Extrusion Process Technology of Analog R

Teknologi Proses Ekstrusi untuk Membuat Beras Analog Extrusion Process Technology of Analog Rice

Faleh Setia Budi a - Purwiyatno Hariyadi ab ' Slamet Budijanto ab ’ dan Dahrul Syah ab

Diterima : 16 Juli 2013

Revisi: 19 Juli 2013

Disetujui: 15 Agustus 2013

ABSTRAK

T in g k a t k o n s u m s i b e ra s d i In d o n e s ia m e n c a p a i a n g k a 1 3 9 k g /k a p ita /ta h u n , le b ih tin g g i d a ri k o n s u m s i ra ta -ra ta d i A s ia T e n g g a ra , s e h in g g a u n tu k m e m e n u h i k e b u tu h a n n y a s e rin g d ila k u k a n im p o r b e ra s . In d o n e s ia m e m ilik i s u m b e r p a n g a n lo k a l la in s e p e rti ja g u n g , s o rg u m , u b i k a y u , u b i ja la r, s a g u d a n la in - la in . N a m u n b a h a n p a n g a n n o n b e ra s te rs e b u t k u ra n g p o p u le r d ib a n d in g k a n d e n g a n b e ra s . O le h k a re n a itu p e rlu d ik e m b a n g k a n te k n o lo g i p ro s e s y a n g p o te n s ia l u n tu k m e n g o la h b a h a n p a n g a n lo k a l n o n b e ra s m e n ja d i b e ra s a n a lo g . T e k n o lo g i e k s tru s i m e ru p a k a n s a la h s a tu te k n o lo g i y a n g te la h d ig u n a k a n u n tu k p e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g d e n g a n b a h a n b a k u b e ra s p a ta h . B e la k a n g a n , te k n o lo g i in i ju g a m u la i d ig u n a k a n u n tu k p e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g d a ri b a h a n p a n g a n n o n b e ra s . K a ra k te ris tik b e ra s a n a lo g y a n g m irip d e n g a n

b e ra s a la m i d a p a t d ic a p a i d e n g a n m e n g o n tro l p a ra m e te r-p a ra m e te r k ritis e k s tru s i s e p e rti k a ra k te ris tik d a n k o m p o s is i b a h a n , s u h u e k s tru s i, k e c e p a ta n u lir d a n s e b a g a in y a . S tu d i m e n u n ju k k a n b a h w a b e ra s a n a lo g

b is a d ib u a t d a ri b a h a n p a n g a n n o n b e ra s . K e b e rh a s ila n te k n o lo g i in i ju g a a k a n m e m p e rlu a s p e lu a n g fo rtifik a s i d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n b e ra s a n a lo g s e b a g a i p e m b a w a z a t g iz i. s e p e rti p ro te in , v ita m in d a n m in e ra l, s e s u a i d e n g a n tu ju a n n y a . M a k a la h in i m e n g k a ji h a s il-h a s il p e n e litia n p e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g

d e n g a n te k n o lo g i e k s tru s i b a ik d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n b a h a n b e ra s p a ta h m a u p u n b a h a n n o n b e ra s y a n g

d is e rta i d e n g a n d a n ta n p a fo rtifik a s i. k a ta k u n c i: b e ra s a n a lo g , b a h a n p a n g a n n o n b e ra s , te k n o lo g i e k s tru s i d a n fo rtifik a s i

ABSTRACT

Indonesia rice consumption level is very high and up to 139 kg/capita/year, higher than that of average consumption level in South East Asia, so that import of rice is frequently needed to fill the need of population.

Indonesia is actually rich in local food sources other than rice; such as corn, sorghum, cassava, sago, etc. but they are not as popular as rice. Therefore technology for the production of analog rice using the local- based non-rice food sources is needed. Extrusion technology has been used to produce analog rice from broken rice as its raw material. Recently; extrusion technology has also been used to develop analog rice

using non-rice food material. The characteristic of analog rice which is similar with the natural rice could be achieved by controlling the critical extrusion parameters, such as the characteristics and composition of raw material, the temperature of extrusion, the speed of screw etc. The success of the analog rice production from the non rice food material will open up opportunities for fortification program using analog rice as

a carrier for the nutrient target. This paper reviews the research reports for analog rice production with extrusion technology using variety of raw materials; including broken rice and the non-rice food material, with and without fortification. keywords : analog rice, non-rice food material, extrusion technology and fortification

Teknologi Proses Ekstrusi Untuk Membuat Beras Analog 263 Faleh Setia Budi, Purwiyatno Hariyadi,Slamet Budijanto, dan Dahrul Syah

