NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES THEORY.
Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ONVENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA
BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES THEORY
A Research Paper
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
by
Iftar Puja Utama 1006540
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ONVENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
2015
PAGE OF APPROVAL
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES THEORY
A RESEARCH PAPER
By:
Iftar Puja Utama 1006540
Approved by:
Main Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Drs. Ahsin Mohammad, M.Ag. Susi Septaviana R., M.Pd. NIP. 195408171989031002 NIP. 197609042009122002
Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Literature Education
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ONVENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
DR. Rd. SafrinaNoorman, M.A. NIP. 1962072991987032003
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION
I certify that this paper entitled Noun Phrases Translation in Metamorphosis Novella Based on
Venuti’s Translation Strategies is my own work. Statements and ideas from other resources have quoted and cited properly.This paper has never been used as a material for a research in a same subject and has been approved by the faculty of Language and Literature Education in Indonesia University of Education as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for SarjanaSastra degree.
Bandung, October 2015
Iftar Puja Utama NIM. 1006540
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ONVENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
THEORY
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT
The research entitledNoun Phrases Translation in Metamorphosis Novella Based
on Venuti’s Translation Strategiesaims to classify types of noun phrases in the
Metamorphosis novella,identify the specific translation strategiesand investigate the
professional translator’sreasons behind the use of that translation strategies via interview. The research uses a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis method in obtaining and analyzing the specific translation strategies (Jacob, 1998; Maxwell, 1996)and alsoquantitative approach to describe the percentage of noun phrases and translation strategies category (Lohr, 1999). The results of the research show that there are nine types of noun phrase found in theMetamorphosis novella and nine translation strategies were applied by the professional translator. The research also shows that there is a correlation between the result of the data analysis with the answer of the professional translator which explains that the professional translator tends to use domestication strategy. Based on interview data, the results indicate that there are severaladvantages and weaknesses of being a translator who tends to use domestication translation strategy. The advantages are: (1) The reader can more easily understand the story of the novella. (2) Although the novel is not a local product but many aspects of local cultures can be included in the novella. (3) The readers will feel that the translation is more natural.On the contrary, the weaknesses of a translator who tends to use domestication translation strategy are: (1) The novella becomes less imaginative. (2) The cultural aspects in the source language are being paled. (3) There will be a huge ‘gap’between the terms in source language and the target language if the translator is not translate it correctly.
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRAK
Penelitian yang berjudul Noun Phrases Translation in Metamorphosis Novella
Based on Venuti’s Translation Strategies bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasikan jenis frasa nomina dalam novelaMetamorphosis, mengidentifikasi strategi penerjemahannya, dan menyelidiki alasan dibalik penggunaan strategi terjemahandaripenerjemahprofesional melalui wawancara. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode analisis deskriptif dalam memeroleh dan menganalisis strategiterjemahan (Jacob, 1998; Maxwell, 1996) dan juga pendekatan kuantitatif untuk menggambarkan persentase frasa nomina dan kategoridaristrategiterjemahan (Lohr, 1999). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada sembilan jenis frasanominadan sembilan strategi penerjemahan diterapkan oleh penerjemah profesionaldalam novellaMetamorphosis. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa ada korelasi antara hasil analisis data dengan jawaban dari penerjemah profesional yang menjelaskan bahwa penerjemah profesional cenderung menggunakan strategi domestikasi. Berdasarkan datahasildari wawancara, hasil menunjukkan bahwa ada beberapa keuntungan dan kelemahan menjadi penerjemah yang cenderung menggunakan strategi penerjemahan domestikasi. Keuntungan adalah: (1) Pembaca dapat lebih mudah memahami cerita novel tersebut. (2) Meskipun novel ini bukan produk lokal tetapi banyak aspek budaya lokal dapat dimasukkan dalam novel tersebut. (3) Para pembaca akan merasa bahwa terjemahan lebih alami. Sebaliknya, kelemahan dari penerjemah yang cenderung menggunakan strategi terjemahan domestikasi adalah: (1) novel tersebut menjadi kurang imajinatif. (2) aspek budaya dalam bahasa asalakanmemudar. (3) Akan ada 'jarak' antara istilah dalam bahasa sumber dan bahasa target jika penerjemah tidak menerjemahkan dengantepat.
