found two types of meanings, they are connotative and denotative meanings, and three types of relations, they are synonym, polysemy, and homonym. And the total number of connotative meaning was 29 and denotative meaning was 23. It means that dominant type of main meaning was connotative meaning. The total number of synonym was 39, polysemy was 7, and homonym was 5. it means that dominant type of meaning relations was synonym.

In this thesis I conclude that there is similarity between this research and some analyses mentioned above. In terms at types of meaning relations such as antonym, synonym, polysemy, homonym and hyponym. In this analysis the writer tries to applies palmer’s opinion about meaning relations.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

I apply the library research to get the data and information in this thesis. According to Nawawi (1993: 30) states that library research is done by collecting the data from various of literature, in library or other places. Literature used unlimited only at some books, but can also shaped documentation, magazine, newspaper, etc.

Library research is done by reading some books, which are related to the topic discussed. In order to support the reference and develop the fountain of information, I used internet access, trying to visit website and selected data fit to the topic discussed.

3.2 Data Collecting Method

Data in this research are sentences containing expressions that have meaning relations found in the novel “ The Color Purple” written by Alice Walker. And data are collected by reading all sentences containing expressions that have meaning relations found in the novel. Then the data is identified and classified.

3.3 Population and Sample

Population in this research is 188 sentences containing expressions that have meaning relations. And those sentences become the population in this

research. All the populations found in the novel will be analyzed and also as the sample.

3.4 Data Analysis Method

All data are sentences containing expressions that have meaning relations found in the novel “The Color Purple” will be analyzed. The method that is used in this study is descriptive method. According to Surakmad (1980:139) descriptive research is research that tries to describe and analyzes data starting from collecting data, composing, analysis and interpretation of the data.

In analyzing the data I apply descriptive methode with some steps; a. Read the novel repeatedly

b. Collect the sentences contained expressions that have meaning relations

c. Identify, classify and analyze them based on F.R. Palmer (1976) meaning relations concept.

d. And to get the meaning of each meaning relations I consult Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.

Below are the examples of meaning relations analysis: 1. Synonymy

a. She is more pretty than my mamma. (page 7) b. The most beautiful woman I ever saw. (page 7) pretty = beautiful

a. Pretty pleasing and attractive without being beautiful or magnificient

b. Beautiful having beauty giving pleasure to the sense or the mind The words pretty and beautiful have the same meaning, so we can say prettyand beautiful is synonymy.

2. Antonymy

a. He picked up a rock and laid my head open. (page 13) b. And help her mama drape a piece of cloth close to her face. (page 15) open X close

Meaning:

a. Open not closed, allowing things or people to go in, out b. Close near in space or time

3. Polysemy

a. The blood run all down tween my breasts (page 13) b.Then she run, her hands over her belly again (page 33) Meaning:

a. run flows, dripped

b. run move with quick steps, faster than when walking 4. Homonymy

a. He say she too young. (page 7) b. I try to tell Kate. (page 22) Meaning:

a. Too /tu:/ also, as well

5. Hyponymy

a. I say to Kate, Something purple (page 22) b. He won’t want to pay for red (page 22) c. Look at the colors of the cloth (page 59) Meaning:

a. purple colour of red and blue mixed together

b. red the colour of fresh blood, rubish, human lips. c. colors visible quality that objects have produced by the

way reflect light

CHAPTER IV

AN ANALYSIS OF MEANING RELATIONS

IN

THE COLOR PURPLE

Based on the novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, which consist of 294 pages. I will analyze the kind of meaning realtions one by one.

4.1 Synonymy

In the novel, there are 20 pairs of word that can be found and analyzed in terns of synonyms there are:

1. a. She is happy, cause he good to her now (page 2) b. She is glad to go (page 18) Happy = Glad

Meaning :

Happy feeling or expressing pleasure Glad pleased, delighted, relieved

2. a. Whoever listen to anything Addie Beasley (page 11) b. He don’t want to hear nothing about no new one (page 13)

Listen = Hear Meaning :

Listen try to hear with ears

Hear perceive sound with the ears

3. a. I see ‘em coming way off up the road (page 32) b. I am not living in the street. (page 33)

Meaning :

a. Road a way between places

b. Street town or village road with houses on one side or both 4. a. God know what I mean (page 227) b. Oh, Lord, I say. (page 66) Lord = God

Meaning :

Lord supreme male ruler

God the supreme being, creator and ruler of the universe 5. a. How we came to America in ships (page 138)

b. These boats are really dugout canoes (page 155) Ship = Boat

Meaning :

Ship large vessel carrying people or goods by sea Boat small open vessel for travelling in water

6. a. Tashi is very intelligent (page 167) b. But they are clever people about most thing (page 170)

Intelligent = Clever Meaning :

Intelligent having the power of perceiving, learning, understanding and knowing

Clever quick in learning and understanding thing 7. a. She with a big tall hefty man look like a prize fighter (page 84)

Tall = High Meaning :

Tall higher than average and than surrounding objects High extending far upwards

8. a. Feeling just carried them away (page 80) b. I brought you here to love you and help you (page 218) Carried = Brought

Meaning :

Carried to support the weight of and move from place to place, take a person, a massage, from one place to another

Brought take, carrying sth or accompanying

9. a. They make a fine couple (page 294) b. Say they never suspect African ladies could look so good (page 294) Fine = Good

Meaning :

Fine the best quality, pleasing

Good high quality, satisfactory, attractive

10. a. He say, real slow (page 8) b. I knew this for a fact (page 255) Fact = Real

Meaning :

Fact that something has been happened or been done Real existing infact or having actual

11. a. Then when I got home (page 38) b. It come from inside the house (page 39) Home = House

Meaning :

Home place where one lives

House building made for people to live

12. a. I trust God they will (page 177) b. She will believe Olivia (if not Adam) is your child (page 192) Trust = Believe

Meaning :

Trust have confidence in, believe that he will act for the best

Believe feel sure of the truth of sth

13. a. I spend my wedding day running from the oldest boy (page 13) b. Like a son, maybe a grandson (page 291) Boy = Son

Meaning :

Boy a male child Son a male child

14. a. I feel bad sometimes (page 11) b. You sure is ugly, she say, like she ain’t believed (page 48) Bad = Ugly

Ugly unpleasant to look at

15. a. They all big strong (page 91) b. ... and the land was forced to lie flat, he said (page 176)

Strong = Force Meaning:

Strong phisically powerful or healthy, having great power Force phisical strength or power, complected to make 16. a. If we had passed our hats alone (page 142) b. Well, I say, us lived through it (page 260)

Passed = Through

Meaning:

Passed to move forward or to other side Through passing from one or side of an opening

17. a. Putting on his clothes (page 76) b. ... Squeak come home with a limp, her dress rip (page 100)

Clothes = Dress

Meaning:

Clothes coverings for a person’s body, garment for the body Dress outer covering, one piece outer garment of women

18. a. They never talk (page 34)

b. Speak a little funny, but us gitting use to it (page 294) Talk = Speak

Meaning:

Talk say things, speak to give information Speak make use of language in an ordinary

19. a. She begin to sing (page 103) b. I start to cry too (page 117)

Begin = Start

Meaning :

Begin start, used of activities Start begin

20. a. They live in a nice house next to church (page 133) b. She stay with me all night long (page 125) Live = Stay

Meaning :

Live make one’s home, reside

Stay remind, continously in a place or condition for a long short time, permanently or temporarily

4.2 Antonymy

There are three different kind antonyms, they are: 1). Complementary Pairs

There are 20 pairs the complementary pairs that can be found and analyzed in the novel as the analysis of meaning relation. The words from antonym with complementary pairs has the different understand there are:

1. a. I don’t need no

weak little boy (page 49)

b. He strong in body but weak in will (page 29)

Weak X Strong

Meaning :

Weak lacking in strength Strong having power to resist

2. a. Then say, real sad, you ain’t got it (page 27) b. Make sure you git in the part bout being happy (page 99) Sad X Happy

Meaning :

Sad causing unhappy feelings Happy feeling or expressing pleasure

3. a. But she laugh (page 33)

b.They

cry like they mamma just die (page 31) Laugh X Cry

Meaning :

Laugh make sounds and movements of the face an body, showing amusement, joy

Cry make sounds that express feelings pain,fear or weep, shed tears

4. a. A good man is hard to find (page 77) b. I feel bad sometimes (page 11)

Good X bad Meaning :

Good morally right

Bad expressing uncomportable, unpleasant or disagreeble 5. a. Say Harpo, nailing together planks for a counter (page 74)

b. ... she never going to be no white woman’s nothing, let alone maid (page10) Together X Alone

Meaning :

Together with each other/ with another person, in company Alone without the company

6. a. They sleep together at night (page 80) b. She get up early in the morning and go to market (page216) Sleep X Get up

Meaning :

Sleep rest in the condition of sleep, be or fall asleep Get up rise or the eyes are opened from bed

7. a. ... in this town want to take the Queen Honeybee (page 45) b ... a white woman missionary far from our village (page 142)

Meaning :

Town centre of population larger than a village Village place smaller than a town

8. a. ..., but Adam passes quickly (page 170) b. Times moves slowly (page 170) Quickly X slowly

Meaning :

Quickly moving fast, able to move fast and do things in a short time

Slowly not quick, taking a long time

9. a. Have you ever seen a white person (page 109) b. I ain’t never heard of, and money (page 114) Ever X Never

Meaning :

Ever in negative and interrogative sentence to expression doubt or conditions.

Never at no time, on no occasion

10. a. Where we all sat down on the ground, men in front (page 158) b. Women and children behind (page 158) Behind X In front

Meaning :

Behind in the rear In front foremost rows

11. a. You satisfied that what you want (page 206) b. Still, they look dissatiesfied (page 148)

Satisfied X Dissatisfied Meaning :

Satisfied make contented/ give what the wants or needs Dissatisisfied make discontented fail to satisfy

12. a. ... just put it in his inside pocket (page 123) b. At night he thought he heard bats outside the door (page 231)

Inside X Outside Meaning :

Inside situated on or in

Outside the outer side, the outer parts

13. a.The woman dead I can cry (page 225) b. She was born to great wealth in England (page 235) Dead X Born

Meaning :

Death no longer living, never having had life Born to come into the world by birth

14. a. And her mammy take in white people dirty clothes (page 57) b. She ain’t even clean (page 57) Dirty X Clean

Meaning :

15. a. But they are clever people about most thing (page 170) b. And if they listen they say stupid things (page 243) Clever X Stupid

Meaning :

Stupid slow thingking, foolish

Clever quick in learning and understanding things

16. a. I fear for our own health, and especially for the children (page 264) b. How things doing generally (page 292) Especially X Generally

Meaning :

Especially an exceptional degree Generally usually

17. a. Adam was always very good as Hamlet (page 265) b. Sometimes I think Shug never love me (page 266) Always X Sometimes

Meaning :

Always at all times, without exception Sometimes now and then, from time to time

18. a. He is busy patterning a shirt for folks to wear (page 290) b. I be so calm (page 290) Busy X Calm

Meaning :

Busy having much to do Calm quiet

19. a. Saturday morning early, us hear the wagon (page 40)

b. He talk to Shug a lot lately by telephone (page 287)

Early X lately Meaning :

Early near to the beginning of period of time, sooner then usual or than others

Lately in recent times, recently

20. a. I feel just right (page 60) b. I feel like us doing something wrong (page 82) Right X Wrong

Meaning:

Right morally good, true, correct Wrong not morally right, mistaken

2). Gradable Pairs

There are 11 pairs of gradable pairs that can be found and analyzed, it means the pairs of words have graduation of width, age, size there are:

1. a. It has been a long time since I had time to write (page 2) b. ... because in the short time we’ve been together (page 112)

Long X Short Meaning :

Long measuring much from the end to end

b. According to Adam, there is ‘small’ rift on outside (page 284) Big X Small

Meaning :

Big large on size

Small not large in size extent or intensity

3. a. I think she thought love him (page 5) b. I hate the way I’m dress (page 77) Love X Hate

Meaning :

Love have strong affection or deep tender feelings for Hate have a strong dislike of or for

4. a. He sometime walk down, have a cold drink (page 75) b. One night while Shug singing a hot one (page 84)

Cold X Hot Meaning:

Cold lower than usual temperature Hot having a high temparature

5. a. There aren’t even any trees near us (page 248) b.a white woman missionary not far from our village (page 142) Far X Near

Meaning :

Far up to specified poin but not beyond

Near not far ; to or at a short distance in space or time 6. a. It a lot bigger than it was before (page 224)

b. Right after that he start to improve (page 231) Before X After

Meaning :

Before at an earlier time in the past; already After later in time

7. a. His mind on Sofia Butler day and night (page 174) b. He say one night in bed (page 31)

Day X Night Meaning :

Day time between the sunrise and sunset

Night dark hours between sunset and sunrise or twilight and down

8. a. I’m glad you brought it up (page 164) b. But by the time we docked I was so down (page 136)

Up X Down Meaning :

Up in higher place, position, condition Down indicating a lower place or state

9. a. I’m a run away succes, rich, famous (page 236) b.I don’t have nothing to offer and I feel poor (page 252)

Poor X Rich Meaning :

Rich having much money or property

10. a. Saying good bye to our church group was hard (page 140) b. Then I feels something real soft and wet on my breats (page118)

Soft X Hard Meaning :

Soft changing shape easily when pressed, not resisting pressure

Hard firm

11. a.

Smart as a little whip (page 226) b. She is smarter than all of them (page 162) c. Miss Beasley always said I was the smartest child (page 138) Smart X Smarter X Smartest

Meaning:

Smart clever, skilful, having a good, quick brain Smarter more cleverer than (comparative degree) Smartest the most cleverest (superlative degree)

3). Relational Pairs

In the novel, there are 14 pairs of relational pair that can be found and analyzed. The words from Relational opposite pais of words or two-way contrast that are independent. There are :

1. a. I don’t know no other man or what else to say (page 3) b. Shug Avery was a woman (page 7)

Meaning :

Man adult male human being Woman adult female human being

2. a. He your husband, I say (page 69) b. He got four more by the wife he got now (page 43) Wife X Husband

Meaning :

Wife married woman

Husband man to whom a woman is married

3. a. He come home with a girl from round Gray (page 5) b. I got the hots for a boy of nineteen (page 91) Girl X Boy

Meaning:

Girl female child/ doughter Boy male child/ son

4. a. My poor little ones sure could use a mother (page 8) b. Bible say, honor father and mother no matter what (page 43) Mother X Father

Meaning:

Mother woman in relation to a child or children to whom she has

Father to become the male parents of child

Brother X Sister Meaning:

Brother son of the same parents as another person

Sister doughter of the same parents as oneself or another person

6. a. This aunt refused to marry the man choseen for her (page 166) b. A father and an uncle (page 167)

Aunt X Uncle Meaning:

Aunt sister of one’s father or mother Uncle brother of one’s father or mother

7. a. ...

parents, sister, brother, in America (page 286) b. He feel just like family now, like a son (page 291) Parent X Son

Meaning:

Parent father or mother Son male child of parent

8. a. And there are male and female warrios (page 284) b. He’d felt about the female initiation ceremony (page 286)

Male X Female Meaning:

Male the sex that does not give birth to offspring of men, boys, or animals

Female the sex that produces offspring of woman, girls, or animals

9. a. My little Nettie is got a

boyfriend (page 5) b. ... his little yellowskin girlfriend (page 84)

Boyfriend X Girlfriend Meaning:

Boy friend favoured male companion of a girl or young woman

Girl friend favoured male companion of a boy or young man 10. a. Why do my children look like you (page 163) b. Unlike our school which square and unlike our church (page 164) Like X Unlike

Meaning:

Like have a taste for find satisfactory or agreeable Unlike not like

11. a. ... in her tight red dress (page 77) b. Look at himself, then undress (page 25) Dress X Undress

Meaning:

Dress put on clothes Undress remove the clothes

12. a. She happy,cause he good to her now (page 2) b. They all look so unhappy and work so hard (page 163)

Meaning :

Happy feeling or expressing plaesure Unhappy not happy

13. a. I realize he’s been

unusually glum during tis trip (page 237) b. ..., and you the sombody I usually tell (page 256)

Unusually X usually Meaning :

Unusually not usual

Usually such as commonly happens

14. a. The most beautiful woman I ever saw (page 7) b. He tall and handsome, all the time serious (page 108)

Handsome X beautiful Meaning:

Handsome having an attractive face an figure

Beautiful having beauty pleasure to the sense or the mind

4.3 Polysemy

There are 4 pairs of word that can be found and analyzed in term of polysemy in the novel that have meaning relations. The word polysemy has more that one meaning they are:

1. a. I duck my head (page 59) b. Miss Celie has a good head for manage it (page 187) Meaning :

a. Head the part of the body b. A good head natural aptitude or talent

2. a. Harpo and Squek act like a old married couple (page 206) b. I did slap you around a couple of times (page 278) Meaning :

a. couple two persons, seen together b. a couple of times two or more things, some

3. a. And a little water come to his eyes (page 111) b. He refuse to come to Africe with her (page 192) Meaning :

a. come to fall to

b. come to move to a place specified

4. a. The blood run all down tween my breasts (page 13) b. Then she run, her hands over her belly (page 33)

Meaning :

4.4 Homonymy

In the novel, there is no homograph can be found, but there is term of homophones can be found. The homophone is the same pronounciation but different in spelling and meaning. The words can be listed here alphabetically there are :

1. a. She do more than that (page 7) b. I know right then the next thing I hear, she be big (page 18) Meaning :

Than /ðən/ means introducing the second part of a comparison Then /ðən/ means at the time past or future

2. a. He hear about Shug Avery (page 7) b. She too old to be living here at home (page 9)

Meaning :

Hear /hiə(r)/ perceive sound with the ears Here /hiə(r)/ to this point or place

3. a. Our new mammy she see it

too (page 8) b. I try to tell Kate what it mean (page 22)

Meaning :

Too /tu:/ means use superlative degree To /tu:/ means to infinitive

4. a. He say, What you doing that for (page 12) b. He got four more by the wife he got now (page 43)

For /f э:(r)/ means indicating destination, or progress or endeavours towards

Four /f э:(r)/ means the number 4

5. a. ... while our new mammy sick (page 8) b. Us see her twice a month for half a hour (page 93)

Meaning :

Our /’aυə(r)/ means belonging to us Hour /’aυə(r)/ means period of time

6. a. She run off at the mouth so much no man would have her (page11) b. I make myself wood (page 23) Meaning :

Would /wυd/ means what one wants to happen Wood /wυd/ means part of tree

7. a. Their mother is my older sister, Celie (page 191) b. Everybody look at her like they surpaise she there (page 207) Meaning :

Their /ðeə(r)/ means belong to them

4.5 Hyponymy

In the novel, there are 9 pairs of word that can be found and analyzed in terms of hyponyms. Hyponym is the relationship between the meaning of a word of which may be said to be included in that of another word, there are:

1. a. It took him the whole spring, from March to June (page 10) b. Then she say, December (page 16) c. I think November (page 16) d. A girl at church say you git big if you bleed every months (page 6) March, June, November, December Month

Meaning:

March the third month of the year June the sixth month of the year November the elevent month of the year December the twelfth month of the year

Month any of the twelve parts into which the year

The words November, December, March, and January are hyponyms of the months.

2. a. But us look an look and no purple (page 22) b. He won’t want to pay for red (page 22) c. We got choice of brown, marron or navy blue (page 22) d. Look at the colors of the cloth (page 59) Purple, red, brown, maroon, navy blue colors

Meaning:

Red the colour of fresh blood, rubish, human lips. Brown colour of toasted bread/ coffee mixed with milk Maroon colour of brownish-red

Navy blue dark blue

Colors visible quality that objects have produced by the way reflect light

The words purple, red, brown, maroon, and navy blue are hyponyms of thecolors.

3. a. Look at a butterfly if it light on the rail (page 29) b. He don’t want a wife, he want a dog (page 68) c. Many were eaten by animals (page 160)

Butterfly, dog Animal

Meaning:

Buterfly insect with four wings Dog common domestic animal

Animal living thing that can feel and move about The words butterfly, and dog are hyponyms of the animal.

4. a. What about orange juice, grapefruit and cream. Tea. (page 53) b. Just gimmy a cup coffee and hand me my cigarrets (page 53) c. I say ham, grits, eggs, biscuits, coffee, sweet milk (page 53)

Tea, coffee, milk Drink

Meaning:

Coffee bush or shub with burries containing seeds for making a drink

Milk white liqud produced by female mammals Drink liquid for drinking

The words tea, coffee, and milk are hyponyms of a drink.

5. a. ..., plus stamps that got peanuts, coconuts, rubber (page 124) b. They plant cassave fields that yield huge crops (page 158)

Coconut, rubber, peanuts Plant

Meaning:

Coconut shelled seed of this palm tree Rubber rubber trees

Peanuts groundnut

Plant living organism which is not an animal/ trees The words coconut, rubber, and peanutsare hyponyms of the plant. 6. a. There more lilies, jonquils, roses, clamming over (page 185)

b. ... and daffodils and all kinds of little early wildfolwers (page 185) c. That itself is putting out little yellow flowers (page 185)

Lilies, jonquils, roses, daffodils Flowers Meaning:

Lilies kinds of plant growing from a bulb Jonquils kind of narcissus

Roses beautiful and smelling flower

Daffodils yellow flower with long narrow leaves growing from a bulb

Flowers part of plant

The words lilies, jonquils, roses, and daffodils are hyponyms of the flowers.

7. a. I put my arm around him (page 13) b. I twirl the spit round with my finger (page 57) c. You got to let them know who got the upper hand (page 18)

Arm, finger Hand

Meaning:

Arm either of the two upper limbs of the human body Finger any one of the five parts extending from each hand Hand part of the human arm beyond the wrist

The words arm and fingerare hyponyms of the hand.