I. PENDAHULUAN

a n a lo g a d a la h e k s tru s i (M e lia n a w a ti, 1 9 9 8 ; Irfa n , T e n g g a ra ju g a m e n g a n d a lk a n b e ra s s e b a g a i

m e n g a lirk a n s e c a ra

4 5 k g /k a p ita /ta h u n , M a la y s ia 8 0 k g /k a p ita /ta h u n p a k s a b a h a n p a n g a n m e la lu i

d e n g a n s a tu dan

barrel

2 0 0 4 ). D a ta in i m e n u n ju k k a n b a h w a In d o n e s ia p e m a n a s a n d a n p e n g a lira n (

shearing ) s e rta m e le w a tk a n m e la lu i die y a n g d id e s a in u n tu k

s a n g a t b e rg a n tu n g p a d a s a la h s a tu b a h a n

p a n g a n in i. H a l in i s a n g a t m e n g k h a w a tirk a n

e k s tru s i (R o s s e n a n d M ille r, 1 9 7 3 ). s u a tu s a a t te rja d i g a n g g u a n p a s o k a n a k ib a t

b is a m e lu a s k e p e rm a s a la h a n e k o n o m i d a n p ro s e s p e n g a lira n , p e n c a m p u ra n , p e n g a d o n a n , keamanan.

N a m u n b e b e ra p a p e n e litia n p e m b u a ta n b e ra s p ro g ra m

d iv e rs ifik a s i

a n a lo g d e n g a n te k n o lo g i e k s tru s i te rs e b u t m a s ih In d o n e s ia ju g a m e m ilik i s u m b e r p a n g a n lo k a l

b e lu m b is a m e n g h a s ilk a n b e ra s a n a lo g y a n g la in s e p e rti ja g u n g , s o rg u m , u b i k a y u , u b i ja la r,

s e ru p a a ta u m a s ih b e ru p a ekstrudat. K e m u d ia n

a k ib a t k e b ija k a n swasembada

b e ra s

yang

te k n o lo g i e k s tru s i d a n ju g a d iik u ti o le h N u triric e

d ila k u k a n o le h p e m e rin ta h p a d a tig a d e k a d e

e k s tru s i u n tu k y a n g la lu . K e u n g g u la n b e ra s p a d a k e te rs e d ia a n m e m b u a t b e ra s a n a lo g d a ri b a h a n c a m p u ra n yang

d k k . (2 0 1 1 ). A rtik e l in i a k a n m e re v ie w b e b e ra p a k o n s u m s in y a k e s u m b e r p a n g a n la in n o n b e ra s .

II. KLASIFIKASI PROSES EKSTRUSI

b e ra s , b a ik s ifa t-s ifa t fis ik b u tira n , p e n a n a k a n p ro s e s m e n g a lirk a n a d o n a n y a n g te rb u a t d a ri

d a n te k s tu r (G a m b a r 1 ). P ro d u k b e ra s y a n g k o m p o n e n u ta m a te p u n g , a d itif d a n a ir m e la lu i

d ib u a t d a ri b a h a n n o n p a d i te rs e b u t le b ih d ik e n a l

e k s tru d e r. E k s tru s i p a n a s m e n g g u n a k a n s e b a g a i b e ra s a n a lo g (M a c h m u r, d k k ., 2 0 1 1 ). te m p e ra tu r tin g g i d i a ta s 7 0 °C y a n g d ip e ro le h

barrel

(steam)

d ip a s a n g m e n g e lilin g i m e to d e

lis trik

(e le m e n )

yang

d a n frik s i a n ta ra b a h a n a d o n a n d e n g a n Y o s h id a , d k k ., 1 9 7 1 ; K u ra c h i, 1 9 9 5 ; S a m a d ,

barrel

p e rm u k a a n

barrel dan screw. Pemanasan dan

2 0 0 3 ; L is n a n , 2 0 0 8 ; H e ra w a ti d a n W id o w a ti, k o m p re s i in i m e n y e b a b k a n te rja d in y a p ro s e s

264 PANGAN, Vol. 22 No. 3 September 2013 : 263-274

Gambarl. J a lu r K o n s u m s i P a n g a n S u m b e r K a rb o h id ra t In d o n e s ia y a n g S u d a h D im o d ifik a s i

2 0 1 2 ). T e k n o lo g i in i s u d a h d ia p lik a s ik a n s e c a ra k o m e rs ia l d i C h in a d a n F ilip in a .

s e ra t), a ir, lipid,

b a h a n p e n g ik a t d a n p e n y e ttin g

s e rta b a h a n aditif y a n g b e rs ifa t o p s io n a l s e p e rti

S e d a n g k a n e k s tru s i d in g in m e ru p a k a n p ro s e s y a n g s a m a te ta p i d ig u n a k a n u n tu k m e m b u a t

p e w a rn a , flavor, fo rtifik a n d a n a n tio k s id a n .

p a s ta ta n p a m e n g g u n a k a n in p u t e n e rg i p a n a s

3.1. Pati

ta m b a h a n d a n h a n y a m e n g a n d a lk a n p a n a s P a d a p rin s ip n y a s e m u a b a h a n b a k u y a n g y a n g d ih a s ilk a n o le h p ro s e s frik s i (te m p e ra tu r m e n g a n d u n g p a ti b a ik y a n g b e rb e n tu k s e re a lia re n d a h d ib a w a h 7 0 °C ). P ro s e s p e m b e n tu k a n m a u p u n u m b i d a p a t d ig u n a k a n s e b a g a i b a h a n m e n g h a s ilk a n

grain y a n g m e n ta h , b e rw a rn a

b a k u u ta m a d a la m p e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g

opaque

d ik e n a l s e b a g a i p a s ta p re s s y a n g d ig u n a k a n m e n g g u n a k a n b e ra s p a ta h s e b a g a i s u m b e r o le h V ig u i (Ita li) d a n P A T H u n tu k m e m p ro d u k s i

b a h a n p a ti d a la m p e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g . U ltra R ic e (A la v i, d k k ., 2 0 0 8 ). P ro s e s e k s tru s i N a m u n a d a ju g a y a n g m e n g g a n tik a n s e b a g ia n ju g a d a p a t d ik la s ifik a s ik a n m e n ja d i d u a tip e te p u n g b e ra s p a ta h d e n g a n te p u n g k e d e la i m e n u ru t k a d a r a ir b a h a n y a n g d iu m p a n k a n y a n g s u d a h d ih ila n g k a n le m a k n y a (K a to , 2 0 0 6 ). k e d a la m e k s tru d e r, y a itu : e k s tru s i b a s a h d a n W id a ra , (2 0 1 2 ) m e n g g u n a k a n b a h a n c a m p u ra n

p re g e la tin is a s i/tid a k

III.

BAHAN YANG DIGUNAKAN UNTUK

MEMBUAT BERAS ANALOG te rg e la tin is a s i d i d a la m k o m p o s is i a d o n a n ju g a

maka p ro d u k

Teknologi Proses Ekstrusi Untuk Membuat Beras Analog 265 Faleh Setia Budi, Purwiyatno Hariyadi.Slamet Budijanto, dan Dahrul Syah Teknologi Proses Ekstrusi Untuk Membuat Beras Analog 265 Faleh Setia Budi, Purwiyatno Hariyadi.Slamet Budijanto, dan Dahrul Syah

barrel d a p a t d ip e rta h a n k a n m e s k ip u n u k u ra n b e ra s a n a lo g (H a rro w a n d M a rtin , 1 9 8 2 ).

d i d a la m

a d a p ro s e s p e m a n a s a n (B u d ija n to , d k k ., 2 0 1 1 ).

3.2. Air

3.4. Serat

A ir y a n g d ita m b a h k a n k e d a la m a d o n a n Is tila h s e ra t m e n c a k u p b e rb a g a i m a c a m m e ru p a k a n

p e rila k u

polisakarida, d in d in g s e l ta n a m a n d a n la in -la in te rs e b u t b e rfu n g s i s e b a g a i b a h a n p e m la s tis

y a n g ta h a n te rh a d a p h id ro lis is e n z im d i d a la m (plasticizer agent) u n tu k b a h a n p a ti s e h in g g a

s is te m p e n c e rn a a n m a n u s ia . S e ra t-s e ra t in i dapat

ju g a m e m p u n y a i p e ra n a n y a n g s ig n ifik a n . R is e t P e n u ru n a n

akan memudahkan

m e n g a lirk a n

p ro s e s e k s tru s i d a p a t m e n g h a s ilk a n p e ru b a h a n

dan s ifa t-s ifa t k im ia pada

a d o n a n d i d a la m

barrel. S tu d i y a n g d ila k u k a n

k a ra k te ris itik

s tru k tu r

grits ja g u n g

m e m b u k tik a n

bahwa

fis ik a , d e n g a n e fe k u ta m a m e re d is trib u s ik a n

e k s p a n s i b e rb a n d in g te rb a lik d e n g a n k a d a r a ir s e ra t-s e ra t tid a k la ru t m e n ja d i s e ra t-s e ra t la ru t

b a h a n y a n g d ie k s tru s i (C h in n a s w a m y , 1 9 9 3 ; (C a m ire , d k k .,1 9 9 0 ; G u illo n , d k k ., 1 9 9 2 ; L a rre a ,

3.3. Lipid 1 9 8 7 ; W a n g , d k k ., 1 9 9 3 ). B e b e ra p a p e n e litia n

m e la p o rk a n p e n u ru n a n in d e k s e k s p a n s i k e tik a

s e ra t d ita m b a h k a n k e d a la m a d o n a n (H s ie h , s e b a g a i p e lu m a s ( lubricant ) k a re n a m a m p u

D a la m p ro s e s

e k s tru s i

lipid b e rp e ra n

d k k ., 1 9 8 9 ; lio , d k k ., 1 9 9 9 ). B u d ija n to , d k k . m e n g u ra n g i g a y a frik s i a n ta ra p a rtik e l d i d a la m

(2 0 1 1 ) m e n g g u n a k a n b a h a n te p u n g s o rg u m ,

c a m p u ra n d a n a n ta ra p e rm u k a a n

screw dan

m o c a f d a n ja g u n g s e b a g a i s u m b e r s e ra t d a la m barrel d e n g a n le le h a n a d o n a n (G u y , 2 0 0 1 ). Lipid p e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g .

y a n g d ig u n a k a n b is a b e rb e n tu k le m a k , m in y a k

3.5. Bahan Pengikat dan Pen-setting (Binder

a ta u p ro d u k tu ru n a n n y a . D i d a la m e k s tru d e r

and setting agent)

lipid te rs e b u t a k a n m e n u ru n v is k o s ita s n y a p a d a

(c a ir) yang

akan m e m p e rta h a n k a n k o n s e n tra s i le b ih d a ri 3 p e rs e n

cepat sebagai droplet-droplet y a n g k e c il. P a d a

lipid tid a k

ju g a d a p a t d iv a ria s i u n tu k m e n g h a s ilk a n a d o n a n m e n g u ra n g i la ju e k s p a n s i k e tik a k o n s e n tra s in y a

b e ra s a n a lo g y a n g b a ik . Sodium alginate dapat le b ih d a ri 5 p e rs e n (H a rp e r, 1 9 9 4 ).

d ig u n a k a n s e b a g a i p e n g ik a t d e n g a n v is k o s ita s re n d a h (0 ,1 - 1

m a u p u n v is k o s ita s tin g g i P a ti d a n

lipid y a n g a d a d i d a la m a d o n a n

poise)

(8 - 2 0

poise). U n tu k v is k o s ita s re n d a h , la ru ta n

b a h a n m e m p e n g a ru h i p e m b e n tu k a n k o m p le k s amilosa-lipid. P e m b e n tu k a n s e n y a w a k o m p le k

alginat m e m p u n y a i k o n s e n tra s i 0 ,5 - 5 p e rs e n amilosa-lipid b e ra td a n u n tu k v is k o s ita s tin g g i, k o n s e n tra s in y a

d a ri s e n y a w a a s a m le m a k b e -

5 - 1 1 p e rs e n b e ra t (C o x a n d C o x , 1 9 9 3 ). bas dan

monoglyserida le b ih b a ik d ib a n d in g

trigliserida (M itc h e l a n d A re a s , 1 9 9 2 ; H a rp e r,

monogly­

serida e k s tru s i d ila k u k a n u n tu k m e n in g k a tk a n k u a lita s ju g a d a p a t m e m p e rk o k o h k e b e ra d a a n te k s tu r b e ra s a n a lo g (D u p a rt a n d H u b e r, 2 0 0 3 ).

a ir d i d a la m a d o n a n y a n g b e rfu n g s i s e b a g a i

266 PANGAN, Vol. 22 No. 3 September 2013 : 263-274 266 PANGAN, Vol. 22 No. 3 September 2013 : 263-274

4.1. Formulasi

setting

(binder) y a n g d ig u n a k a n d a la m a d o n a n . B a h a n

d ig ilin g

u n tu k

p a rtik e l te rte n tu (lo lo s N o . 1 0 d a n te rta h a n N o .

d a p a t d is e m p ro tk a n k e p e rm u k a a n b iji ekstrudat

Standard mesh screen US) (M is h ra , d k k .,

b e ra s a n a lo g a ta u b e ra s a n a lo g d a p a t d ila p is i

2 0 1 2 ). K e m u d ia n

lipid dan komponen minor

bahan

pen-setting

d e n g a n c a ra m e re n d a m n y a

d a n m in e ra l k e d a la m la ru ta n b a h a n p e n -s e ttin g p a d a p H

la in n y a s e p e rti p e n g ik a t, emulsifier

h a ru s m e n g a n d u n g c u k u p fra k s i p a ti y a n g la ru ta n . U n tu k m e m p e rla m a e fe k p e n -s e ft/'n g a n

n a n tin y a a k a n te rg e la tin is a s i d a n m e n g ik a t k u a t

b a h a n s e p e rti N a 2 C0 3 , Na 3 P0 4 dan bahan

p ro d u k . P e n g ik a ta n p a rtik e l-p a rtik e l d i d a la m tu ru n a n

pospat la in n y a b is a d ita m b a h k a n k e

b e ra s a n a lo g ju g a b is a m e n g g u n a k a n p e n g ik a t

d a la m la ru ta n (C o x a n d C o x , 1 9 9 3 ).

h id ro k o lo id (binder agent).

3.6. Pewarna, Flavor, Fortifikan dan

4.2. Prekondisi

Antioksidan.

P re k o n d is i

mempunyai p e ra n a n yang

P e w a rn a , flavor, fortifican dan antioksidan

e k s tru s i s e c a ra m e ru p a k a n b a h a n a d itif y a n g b e rs ifa t o p s io n a l.

k e s e lu ru h a n . A d a b e b e ra p a k e u n tu n g a n d a ri Bahan

p a rtik e l,

m e n g u ra n g i

w a k tu tin g g a l adonan

Sedangkan antioksidan m e ru p a k a n b a h a n y a n g

d i d a la m e k s tru d e r d a n m e n in g k a tk a n w a k tu

d ita m b a h k a n b e rs a m a -s a m a d e n g a n

fortifikan tin g g a l

k e s e lu ru h a n , m e n in g k a tk a n u n tu k m e m p e rta h a n k a n k u a lita s

s e c a ra

fortifikan yang

d ik a re n a k a n s e n s itif te rh a d a p p a n a s s e p e rti p ro te in , v ita m in m e n u ru n n y a p e n g g u n a a n k o m p o n e n

screw dan

A , E , B d a n s e b a g a in y a (M is h ra , d k k ., 2 0 1 2 ).

barrel (H u b e r a n d R o k e y , 1 9 9 0 ). P a d a ta h a p

d ita m b a h k a n . k e m u d ia n d ia lirk a n k e e k s tru d e r. P e n c a m p u ra n

y a n g b a ik d ib u tu h k a n a g a r p e rm u k a a n p a rtik e l S e c a ra

IV. PROSES PEMBUATAN BERAS ANALOG

(steam)

difusi u a p a ir d a n p e rp in d a h a n p a n a s

la in n y a y a n g te rd iri d a ri e m p a t ta h a p , a n ta ra la in :

d a la m p a rtik e l fo rm u la s i, p re k o n d is i, e k s tru s i d a n p e n g e rin g a n

terplastisasi

d i d a la m a la t p re k o n d is i d a n b is a d ia lirk a n k e

a n a lo g b is a d ilih a t p a d a G a m b a r 2 . N a m u n

Gambar 2. R a n g k a ia n T a h a p a n P ro s e s P e m b u a ta n B e ra s A n a lo g

Teknologi Proses Ekstrusi Untuk Membuat Beras Analog 267 Faleh Setia Budi, Purwiyatno Hariyadi, Slamet Budijanto, dan Dahrul Syah Teknologi Proses Ekstrusi Untuk Membuat Beras Analog 267 Faleh Setia Budi, Purwiyatno Hariyadi, Slamet Budijanto, dan Dahrul Syah

e n e rg i dissipasi a k ib a t mikronutrient s e p e rti v ita m in d a n

antioksidan g e s e k a n s e h in g g a te rb e n tu k m a s s a a d o n a n

d a p a t d ita m b a h k a n u n tu k m e n in g k a tk a n n ila i y a n g m e n g a lir le b ih k o m p a k . D i cooking zone

g iz i b e ra s a n a lo g y a n g d ih a s ilk a n n a n tin y a s u h u d a n te k a n a n m e n in g k a t p a lin g c e p a t a k ib a t (S te ig e r, 2 0 1 0 ).

k o n fig u ra s i screw d a n k o m p re s i y a n g m a k s im u m

4.3. Ekstrusi s e h in g g a m e n im b u lk a n la ju g e s e r y a n g tin g g i

(R ia z , 2 0 0 0 ). Ekstrudat y a n g k e lu a r d a ri die Pada

e k s tru d e r a k a n m e m ilik i te k s tu r, d e n s ita s , w a rn a m e n g a la m i p ro s e s p e m a n a s a n la g i p a d a s u h u

d a n s ifa t-s ifa t fu n g s io n a l p ro d u k y a n g d iin g in k a n . yang

fis ik a , penanakan m e n g a la m i p ro s e s h o m o g e n is a s i le b ih la n ju t,

m e m ilik i

s ifa t-s ifa t

k im ia

d a n te k s tu r y a n g m irip d e n g a n b e ra s p e rlu p e n g a lira n ( shearing ) d a n p e m b e n tu k a n k e tik a

v a ria b e l dan k e lu a r d a ri die. P ro s e s d e g ra d a s i p a ti m e n ja d i p a ra m e te r y a n g te rlib a t d a la m p ro s e s e k s tru s i. m o le k u l-m o le k u l y a n g le b ih k e c il d im in im a lk a n

p ro te in , s e ra t, le m a k ), k a d a r a ir, u k u ra n p a rtik e l P e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g d e n g a n p ro s e s e k s tru s i

d a n a d itif d a n v a ria b e l p ro s e s y a n g b e rk a ita n

b is a d ila k u k a n d e n g a n e k s tru d e r u lir tu n g g a l

d e n g a n k o n d is i o p e ra s io n a l p ro s e s s e p e rti s u h u , m a u p u n u lir g a n d a . N a m u n e k s tru d e r u lir g a n d a

k e c e p a ta n screw, la ju a lir u m p a n d a n k e c e p a ta n le b ih b a n y a k d ig u n a k a n k a re n a m e m p u n y a i

p is a u p o to n g . S e d a n g k a n p a ra m e te r s is te m k e m a m p u a n d a n fle k s ib ilita s y a n g le b ih b e s a r

specific mechanical energy u n tu k m e n g e n d a lik a n p a ra m e te r p ro s e s d a n (S M E ), e n e rg i thermal, w a k tu tin g g a l, v is k o s ita s p ro d u k . D e s a in y a n g fle k s ib e l m e m u n g k in k a n

e k s tru s i m e n c a k u p

le le h a n , s u h u d a n te k a n a n p ro d u k , lu a s b u k a a n p e ra w a ta n

die d a n ju g a h a m b a ta n a lira n . P a ra m e te r o u tp u t m u d a h (G u y , 2 0 0 1 ).

screw dan

barrel le b ih c e p a t d a n

g e la tin is a s i Barrel e k s tru d e r y a n g d i d a la m n y a te rd a p a t

barrel e k s tru d e r, k a d a r a ir screw d ib a g i m e n ja d i tig a d a e ra h a ta u z o n a ,

a d o n a n d i d a la m

d a n s u h u p ro d u k (C a m p a n e lla , d k k ., 2 0 0 2 ). y a itu : d a e ra h p e m a s u k a n a d o n a n ( feeding N a m u n s e m u a k a ra k te ris itk p ro d u k te rs e b u t

zone), d a e ra h p e n g a d o n a n ( kneading zone) dan

h a n y a d ip e n g a ru h i s e c a ra la n g s u n g o le h e m p a t

d a e ra h p e m a s a k a n ( cooking zone) (G a m b a r

p a ra m e te r p e n g o la h a n k ritis y a itu : k a d a r a ir

a d o n a n d i d a la m p ro s e s e k s tru s i, e n e rg i m e k a n ik masuknya

3 ). Feeding zone m e ru p a k a n d a e ra h te m p a t

ber density m a s u k , e n e rg i p a n a s m a s u k d a n w a k tu tin g g a l re n d a h k e d a la m

p a rtik e l

diskret bahan

barrel. Di kneading zone b a h a n d i d a la m barrel e k s tru d e r (R ia z , 2 0 0 0 ).

D e s k rip s i d a ri p a ra m e te r k ritis in i d ije la s k a n dan

P a rtik e l

p a d a T a b e l 1 . In te ra k s i a n ta ra v a ria b e l b e b a s

d a n p a ra m e te r k ritis d a p a t te rja d i d a n d a p a t m e n in g k a tn y a s u h u a k ib a t d a ri p a n a s k o n d u k s i,

d is k re t b a h a n m u la i mengaglomerisasi k a re n a

d ip a h a m i m e la lu i T a b e l 2 .

Gambar3. Z o n a /D a e ra h P e n g o la h a n d i D a la m Barrel E k s tru d e r (R ia z , 2 0 0 0 )

268 PANGAN, Vol. 22 No. 3 September 2013 : 263-274

Tabel 1 . P a ra m e te r-P a ra m e te r K ritis p a d a P ro s e s E k s tru s i

G M E : G ro s s M e c h a n ic a l E n e rg y S M E : S p e c ific M e c h a n ic a l E n e rg y

E n e rg i th e rm a l m a s u k

U n tu k p e m a n a s a n barrel

P a n a s s te a m P a n a s lis trik

U n tu k p e m a n a s a n la n g s u n g ekstrudat

In je k s i u a p la n g s u n g In je k s i u a p a ta u c a ira n la in

W a k tu tin g g a l W a k tu to ta l d i s e tia p b a g ia n d a ri p ro s e s t = w a k tu tin g g a l ra ta -ra ta M = J u m la h ekstrudat d i d a la m p ro s e s

t = M /m

m = la ju a lir m a s s a S u m b e r: R ia z , 2 0 0 0 .

