T B.ING 1200941 Table of content
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL
i
DECLARATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
v
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background of the study ..........................................................................
1.2.The aims of the study ...............................................................................
1.3.Research questions ...................................................................................
1.4.The significance of the study ....................................................................
1.5.The scope of the study .............................................................................
1.6.The organization of the thesis ...................................................................
1
4
4
4
4
5
CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Collaborative Learning (CL) .................................................................. 6
2.1.1. Definition of collaborative learning ............................................. 6
2.1.2. Characteristics of collaborative learning ..................................... 6
2.1.3. Basic elements of collaborative learning ..................................... 8
2.2. Collaborative Writing (CW) ................................................................... 9
2.2.1. Definition of collaborative writing .............................................. 9
2.2.2. Principles of collaborative writing ............................................... 10
2.2.3. The phases and procedure of collaborative writing ..................... 11
2.3. Critical Thinking (CT) .............................................................................. 13
2.3.1. Definition of critical thinking ...................................................... 13
2.3.2. Elements of critical thinking in writing ........................................ 15
2.3.2.1. Issue ............................................................................... 15
2.3.2.2. Argument ....................................................................... 16
2.3.2.3. Facts and opinions .......................................................... 19
2.3.2.4. Assessing argument........................................................... 20
2.3.2.5 Critical thinking standards ................................................ 21
2.3.3. Critical thinking dispositions ......................................................... 22
2.3.4. The teaching of critical thinking .................................................... 24
2.3.5. The Discussion text type ................................................................. 26
2.4. Other concepts supporting collaborative learning , collaborative writing , and
critical thinking ........................................................................................ 30
2.4.1. Scaffolding .................................................................................... 30
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Murnijati, 2016
COLLABORATIVE WRITING AND CRITICAL THINKING
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.4.2. Group-peer feedback ..................................................................... 32
2.5. Collaborative learning (CL), collaborative writing (CW), and critical thinking
(CT) ........................................................................................................... 34
2.6. Concluding remark .................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research design .........................................................................................
3.2. Setting ........................................................................................................
3.3. Participants ...............................................................................................
3.4. Data collection ..........................................................................................
3.4.1. Students’ writing texts ..................................................................
3.4.2. Classroom observation ..................................................................
3.4.3. Interview with students ..................................................................
3.5. Data analysis .............................................................................................
3.5.1. Data from students’ writing texts .................................................
3.5.2. Data from classroom observation .................................................
3.5.3. Data from interview with students .................................................
3.6. Concluding remark ...................................................................................
36
36
37
37
38
39
40
42
42
44
45
45
CHAPTER IV : THE TEACHING PROGRAM
4.1. Phases of the Study .................................................................................. 47
4.2. Preliminary Phase of the Teaching Program ............................................. 48
4.2.1. Setting the diagnostic writing activity .......................................... 48
4.2.2. Preparing the reading passages for the model of Discussion text type
.................................................................................................................... 51
4.3. The Teaching Program Phase ................................................................... 51
4.3.1. Group selection and size .............................................................. 52
4.3.2. Modelling ..................................................................................... 53
4.3.3. Joint Construction I : Planning phase of writing ......................... 57
4.3.4. Joint Construction II : Writing phase ........................................... 62
4.3.5. Group-peer feedback .................................................................... 76
4.3.6. Revision phase ............................................................................. 79
4.4. Concluding remark ................................................................................. 80
CAHPTER V : FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
5.1. The elements of CT demonstrated in students’ writing texts ....................
5.1.1. Data from students’ writing texts ...................................................
5.1.1.1. Analysis and discussion of Text 1 .....................................
5.1.1.1.1. Issue .......................................................................
5.1.1.1.2. Arguments for .......................................................
5.1.1.1.3. Arguments against .................................................
5.1.1.1.4. Conclusion and recommendation ...........................
81
81
82
83
85
91
95
vi
Murnijati, 2016
COLLABORATIVE WRITING AND CRITICAL THINKING
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
5.1.1.1.5. Summary of the findings of Text 1 ........................
5.1.1.2.Analysis and discussion of Text 2 .......................................