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION PREFACE
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Research Questions ... 2
1.3 Research Objectives ... 2
1.4 Scope of the Research ... 3
1.5 Significance of the Research ... 3
1.6 Research Methodology ... 3
1.7 Data Collection ... 4
1.8 Data Analysis ... 4
1.9 Clarification of Key Terms ... 4
1.10 Organization of the Paper ... 5
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The Definition of Translation ... 7
2.2 The Process of Translation ... 8
2.3 Translation Strategies ... 11
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.4.1 Preservation ... 13
2.4.2. Addition ... 14
2.4.3 Naturalization ... 14
2.4.4 Literal Translation ... 15
2.4.5 Cultural Equivalent ... 16
2.4.6 Omission ... 16
2.4.7 Globalization ... 17
2.4.8 Translating by More Specific Words ... 18
2.4.9 Creation ... 18
2.4.10 Equivalent Translation ... 19
2.5 Noun Phrase ... 19
2.5.1 Noun Phrase in English Grammar ... 19
2.5.1.1 Pre-Modifier ... 22
2.5.1.2 Post-Modifier ... 24
2.5.1.3 Pre-Modifier + Head + Post-Modifier ... 25
2.5.3 Comparison Between English and Indonesian Noun Phrase ... 26
2.5.3.1 The Similarities ... 26
2.5.3.1 The Differences ... 26
2.6 Etiquette in Translating Novella ... 27
2.7 Relevant Previous Studies ... 28
2.8 Concluding Remarks ... 30
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Method of the Research ... 31
3.2 Research Questions ... 31
3.3 Research Objectives ... 32
3.4 Scope of the Research ... 32
3.5 Subject of the Study ... 32
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.7 Technique of Collecting and Analyzing Data ... 34
3.7.1 Technique of Collecting Data ... 34
3.7.2 Technique of Analyzing Data ... 35
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis of the Category of Noun Phrases ... 38
4.1.1. Pre-Modifier + Head ... 41
4.1.1.1 Determiner + Noun ... 41
4.1.1.2 Adjective + Noun... 41
4.1.1.3 Noun + Noun ... 42
4.1.1.4 Adjective + Noun + Noun ... 42
4.1.1.5 Participle + Noun ... 43
4.1.2 Head + Post-Modifier ... 43
4.1.2.1 Noun + Adverb ... 43
4.1.2.2 Noun + Prepositional Phrase ... 44
4.1.2.3 Noun + Participle ... 44
4.1.3 Pre-Modifier + Head + Post-Modifier ... 45
4.2 Translation Strategies in Foreignization and Domestication Continuum .. 46
4.2.1 The Analysis of Translation Strategies Used by Professional Transator .. 50
4.2.1.1 Preservation ... 51
4.2.1.2 Naturalization ... 51
4.2.1.3 Literal Translation ... 52
4.2.1.4 Cultural Equivalent ... 53
4.2.1.5 Omission ... 54
4.2.1.6 Globalization ... 55
4.2.1.7 Translating by More Specific Words ... 56
4.2.1.8 Creation ... 57
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.3 Translator’s Perspective in Translating Noun Phrases in the Novella ... 58
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ... 61 5.2 Suggestions ... 63
REFERENCES ... 65 APPENDIX
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 The Example of Preservation Translation Strategy ... 14
Table 2.2 The Example of Addition Translation Strategy ... 14
Table 2.3 The Example of Naturalization Translation Strategy ... 15
Table 2.4 The Example of Literal Translation Strategy ... 15
Table 2.5 The Example of Cultural Equivalent Strategy ... 16
Table 2.6 The Example of Omission Translation Strategy ... 17
Table 2.7 The Example of Globalization Translation Strategy ... 17
Table 2.8 The Example of Translating by More Specific Words ... 18
Table 2.9 The Example of Creation Translation Strategy ... 19
Table 2.10 The Example of Equivalent Translation Strategy ... 19
Table 4.1 Noun Phrases Category on the Selected Pages ... 38
Table 4.2 The Example of Determiner + Noun ... 41
Table 4.3 The Example of Adjective + Noun ... 41
Table 4.4 The Example of Noun + Noun ... 42
Table 4.5 The Example of Adjective + Noun + Noun ... 42
Table 4.6 The Example of Participle + Noun ... 43
Table 4.7 The Example of Noun + Adverb ... 44
Table 4.8 The Example of Noun + Prepositional Phrase... 44
Table 4.9 The Example of Noun + Participle ... 45
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
Table 4.11 Translation Strategies Based on Percentage ... 47
Table 4.12 Percentages of Noun Phrases which were Foreignized and Domesticated ... 49
Table 4.13 The Example of Preservation Translation Strategy ... 51
Table 4.14 The Example of Naturalization Translation Strategy ... 52
Table 4.15 The Example of Literal Translation Strategy ... 53
Table 4.16 The Example of Cultural Equivalent Strategy ... 54
Table 4.17 The Example of Omission Translation Strategy ... 55
Table 4.18 The Example of Globalization Translation Strategy ... 55
Table 4.19 The Example of Translating by More Specific Words ... 56
Table 4.20 The Example of Creation Translation Strategy ... 57
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Nida and Taber’s Translation Process ... 9
Figure 2.2 Larson’s Model of Translation Process ... 10
Figure 2.3 The Continuum of Foreignization-Domestication Strategies ... 13
Figure 2.4 Noun Phrases in English Grammar ... 21
Figure 2.5 The Components of Noun Phrase ... 22
Figure 4.1 Categories of Noun Phrases Based on Quantity ... 39
Figure 4.2 Categories of Noun Phrases Based on Percentage ... 40
Figure 4.3 Continuum of Foreignization-Domestication Strategies ... 46
Figure 4.4 Categories of Translation Strategy Based on Quantity ... 48
Figure 4.5 Categories of Translation Strategy Based on Percentage ... 48
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains the background of the study, reasons for choosing the topic, research questions, research objectives, scope of the research, significance of the research, research methodology, data collection, data analysis, clarification of the key terms, and organization of the paper.