8. a. Bub be out all times of night drinking (page 31) b. Food on his mind morning, noon and night (page 64) c. I must prepare for the afternoon classes (page146) d. With a tarmac road it is only a three day journey (page 174) Night, morning, afternoon Day

Meaning:

Night dark hours between sunset and sunrise

Morning the early part of the day between dawn and noon Afternoon time between morning and evening

Day the time between the sun’s rising and setting The words night, morning, and afternoon are hyponyms of the day.

b. ...missionaries to Africa, India and China (page 145) c. ...which is a country full of white people (page 144)

America, Africa, India, China Country

Meaning:

America the United State of America Africa name of a country

India name of a country China name of a country

Country land occupied by a nation

The words America, Africa, India, and China are hyponyms of the country.

4.6 Meronymy

1. a. I walked smack dab into the crib door (page 38) b. I shet the window down on my hand (page 38) c. It come from inside the house (page 39)

Door, window House

Meaning:

Door which closes the entrance to a building, room. Window opening in a wall or roof of a buiding

House building made for people to live

A door is part of a house, or A house has doors. A window is part of house, or A house has windows.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusions

Having discussed and analyzed the meaning relations in the novel The Color Purple, completed with the examples and meaning in the preceding chapthers, I would like to draw some conclusions. They are as follows:

ƒ Meaning relation is meaning which have relation. It is the relationships of meaning or sense that may be set up between two individual are group of lexical items. Meaning relations has six terms; Synonymy, Antonymy, Polysemy, Homonymy, Hyponymy, and Meronymy.

ƒ Meaning relations found in the novel are Synonymy, Antonymy consists of complementary pairs, gradable pairs, and relational pairs, Polysemy ,Homonymy, Hyponymy, and Meronymy.

5.2 Suggestion

In this part, I would like to suggest the readers of this thesis to analyze this subject because studying meaning is very interesting subject. I hope that the readers of this thesis can understand what the meaning relations are, through the examples in the novel The Color Purple and who are interested in this topic should carry out further research concerning with meaning relations in other works such as songs, short story, magazine, poem, article, newspaper, etc. I realize that this thesis is hopeful will be useful as references for those who are interested in Meaning relations.

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APPENDIXES

1. Synonymy

The sentences as the examples of synonyms are as follows:

1. a. She is happy, cause he good to her now (page 2)

b. She is gladto go (page 18) 2. a. Whoever listen to anything Addie Beasley (page 11)

b. He don’t want to hear nothing about no new one (page 13) 3. a. I see ‘em coming way off up the road (page 32) b. I am not living in the street. (page 33)

4. a. Godknow what I mean (page 227) b. Oh, Lord, I say. (page 66) 5. a. How we came to America in ships (page 138) b. These boatsare really dugout canoes (page 155) 6. a. Tashi is very intelligent (page 167)

b. But they are clever people about most thing (page 170) 7. a. She with a big tall hefty man look like a prize fighter (page 84)

b. It little, it high, it sort of meowing (page 103) 8. a. Feeling just carried them away (page 80) b. I brought you here to love you and help you (page 218) 9. a. They make a fine couple (page 294) b. Say they never suspect African ladies could look so good (page 294)

10.a. He say, real slow (page 8)

11. a. Then when I got home (page 38) b. It come from inside the house (page 39)

12. a. I trust God they will (page 177) b. She will believe Olivia (if not Adam) is your child (page 192) 13. a. I spend my wedding day running from the oldest boy (page 13)

b. Like a son, maybe a grandson (page 291) 14. a. I feel badsometimes (page 11)

b. You sure is ugly, she say, like she ain’t believed (page 48) 15. a. They all big strong (page 91) b. ... and the land was forced to lie flat, he said (page 176) 16. a. If we had passed our hats alone (page 142)

b. Well, I say, us lived throughit (page 260) 17. a. Putting on his clothes (page 76)

b. ... Squeak come home with a limp, her dress rip (page 100)

18. a. They never talk (page 34)

b. Speak a little funny, but us gitting use to it (page 294

19. a. She begin to sing (page 103) b. I startto cry too (page 117) 20. a. They live in a nice house next to church (page 133)

2. Antonymy

The words above can be found in the sentences as the examples of complementary pairs, as follows:

1. a. I don’t need no weak little boy (page 49) b. He strong in body but weak in will (page 29) 2. a. Then say, real sad, you ain’t got it (page 27) b. Make sure you git in the part being bout happy (page 99)

3. a. But she lough (page 33)

b. They cry like thy mamma just die (page 31) 4. a. A good man is hard to find (page 77)

b. I feel bad sometimes (page 11)

