Journal of Atoms and Molecules
J. Atoms and Molecules/ 4(1); 2014 / 635–644 Nidavani R B et al
Review articlePHARMACOLOGY OF CELOSIA ARGENTEA L.
Ramesh B. Nidavani * , Mahalakshmi AM, Seema M, Krishna KLDepartment of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore-570 015, India.
Received on: 22-01-2014 Revised on: 06-02-2014 Accepted on: 23–02–2014
ABSTRACT:Celosia argentea L. (family-amaranthaceae) is widely used in traditional medicine to cure several
disorders such as fever, diarrhea, mouth sores, itching, wounds, jaundice, gonorrhea, and
inflammation. A variety of phytoconstituents are isolated from the C. argentea L. which includes
triterpenoid saponins, celosin E, celosin F and celosin G together with a known compound
cristatain, betalains, nicotinic acid, celogenamide-A, celogentin A–D, H, J and K. The plant having
potential pharmacological values screened for its various pharmacological activities, namely, anti-
inflammatory, immunostimulating, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, wound healing,
antidiabetic and antibacterial activities which are reported in the extracts of different parts and its
phytoconstituents of this plant. An overview and details of the pharmacological investigations on
the C.argentea L. is presented in this review.KEY WORDS: Celosia argentea. L, Celosin, ethnomedicinal plant, ethnopharmacology
INTRODUCTION:
Human beings have been aware of medicinal plants as long ago as 3,000 BC
[1]
. Virtually every indigenous culture in the world uses medicinal plants in some form or other for treatment of ailments. The actual knowledge of medicinal plants is possessed by a select group of practitioners, who determine the nature of the ailments and then prescribe remedies. Although indigenous cultures possess a holistic view of ailments and their cure, medicinal plants do form a major part of indigenous medicinal or traditional medicinal practices. Since the advent of modern or allopathic medicine, traditional medicine lost quite a bit of ground, being determined to be somewhat similar to superstitious beliefs or even quackery by allopathic doctors.
- Corresponding author Ramesh B. Nidavani, Email: rameshnidavani@jssuni.edu.in Tel: +91 – 9980335197
[2]
argentea L. and 6 varieties of Celosia cristata
It is having an erect, coarse, simple, branched, smooth annual herb, normally about 0.5 to 1.5 m in height but sometimes much taller. It has
C. argentea L. plant is an annual dicotyledon.
[13] .
area of tropical Africa. C. argentea L. grows as a weed during rainy season throughout India, and other tropical regions of the world mainly Sri Lanka, Yeman, Indonesia, America and West indies. In India plants are chopped and used as feed for chickens and as forage for cattle
trigyna ) is a potherb throughout the savanna
It is common in West Africa, from Sierra Leone to Nigeria. It is also available in Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, other parts of East Africa, Mexico and Central Africa. In the rainforest zone of Nigeria, Benin, Cameroon, Gabon, and Togo it is cultivated as vegetable. The wild form (sometimes referred to as C.
C. argentea L. is known worldwide, its use for food is geographically much more limited.
[12] .
vegetable
argentea L. are routinely used as leafy
. There are more than seventy different species are identified and among all including C.
[11]
L. was investigated in China using sequence- related amplified polymorphism
Genetic diversity of 16 varieties of C.
. A number of modern drugs like aspirin, atropine, ephedrine, digoxin, morphine, quinine, reserpine, tubocurarine and artimisinin, are examples, which were originally discovered through observations of traditional cure methods of indigenous peoples
[10] .
. It is commonly named as semen celosiae, celosia, silver cock’s comb, cock’s comb, quail grass, woolflower in English. In India locally it is named as sitivara, vitunnaka, sunishannaka (Sanskrit), indivara, survali, safed murga (Hindi), annesoppu, and kanne hoo (Kannada)
[9]
. An Indian origin, C. argentea L., is a plant of tropical origin and known for its very brilliant colors and traditional uses
[8]
Amongst the different plants of the Celosia species, C. argentea L. is an important tropical leafy vegetable crop of high nutritional and medicinal value
[7] .
The Celosia species is a small genus of edible and ornamental plants belonging to Amaranthacea. The generic name is derived from the Greek word kelos, meaning "burned," and refers to the flame-like flower heads. The flowers of the species are commonly known as wool-flowers, brain celosia or cockscombs, if the flower heads are crested by fasciation, it is called as Velvet flower (in Mexico). The plants are well known in East Africa’s highlands and are used under their Swahili name, mfungu
[5,6] .
. In the developed countries, 25% of the medicinal drugs are based on plants and their derivatives. Medicinal plants are the major components of all indigenous or alternative systems of medicine. Medicinal plants are sources and can be a good start for the discovery of new chemical compound
[4]
The Indian sub-continent comprising of the countries India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh form one of the richest sources of traditional medicinal practices in the whole world. Overall, the alternative medicinal systems of India uses more than 7500 plant species. The various traditional medicinal systems practiced in the above countries are the well known homeopathic, Ayurvedic, Unani, and the Siddha systems of medicine with their well-defined formulations and selection of medicinal plants. Phytochemicals are used as templates for lead optimization programs, which are intended to make safe and effective drugs
[3] .
DISTRIBUTION AND DESCRIPTION:
few branches, at least until it approaches the time for flowering. The leaves are alternate entire or rarely lobed, light green. They are typically 2x6 cm, although those on flowering shoots are slightly longer. Even the green foliage may contain large amounts of betalain pigments. The often brilliantly colored flowers are borne in dense heads. Most occur in spikes, and stand like spears in the garden bed. But certain cultivated forms have compact or feathery clusters due to fasciation. The flowers yield large numbers of seeds in black colour and are about 1 mm in diameter. The flowers blooms from late summer through late fall
[29]
[30] .
. The leaves and flowers are used as edible and are grown for such use in Africa and Southeast Asia
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:
TRADITIONAL USES:
[16,17,18]
[26]
The following manifestations can be made on the basis of this comprehensive perusal of literature, that the plant C. argentea L. is being used traditionally, due to their immense therapeutic potential to treat/cure various diseases. It is a rich source of bioactive compounds like, phenolics and triterpenes are present in plant and exhibit with wide range of health benefits. Many studies demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory, immune- stimulating, antidiarrheal, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antimetastatic, antioxidant, wound healing, antidiabetic, antimitotic, antibacterial, antifungal activities and others. These pharmacological activities and identified compounds provide solid scientific evidence for some of the traditional therapeutically claims of C. argentea L.. A variety of phytoconstituents has been isolated from the different parts of C. argentea L. Thus, there remains a tremendous scope for further scientific exploration of C. argentea L. to establish their therapeutic efficacy and commercial exploitation.
CONCLUSION:
. The C. argentea L. displays a wide range of pharmacological activities with correlate to mechanistic possibilities over respective disorders and ephemeral overview of its pharmacological activities, has been presented in Table 3.
[31]
In the recent years, the use of herbal products has been increasing in developing countries. Plants have always been an attractive source of drugs. On the other hand, intricate ways of molecular interactions and bioactivity mechanisms of the extracts or their bioactive constituents provide a challenge to the scientists
The whole plant is known for its usage in the treatment of diarrhea, piles, bleeding nose, inflammation, haematological, gynaecologic disorders and also as disinfectant
[15]
. In India, the plant is well known for treatment of mouth sores, blood diseases and used as an aphrodisiac
, and also flowers of the plant are used against snakebite
[28]
. In screening of Taiwanese crude flower extract of C. argentea L. was found antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutants
[27]
. In Vietnam, this plant is used as hemostatic herb
. In Riau province, Sumatra (Indonesia) antibacterial assay of extracts of 114 species were tested and C. argentea L. was found to have activity against cough and jaundice
. The seed paste is used to cure ovarian and uterine diseases
[23]
[19,20]
. In Indian folk medicine, it is widely used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus
[21]
. In China, plant is well known for cold, gastrointestinal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis
[22]
and as fertility regulating agent
. The traditional
[25]
Yao communities of China use the stem, leaf,
flower and seed of C. argentea L. for the treatment of hemorrhoids, leucorrhea, and profuse uterine bleeding
[24]
. In USA, midwifery, rural Honduras practice C.
[6,13,14,] .
decoction for hemorrhage
argentea L. for encouraging lactation and its
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Tables:
Table 1: Taxonomy of C. argentea L.
Kingdom Plantae Super division Spermatophyte Division Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Order Carypphyllales Family Amaranthaceae Genus Celosia Species Argentia Table 2: The morphological features of C. argentea L.
[6,13] Part Macroscopic features
Leaves Alternate, linear to lanceolate, entire and to 5cm long Flowers Small, in dense erect spikes up to 8 cm long, white to purple, without petals Fruits Membranaceous, utricles, seeds shining black and about 1.5 mm in diameter Seeds Small (between 1-5 millimeters) and round, with a black or reddish-black exterior and a thin, brittle outer skin
Table 3: Summary of Pharmacological activities of C. argentea L.
Seeds Ethanolic extract Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) induced hepatic damage in rats Significant reduction in lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and an elevation in antioxidant defense parameters [37] .
C, indicant, (3Z)- hexenyl-1-O-(6-O- α-rhamnopyranosyl- β-glucupyranoside,
The antioxidant activity of extract may be due to phenolic and flavonoid components of the extract [40] . Leaves Aqueous extract In-vivo by cadmium (Cd)- induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats The antioxidant activity of extract may be due to phenolic and flavonoid components of the extract [40] . Leaves Glycosides: citrusin
Leaves Aqueous extract In-vitro ammonium thiocyanate, reducing power, and membrane stabilizing models
In-vitro DPPH free radical assay All extracts showed antioxidant property [38] .
Whole plant Boiled, cold, and methanolic extracts
Antioxidant activity Aerial parts, Seeds, Root
Total phenols In-vitro antioxidant
methods Suppressing free radicles possibly due to abundant polyphenols [39] .Boiled, cold, and methanolic extracts Hemagglutination assay in bovine erythrocytes method All extracts showed membrane stabilizing capacity in supports by plants antioxidant property [38].
Cytoprotective activity Whole plant
Suggested for further study [34] Hepatoprotective activity
Pharmacological activity Parts Extract / Possible chemical constituents Screening method employed Possible mechanistic action Immunological activity Seeds Celosian Chemical and immunological liver injury model (in-vivo and in-vitro)
[36] for anti-inflammatory activity Seeds Triterpenoid saponins: celosin E, celosin F, celosin G, and cristatain in-vitro anti- inflammatory screening models
Carrageenan induced rat paw edema acute inflammatory & cotton pellet induced chronic inflammatory methods Flavonoids are responsible
Anti-inflammatory activity Leaves Ethanolic extract: flavonoid fraction
Antimetastatic activity Seeds intraportal injection of colon 26-L5 carcinoma cells model Anti-metastatic effect is based on its immunomodulating effect due to induction of cytokines such as IL-12, IL-2 and IFN- gamma leading to a Th1 dominant immune state and activating macrophages to the tumoricidal state [35] .
In-vitro methods Suggested for further study [34] .
Anti-cancer activity Seeds Triterpenoid saponins: celosin E, celosin F, celosin G, and cristatain
Study suggests that suppression of IgE antibody in certain allergic disorders [33] .
(DNP) antibody responses in mice model
Acts as immunostimulating; Celosian is induced production of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, NO and IFN-gamma [32] . Seeds anti-Dinitrophenyl
In-vitro DPPH method Not showed antioxidant property by glycosides of C. argentea L. [41] .
Antimitotic activity Seeds Moroidin- a bicyclic peptide Microtubule assembly assay Inhibits the polymerization of tubulin [49] . Seeds Celogentins D,E,F,G, H and J- bicyclic peptides Microtubule assembly assay Inhibits the polymerization of tubulin [50] .
Showed MIC to about 50mg/ml against Salmonella typhi, 50mg/ml against Escherichia coli and 100mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus [43]
Suggests that, extract may possess as insulin-like effect on peripheral tissuesby either promotingglucose uptake or metabolism [47] . Seeds Ethanolic extract Hypoglycaeimic action in alloxan-induced diabetic rats Suggested for further study [48] .
Leaves Ethanolic extract Rat burn wound model Mitogenic and motogenic promotion of dermal fibroblasts [45,46] Anti-diabetic activity Root Ethanolic extract Hypoglycaeimic action in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
Not showed any MIC [43] Wound healing activity
Antifungal activity Leaves Ethanolic extract; tannin & alkaloids (fairly present) screened against pathogenic fungi namely, strains of C. albicans , T. metagophyte, M. furfur by agar-well diffusion assays
Diuretic activity Seeds Ethanolic extract On albino rats and human volunteers Suggested for further study [44]
Leaves Ethanolic extract
Leaves Ethanolic extract; tannin & alkaloids (fairly present) Screened against pathogenic bacteria namely, strains of A. flavus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi and S. aureus by agar- well diffusion assays
(3Z)-hexenyl-1-O- β-glucupyranoside, (7E)-6,9- dihydromegastigma- 7-ene-3-one-9-O- β- glucupyranoside,
, and Vibrio Suggested further study for elucidating antibacterial molecule from C. argentea L. [42] .
Antibacterial activity Leaves Ethanolic extract Disc-diffusion and MIC method by using pathogenic bacteria namely strains of E. coli , Staphylococcus , Klebsiella , Pseudomonas , Streptococcus , Shigella, Salmonella
(glucose) tend to have growth promoting activity whereas those without sugar moiety may have growth inhibitory activity [41] .
Bioassay of germinating lettuce seeds Compounds with sugar moiety
C, indicant, (3Z)- hexenyl-1-O-(6-O- α-rhamnopyranosyl- β-glucupyranoside, (3Z)-hexenyl-1-O- β- glucupyranoside, (7E)-6,9- dihydromegastigma- 7-ene-3-one-9-O- β- glucupyranoside,
Growth activity Leaves Glycosides: citrusin
- Suggested for further study [44]
Anti-diarrheal activity Leaves Ethanolic extract Castor oil induced, Charcoal meal test and
PGE2 induced diarrhea methods Study suggests that, the antidiarrheal effect may be by reduction of gastrointestinal motility by tannins and flavonoids [52] .
Skin Depigmentation Leaves Eugenyl O-β-D- glucopyranoside (citrusin C)
External application method Citrusin C showed strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity [53] .
Anti-urolithiatic activity Roots Methonolic extract Ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis Wister rat model The extract having anti- urolithiatic effect [54] .
C.argentea L., Celosia argentea L.; TNF-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1 beta, interleukin-
1 beta; NO, nitric oxide; IFN-gamma, gamma interferon; Th1, T-helper cell 1; DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; A. flavus, Aspergillus flavus; E. coli,
Escherichia coli; P. aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; S. typhi, Salmonella typhi; S. aureus,
Staphylococcus aureus; C. albicans, Candida albicans , T. metagophyte, Trichophyton metagophyte;
M. furfur, Malassezia furfur ; and PGE2, Prostaglandin E2.How to cite this article:
Nidavani R B, Mahalakshmi AM, Seema M, Krishna KL “Pharmacology of Celosia argentea L.” J. Atoms and Molecules, 4(1), 2014: 635 – 644.