1.1Background of the Study
Translating is a skill in rendering a text from the source language into the target language in order to find the equivalent words in every statements of the source language. By translating a text from source language to target language, a good translator should have good knowledge of both languages. The translator has to transfer the information as clear as possible without reducing its meaning.
In translating a text, language serves as a tool of communication which connects the translator and the receptors. However, there are a lot of words or phrases from a particular language that cannot be literary translated. To minimize the strangeness translation from foreign text into the target language, Venuti (1995) proposes two strategies of translation: Domestication and Foreignization. Domestication is an ethnocentric alleviation of a foreign text to target language cultures while foreignization is an ethno-deviant compression on those cultural values of target language to enlist the linguistic and cultural disparity of the foreign text.
There are many novels, novellas and short stories which have been translated from English into Bahasa Indonesia, some of them are recognized as good literature translation. One example is the Metamorphosis’ novella by Franz Kafka which has
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
been translated by Eka Kurniawan into Bahasa Indonesia. Eka Kurniawan has been known as one of the most famous writers and translators in Indonesia while
Metamorphosis’ novella has been known as one of the most influential works in literature and the novella is studied in many colleges and universities around the world.
Beside its popularity, Metamorphosis is also known as a novella that contains a lot of noun phrases which are not easy to translate. Actually, there has been plenty of research about cultural words translation in translating novels or short stories. One of
them is a work of Novari (2012) that analyzed the cultural words translation of John’s Boyne Novel. However, only a few studies examine the translation strategies in translating noun phrases which are found in the novella. Therefore, this research is intended to investigate how the professional translator handles this translation problem based on Venuti’s translation strategies theory. This research is expected to give more knowledge to other translators about how professional translator works in producing a good translation.
1.2Research Questions
The research questions that researcher will respond are:
1. What types of noun phrases found in Metamorphosis novella?
2. What specific strategies are used by the professional translator in translating noun phrases which are found in Metamorphosis novella?
3. What are the translator’s reasons behind the use of those translation strategies?
1.3Research Objectives
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
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1. To find what types of noun phrases found in the novella.
2. To identify the specific strategies used by the professional translator.
3. To investigate the translator’s reasons behind the use of those translation strategies.
1.4Scope of the Research
There are a lot of aspects that can be analyzed in terms of translation, but this research only focuses on analyzing the translation strategies which are used by the professional translator in translating noun phrases on the Metamorphosis novella. This includes whether the noun phrases in that novella are domesticated or foreignized. The researcher analyzes the categories of noun phrases and the kinds of translation strategies theory which had been proposed by Venuti (1995). There are several reasons about the choice of noun phrase as a subject of the research: (1) the occurrence of noun phrases in the Metamorphosis novella are very numerous. (2) There are not many researches about noun phrase translation which also investigate
the professional translator’s reason behind the use of the strategy of translation.
1.5Significance of the research
The researcher hopes that this research would give more explanation about
Venuti’s translation strategies and give more knowledge to other translators about how professional translator works in producing a good translation. This research is also expected to help solve the problems about noun phrases translation. Hopefully, the findings of this research could help other translators to observe how a professional translator works in translating a novella and how the translation strategies are used by the translator.
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
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In this research, the researcher uses a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis method in obtaining and analyzing the specific translation strategies used by the professional translator. A qualitative approach involves description and analysis; it emphasizes the importance of looking at variables in the natural setting, meanwhile descriptive analysis method is important to illustrate the fact, characteristic, and relationship of the researched elements (Jacob, 1998; Maxwell, 1996). The researcher also uses quantitative approach to describe the percentage of noun phrases types and the translation strategies used by the translator in that novella (Lohr, 1999). By using these methods, the researcher endeavors to classify, analyze, interpret, and describe the collected data as accurate as possible.
1.7Data Collection
The data are taken from the textual analysis of English and Indonesian version of
Metamorphosis novella. An interview with the professional translator who translated
the novella from English into Bahasa Indonesia is also conducted to elicit the reason behind the use of specific translation strategies. The English version of the novella is translated by Ian Johnston (1999) and the Bahasa Indonesia version is translated by Eka Kurniawan (2000).
1.8Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, there are several steps have been taken. The first step is identifying the noun phrases in the Metamorphosis novella. The second step is classifying the noun phrases. The third step is determining the translation strategies of cultural specific words by employing the continuum of domestication-foreignization strategies proposed by Pedersen (2005). The fourth step is interpreting the interview
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
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data from the professional translator about his perspectives in translating the
Metamorphosis novella based on Venuti’s translation strategies theory to strengthen
the conclusion of this research. The last step is making conclusions and suggestions for further research.
1.9Clarification of the Key Terms
In order to avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding, the researcher clarifies the following terms:
a. Translating is a skill in rendering a text from the source language into the target language in order to find the equivalent words in every statements of the source language.
b. Translation methods are methods of translation related with the whole text. (Newmark, 1988:81)
c. Translation procedures are procedures used to translate words, sentences and a smaller unit of language (Newmark, 1988:81)
d. Translation strategy is a conscious plan for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a concrete translation task. (Krings, 1986:18) e. Noun phrase is a phrase which has a noun and plays the role of a noun.
f. Foreignization is an ethno-deviant pressure on those values of target language to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text. (Venuti, 1995:20)
g. Domestication is a transparent type of translation which is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers (Venuti, 1995:85)
h. Novella is a short novel, a story that is longer than a short story but shorter than a novel. Approximately 7,500-20,000 words.
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu Chapter I: Introduction
This chapter contains the background of the study, reasons for choosing the topic, research questions, research objectives, scope of the research, significance of the research, research methodology, data collection, data analysis, clarification of the key terms, and organization of the paper.
Chapter II: Literature Review
This chapter describes the theories from various literature sources which are relevant to the research that provides a theoretical foundation for conducting the research problem.
Chapter III: Research Methodology
This chapter elaborates the methodology of the research which form a systematic steps and procedures of the research.
Chapter IV: Findings and Discussions
This chapter deals with the results of the research. It reports the research findings and then followed by the discussions of the data.
Chapter V: Conclusions and Suggestions
This chapter is the last chapter of this research which consisted of the research conclusions and suggestions for further research.
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter focuses on the methodology used in the research to investigate the issue raised in the research questions. It consists of method of the research, research questions, research objectives, scope of the study, subject of the research, technique of collecting and analyzing the data and novella synopsis.
3.1 Method of the Research
In conducting the research, the researcher employed a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis method in obtaining and analyzing the specific translation strategies used by the professional translator. A qualitative approach involves description and analysis, it emphasizes the importance of looking at variables in the natural setting, meanwhile descriptive analysis method is important to illustrate the fact, characteristic, and relationship of the researched elements (Jacob, 1998; Maxwell, 1996). The researcher also used quantitative approach to describe the percentage of noun phrases types and the translation strategies used by the translator in that novella (Lohr, 1999). By using these methods, the researcher endeavored to classify, analyze, interpret, and describe the collected data as accurate as possible.
3.2. Research Questions
The research questions that researcher will respond are:
1. What types of noun phrases found in Metamorphosis novella?
2. What specific strategies are used by the professional translator in translating noun phrases which are found in Metamorphosis novella?
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
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3. What are the translator’s reasons behind the use of those translation strategies?
3.3. Research Objectives
The following items are the research objectives:
1. To find what types of noun phrases found in the novella.
2. To identify the specific strategies used by the professional translator.
3. To investigate the translator’s reasons behind the use of those translation strategies.
3.4. Scope of the Research
There are a lot of aspects that can be analyzed in terms of translation, but this research only focuses on analyzing the translation strategies which are used by the professional translator in translating noun phrases on the Metamorphosis novella. This includes whether the noun phrases in that novella are domesticated or foreignized. The researcher analyzes the categories of noun phrases and the kinds of translation strategies theory which had been proposed by Venuti (1995). There are several reasons about the choice of noun phrase as a subject of the research: (1) the occurrence of noun phrases in the Metamorphosis novella are very numerous. (2) There are not many researches about noun phrase translation which also investigate
the professional translator’s reason behind the use of the strategy of translation.
3. 5 Subject of the Study
The subject of this study is a novella written by Franz Kafka entitled
“Metamorphosis”, the Indonesian version entitled “Metamorfosa” and it was
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
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target language (TL) is Bahasa Indonesia. There are several reasons why the researcher chose this novella. Firstly, it was because the “Metamorfosa” novella was recognized as good literature translation (according to indonovel.com and intersastra.com). Secondly, the translator, Eka Kurniawan had been known as one of the most famous writers and translators in Indonesia. Thirdly, Metamorphosis’ novella had been known as one of the most influential works in literature and the novella was studied in many colleges and universities around the world.
Beside its popularity, Metamorphosis was also known as a novella that contained a lot of noun phrases which were not easy to translate. Actually, there had been plenty of research about cultural words translation in translating novels or short stories. One of them is a work of Novari (2012) that analyzed the cultural words translation of
John’s Boyne Novel. However, only a few studies examined the translation strategies
in translating noun phrases which were found in the novella. Therefore, this research was intended to investigate how the professional translator handles this translation
problem based on Venuti’s translation strategies theory. This research was expected
to give more knowledge to other translators about how professional translator works in producing a good translation.
3.6. Novella Synopsis
The plot of the story takes place in three parts. In part one, Gregor is the sole breadwinner for the Samsa finally, which includes his mother, father, and sister. One morning he wakes up from uneasy dreams and finds he has turned into a bug. His boss and his parents are outside his bedroom door trying to get him to answer. They cannot figure out why he is not at work. Gregor finally opens the bedroom door and reveals himself to all of them. His boss runs away and his family is terrified. His father pushes him back into his room and locks him in.
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
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In part two, the family returns to some degree of calm. Gregor stays hidden in his room, and his sister dutifully and kindly leaves him food and cleans his messes. His parents ignore him, acting as if he were not there. Gregor listens to them in the evening and notices how their lives have changed. Preoccupied with money and financial woes, they do not talk or eat much. His mother finally ventures into his room, but accidentally catches sight of him and faints. Gregor tries to help, but only makes a mess of things. His father comes in, blames Gregor for the chaos, and throws apples at him, wounding him severely and driving him back into his room a second time.
In part three, the family slowly grows to resent Gregor. Even his sister Grete stops caring for him very well. The wounds from the apples slow him down until he is weak and frail. On one occasion, just when Gregor is thinking about how much he loves his sister, he hears her say she wishes he were gone. He retreats into his room a third time and dies. In a kind of epilogue to the story that occurs after Gregor's death, his family is happy. They retreat to the country and plan to buy a new home. Totally forgetting Gregor, they are full of dreams for a happy future. (http://pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmMetamorph06.asp)
3.7 Technique of Collecting and Analyzing Data 3.7.1 Technique of Collecting Data
The first step taken by the researcher in order to collect the data was to read the English and Indonesian version of the novellas. The first data were collected from novella entitled Metamorphosis retrieved from PlanetEBook.com. It is a free-to-download website so the researcher free-to-downloaded the novella legally. The English version of the novella was translated from German to English by Ian Johnston (1999) and the total length of the novella is 74 pages. The document is in the public domain and released in 1999, it has been prepared for students in the Liberal Studies and
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English departments. The second data were collected from novella entitled
Metamorfosa produced by PT. Aksara Indonesia. It is the Indonesian version of the Metamorphosis novella and was translated from English to Bahasa Indonesia by Eka
Kurniawan (2000).
After reading both novellas, the researcher highlighted all of noun phrases in the
Metamorphosis (the English version) novella. The action taken because of the main
data of this study are all of noun phrases found in the Metamorphosis novella. The next step was highlighting all translated noun phrases in the Indonesian version of the novella. It was intended to see the translation strategies which were used by the professional translator in translating all of those noun phrases from English to Bahasa Indonesia.
This research employed sampling method; sampling method is a statistical method that jumbles sample subjects chosen from a larger set or population (Cochran,
1997). This method also called “an equal probability method”, each individual is
chosen randomly and each individual has the same probability of being chosen during the sampling process (Lohr, 1999).
In order to have a representative data, the researcher decided 15 prime-number pages of the novella as a sample to be analyzed (Page: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 from chapter I; Page: 29, 31, 37, 41, 43 from chapter II; Page: 59, 61, 67, 71, and 73 from chapter 3). It means that the researcher took approximately 20% (total of noun phrases) of the whole data from the novella.
Those data that the researcher analyzed were much larger than what was being
suggested by Arikunto (1998: 138) which states that “the minimum amount recommended for sampling method is 10% from the whole raw data”. Therefore,
methodically, the strategy that researcher used strengthened the results of this research. Lastly, after all of it had been done, the last step taken by the researcher was interviewing the professional translator about his perspectives in translating the novella.
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To answer the research questions, the researcher performed three steps to simplify the analysis of the data. Those steps were elaborating and classifying all noun phrases type; identifying the translation strategies used by the translator; interpreting the interview data from the professional translator about his perspectives in translating the novella. These steps presented more clearly as follow:
Step 1: Elaborating and Classifying All Noun Phrases Type 1. Elaborating all noun phrases of the selected pages
The researcher highlighted and elaborated all of noun phrases found in the
Metamorphosis novella. The action taken because the main data of this study are
all of noun phrases found in the Metamorphosis novella
2. Classifying all noun phrases type as follow:
After highlited and elaborated all of the noun phrases found in the novella, the researcher classified all of those noun phrases into several categories:
Type 1: Premodifier + Head
1A. Noun Phrase: Determiner + Noun 1B. Noun Phrase: Adjective + Noun 1C. Noun Phrase: Noun + Noun
1D. Noun Phrase: Adjective + Noun + Noun 1E. Noun Phrase: Participle (V-ed / V-ing) + Noun
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2B. Noun Phrase: Noun + Prepositional Phrase (PP) 2C. Noun Phrase: Noun + Participle (V-ing / V-ed)
Type 3: Pre-Modifier + Head + Post-Modifier 3. Noun Phrase: Pre-Modifier + Head + Post-Modifier
Step 2: Identifying the translation strategies used by the translator After those noun phrases were classified into several categories, the next step is identify the translation strategies used by the translator in translating all of noun phrases in the Metamorphosis novella. There are ten translation strategies which were proposed by Venuti (1995), they are: preservation, addition, naturalization, literal translation, cultural equivalent, omission, globalization, translation by more specific words, creation and equivalent translation.