5.1.1.2.1. Issue .................................................................
5.1.1.2.2. Argument for ....................................................
5.1.1.2.3. Arguments against ...........................................
5.1.1.2.4. Conclusion and recommendation .....................
5.1.1.2.5. Summary of the findings of Text 2 ..................
5.1.1.3. Analysis and discussion of Text 3 ...................................
5.1.1.3.1. Issue ................................................................
5.1.1.3.2. Argument for ...................................................
5.1.1.3.3. Argument against ............................................
5.1.1.3.4. Conclusion and recommendation .....................
5.1.1.3.5. Summary of the findings of Text 3 ...................
5.1.1.4. Summary of the findings of text analyses (Texts 1, 2, 3) ...
5.1.2. Data from interview .......................................................................
5.1.2.1. Students’ understanding of CT elements in writing ...........
5.1.2.2. Students’ awareness of using CT in CW ............................
5.1.2.3. Summary of the findings from interview ............................
5.1.3. Conclusion of the findings from students’ texts and interview .......
5.2. How collaborative writing helps develop students’ critical thinking ........
5.2.1. Data from classroom observation ....................................................
5.2.1.1. CT in Modelling phase .......................................................
5.2.1.2. CT in Joint Construction I – Planning phase .....................
5.2.1.3. CT in Joint Construction II - Writing phase .....................
5.2.1.4. CT in group-peer feedback phase ......................................
5.2.1.5. CT in revision phase ..........................................................
5.2.1.6. Summary of the findings of classroom observation ...........
5.2.2. Data from interview .........................................................................
5.2.2.1. Students’ perception of collaborative writing .....................
5.2.2.2. Students’ strategies to overcome the problems in CW .......
5.2.2.3. Students’ understanding of CT and critical thinkers ...........
5.2.2.4. Students’ awareness of using CT in CW ............................
5.2.2.5. Summary of the findings from interview ............................
5.2.3. Conclusion of the findings from classroom observations and
interview ..........................................................................................
5.3. Conclusion of the findings and discussion ................................................
97
97
98
100
104
107
109
109
110
114
118
122
124
125
127
127
128
130
131
132
132
132
134
136
144
146
147
147
148
148
151
152
154
155
155
CHAPTER VI : CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 157
6.2. Recommendation ..................................................................................... 158
vii
Murnijati, 2016
COLLABORATIVE WRITING AND CRITICAL THINKING
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 160
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................. 168
viii
Murnijati, 2016
COLLABORATIVE WRITING AND CRITICAL THINKING
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
PAGE OF APPROVAL
i
DECLARATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
v
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background of the study ..........................................................................
1.2.The aims of the study ...............................................................................
1.3.Research questions ...................................................................................
1.4.The significance of the study ....................................................................
1.5.The scope of the study .............................................................................
1.6.The organization of the thesis ...................................................................
1
4
4
4
4
5
CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Collaborative Learning (CL) .................................................................. 6
2.1.1. Definition of collaborative learning ............................................. 6
2.1.2. Characteristics of collaborative learning ..................................... 6
2.1.3. Basic elements of collaborative learning ..................................... 8
2.2. Collaborative Writing (CW) ................................................................... 9
2.2.1. Definition of collaborative writing .............................................. 9
2.2.2. Principles of collaborative writing ............................................... 10
2.2.3. The phases and procedure of collaborative writing ..................... 11
2.3. Critical Thinking (CT) .............................................................................. 13
2.3.1. Definition of critical thinking ...................................................... 13
2.3.2. Elements of critical thinking in writing ........................................ 15
2.3.2.1. Issue ............................................................................... 15
2.3.2.2. Argument ....................................................................... 16
2.3.2.3. Facts and opinions .......................................................... 19
2.3.2.4. Assessing argument........................................................... 20
2.3.2.5 Critical thinking standards ................................................ 21
2.3.3. Critical thinking dispositions ......................................................... 22
2.3.4. The teaching of critical thinking .................................................... 24
2.3.5. The Discussion text type ................................................................. 26
2.4. Other concepts supporting collaborative learning , collaborative writing , and
critical thinking ........................................................................................ 30
2.4.1. Scaffolding .................................................................................... 30
v
Murnijati, 2016
COLLABORATIVE WRITING AND CRITICAL THINKING
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.4.2. Group-peer feedback ..................................................................... 32
2.5. Collaborative learning (CL), collaborative writing (CW), and critical thinking
(CT) ........................................................................................................... 34
2.6. Concluding remark .................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research design .........................................................................................
