EAT, PRAY, LOVE THE REPRESENTATION OF ITALY, INDIA, AND INDONESIA AS EXOTIC DESTINATIONS.

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Eat, Pray, Love:

The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia as Exotic

Destinations

A Research Paper

Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree

MEITA ANNISA NURHUTAMI 0707835

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT THE FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION BANDUNG

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Eat, Pray, Love:

The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia as Exotic

Destinations

Oleh

Meita Annisa Nurhutami

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Sastra pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Agustus 2013

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

Eat, Pray, Love: The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia as

Exotic Destinations

A Research Paper

By:

Meita Annisa Nurhutami 0707835

Approved by:

First Supervisor,

Sudarsono, M.I., M.A. NIP:196607051994031004

Second Supervisor,

Nia Nafisah, S.S., M.Pd. NIP: 197104242006042001

The Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education,

Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.A. NIP. 196211011987121001

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ABSTRACT

The research is a descriptive study of the representation about the cultures of Italy, India, and Indonesia in the novel Eat, Pray, Love (2006). The purpose of the research is not only to depict the way the traveler represents the three countries, but also to reveal the traveler’s manner towards the difference of the host cultures – Italy, India, and Indonesia – compared to her cultural origin. As a novel which contains travelling experience and description about the host culture,

Eat, Pray, Love shows the tendency of the writer’s supreme attitude towards the cultures of the three countries. To answer the formulated research problems, the study uses Victor Segalen’s (2001) notions of Exoticism which emphasizes exoticism as the notion of difference: the perception of diversity. The research employed qualitative approach and presented in a descriptive method. The findings of the study show that the three countries are exotic destinations in terms of their cultural, religious, and economic levels. The cultures of the three

countries are exotic characterized by three aspects: the existence of the observer’s

desires towards the observed object, the ability of the observed object in fulfilling the observer’s desire for exotic experience, and the remoteness of the observed object. From the analysis, it is found that the traveler gradually respects and appreciates the heterogeneity of the host culture’s world views.

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ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif mengenai representasi budaya Italia, India, dan Indonesia pada novel Eat, Pray, Love (2006). Tujuan penelitian ini tidak hanya untuk menggambarkan cara seorang traveler merepresentasikan ketiga negara tersebut, namun juga untuk menunjukkan cara seorang traveler menyikapi perbedaan budaya ‘tuan rumah’ – Italia, India, dan Indonesia – dibandingkan dengan budaya negara dimana dia berasal. Sebagai novel yang menceritakan tentang pengalaman travelling dan deskripsi mengenai budaya negara yang dikunjungi, Eat, Pray, Love menunjukkan munculnya kecenderungan sikap supremasi penulis terhadap budaya tiga negara yang bersangkutan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian, penelitian ini menggunakan teori yang diusung oleh Victor Segalen’s (2001) mengenai

Exoticism yang menekankan pada pemahaman mengenai perbedaan: persepsi

keragaman. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan dipresentasikan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiga negara tersebut merupakan negara yang dianggap eksotis oleh penulis berdasarkan level kebudayaan, level keagamaan, dan level ekonomi. Keeksotisan tiga negara tersebut ditunjukkan melalui tiga aspek: adanya desire dari traveler terhadap objek yang diobservasi, adanya kemampuan objek yang diobservasi dalam memenuhi desire pengamat untuk mendapatkan pengalaman eksotis, dan keterpencilan objek yang diamati. Berdasarkan hasil dari analisis, traveler yang bersangkutan secara berangsur-angsur menghargai dan mengapresiasi keragaman pandangan budaya yang ditemukan di negara yang ia kunjungi.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE OF APPROVAL

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background ... 1

1.2 Statement of Problem ... 3

1.3 Aims of Study ... 4

1.4 Research Method ... 4

1.5 Organization of the Paper... 5

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ... 7

2.1 Travel Writing ... 7

2.1.1 Definition of Travel Writing ... 8

2.1.2 Travel Writing and Representation of Otherness ... 10

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2.2.1 Exoticism and Representation ... 15

