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University Press, 2007), p.400. See also: Richard B. Macrory, Regulatory Justice: Making sanctions effective final
report, November 2006, p.7 ( http://www.bis.gov.uk/files/file44593.pdf) [ 28 Jan 2011].
4
Environment Agency, Enforcement and prosecution policy, 8 Aug. 2008, para.19
(http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Leisure/enforcement-policy.pdf) [28 Jan 2011].
5

Raymond W. Mushal, Reflections upon American environmental enforcement experience as it may relate to postHampton developments in England and Wales, (2007) J. Env. L. 19(2), 201-226, p.205.

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Environment Agency, Guidance for the enforcement and prosecution policy, 7 Jul 2010
(http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Business/eppguidance_V24_Uploaded_for_Internet.pdf) [2 Feb 2011].
9
Carolyn Abbot and Anthony Ogus, ‘Sanctions for pollution: do we have the right regime?’, (2002) J. Env. L. 14(3),
283-298, p.286.
10
Bell and McGillivray, op.cit. n.1, p.285.
11
Michael Watson , ‘Environmental offences: the reality of environmental crime’, (2005) Env. L. Rev. 7(3), 190-200,
p.194.
12
Richard.B.Macrory, Regulatory Justice: Making sanctions effective final report,
November 2006
(http://www.bis.gov.uk/files/file44593.pdf) [2 Feb 2011].
13
Abbot and Ogus, op.cit n. 9, p.286 (data from ‘Agency Flounders with Prosecution Policy’, ENDS Report 315
(2001) 3).
14
Carol Hatton, Pamela Castle and Martyn Day ‘The environment and the law - does our legal system deliver access
to justice? a review’, (2004) Env. L. Rev 6(4), 240-265, pp.257-261.
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Abbot and Ogus, op.cit. n. 9, p286 (data from HC Written Answers, 30 November 2000, Cols 768-773W).
19
R. v Milford Port Authority (The sea Empress), [2000] 2 Cr. App. R. (S.) 423
16

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22
Watson op.cit. n.11, p.198-199.
23
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24
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Bell and McGillivray, op.cit. n.1, p.288.
28
Robert A.Kagan and John T.Schols,’ The “Criminology of the Corporation” and Regulatory Enforcement
Strategies’ in Holder and Lee, op.cit. n.2, p.390.
29
Environment Agency http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/regulation/116844.aspx [4 Feb 2011].
30
Macrory, op,cit. n.12, p.57-73.
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Ibid p.73-85.
34
UNECE, Aarhus Convention, 25 June 1998 (http://www.unece.org/env/pp/documents/cep43e.pdf) [4 Feb 2011].
35
DEFRA, The effectiveness of
enforcement of environmental legislation, September 2006, p.45-47.
(http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/policy/enforcement/pdf/envleg-enforce-wrcreport.pdf) [2 Feb 2011].
36
Bell and McGillivray, op.cit. n.1, p.271.
37
DEFRA, op.cit. n.34, p45-47.
38
E.U., Directive 2008/99/EC, (2008) OJ L 328/28,
(http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008L0099:EN:HTML) [2 Feb 2011].
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