Step 3: Interpreting the interview data from the professional translator about his perspectives in translating the novella.
After the identification about all of those translation strategies have been done, the next step is interpreting the interview data from the professional translator to observe whether the results of this research have a correlation with the answer from the translator or not.
Sample of Data Analysis:
No. Noun Phrase Determiner Noun
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295 It remained open even when the lodgers came the lodgers
430 They decided to pass that day that day
Table 4.2. The examples of determiner + noun
No Noun Phrases Indonesian Translation Translation Strategies 175 Her sighs and invocations
to the saints
Permohonan pada para Santa Naturalization
300 The mother, the father and Gregor unfolded their serviettes
Ibu, Ayah, dan Gregor
membentangkan serbet mereka
Naturalization
324 The sister with the violin Si adik perempuan dengan biola Naturalization
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CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
The previous chapter explained the results of the study after conducting the analyses of data and obtaining others necessary information using theoretical framework as discussed in chapter II. This chapter covers the conclusions of the study and suggestions for further research. The conclusion is not only taken from findings and discussions in the previous chapter but also from the whole research. In addition to answer the research questions, this chapter also concludes the researcher’s interpretation of the findings in the previous chapter.
5.1Conclusions
As stated in the first chapter, there were three research questions that the researcher was trying to answer. The first question relates to the types of noun phrases found in Metamorphosis novella. The second question relates to specific strategies which are used by the professional translator in translating noun phrases in
Metamorphosis novella. The third question relates to the translator’s reasons behind
the use of those translation strategies.
From the data analysis in the findings and discussions, the results show that there are nine types of noun phrase found in the English version of Metamorphosis novella. Those types are Determiner + Noun (53.78%), Adjective + Noun (15.33%), Noun + Noun (7.78%), Adjective + Noun + Noun (0.67%), Participle (V-ed / V-ing) + Noun (1.56%), Noun + Adverb (1.33%), Noun + Prepositional Phrase (12.22%), Noun + Participle (V-ing / V-ed) (2%) and Pre-Modifier + Head + Post-Modifier (5.33%). These findings answer the first question of the study.
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Regarding the translation strategies were applied by the professional translator in translating noun phrases in the Metamorphosis novella. The results reveal that there are nine translation strategies were applied by the professional translator in translating the Metamorphosis novella. There are three noun phrases (0.67%) translated by Preservation translation strategy, seven noun phrases (1.56%) translated by Naturalization translation strategy, 185 noun phrases (41.11%) translated by Literal Translation strategy, 53 noun phrases (11.78%) translated by Cultural Equivalent translation strategy, 104 noun phrases (23.11%) translated by Omission translation strategy, 14 noun phrases (3.11%) translated by Globalization translation strategy, 10 noun phrases (2.22%) translated by Translation by More Specific Words strategy, 7 noun phrases (1.56%) translated by Creation translation strategy and 67 noun phrases (14.89%) translated by Equivalent Translation strategy. These findings answer the second question of the study.
In order to answer the third question of the study, the researcher made an interview with the professional translator Eka Kurniawan who translated the
Metamorphosis novella into Indonesian Language. Based on that interview, there are
several information that the researcher can obtain to answer the third question of the study. Firstly, the translator tends to use domestication strategy because he agrees with the ideology of domestication translation strategy which believes that a good translation is appropriate to the tastes and expectations of the reader by changing the foreign terms into the target language.
Secondly, the professional translator tends to use domestication translation strategy to put out the local terms rather than absorbing the foreign terms. Thirdly, although the translator is one of the translators which tend to use domestication strategy, uniquely, he is also often to use literal translation strategy. The reasons behind its action are: (1) Literal translation technique is considered as the safest strategy for him for translating noun phrases in that novella because the level of its
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translation is between the word-by-word translation and free translation. So methodically, it is not a too ‘clearly’ translation and it also not a too ‘freely’ translation. (2) The literal translation is a flexible translation because it can adjust the grammar in the source language. Fourthly, the translator rarely use preservation and
addition ‘techniques’ in his strategy of translating because those translation techniques are too skewed to bring a lot of terms from the source language that will automatically retain many foreign terms.
In addition, the professional translator also explains the advantages and weaknesses of being a translator who tends to use domestication translation strategy. The advantages are: (1) The reader can more easily understand the story of the novella. (2) Although the novel is not a local product but many aspects of local cultures can be included in the novella. (3) The reader will feel that the translation is more natural.