3.2. Setting ........................................................................................................
3.3. Participants ...............................................................................................
3.4. Data collection ..........................................................................................
3.4.1. Students’ writing texts ..................................................................
3.4.2. Classroom observation ..................................................................
3.4.3. Interview with students ..................................................................
3.5. Data analysis .............................................................................................
3.5.1. Data from students’ writing texts .................................................
3.5.2. Data from classroom observation .................................................
3.5.3. Data from interview with students .................................................
3.6. Concluding remark ...................................................................................
36
36
37
37
38
39
40
42
42
44
45
45
CHAPTER IV : THE TEACHING PROGRAM
4.1. Phases of the Study .................................................................................. 47
4.2. Preliminary Phase of the Teaching Program ............................................. 48
4.2.1. Setting the diagnostic writing activity .......................................... 48
4.2.2. Preparing the reading passages for the model of Discussion text type
.................................................................................................................... 51
4.3. The Teaching Program Phase ................................................................... 51
4.3.1. Group selection and size .............................................................. 52
4.3.2. Modelling ..................................................................................... 53
4.3.3. Joint Construction I : Planning phase of writing ......................... 57
4.3.4. Joint Construction II : Writing phase ........................................... 62
4.3.5. Group-peer feedback .................................................................... 76
4.3.6. Revision phase ............................................................................. 79
4.4. Concluding remark ................................................................................. 80
CAHPTER V : FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
5.1. The elements of CT demonstrated in students’ writing texts ....................
5.1.1. Data from students’ writing texts ...................................................
5.1.1.1. Analysis and discussion of Text 1 .....................................
5.1.1.1.1. Issue .......................................................................
5.1.1.1.2. Arguments for .......................................................
5.1.1.1.3. Arguments against .................................................
5.1.1.1.4. Conclusion and recommendation ...........................
81
81
82
83
85
91
95
vi
Murnijati, 2016
COLLABORATIVE WRITING AND CRITICAL THINKING
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
5.1.1.1.5. Summary of the findings of Text 1 ........................
5.1.1.2.Analysis and discussion of Text 2 .......................................
5.1.1.2.1. Issue .................................................................
5.1.1.2.2. Argument for ....................................................
5.1.1.2.3. Arguments against ...........................................
5.1.1.2.4. Conclusion and recommendation .....................
5.1.1.2.5. Summary of the findings of Text 2 ..................
5.1.1.3. Analysis and discussion of Text 3 ...................................
5.1.1.3.1. Issue ................................................................
5.1.1.3.2. Argument for ...................................................
5.1.1.3.3. Argument against ............................................
5.1.1.3.4. Conclusion and recommendation .....................
5.1.1.3.5. Summary of the findings of Text 3 ...................
5.1.1.4. Summary of the findings of text analyses (Texts 1, 2, 3) ...
5.1.2. Data from interview .......................................................................
5.1.2.1. Students’ understanding of CT elements in writing ...........
5.1.2.2. Students’ awareness of using CT in CW ............................
5.1.2.3. Summary of the findings from interview ............................
5.1.3. Conclusion of the findings from students’ texts and interview .......
5.2. How collaborative writing helps develop students’ critical thinking ........
5.2.1. Data from classroom observation ....................................................
5.2.1.1. CT in Modelling phase .......................................................
5.2.1.2. CT in Joint Construction I – Planning phase .....................
5.2.1.3. CT in Joint Construction II - Writing phase .....................
5.2.1.4. CT in group-peer feedback phase ......................................
5.2.1.5. CT in revision phase ..........................................................
5.2.1.6. Summary of the findings of classroom observation ...........
5.2.2. Data from interview .........................................................................
5.2.2.1. Students’ perception of collaborative writing .....................
5.2.2.2. Students’ strategies to overcome the problems in CW .......
5.2.2.3. Students’ understanding of CT and critical thinkers ...........
5.2.2.4. Students’ awareness of using CT in CW ............................
5.2.2.5. Summary of the findings from interview ............................
5.2.3. Conclusion of the findings from classroom observations and
interview ..........................................................................................
5.3. Conclusion of the findings and discussion ................................................
97
97
98
100
104
107
109
109
110
114
118
122
124
125
127
127
128
130
131
132
132
132
134
136
144
146
147
147
148
148
151
152
154
155
155
CHAPTER VI : CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 157
6.2. Recommendation ..................................................................................... 158
vii
Murnijati, 2016
COLLABORATIVE WRITING AND CRITICAL THINKING
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 160
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................. 168
viii
Murnijati, 2016
COLLABORATIVE WRITING AND CRITICAL THINKING
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu