Manthara`s motivation in swaying kaikeyi in Hari Prasad Shastri` the Ramayana of valmiki - USD Repository
MANTHARA’S MOTIVATION IN SWAYING KAIKEYI
IN HARI PRASAD SHASTRI’S THE RAMAYANA OF VALMIKI
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
ALDISHELLA M.I.K
Student Number: 024214053
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
MANTHARA’S MOTIVATION IN SWAYING KAIKEYI
IN HARI PRASAD SHASTRI’S THE RAMAYANA OF VALMIKI
By
ALDISHELLA M.I.K
Student Number: 024214053 Student Registration Number:
Approved by Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. May 16, 2009 Advisor Dra. Th. Enny Anggraini, M. A. May 16, 2009 Co-Advisor
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
MANTHARA’S MOTIVATION IN SWAYING KAIKEYI
IN HARI PRASAD SHASTRI’S THE RAMAYANA OF VALMIKI
By
ALDISHELLA M.I.K
Student Number: 024214053 Student Registration Number:
Defended before the Board of Examiners on May 30
th
2009 and Declared Acceptable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Name SignatureChairman : Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M. A. ______________ Secretary : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. ______________ Member : Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani, S.S., M.Hum. ______________ Member : Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. ______________ Member : Dra. Th. Enny Anggraini, M.A. ______________
Yogyakarta, May 30
th
2009 Faculty of Letters
Sanata Dharma University Dean
Dr. I. Praptomo Baryadi, M.Hum
Minazh zhulumaati ilan nuur.
(Al-Baqarah: 257) Do not let your heart control your brain and do not let your brain poison your heart. Use both of them in balance and you will understand the design why God grants it to us.
(Wibowo Saputra N)
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma : Nama : Aldishella Marga Imsari Karaosmona Nomor Mahasiswa : 024214053
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: “Manthara’s Motivation in Swaying Kaikeyi in Hari Prasad Shastri’s The
Ramayana of Valmiki
” beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 3 Juni 2009 Yang menyatakan (ALDISHELLA M.I.K)
This thesis is dedicated to
Ibu, Bapak and
My brother ‘Adhe’
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillahirrobbil’alamin …finally I get my ‘key’! Rabb…thank you for Your mightiness, Your endless love and Your abundant mercy.This thesis would not reach its finish line without guidance from Ibu Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. Thank you for your support, advice, time and tissue paper in my early ride. Ibu Dra. Th. Enny Anggraini, M.A. as my co-advisor, thank you for your encouragement, trust and advice. I would also like to thank
Ibu
M. Luluk Artika, S.S. for her caring in my hard time. For all of my 2002 class, thank you for the funny and happy stories that we ever write. For those who still fight to finish the work…keep going my friends…! Do not give up…! Last but not least, for all secretariat and library officers, thank you.
My gratitude also goes to the big family of Kadarisman and Sukadi, for their support, love and prayer. Especially it goes to Pakdhe Romli and Budhe Poppy for their advice and also Om Untung and Bulik Tatik, thank you for the “pocket-money”.
My deepest gratefulness goes to Ibu and Bapak who wait so long for my graduation. Thank you for your support, prayer, love and patience. My special thanks goes to Ibu for her massage when I feel tired. My brother Adhe’ and my cousin Akin, thank you for your help when I need you to fix my broken computer.
The writer realizes that her work is beyond perfect. Therefore, the writer hopes to get advices and constructive criticism. It’s a wrap!!!
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………… i
APPROVAL PAGE ...…………………………………………………....... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ………………………………………………….... iii
MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………………… iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ………………………... v
DEDICATION PAGE ……………………………………………………. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………….... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………….... viii
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….. ix
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………….... x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………..1 A. Background of the study ………………………………………..
1 B. Problem Formulation …………………………………………...
3 C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………
3 D. Definition of Terms …………………………………………….
4 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………….
5 A. Review on Related Studies …………………………………......
5 B. Review on Related Theories ………………………………........
7 1. Theory of Character ………………………………………….
7 2. Theory of Characterization …………………………………..
8 3. Theory of Motivation ………………………………………..
10 C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………
15 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY …………………………………….
17 A. Object of the Study ……………………………………………..
17 B. Approach of the Study ………………………………………….
18 C. Method of the Study ……………………………………………
19 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……………………………………………...
21 A. Manthara’s Characteristics………………………………………
21 B. Manthara’s Motivation in Swaying Queen Kaikeyi …………….
33 1. Manthara’s specific motivation in Swaying Queen Kaikeyi….
33 2. Manthara’s basic motivation in Swaying Queen Kaikey…......
41 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………..
49 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………...
51 APPENDIX ………………………………………………………………..
54
ABSTRACT
Manthara’sALDISHELLA MARGA IMSARI KARAOSMONA (2009).
Motivation in Swaying Kaikeyi in Hari Prasad Shastri’s The Ramayana of
Valmiki. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata
Dharma University.Ramayana is one of two Sankrit great epics. It tells about the journey of Rama, a prince from Kosala. His coronation, which all Kosala citizens approved cheerfully, is not done. This event happens because of a cunning plan from Manthara. She is Kaikeyi’s maid servant. This analysis was made based on the writer’s curiosity about the reasons or the backgrounds of the servant behavior.
There are two objectives in this analysis which the writer would like to achieve. First is to find out the characteristics of Manthara, second is to find out the motivation behind her behavior.
The writer applies library research. The character and characterization theories are used in order to find out the characteristics of Manthara. Meanwhile theories on motivation are used in order to find out her motivation. Psychological approach is used in this analysis because motivational problems are mainly discussed in the field of psychology.
This research shows that Manthara is a cunning person. She knows how to use an opportunity in order to accomplish her goal. In limited time she is able to design an accurate scenario. Cruelty is another Manthara’s characteristic. In order to reach her dreams, she sacrifices other’s happiness. She takes other’s rights. Her next characteristic is greedy. She wants something which is not her right. Manthara is described as temperamental woman. She always gives negative reactions, especially with anger, toward things that she does not wish. The positive thing that we can take from Manthara’s characteristic is about her strong determination. She never gives up in achieving her dreams. She does everything that she can to reach it. Manthara’s motivation is classified into two parts that is basic motivation and specific motivation. Her basic motivation is wealth. Her specific motivation is the fall of Rama’s enthronement. There are many forces which influence someone’s motivation. Value is one among others. Value indicates the important thing for someone. Money becomes Manthara’s value which she upholds. It affects the choice, in which this choice determines behavior. Besides value, emotion also influences someone’s motivation. It can strengthen the motivation or it may weaken the motivation itself. There are two kinds of emotion which the writer finds in Manthara’s case. There is anger and fear which strengthen her motivation.
ABSTRAK
Manthara’sALDISHELLA MARGA IMSARI KARAOSMONA (2009).
Motivation in Swaying Kaikeyi in Hari Prasad Shastri’s The Ramayana of
Valmiki. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata
Dharma.Ramayana adalah salah satu dari dua epik Sanskrit yang terkemuka. Epik ini bercerita tentang perjalanan Rama, salah satu Pangeran Kosala. Penobatan pangeran yang didamba-dambakan oleh seluruh rakyat Kosala tidak terjadi. Hal ini disebabkan oleh sebuah rencana licik dari Manthara. Dia adalah emban Kaikeyi. Analisis ini dibuat berdasarkan rasa ingin tahu penulis tentang alasan atau latar belakang yang mendasari tingkah laku emban tersebut.
Ada dua sasaran dalam analisis ini yang ingin dicapai oleh penulis. Pertama dia ingin menemukan sifat Manthara, dan yang kedua ingin menemukan motivasi yang membelakangi tingkah lakunya.
Penulis mengaplikasikan metode kepustakaan. Teori tokoh dan penokohan digunakan untuk menemukan sifat Manthara. Sedangkan teori-teori motivasi digunakan untuk menemukan motivasinya. Pendekatan psikologi digunakan dalam analisis ini karena masalah motivasi sering dibahas dalam lingkup psikologi.
Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Manthara adalah seseorang yang licik. Dia tahu bagaimana memanfaatkan sebuah kesempatan untuk mencapai tujuannya. Dalam waktu yang terbatas dia mampu membuat skenario yang akurat. Kejam adalah sifat Manthara yang lain. Untuk mencapai impiannya, dia mengorbankan kebahagiaan orang lain. Dia mengambil hak orang lain. Sifat dia yang lain adalah rakus. Dia meminta sesuatu yang bukan merupakan hak dia. Manthara digambarkan sebagai wanita yang mudah marah. Dia selalu memberikan reaksi yang negatif, terutama dengan kemarahan, terhadap hal-hal yang tidak dia inginkan. Hal positif yang dapat kita ambil dari sifat Manthara adalah tekadnya yang kuat. Dia tidak pernah menyerah untuk mencapai mimpinya. Dia melakukan segala cara untuk memperoleh mimpi-mimpinya. Motivasi Manthara diklasifikasikan menjadi dua bagian, yaitu motivasi dasar dan motivasi spesifik.
Motivasi dasarnya adalah harta kekayaan. Motivasi spesifiknya adalah gagalnya penobatan Rama. Ada banyak tenaga pendorong yang mempengaruhi motivasi seseorang. Nilai adalah salah satunya. Nilai menunjukkan hal-hal yang penting bagi seseorang. Uang adalah nilai yang dijunjung tinggi oleh Manthara. Hal ini mempengaruhi pilihan yang diambil, yang mana pilihan ini menentukan tingkah laku. Selain nilai, emosi juga dapat mempengaruhi motivasi seseorang. Emosi dapat menguatkan atau melemahkan motivasi itu sendiri. Ada dua macam emosi yang penulis temukan dalam kasus Manthara. Ada emosi marah dan takut yang menguatkan motivasinya.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Ramayana is one of two Sanskrit great epics. Indian tradition considers it as
the first poem which is written by Valmiki. The word ‘Ramayana’ comes from Sanskrit, the classical language of India. It consists of the word ‘rama’ and ‘aayana’, which means The Rama’s Journey. Ramayana consists of seven volumes (kandas) with 24,000 stanzas; they are Balakanda, Ayodhyakanda, Aranyakanda,
Kishkindhakanda, Sundarakanda, Yuddhakanda
and Uttarakanda. Ramayana is included in Pur
ānas. Purānas is another sacred book for the Hindus. It is the sacred
book which contains Hindus legend and supernatural creature stories which related with many events in universe. It is made especially for women and
Śūdras.
Ramayana is performed on varied forms of popular expressions such as puppet show, drama, dance, movies and songs all across Asia. Ramayana not only varies in its popular expression but also varies in its version. The variations, changes, additions or omissions in the story in each country depend on the cultural values of the people. Though there are some changes in the content or in its conflict, but the core of Rama legend remains constant. In India, we can find many kinds of Ramayana version, there are Sanskrit, Hindi, Tamil and many others. Hindi is the National Language in India. There are more than 350 Hindi versions of Ramayana (Iyengar, 1983: 98). The most outstanding Ramayana in Hindi version is of the Indian states in southern. The greatest Tamil poet is Kamban. He retold
Valmiki’s
Ramayana into R āmavataram. Sanskrit is the classical language of India. It belongs to the historical Indo-Aryan family of language. The amount of Ramayana in Hindi versions with Ramayana in Sanskrit’s is nearly the same. One of Ramayana versions in Sanskrit is written by Shastri. His work becomes the writer’s main sources.
Hari Prasad Shastri is a Sanskrit scholar who was born into a Brahmin family. The writer chooses Shastri’s work because The Ramayana of Valmiki becomes the standard translation of the Sanskrit epic. Beside that, his translation is a good complete modern English translation. It is a complete translation because the Ramayana version which is included in other books is simplified; most of the legends or characters are being omitted. Beside Shastri’s work, the writer also read other version of Ramayana, such as R. K Narayan’s, Rajagopalachari’s and some Ramayana’s stories which the writer find in internet.