5. a. Say Harpo, nailing together planks for a counter (page 74) b. she never going to be no white woman’s nothing, let alone maid(page101) 6. a.They sleep together at night (page 80) b. She get up early in the morning and go to market (page216) 7. a. ... in this town want to take the Queen Honeybee (page 45) b. ... a white woman missionary not far from our village (page 142) 8. a. ..., but Adam passes quickly (page 170) b. Times moves slowly (page 170) 9. a.Have you ever seen a white person (page 109) b. I ain’t never heard of, and money (page 114) 10. a. Where we all sat down on the ground, men in front (page 158) b.Women and children behind (page 158) 11. a.You satisfied that what you want (page 206)

b. Still, they look dissatiesfied (page 148) 12. a.... just put it in his insidepocket (page 123) b. At night he thought he heard bats outside the door (page 231) 13. a. The woman deadI can cry (page 225) b. She was born to great wealth in England (page 235) 14. a. And her mammy take in white people dirty clothes (page 5 7) b. She ain’t even clean (page 57) 15. a. But they are clever people about most thing (page 170) b. And if they listen they say stupidthings (page 243) 16. a. I fear for our own health, and especially for the children (page 264) b. How things doing generally (page 292) 17. a. Adam was always very good as Hamlet (page 265) b. Sometimes I think Shug never love me (page 266) 18. a. He is busy patterning a shirt for folks to wear (page 290)

b. I be so calm (page 290)

19. a. Saturday morning early, us hear the wagon (page 40)

b. Shug a lot latelyby telephone (page 287) 20. a. I feel just right (page 60)

The sentences are the examples of gradable pairs found in the novel, as follows:

1. a. It has been a long time since I had time to write (page 2) b. ... because in the short time we’ve been together (page 112) 2. a. You are a big boy now (page 22) b. According to Adam, there is ‘small’ rift on outside (page 284) 3. a. I think she thought lovehim (page 5) b. I hate the way I’m dress (page 77) 4. a. He sometime walk down, have a colddrink (page 75) b. One night while Shug singing a hot one (page 84) 5. a. There aren’t even any trees near us (page 248)

b. a white woman missionary not far from our village (page 142) 6. a. It a lot bigger than it was before (page 224) b. Right after that he start to improve (page 231) 7. a. He say one nightin bed (page 31) b. His mind on Sofia Butler day and night (page 174) 8. a. I’m glad you brought it up (page 164) b. But by the time we docked I was so down (page 136) 9. a. I’m a run away succes, rich,famous (page 236) b. b.I don’t have nothing to offer and I feel poor (page 252) 10.a.Saying good bye to our church group was hard (page 140) b. Then I feels something real soft and wet on my breats (page118)

11. a. Smart as a little whip (page 226) b. She is smarter than all of them (page 162)

b. Still, they look dissatiesfied (page 148) 12. a.... just put it in his inside pocket (page 123) b. At night he thought he heard bats outside the door (page 231) 13. a. The woman dead I can cry (page 225) b. She was born to great wealth in England (page 235) 14. a. And her mammy take in white people dirty clothes (page 5 7) b. She ain’t even clean (page 57) 15. a. But they are clever people about most thing (page 170) b. And if they listen they say stupid things (page 243) 16. a. I fear for our own health, and especially for the children (page 264) b. How things doing generally (page 292) 17. a. Adam was always very good as Hamlet (page 265) b. Sometimes I think Shug never love me (page 266) 18. a. He is busy patterning a shirt for folks to wear (page 290) b. I be so calm (page 290) 19. a. Saturday morning early, us hear the wagon (page 40)

b. Shug a lot lately by telephone (page 287) 20. a. I feel just right (page 60)

The sentences are the examples of gradable pairs found in the novel, as follows:

1. a. It has been a long time since I had time to write (page 2) b. ... because in the short time we’ve been together (page 112) 2. a. You are a big boy now (page 22) b. According to Adam, there is ‘small’ rift on outside (page 284) 3. a. I think she thought love him (page 5) b. I hate the way I’m dress (page 77) 4. a. He sometime walk down, have a cold drink (page 75) b. One night while Shug singing a hot one (page 84) 5. a. There aren’t even any trees near us (page 248) b. a white woman missionary not far from our village (page 142) 6. a. It a lot bigger than it was before (page 224) b. Right after that he start to improve (page 231) 7. a. He say one night in bed (page 31) b. His mind on Sofia Butler day and night (page 174) 8. a. I’m glad you brought it up (page 164) b. But by the time we docked I was so down (page 136) 9. a. I’m a run away succes, rich, famous (page 236) b. b.I don’t have nothing to offer and I feel poor (page 252) 10.a.Saying good bye to our church group was hard (page 140) b. Then I feels something real soft and wet on my breats (page118)

11. a. Smart as a little whip (page 226) b. She is smarter than all of them (page 162)

c. Miss Beasley always said I was the smartest child (page 138)