M e n in g k a tn y a k e c e p a ta n k ritis d a la m p ro s e s e k s tru s i. P e n in g k a ta n k a d a r

K a d a r a ir m e ru p a k a n s a la h s a tu p a ra m e te r

barrel (T a b e l

screw ju g a

screw ju g a h a ru s p la s tis a s i. P e n a m b a h a n a ir d a la m b e n tu k s te a m

O le h k a re n a itu k e c e p a ta n

d ik e n d a lik a n a g a r d ip e ro le h d e ra ja t g e la tin is a s i menyebabkan

b e ra s thermal y a n g m a s u k d a n te rja d i p e le le h a n

a n a lo g d e n g a n k a ra k te ris tik y a n g m e n d e k a ti p a rtik e l p a ti s e h in g g a a d o n a n m e n ja d i le b ih lu n a k

screw, p a ra m e te r la in y a n g ju g a m e m p u n y a i k e c e p a ta n

screw s e h in g g a

a d o n a n d i d a la m barrel a k a n m e n ja d i le b ih la m a

d ia tu r u n tu k m e n d a p a tk a n d e ra ja t g e la tin is a s i M a rtin , 1 9 8 2 ; S te ig e r, 2 0 1 0 ). D im e n s i lu b a n g te rte n tu s e h in g g a d a p a t d ip e ro le h p ro d u k b e ra s die h a ru s m e n y e s u a ik a n d e n g a n u k u ra n b e ra s

p e m b e n tu k a n ra n ta i d a ri ekstrudat te rp o to n g p e ru b a h a n

screw, k h u s u s n y a e k s tru d e r twin (b e ra s a n a lo g ) y a n g le n g k e t, p is a u d ila p is i screw. P e n in g k a ta n

teflon (polytetrafluoro ethylene) m e n y e b a b k a n m e n in g k a tn y a e n e rg i m e k a n ik

k e c e p a ta n

screw akan

dengan bahan

(H a rro w d a n M a rtin , 1 9 8 2 ) d a n k e d a la m a d o n a n yang

masuk, m e n u ru n n y a

e n e rg i

thermal d ita m b a h k a n

Glycerol Monostearate. Ekstrudat

barrel dan

screw s e rta

k e c e p a ta n te rte n tu .

Teknologi Proses Ekstrusi Untuk Membuat Beras Analog 269 Faleh Selia Budi, Purwiyatno Hariyadi, Slamet Budijanto, dan Dahrul Syah

T a b e l 2 . In te ra k s i A n ta ra V a ria b e l B e b a s d a n P a ra m e te r K ritis

V a ria b e l b e b a s

P a ra m e te r k ritis

+ K e c e p a ta n screw

- Suhu barrel

+ Luas bukaan die

H a m b a ta n a lira n e k s tru d e r

m e n g a n d u n g g a ra m p e n setting s e la m a 3 - 2 0

a n a lo g y a n g p a d a t (C o x a n d c o x , 1 9 9 3 ). m e n it d a n k e m u d ia n d ic u c i u n tu k m e n g h ila n g k a n

4.4. Pengeringan

la ru ta n g a ra m y a n g m e n e m p e l. S e la n ju tn y a

b e ra s a n a lo g d id in g in k a n u n tu k m e re tro g ra d a s i

B e ra s a n a lo g y a n g d ip e ro le h m a s ih m e m ilik i k a d a r a ir y a n g c u k u p tin g g i d a n

270 PANGAN, Vol. 22 No. 3 September 2013 : 263-274 270 PANGAN, Vol. 22 No. 3 September 2013 : 263-274

b e rs a m a a n d e n g a n b a h a n p a n g a n la in s e p e rti

a ir s a m p a i d ib a w a h 1 5 p e rs e n a g a r m e m ilik i la u k p a u k y a n g m e m p u n y a i k a n d u n g a n p ro te in u m u r s im p a n y a n g c u k u p p a n ja n g (H a rro w

y a n g tin g g i s e h in g g a n ila i a s u p a n p ro te in b e ra s

d a n M a rtin , 1 9 8 2 ; W e n g e r d a n H u b e r, 1 9 8 8 ;

a n a lo g b is a d itin g k a tk a n . N a m u n b ila d iin g in k a n

mikronutrien la in W id a ra , 2 0 1 2 ). P e n g e rin g a n d a p a t d ila k u k a n

d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n e n e rg i m a ta h a ri m a u p u n s e b a g a in y a m a k a d a p a t d ila k u k a n fo rtifik a s i

d k k ., (2 0 1 2 ) p e n g e rin g p u ta r, p e n g e rin g u n g g u n

d e n g a n a la t p e n g e rin g s e p e rti p e n g e rin g

tray, pada

terfluidiasi m e la p o rk a n b e b e ra p a fo rtifik a s i b e ra s a n a lo g

d a n s e b a g a in y a (M is h ra , d k k ., 2 0 1 2 ). D a e ra h y a n g d ila k u k a n o le h b e b e ra p a p e n e liti s e p e rti tro p is y a n g m e m ilik i b a n y a k e n e rg i m a ta h a ri

fo rtifik a s i b e ra s a n a lo g d e n g a n b e s i, s e n g d a n

b is a m e n g g u n a k a n p e n g e rin g m a ta h a ri s e la m a v ita m in (L i, d k k ., 2 0 0 8 ), b e s i, s e n g , thiamin dan

2 4 ja m s e p e rti y a n g d ila k u k a n o le h D ie h l (1 9 9 8 ). asam folat (B e tt-G a rb e r, d k k ., 2 0 0 4 ), d a n v ita m in U n tu k s k a la in d u s tri d e n g a n k a p a s ita s y a n g

A (M u rp h y , d k k ., 1 9 9 2 ).

b e s a r b is a m e n g g u n a k a n p e n g e rin g p u ta r a ta u ierfluidisasi y a n g b e ro p e ra s i s e c a ra k o n tin y u

VI. KESIMPULAN

d a n m e m p u n y a i k a p a s ita s y a n g b e s a r (K a to , P e n e litia n p e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g d e n g a n

h a s il y a n g p o s itif. P ro d u k b e ra s a n a lo g y a n g ja m u r

m e n d a p a tk a n s a m b u ta n yang

u n tu k d ig u n a k a n d a la m p ro g ra m d iv e rs ifik a s i

V. NILAI GIZI DAN KARAKTERISTIK d e n g a n b a h a n p a n g a n la in n o n b e ra s s e te la h SENSORI BERAS ANALOG

d ila k u k a n p ro s e s p ro d u k s i s e c a ra k o m e rs ia l

B e ra s a n a lo g y a n g d ib u a t d a ri te p u n g ja g u n g

d e n g a n in d u s tria lis a s i. N a m u n m a s ih d ip e rlu k a n

4 0 p e rs e n , te p u n g s o rg u m 3 0 p e rs e n d a n p a ti

b e b e ra p a p e n e litia n la g i u n tu k m e n in g k a tk a n

3 0 p e rs e n m e m ilik i k o m p o s is i k im ia proximat s k a la p ro d u k s i d a ri s k a la la b o ra to riu m m e n ja d i s e p e rti y a n g te rc a n tu m p a d a ta b e l 3 . K a d a r a ir,

s k a la in d u s tri s e p e rti p e n e litia n te n ta n g a p lik a s i m in e ra l d a n p ro te in b e ra s a n a lo g te rs e b u t le b ih

pangan fu n g s io n a l, re n d a h d ib a n d in g b e ra s p a d i. S e d a n g k a n k a d a r

p e n e litia n te k n is u n tu k m e n d a p a tk a n d a ta -d a ta le m a k d a n p ro te in b e ra s a n a lo g le b ih tin g g i.

penggandaan s k a la N a m u n s e c a ra u m u m k o m p o s is i k im ia b e ra s

p ro d u k s i, p e n e litia n p ro d u k s i s e c a ra k o n tin y u

a n a lo g te rs e b u t s u d a h m e n d e k a ti k o m p o s is i yang in line s a tu a n o p e ra s i-s a tu a n o p e ra s i y a n g k im ia b e ra s p a d i. D e n g a n k o m p o s is i te rs e b u t

te rlib a t d i d a la m n y a d a n s e b a g a in y a .

b e ra s a n a lo g m e m p u n y a i n ila i g iz i y a n g c u k u p . P a d a u m u m n y a b e ra s a ta u n a s i d ik o n s u m s i

Tabel 3. K o m p o s is i K im ia B e ra s A n a lo g d a n B e ra s P a d i

Teknologi Proses Ekstrusi Untuk Membuat Beras Analog 271 Faleh Setia Budi, Purwiyatno Hariyadi, Slamet Budijanto, dan Dahrul Syah

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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