In this undergraduate thesis, the writer chooses to analyze the characters in the story. There are many interesting characters in this story. After several times reading the novel and checking many books and article, finally the writer decides to choose Manthara as the main focus in her analysis. The writer chooses Manthara because she gives big effect to the story-line of Ramayana though she is classified as minor character. She is the main cause of the horrible disaster for Raghu dynasty. She is the trigger of Kaikeyi’s marriage destruction. She is the one who makes Dasaratha dies in grief because of being separated from his beloved son.
A character’s reason for behaving as he/she does is his/her motivation (Stanton, 1965: 17). Mostly, “why” is the key question in order to know a character’s motivation. For example, why does Dewabrata not want to be the next King in Astinapura? Why does he choose to lead a celibate life? What is his reason in doing such behavior? The same question also goes to Manthara. Why she bothering herself influencing Kaikeyi so that Kaikeyi makes father dies in grief because separated from his son? What kind of forces which make Manthara direct her behavior in those ways in this story? Finding the answer of those questions becomes the writer’s goal. Motivation also becomes focus in psychological fields, for that reason, the writer also takes some of motivation’s theory in psychology in order to support and complete this thesis.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the previous explanation, the writer then formulates two objectives.
1. How is Manthara depicted in Hari Prasad Shastri’s The Ramayana of Valmiki?
2. What is Manthara’s motivation in swaying Kaikeyi seen from her characteristic’s analysis?
C. Objectives of the Study
This undergraduate thesis has two objectives. First is to find out the description of Manthara in the story in order to know her characteristics and second is to find out Manthara’s motivation in swaying Kaikeyi seen from her characteristic’s analysis.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid some misunderstanding in this analysis the writer would defines some words. There are three key words which the writer would defines; motivation, characters and characterization.
The writer uses Harmon’s definition about motivation. He says that motivation is the reasons, justifications and explanations for the action of the characters. Motivation is results from a combination of the character’s moral nature with the circumstances in which the characters is placed (Harmon, 2003: 322-323).
Characters based on Abrams’s definition, are the persons which presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional and emotional qualities which are expressed in their dialogue and action (Abrams, 1985: 23)
According to Murphy, characterization is the author’s way to convey to the reader about what kind of people he/she writes about, and how he/she makes the reader know and understand the characters (Murphy, 1972: 161).
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review on Related Studies Manthara is one of the characters in Ramayana which rarely discussed. Though it is rarely discussed the writer finds some articles which talk about Manthara. These articles enrich the writer knowledge about Manthara. Though
there are only few articles which discussed about Manthara, the writer finally finds at least two articles which suitable and useful for her analysis. One of these articles can be seen in the following quotation
“Another important and rarely discussed aspect of Bhagwan Rama’s exile to the forest is how it really began. What was the root cause, the fundamental cause? It was not Kaikeyi who was evil, but rather her maidservant Manthara who slowly and insidiously poisoned Kaikeyi’s mind against Bhagwan Rama. Manthara convinced Kaikeyi, deliberately and deceitfully, that if Bhagwan Rama became King he would deprive Kaikeyi of her role as favorite wife and Queen. Manthara so successfully turned Kaikeyi against the members of her own family that she insisted upon Bhagwan Rama’s exile. So, actually, Bhagwan Rama’s exile and King Dasaratha's tragic death is due not to Kaikeyi’s selfishness but rather due to the ignorant, conniving nature of her trusted servant” (Saraswati: Let us All Burn Like Dias – Giving Light and Life to Others). The previous quotation explains that Rama’s exile and his father tragic death happens because of the cunning thought of Manthara. This article explains about the motivation of Manthara in poisoning Kaikeyi’s mind. Based on Saraswati analysis, the reason why Manthara poisoning Kaikeyi’s mind because if Rama becomes the next king he will deprive Kaikeyi’s role as the favorite wife and reason about Manthara’s motivation in influencing Kaikeyi’s mind. The writer hopes that her finding will give more information about Manthara.
Another article which analyzing about Manthara is written by Hari Krishnan. Krishnan finds out the reason why Manthara hates Rama so much while the whole world loves him. It is Kamban’s Ramayana not Valmiki’s which gives clearer explanation about Manthara’s strange behavior, adds Krishnan.
“She vengefully thought of the olden days when Rama was a boy and used to shoot small balls made of clay (were used as the tip for his arrows) on her hump. Later, we find Rama recalling this incident when he advises Sugriva on administration, just before the latter was installed as the King. ‘Do not even for the sake of fun, hold anyone lightly and cause pain to them - either physical or mental. Look at me. I am an example of what would happen to a man if he crosses this rule.’ Do not do such things that would cause pain to the weak. Because I did not observe this rule (in my boyhood) and did a wrong thing, which caused so much agony to the hunch-backed woman of small stature (who took her revenge on me and I) fell in misery and sunk into this unending sea of grief. Therefore, be careful Sugriva. Do not take lightly of the poor, weak and invalid and make fun of them, as to cause pain to them” (Krishnan: Rama and Manthara). Based on Krishnan’s analysis the reason why Manthara hates Rama so much because Manthara was hurt by Rama’s attitude in the past. Kamban in his version describes that during his youth Rama often shoot small balls on Manthara’s hump. This wrong attitude causes pains to Manthara, which makes her determined to take revenge to Rama. According to the writer’s analysis Manthara’s motivation in influencing Kaikeyi’s mind is gaining more wealth for herself.
B. Review on Related Theories
1. Theory of Characters
Henkle classifies the characters in a novel into major and minor ones. It is the major characters who deserve our fullest attention. According to Henkle, major characters have an important function in a novel. The effectiveness of most novels depends upon the ability of the major characters to express and to dramatize the human issue of the book presented (1977: 92). Whereas minor characters, have a limited function in a novel. We need only to know them for the purpose of our critical understanding. Minor characters may become a friend but it can also become the foil of the major characters (1977: 95-96).
Meanwhile based on Abrams terms, characters are divided into the protagonist and the antagonist characters. Protagonist if it becomes the chief characters in a work and becomes our (reader) interest centers, while it is an antagonist if he or she is pitted against an important opponent (1981:159).
If Abrams has protagonist and antagonist term, Murphy has the hero and the villain term to differentiate characters in a novel. The hero is the central characters in a novel. According to Murphy there are three types of a hero in a novel. They are traditional hero, comic hero and tragic hero.
We can find traditional heroes in older literature, in which the position of the hero itself is well established. Related with the hero, there is usually a beautiful woman who can be called as heroine. She is the object of the hero’s true affection. After facing several obstacles, in the end of the story, they will live together and
It is called as comic hero, when the difficulties or dangers that the hero gets are ridiculous and he/she usually gets out from them is more by luck than by his/her own efforts (Murphy, 1972: 158). The tragic hero is a well-known in literature, most often he appears in great dramas. He is usually the characters who have an outstanding personal characteristic, who should win a place in life and respect of others. However, because of some small fault or overwhelming force/events or both, he ends up in unhappy, miserable life (Murphy, 1972: 159)
When there is a hero, especially in traditional type, there will always a villain. A villain is the one who opposes the hero, the one who attempts to ruin the hero’s life, the one who also tries to win the heart of the woman who becomes the hero’s true affection (Murphy, 1972: 159)
2. Theory of Characterization
Every author wants the reader to understand his/her characters and their motivation. However the author can not tell the reader at one time. The author would like the reader knows the characters through the reader knowledge of the characters by using the characteristic which the author gives to their characters (Stanton, 1965: 17).
A character’s name can be used to characterize the characters. Another way is the author’s explicit description and comment upon the characters. Personal description of the characters almost helps the reader both to visualize and to understand the characters. The third type is the other characters attitude towards the major characters. Finally, the most important evidence of all is the character’s own dialogue and behavior (Stanton, 1965: 18).
Characterization is the way of an author to convey to the reader what kind of people he/she writes about and how he/she makes the reader knows and understands the characters (Murphy, 1972: 161). According to Murphy there are several ways that the author do to make his/her characters come alive for the readers.
a. Personal Description.