The sentences as the examples of relational pairs are as follows: 1. a. I don’t know no other man or what else to say (page 3) b. Shug Avery was a woman (page 7)

2. a. He is your husband, I say (page 69) b. He got four more by the wife he got now (page 43) 3. a. He come home with a girl from round Gray (page 5)

b. Two boys and two girls (page 13) 4. a. My poor little ones sure could use a mother (page 8) b. Bible say, honor father and mother no matter what (page 43) 5. a. Got a brother name Jimmy? (page 96) b. Odessa and Sofia other sisters always on hand to take up (page 104) 6. a. This aunt refused to marry the man choseen for her (page 166) b. A father and an uncle (page 167) 7. a. ... parents, sister, brother, in America (page 286) b.I don’t have nothing to offer and I feel poor like a son (page 291) 8. a. And there are male and female warrios (page 284) b. He’d felt about the female initiation ceremony (page 286) 9. a. My little Nettie is got a boyfriend (page 5) b. .... his little yellowskin girlfriend (page 84)

10.a. They like her (page 163)

b. Unlike our school which square and unlike our church (page 164) 11.a. .... in her tight red dress (page 77)

b. Look at himself, then undress (page 25) 12. a. She happy,cause he good to her now (page 2) b. They all look so unhappy and work so hard (page 163) 13. a. I realize he’s been unusually glum during tis trip (page 237) b. ..., and you the sombody I usually tell (page 256) 14. a. The most beautiful woman I ever saw (page 7)

b. He tall and handsome, all the time serious (page 108)

3. Polysemy

1. a. I duck my head (page 59)

b. Miss Celie has a good head for manage it (page 187) 2. a. Harpo and Squek act like a old married couple (page 206)

b. I did slap you around a couple of times (page 278) 3. a. And a little water come to his eyes (page 111) b. He refuse to come to Africe with her (page 192) 4. a. The blood run all down tween my breasts (page 13) b. Then she run, her hands over her belly (page 33)

4. Homonym

1. a. She do more then that (page 7) b. I know right then the next thing I hear, she be big (page 18) 2. a. He hear about Shug Avery (page 7) b. She too old to be living here at home (page 9) 3. a. Our new mammy she see it too (page 8)

b. I try to tell Kate what it mean (page 22) 4. a. He say, What you doing that for (page 12) b. He got four more by the wife he got now (page 43) 5. a. ... while our new mammy sick (page 8) b. Us see her twice a month for half a hour (page 93) 6. a. She run off at the mouth so much no man would have her (page11)

b. I make myself wood (page 23) 7. a. Their mother is my older sister, Celie (page 191)

b. Everybody look at her like they surpaise she there (page 207)

2. 5. Hyponym

There words above as the examples of hyponyms can be found and analyzed in the sentences in this novel, as follows:

1.

a

.

It took him the whole spring, from March to June (page 10) b. Then she say, December (page 16)

c. I think November (page 16)

2. a. But us look an look and no purple (page 22) b. He won’t want to pay for red (page 22) c. We got choice of brown, marron or navy blue (page 22)

d. Look at the colors of the cloth (page 59) 3. a.Look at a butterfly if it light on the rail (page 29) b. He don’t want a wife, he want a dog (page 68) c. Many were eaten by animals (page 160) 4. a. What about orange juice, grapefruit and cream. Tea. (page 53)

b. Just gimmy a cup coffee and hand me my cigarrets (page 53) c. I say ham, grits, eggs, biscuits, coffee, sweet milk (page 53) 5. a. ..., plus stamps that got peanuts, coconuts, rubber (page 124) b. They plant cassave fields that yield huge crops (page 158) 6. a. There more lilies, jonquils, roses, clamming over (page 185) b. ... and daffodils and all kinds of little early wildfolwers (page 185) c. That itself is putting out little yellow flowers (page 185) 7. a. I put my arm around him (page 13) b. I twirl the spit round with my finger (page 57) c. You got to let them know who got the upper hand (page 18) 8. a. Bub be out all times of night drinking (page 31) b. Food on his mind morning, noon and night (page 64)

c. I must prepare for the afternoon classes (page146) d. With a tarmac road it is only a three day journey (page 174) 9. a. The way you know who discover America (page 10)

b. ...missionaries to Africa, India and China (page 145) c. ...which is a country full of white people (page 144)

6. Meronym

There words above as the examples of meronym can be found and analyzed in the sentences in this novel, as follows:

1. a. I walked smack dab into the crib door (page 38) b. I shet the window down on my hand (page 38) c. It come from inside the house (page 39)