2.2.2 Exoticism and Supremacy ... 18

2.3 Travel Writing & Exoticism... 19

2.1.2 Perception: Representation of Otherness: ... 19

2.1.2 Effects of Otherness Representation: Stereotyping, Ethnocentrism and Ethnorelativism ... 20

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOLGY ... 24

3.1 Method of Research ... 24

3.2 Source of Data ... 26

3.3 Technique of Data Collection ... 26

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ... 28

3.5 Synopsis of the Novel ... 29

3.6 Clarification of Key Terms ... 30

3.7 Data Presentation ... 32

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 34

4.1 The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia ... 35

4.1.1 Italy: ‘Pleasure and beauty are revered in a culture’ ... 35

4.1.1.1 The desirability of Italian language ... 36

4.1.1.2 From the Italian magical language to the interesting natives ... 39

4.1.1.3 The delightful culinary ... 45

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4.1.2.1. On cultural level: scenic views & natives ... 47

4.1.2.1.1 Scenic views: the remote ... 48

4.1.2.1.2 Natives: the devotional people ... 49

4.1.2.2. On religious level: religious figure & practice ... 51

4.1.2.2.1 Religious figure: the guru who leads to god ... 52

4.1.2.2.2 Religious practice: the harmonious and beautiful rituals ... 55

4.1.3 Indonesia: The Balance of Divinity & Worldly Pleasure ... 57

4.1.3.1. Cultural Level: The balance behind the beauty of scenic view & natives ... 58

4.1.3.1.1 Scenic View: the cultural hub ... 58

4.1.3.1.2 Natives: the balance behind the friendliness, creativity and unity ... 59

4.1.3.2 Religious level: the minority who stands ... 66

4.1.3.3 Economic level: the profit of post-bombing tragedy ... 67

4.2 Discussion ... 68

4.2.1 Italy, India, and Indonesia Represented As Exotic Destination ... 69

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ... 78 5.2 Suggestion ... 79

REFERENCES ... 81 APPENDICES

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.Background

People love traveling. For some people who love writing and traveling, their travelling experiences are congregated into travel writing. Usually travel writing is written to express a different feeling which stained after having the journey compared to what occurs at their home. Bryan Lawson‟s The Language of Space (2001) asserts people start to make decision according to

how do they feel about the place.

Travel writing is a genre which was born in the 18th century when British travelers expanded to every corner of the world which driven by varied motives (Bohls & Duncan, 2005). This writing is written in many forms such as conventional travel writing, guide book, reportage and novel (Forsdick, 2005).

As human beings, we tend to search for values towards the culture of a place we live in, especially when we encounter a different place and culture for the first time. In this situation, we tend to judge other people‟s behavior, belief, custom, then compare them to our home or origin. This attitude leads to an unavoidable tendency of viewing our own culture as better or superior one than the others we are comparing to. This situation usually occurs in travelling when one visits a place or country which has a different or contrast culture.

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Travelers‟ description of places that have been visited reveals their perceptions of themselves. An Italian scholar, Papa (1991), identifies the presence of traveler‟s subjectivity in travel writing. Apart from its objective information given in the text, travel writing expresses the author‟s personality and his/her curiosity towards the “other”. Thus, sometimes the writing in this genre implies the writer‟s supremacy towards the culture of places that is visited.

Eat, Pray, Love (2006) written by Elizabeth Gilbert is also an example

of travel writing. The book tells a journey of the writer herself who searched for pleasure and divinity throughout three countries: Italy, India, and Indonesia. Because the book reveals the interaction between Gilbert and the locals in different cultures, it is decent to see whether Eat, Pray, Love represents the writer‟s supreme attitude towards the other.

Said in Orientalism argues that travel books feature is one example of the orientalist discourse (Said, 1991). It is aimed to naturalize the Orient into Western knowledge in order to facilitate and legitimize Western imperialism (Ropero, 2003) which is found in Rudyard Kipling‟s The Ballad of East and West. The opening of the ballad: “Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet,” was popularly criticized by many scholars as Kipling‟s prejudicial attitude towards the culture of the East and West. The prejudice presents the East and West social position addressed by the author of travel writing. Although the memoir is written a few decades after Said discusses the West supremacy in portraying the „Other‟, Eat, Pray, Love has a

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similar tendency of presenting the narrator‟s superiority towards the three countries in the novel.

Since the focus of the text is on the traveler‟s self, it is important to analyze Gilbert‟s motivation of travelling to describe how the main character perceives the places she visits as exotic. These motivations can be revealed by identifying the main character‟s thought and behavior towards the tourist attraction.

To find out the way the main character perceived the three countries as exotic destinations, the research focuses on the main character‟s description and behavior towards the attraction of places that she visited. Finally, the findings will be interpreted by using Edward Said‟s Orientalism to see

whether Gilbert expresses cultural prejudice which addresses her own country‟s culture as superior or not.

1.2.Statement of Problem

In order to focus on the research, the research question is formulated to the appearing issue in Eat, Pray, Love. Generally, the question is formulated as: “does the main character perceive Italy, India, and Indonesia as equal to her origin?”. More specifically, the research study hopes to answer the questions:

1. In what ways does the main character perceive Italy, India and Indonesia? 2. Does the main character portray the social position of Italy, India, and

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1.3.Aims of Study

Since the research focuses on the main character‟s perception towards Italy, India and Indonesia, the aim of conducting the research is to find out the way Gilbert sees the three countries as exotic destinations. Besides, this study also tries to reveal whether the author expresses an ethnocentric attitude as happened in the eighteenth centuries travel writing or shifts the social position of the three countries.

1.4.Research Methods

The procedures used to reveal main character‟s perception about places in

Eat, Pray, Love are:

1. Reading the book thoroughly and carefully. The strategy which is used is close reading. This strategy is an effort to get the gist and the general idea of the story.

2. Using content analysis to find the data. In this stage, the researcher identifies attributes referring to each country which then leads to the character‟s purpose to choose the place. The next step is revealing the character‟s perception from the main character‟s point of view and attitude towards the place including other characters she interacts with.

3. Applying Victor Segalen‟s notion of Exoticism to reveal whether the

author represents the culture of three countries as exotic destinations. Then, applying Edward Said‟s theory of Orientalism to reveal whether the

author expresses cultural prejudice or ethnocentricity which occurs in the eighteenth century travel writing or shifts the social position of the three

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countries. This stage focuses on the character‟s attitude as traveler towards the diversity of the three countries‟ culture.

4. Drawing conclusions and suggestions based on the findings of the research.

1.5.Organization of Paper 1. Chapter I (Introduction)

This chapter contains the background of the study, the statement of problems, aims of study, research methods, and organization of the paper. 2. Chapter II ( Theoretical Framework)

This chapter explains the provided theory to support and reveal the analysis.

3. Chapter III (Research Methods)

This chapter focuses on the explanation of methodology which is used in the analysis of the research. It contains the research procedure, source of data, technique of data collection, technique of data analysis, clarification of terms, and data presentation.

4. Chapter IV (Finding and Discussion)

This chapter explains further analysis of the data presentation. The data are analyzed by using the theories which are provided in chapter II.

5. Chapter V (Conclusion and Suggestion)

This chapter presents the conclusions and suggestions of the research findings.

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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter elaborates the methodology of the study being discussed. The research method covers methods of research, source of data, data collection, data analysis, synopsis, and clarification of key terms.

3.1 Method of research

In order to gain the goals of analysis, the research is conducted by using

qualitative approach. Qualitative approach is defined as “a research method for the subjective interpretation of the content of text data through the systematic classification process of coding and identifying themes or patterns” (Hsieh & Shannon, 2005, p.1278, cited from Zhang, 2009).

The Qualitative approach attempts to identify “core consistencies and

meanings” (Patton, 2002, p.453, cited from Zhang, 2009). The meaning allow people to produce various realities that constitutes the sensory world. Because realities are related to how people create meaning, reality becomes an interpretation of various definitional options. Therefore, qualitative approach offers flexibility on meaning making or interpretation. As a result, it allows researchers to understand social reality in a subjective but scientific manner.

From the view above qualitative research is suitable approach for the analysis of Eat, Pray, Love because the forms of the data in the novel are in a

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form of sentences and dialog which is called as textual evidences. These forms can be connected to the issue about representation of cultural difference because these data can be used to achieve the aim of the research. This method is also suitable because in revealing the finding of the research which focuses on, it needs interpretation.

There are several steps of procedure which is used to conduct the research. The research begins with an idea. The idea is gained through close reading of the novel, Eat, Pray, Love, which is used as the source of data. Then, after finding the idea, the problem of the research is formulated. The next stage is starting a literary review related to the research topic. This stage is aimed to gather theoretical information and designing the research plan. The literary review is conducted through textual observation. After getting the idea, research problem, and theoretical information, then the research continues with collecting the data. The data are collected through close reading and textual analysis in the novel. Finally, to answer the research problem and get into conclusion, the next stage is analyzing the collected data and applying the theoretical information which framework the research.

The result of this study will be presented in descriptive method. This method concerns about the attempt to determine the status of the phenomenon under study. Through the descriptive method, the research provides a systematic description of a situation or condition of phenomenon as factual and as accurate as possible.

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The sources of data used in this research is Eat Pray Love written by Elizabeth Gilbert (2006). Since the novel presents the story of the journey and written in a first person point of view, the novel is categorized as travel writing. The novel is used as the source of data because it portrays the culture of Italy, India, and Indonesia.

3.3. Technique of Data Collection

The research focus on naturally emerging languages and the meanings individual assign to experience. Life-worlds include emotions, motivations, symbols and their meanings, empathy, and other subjective aspects associated with naturally evolving lives of individuals and groups. These elements may represent their behavioral routines, experiences, and various conditions affecting these usual routines. Schwartz and Jacobs (1997) believe that many of these elements are observable and can be viewed as objective.

The form of the data which are going to be collected is textual evidences from Eat Pray Love. The focus of finding the data is searching the textual evidences which describes the portrayal of Italian, Indian, and Indonesian culture. The strategies which are used are close reading and textual analysis. Close reading is defined as paying close attention to what is printed on the page (Clifton, 2008). The strategy involves the reader‟s responsiveness to all “nuances and connotations of language” used by skilled writers. In textual analysis, the researcher gathers information about the ways in which a text uses language to create meaning as

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rhetoric or “poetic” in terms of its use such as plot, character, and figurative language.

Babbie (2007) states that qualitative analysis is non-numerical examination and interpretation of observation which aims to discover “underlying meaning and patterns of relationship”. It involves continuing interplay between data collection and theory. In discovering patterns, qualitative analysis offers ways to examine the collected data as suggested by John & Lyn Lofland (cited in Babbie, 2007).

John & Lyn Lofland (1995) suggests six ways of discovering patterns to examine the collected data by looking at the frequencies, magnitudes, structures, processes, causes, and consequences. The frequencies refer to rate of recurrence of the topic being investigated, while the magnitudes refer to the occurrence level of the phenomena. The four other ways, in accordance, refer to the types or categories, the order of occurrence, the source or origin, and the effect of the phenomena being investigated. The researcher may choose one or more of the six ways depending on case under study.

To answer the research problems of this study, the six interrelated ways are used to examine the collection of data. The data are collected in the form of words, phrases, and sentences which contain the representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia as exotic destinations. Afterward, the data findings which are collected by using those strategies are then categorized. The categorization is derived from theoretical information or the previous related studies. Finally, the data findings are assessed in accordance with the issue of the research.

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3.4 Technique of Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, several steps have been taken. After reading the novels closely and repeatedly, then some textual evidences related to the research questions are collected.

The first step is picking up form the texts all the description about the representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia which is described by narrator. At the stage, the research uses cross-oriented analysis to understand a particular case or several cases by looking closely to the details of each data. To identify the portrayal of Italian, Indian, and Indonesian culture, the theory of Exoticism will be used as a foundation to reveal it.

Afterward, to answer the second question which focuses on the placement of Italian, Indian, and Indonesian‟s social position compared to the origin of the narrator, the theory of Orientalism is used as a tool to find the answers. After those steps are completed, the next step is presenting the data analysis descriptively. Finally, the last step is drawing conclusion and suggestions based on the findings of the research.

3.5 Synopsis of the Novel

Elizabeth Gilbert is an intelligent woman, had a brilliant career, had a husband, and perfect things that all the age of thirty women wants. However, the perfection that she had is not enough to keep her spirits happy. She began to feel confusion and anxiety which leads to a divorce from her husband

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Gilbert decides to divorce from her husband met an actor, David, who plays for the drama script she wrote. Gilbert lives with David and there she began

to find the „enlightenment' to practice Yoga and meditation. However, Gilbert‟s divorce from her husband and her meeting with David who „introduced‟ her to the spiritual teacher was not enough to remove the anxiety and confusion. Gilbert ends her relationship with David after several fights occurred.

The events above are factors that made her think to travel to find peace. She felt that she needed a balance of physical and spiritual pleasure. This book reveals her feelings about her encounter with a lot of people from different cultures. It shows many representations of the three countries she visited.

3.6 Clarification of Key Terms

The research contains several terms that probably will cause misunderstanding. Thus, defining is needed in order to revoke different perceptions about the terms. Those terms are explained below:

1. Representation : In literature, according to Shipley (1964), representation deals with the illustration, interpretation, or image of an object which is mainly influenced by the ideology or background knowledge of the writer. In this research, the representation means the illustration of the three countries (Italy, India, and Indonesia) seen in terms

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of its cultural products, social life view, and the religious view which appeals the character in the novel, Gilbert.

2. Travel writing : Borm (2004) defines travel writing as texts which

primarily has „travel‟ as their main theme. In relation to its purpose and content, Van Den Abbeele (1992) defines travel writing as a text which is built in an attempt to describe the indescribable stream of pleasure sensations during the journey. The travel writing in this research refers to the text which describes the cultural products, social life view, and the religious view which gives pleasure to the character of the novel, Gilbert.

3. Exotic : According to Santaolalla (2000), the term „exotic‟ itself is an attribute given to someone else or somewhere because those

„object‟ or „place‟ gives fascination and desire to the viewer. In the context

of this research, the term „exotic‟ refers to a label given by the character of the novel indirectly through her perception towards the observed object. The observed object in the research is the cultural products such as language, social life view, and religious view. The term is given when the object gives fascination and fulfills the character‟s desire to experience pleasure in the journey.

4. Exoticism : According to Victor Segalen (2001), exoticism is the notion of difference, the perception of Diversity, the knowledge that

something is other than one‟s self. Exoticism is expression of a special curiosity for foreign people and foreign lands. It emphasizes diversity and variety, instead of unity of mankind. Exoticism, in this research, is the

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character‟s special curiosity for cultural product, social life view, and the

religious view seen through her perception and description as the character immerse to the observed object.

5. Supremacy : Supremacy concerns on the state for being superior to others (Shipley, 1964). In the context of this research, the state of being superior refers to the feeling of superior of the character‟s social

life view and religious view comparing to the three countries‟ views. The

superiority is reflected when the character as the observer consider her own social life view and religious view as better than the three countries‟

views. It can be identified through the character‟s attitude when she

compares the views and perceptions toward the three countries‟ view.

Below is the preliminary literary data taken from the novel. It covers the levels of analysis seen through three levels of exoticism namely cultural, religious, and economic levels.

3.7 Data Presentation

The literary data taken from the novels covers the representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia which appeals to the character of the novel Eat, Pray,

Love. The data are taken by reading the text closely and categorized in terms

of the levels of exoticism which is going to be analyzed. Three levels of analysis are presented in the following table including the levels of cultural, religious, and economic analysis.

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Level of Exoticism & Cultural Traits

Textual Evidence Remarks

Cultural Level: Language

Every word is a singing sparrow, a magic trick, a truffle for me. (p. 30)

The textual evidence shows the perception of Italian language in terms of its sounds. It is shown that Gilbert perceives the the sounds and how the natives pronounce the Italian language is beautiful and sexy. Gilbert uses analogy to describe Italian by associating it to anything related to beauty, fairy, and magic.

Religious Level: Religious Figure

I walked into David‟s

apartment and saw this picture on his dresser of a radiantly beautiful Indian woman and I said, “Who’s that?” he said, “that’s my spiritual teacher.” My heart skipped a beat and then flat-out tripped over itself and fell on its face. Then my heart stood up, brushed itself of, took a deep reath and announced: “I want a spiritual teacher.” (p. 31)

The textual evidence shows the rise of the

character‟s desire to learn and practice Yoga which is started by looking at a photograph of the religious figure. As a result, she constructs imagination and hopes how it feels to have a spiritual teacher in reality.

Economic Level: Profit

In the morning Mario helps me buy a bicycle. Like a proper almost-Italian, he says, “I know a

guy,” and he takes me to his cousin‟s shop, where I get a nice mountain bike, a helmet, a lock, and a basket for slightly less than fifty American dollars. (p.303)

Bali is interesting in terms of its economic level because compared to her origin, the prices is cheaper. Thus, she thinks it is very profitable.

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The literary data presented in the table above are instances of the analytical level evidenced in the novel under study. In the chapter to follow, the data will be explored in a more depth.

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION

This chapter collects the results of the research and interprets them in the form of conclusion of the representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia in Eat,

Pray, Love. This chapter also provides suggestions for further analysis.

5.1 Conclusion

Based on the results of data analysis, some points can be concluded. First, the representation portrayal of Italy, India, and Indonesia as exotic destinations can be seen through three levels of exoticism; cultural level, religious level, and economic level. The levels of exoticism are the points which determine the level of the observed object’s ability to fulfill the observer’s desire for exotic experience. According to Gilbert, Italy is exotic due to its cultural level which involves the language, natives, and culinary. Differently from the first destination, India is appealing because of its religious aspects such as religious figure and ritual which fulfill Gilbert’s desire to get devotional experience. Finally Indonesia, Gilbert believes that the country is fascinated due to the balance of both worldly and spiritual pleasure which manifests the social life in the island of Bali.

Gilbert considers Italy, India, and Indonesia as different to her own homeland but still has the similar position in the social level. The social level is seen through her world view and the natives of three countries’ world view which are compared and contrasted. From the comparison, Gilbert awares that each culture has different value and is evaluated differently. Moreover, she awares the

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differences should be perceived as heterogeneity by respecting the badness and goodness of each culture. Compared to the nineteenth Europeans’ stereotype of the Other which Said states (1978), Gilbert’s representation about the three countries, especially India and Bali, is contrasting

The perception towards the observed object as exotic thing does not always leads to a negative representation if the observer respects the existence of heterogeneity. However, the perception is influenced by the background knowledge and the motivation of the observer for travelling to the destination country. The perception may also changes as the observer sees the reality, experiences and immerses to the social life of the target culture.

5.2 Suggestion

Considering to the findings of the research, some suggestions are given for further research which focuses on the analysis of travel writing. First, a further study is suggested to analyze travel writing not only by focusing on textual analysis but also reader to author centered analysis.

Next, the further researchers can adopt different theories. There are a lot of topics that can be analyzed in this writing even though the main theme of travel writing is description of experience during the journey. Marxism, gender, feminism and psychoanalysis are instances of topic that can be used as the approach to reveal and deepen investigation of travel writing analysis. The researcher may also conduct a comparative study towards travel writing written by the author who has a different background knowledge and occupation.

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Specifically, related to the analysis of Eat, Pray, Love, the research can be approached through feminist and psychoanalyst perspectives. Therefore, travel writing is not limited to the representation of the other, but it can be widely explored using various literary theories.

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