The author describes a person’s appearance and clothes. The reader is given the details of the characters, such as the detail of the face, the clothes that the characters use, etc.
b. Characters as seen by another.
As an alternative of describing the characters directly, the author can describe the characters through the eyes of other characters, so the reader gets a reflected image.
c. Speech.
The author can describe his/her characters through what the characters say. Whenever these characters in a conversation with other, whenever the characters give his/her opinions, it means that the characters is giving the reader a clue of who she/he is.
d. Past Life.
By learning the characters past life, the reader will also knows what events e. Conversation of Others.
The author can also give us clues to a person’s character through the conversations of other people. People do talk about other people and what they say often give a clue to the characters of the person they are spoken about.
f. Reactions.
By letting the reader knows how the person reacts to various situation and events, the author can also give the reader a clue about a person’s character.
g. Direct Comment.
The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly.
h. Thought.
The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about, which in real life we can not do this. The reader is in a privilege situation, he/she has a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in the novel. i. Mannerism.
The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habits which may also tell the readers something about the characters (Murphy, 1972: 161-173).
3. Theory of Motivation
Motivation is the reasons, justifications and explanations for the action of the characters. Motivation results from a combination of the character’s moral nature with the circumstances in which the characters is placed. Motivation helps to persuasively presented, one accepts the action as convincing; when the motivation is inadequate, the action may seem arbitrary, facile or contrived (Harmon, 2003: 322-323).
According to Stanton a character’s reason for behaving as he does is his/her motivation. He says that there are two kinds of motivation, specific motivation and basic motivation. Specific motivation is the characters, his or her, immediate reason, perhaps unconscious, for any particular of speech or act. Basic motivation is an aspect of his/her general characters. It is the continuing desire or intention that governs him/her throughout the story. It is the direction toward which almost all his/her specific motivations tend. For example, the specific motivation of Montresor in telling Fortunato about the Amontillado wine in The Cask of
Amontillado
is to entice him into the catacombs and the basic motivation is his desire to take revenge (1965: 17).
Further explanation about motivation is taken from psychological field. Motivation is the concept that we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and to direct behavior (Petri, 1981: 3). For example, when one day we see our friend enter a gas station with his/her motorcycle, we assume that his/her motorcycle is running out the gas. This assumption concerns about his/her motivation. However when we also enter the gas station, we see that our friend is talking lovingly to somebody, who is his/her lover who works at the gas station. This new information makes our assumption about his/her motivation changed. That is the reason why we must always careful when making motivational conclusion. More information that we get, it will make our conclusion more accurate.
We can find someone motivation by seeing the stimulation or the incentive which he/she will get. If the stimulation/incentive is accurate it will encourage his/her motivation and vice versa if the incentive does not become his/her needs or it does not becomes their values it will not influence the motivation. Another ways to know someone motivation is by observing his/her centre of attention. The object which always been chased, looked or get more attention than the other becomes the mirror of what becomes his/her motivation. Motivation also can be seen from someone’s behavior, for example their effort in achieving something, their theme of conversation and their fantasies or dreams (Handoko, 1992: 61-62).
Motivation can also be used to indicate the direction of behavior. The direction itself is influenced by many forces within human. Value is one among other things. Values indicate the important thing for someone. It affects the choices, in which these choices determine the behavior.
Values are beliefs about what are desirable and undesirable goals and about ways of reaching goals. Among the examples of human values is equality, freedom, fun or money. When we value something highly, we are strongly motivated by it. If we place a high value on money, new cars, or grades, we will be strongly motivated to gain these goals. If we value grades seriously, there is possibility that we will study hard. Each person has their own hierarchy of values, with certain ones being important than others. When the individual is faced with a conflict between producing wealth and being honest, he/she will normally express the value that is higher in the hierarchy (Kalish, 1973: 340-342).
Values shape behavior in many ways. The individual who places a high value on earning money will behave differently from the person who places a high value on being service to other men. The person who places high value on money will not care about the ways that he/she choose in order to earn the money.
Meanwhile the person who places high value on being service to other men will not consider or think about the money that she/he gets when they are working. These two people will enter different vocational fields, vote for different political candidates, join different clubs and try to teach their children different values.
(Kalish, 1973: 342).
Human beings have tendencies to seek the pleasure and to avoid the pain, but they are somewhat complicated by its social factors (Husband, 1947: 136).
They will always try to seek pleasure that exists in this world such as, expensive and delicious food, fine clothing, luxurious house and etc. Scholars call this theory or approach as Hedonism. Modern hedonistic explanations propose that pleasure and pain exist along a continuum and that what is pleasurable (or painful) will change as conditions change (Petri, 1981:7).
Motivation also can be used to explain about the intensity of a behavior. More intense behaviors are considered to be the result of higher motivation (Petri, 1981: 4). This opinion nearly closes with Beck’s opinion. He said that motivation is broadly concern with the contemporary determinants of choice (direction), behaviors are equally possible, one is chosen and the organisms persist in this behavior with more or less vigor until some anticipated goal is either achieved or some other goal becomes more dominant (Beck, 1978: 24). Our basic premise is that organisms approach goals, or committed in activities that are expected to have desirable outcomes and avoid activities that are expected to have unpleasant or aversive outcomes.
Kalish ever says that emotion does what motivation do; both of them move us to an action (1973: 128). It can weaken our action or it may strengthen our behavior. There is possibility when strong motivation become weakens. It happens because appear other emotion which is not support the motivation which control the behavior, and vice versa. Motivation that is not strong enough can be strong because there is influence from emotion.
There are some people who use their feelings, whether it is sadness, happiness or rage, to motivate their action. The writer ever hears a story about a mother who saves her child from fire. She ran as fast as she can to saves her child, though the fire flames horrifying. Fear of losing her little baby became this mother’s motivation to save it, even though she might get hurt by the fire. This mother’s emotion moves her into an action of saving her child, it became her motivation.
Stress, unpleasant emotional force that produces feelings of tension, can also be motivating. Stress may take the form of frustration, conflict, anxiety or guilt (Kalish, 1973:135). Frustration occurs when a person is prevented from reaching goal(s) or find another way to attain it. There are some types of frustration which Charles Morris and Alan Glaros describes.
a. Delays.
We live in a society where time is important, and we get upset when we are delayed. People are frustrated when a phone number is busy or when someone is late b. Lack or resources.
Most people do not have enough money to purchase everything they desire.
c. Losses.
When people lose something important, it frustrates them because it means they are deprived of goal(s). If they lose money or possessions, they may not be able to purchase things that they desire.
d. Failure.
Failure frustrates people. Sometimes they fail to win, fail to get high grade on a test or fail to impress other. This failures produce guilt.
e. Meaninglessness.
Many people become frustrated because they can not find meaning in their lives; they are not sure with their goals and often feel unfulfilled.
C. Theoretical Framework
There are three theories of characters which the writer uses, namely Henkle’s, Abram’s and Murphy’s theory. Since there are a lot of characters in the classification helps the writer to choose the characters which corresponds to the chosen topic become much easier. While Murphy’s theory gives the writer more information about types of characters in older literature, since the primary data in this analysis is included into that type.
Murphy’s and Stanton’s characterization theory is needed to observe the characteristic of the character. Murphy suggests nine ways that the author uses to make his/her characters come alive for the reader. Some of Murphy’s ways help the writer to observe Manthara’s characteristic, started from her personal description, how she is seen from other characters and finally until her mannerism. Meanwhile, Stanton suggests four ways in order to help the writer knows Manthara’s characteristics. His theory supports and completes Murphy’s theory.
The writer uses Harmon’s, Beck’s and Petri’s theory on motivation in order to answer the second problem. Beside those theories, the writer also uses Stanton’s theory. He classifies motivation into two parts, specific motivation and basic motivation. Beside helps the writer to find the answer of the second Problems Formulation, the classification of Manthara’s motivation is useful to make the writer understand clearly about her motivation.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The object of the writer study is the second edition of The Ramayana of Valmiki by Hari Prasad Shastri. It is the most complete translation of Ramayana. The aim of the translator to translate Valmiki’s Ramayana to English is to make the
story known to English readers. This book becomes the standard translation of the Sanskrit epic. It was published in 1962 by Shanti Sadan. This book consists of 3 volumes. The first volume gets more attention from the writer since Manthara’s story is included in the first volume of Shastri’s trilogy, Bala Kanda and Ayodhya Kanda.
The general outline of the story is about the journey of a prince, the life of Prince Rama. He is one of Dasaratha’s first-born sons. He is the upholder of Dharma (guide of the correct conduct and duty). The well-thought plan of the coronation, which Kosala citizen approved cheerfully, is not done properly. It happens because of a cunning plan from a maid servant. Everything is changed because of this maid servant’s arrangement. The heir of Kosala must be exiled in the forest for fourteen years, away from his family. And his authority as the next King of Kosala must be due to his other brother, Bharata. Finally after fourteen years facing a lot of trial in the forest Rama returns from his exile and receives his right as the true King of Kosala.
B. Approach of the Study
The reason why the writer chooses psychoanalytic approach because the focus of this work is on human behavior, especially deals with human motivation.
Modern psychology has had an immense effect on both literature and literary criticism. Freud’s psychoanalytic theories change our notions of human behavior by exploring controversial areas, since he relates literature with sexuality. Freud himself admitted that he had learned a great deal about psychology from studying literature. Sophocles, Shakespeare, Goethe and Dostoevsky are the important sources to the development of his ideas beside his clinical studies. Freud and his disciples, like Carl Jung, Ernest Jones and Marie Bonaparte support the belief that great literature truthfully reflects life (Kennedy, 1999: 1947). Sometimes works which are difficult and apparently confusing can be seen more clearly in the light of psychologist’s demonstration.
Psychology comes into literary criticism in several ways. First, it can help to explain the creative process in general. This way is the oldest and more widespread ways. The following quotation is Wordsworth’s opinion which is cited by Daiches
“Psychology used to provide a genetic explanation of poetry—an explanation of how it arises in the mind of the poet—and that genetic explanation in turn used to justify a certain kind of poetry” (1981: 332). So, according to Wordsworth, psychology is used to help the scholar to give explanation about the creative process of how the diction or the artistic expression which the author uses in their works comes into their mind.
Second, it can provide a means to illuminating a writer’s work with its reference to his life and vice versa. Daiches says in his book Critical Approaches to
Literature
that someone can analyze a particular or probably takes the whole body of an author’s writing and derive from it a general conclusion about his/her state of mind (the psychology of its author) which by then could be applied to elucidate a particular of work (1981: 334).
Third, psychological approach can help to elucidate the true meaning of a given text without knowing the author’s biography. To interpret the work, this third way use psychological knowledge. In this way, we consider the character that we analyze as the patient, a patient who needs help from psychologists. It means that the writer consider Manthara as her patient. As Daiches says that
“We can look at the behavior of characters in a novel or a play in the light of modern psychological knowledge and, if their behavior confirms what we know about the subtleties of the human mind, we can use modern theories as a means of elucidating and interpreting the work” (1981: 337).
C. Method of the Study
This study applied a library research. There were two sources which the writer used in this analysis, primary source and references. The primary source of this study was The Ramayana of Valmiki which written by Hari Prasad Shastri. Meanwhile the references were books which contain relevant theories and articles which were taken from trusted website. For example, the writer used Henkle’s, Abram’s and Murphy’s theory in order to classify the character in the story. She also took another Murphy’s theory on characterization which taken from writer understands clearly about Manthara’s motivation she used Stanton’s and Harmon’s theory, which also supported by Petri’s and Beck’s explanation on motivation. Last but not least she used the psychological approach which taken from Critical Approaches to Literature.
The writer’s first step was reading the novel. To give more information about the character which the writer took, she also read other version of Ramayana.