On the contrary, the weaknesses of a translator who tends to use domestication translation strategy are: (1) The novella becomes less imaginative. (2) The cultural aspects in the source language are being paled. (3) When the readers read the original version of the novella and translation version which is used the domestication technique as its translation strategy, the reader will find there is a huge 'gap' in translating several terms from the source language to the target language.
5.2 Suggestions
After conducting the research, the researcher has several suggestions for the readers who are interested to conduct a research related to this research. First, a translator must have sufficient knowledge about language characteristics and culture of the source language and the target language because translating is not an activity
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that is simply translating each word or phrase; it is a complex process since it tries to find the equivalence meaning in the target language.
Second, a translator should pay more attention to their strategy of translation because hierarchically, translating a text from one culture to another culture usually requires a first-made-choice between two basic translation strategies: domestication and foreignization. The more a translator understands the strategy of translation, the better a translator plans to overcome the translation problems.
Third, in line with Eka Kurniawan, every translator must read a lot of literature works that have been recognized as good literature translation to obtain more knowledge about translation. If it is possible, the translator also should compare its literature translation with others to know the quality, advantages and weaknesses of their skill of translation.
Finally, the researcher hopes that this research can give some contributions for the educational purposes and provide valuable information for those who are interested in translation subject. Last but not the least, hopefully, this research also can inspire other researchers to conduct the same research related to the category of noun phrases and translation strategies with more elaboration and profound understanding.
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Arikunto, S, Prof., Dr. (2006). Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta: PT. Asdi Mahasatya.
Baker, M. (1992). In Oder Words: A Course Book on Translation. England: Clays Ltd, St Ives PLC
Baker, M. (2010). Critical Readings in Translation Studies. New York: British Library
Bassnett, S. & Lefevere, A. (eds) (1990). Translation, History, and Culture. London: Pinter.
Bassnett, S. & Lefevere, A. (1998). Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary
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Black, K. (2004). Business Statistics for Contemporary Decision Making. Fourth Ed. (Wiley Student Edition for India). Wiley-India. ISBN 978-81-265-0809-9 Bress, P. (2005). The Noun Phrase. http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
Catford, J. C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press
Chabban, I. G. (1984). "An Analysis of the techniques of translation based on some literary material translated from English into Arabic", Ph.D. (Thesis), Faculty of Al Alsun, Ain Shams University.
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (Third ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-16240-X
Cook, S. and R. W. Sutter. (1980). The Scope of Grammar: A study of Modern
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Grambs, D. (1984). Words About Words. Atlanta Book: Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London, Melbourne, Auckland: Edward Arnold
Jaaskelainen, R., (2005). Translation studies: what are they? Retrieved November 11, 2006 from http://www.hum.expertise.workshop.
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Jacob, E. (1988). Clarifying qualitative research: a focus on traditions. Educational
Researcher, 17(1),16-24.
Judickaite, L. (2009). The Nation of Foreignization and Domestication Applied in
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES THEORY
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Krings, H.P. (1986). Translation Problems and Translation Strategies of Advanced German Learners of French. In J. House, & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.), Interlingual and intercultural communication (pp. 263-75). Tubingen: Gunter.
Larson, L. M. (1984). Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Language
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Leech, G. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Leech, G. D. and Hoogenrad. (1982). English Grammar for Today. London: Macmillan Education. Ltd.
Leech, G. D. and Svartvik, J. (1975). A Communicative Grammar of English. London: Longman, pp.324 (2nd and 3rd editions: 1994, 2002)
Leppihalme, R. (1994). Culture Bumps: On the Translation of Allusions. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, English Department Studies 2.
Lindfors, A. M. (2001). Translation Strategies and the Images of a Foreign
Culture. The Electronic Journal of the Department of English at the
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Loescher, W. (1991). Translation performance, translation process and translation
strategies. Tuebingen: Guten Narr.
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Massoud, M. F. (1988). Translate to Communicate, A Guide for Translators. New York: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
Mawarni, D. (2007). Noun Phrase Construction Found in Report Genres in the
First Year Senior High School Students’ Textbooks. (Thesis). Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Semarang
Maxwell, J.A. (1996). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. London: Sage Publication Inc.
Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall International. Newmark, P. (1988a). A Textbook of Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall. Newmark, P. (1988b). Approaches to Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall. Newmark, P. (1991). About Translation: Multilingual Matters. Clevedon, Philadelphia, Adelaide: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Nida, E. A. & Taber, C. R. (1969). The Teory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
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Book Entitled The Boy in the Stripped Pyjamas. (Thesis). Universitas
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
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Ramelan (1984). Introduction to Linguistic Analysis. Semarang: Ikip Semarang Press. Ramelan (1992). Introduction to Linguistic Analysis. Semarang: Ikip Semarang Press.
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Wright, J. (2011). Ten Rules for Translating. http://arablit.org/2011/07/05/ten-rules-for-translating-humphrey-davies-and-jonathan-wright/
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu REFERENCES
Aini, N. (2011). Foreignization and Domestication in Translating English Specific- Culture Terms in Indonesian Subtitled of Cartoon Movie Ratatouille.
(Thesis). Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung.
Alwi, H. et al. (2003). Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta:
Balai Pustaka
Arikunto, S, Prof., Dr. (2006). Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik.
Jakarta: PT. Asdi Mahasatya.
Baker, M. (1992). In Oder Words: A Course Book on Translation. England: Clays
Ltd, St Ives PLC
Baker, M. (2010). Critical Readings in Translation Studies. New York: British
Library
Bassnett, S. & Lefevere, A. (eds) (1990). Translation, History, and Culture.
London: Pinter.
Bassnett, S. & Lefevere, A. (1998). Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Black, K. (2004). Business Statistics for Contemporary Decision Making. Fourth
Ed. (Wiley Student Edition for India). Wiley-India. ISBN 978-81-265-0809-9
Bress, P. (2005). The Noun Phrase. http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/
(2)
Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
Catford, J. C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University
Press
Chabban, I. G. (1984). "An Analysis of the techniques of translation based on some
literary material translated from English into Arabic", Ph.D. (Thesis), Faculty
of Al Alsun, Ain Shams University.
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (Third ed.). Wiley.
ISBN 0-471-16240-X
Cook, S. and R. W. Sutter. (1980). The Scope of Grammar: A study of Modern English. New York: Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company.
Grambs, D. (1984). Words About Words. Atlanta Book: Mc. Graw-Hill Book
Company.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London,
Melbourne, Auckland: Edward Arnold
Jaaskelainen, R., (2005). Translation studies: what are they? Retrieved November 11,
2006 from http://www.hum.expertise.workshop.
Jaaskelainen, R., (1999). Tapping the process: an explorative study of cognitive and effective factors involved in translating. Joensuu: University of Joensuu
Publications in Humanities.
Jacob, E. (1988). Clarifying qualitative research: a focus on traditions. Educational Researcher, 17(1),16-24.
Judickaite, L. (2009). The Nation of Foreignization and Domestication Applied in Film Translation. Lithuania: Vytautas Magnus University Press
(3)
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
Krings, H.P. (1986). Translation Problems and Translation Strategies of Advanced
German Learners of French. In J. House, & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.),
Interlingual and intercultural communication (pp. 263-75). Tubingen: Gunter. Larson, L. M. (1984). Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Language Equivalence. USA: University Press of America, Inc.
Leech, G. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Leech, G. D. and Hoogenrad. (1982). English Grammar for Today. London:
Macmillan Education. Ltd.
Leech, G. D. and Svartvik, J. (1975). A Communicative Grammar of English.
London: Longman, pp.324 (2nd and 3rd editions: 1994, 2002)
Leppihalme, R. (1994). Culture Bumps: On the Translation of Allusions. Helsinki:
University of Helsinki, English Department Studies 2.
Lindfors, A. M. (2001). Translation Strategies and the Images of a Foreign Culture. The Electronic Journal of the Department of English at the
University of Helsinki, ISSN 1457-9960
Loescher, W. (1991). Translation performance, translation process and translation strategies. Tuebingen: Guten Narr.
Lohr, S. L. (1999). Sampling: Design and analysis. Duxbury.
ISBN 0-534-35361-4
Massoud, M. F. (1988). Translate to Communicate, A Guide for Translators. New
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES THEORY
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Mawarni, D. (2007). Noun Phrase Construction Found in Report Genres in the First Year Senior High School Students’ Textbooks. (Thesis). Universitas
Pendidikan Indonesia. Semarang
Maxwell, J.A. (1996). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach.
London: Sage Publication Inc.
Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall International. Newmark, P. (1988a). A Textbook of Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall. Newmark, P. (1988b). Approaches to Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall. Newmark, P. (1991). About Translation: Multilingual Matters. Clevedon,
Philadelphia, Adelaide: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Nida, E. A. & Taber, C. R. (1969). The Teory and Practice of Translation. Leiden:
E.J. Brill.
Novari, A. F. (2012). Foreignization in Cultural Words Translation of John Boyne’s
Book Entitled The Boy in the Stripped Pyjamas. (Thesis). Universitas
Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung.
Ourduradi, M. (2007). Translation Procedures, Strategies and Methods. [online]:http://does.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=chace:iAVyHfce15QJ:www.erudit.or g/revue/ttr/1993/v6/n2/037160ar.pdf+problems+of+translation+by+nord
Pedersen, J. (2003): A Corpus-linguistic Investigation into Quantitative and Qualitative Reduction in Subtitles. Orebro University: Unpublished
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Pedersen, J. (2005). How is Culture Rendered in Subtitles?
(http://www.euroconference.info/proceeding.2005_/2005_Pedersen_Jan_pdf).
Retrieved on January 30th, 2015
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Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
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