A Study Of Gerund Used In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Novel “The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes”
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 The Definitions of Gerund
As popular, people often state that linguistics is the study of language;
or science that makes the language as an object of study; or more accurately,
scientific study of the human language.
Finocchioro (1974: 3) that linguistics is a system change (changing),
which allows sound to human arbitrarily use in providing a culture, or others
who have studied the system of the culture, to communicate and interact.
Pei and Gaynor (1954: 119) divided that linguistics is with sound
communication system, i, e, as a tool in speech (talking) and heard. Among
humans use symbols community certainly sounds that have meaning changes
according to the culture (customs) respectively.
The conclusion that linguistics is the study of language structure,
language rules, a symbol of the sounds of language and everything related to
the language generally used by the public as a means of exchanging
information between the tribes of the tribe another or one country to another
country.
In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the
composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language.
Grammar is very important to learn to be able to mastering English. Because of
that everybody must learn grammar from elementary school through college.
6
Swan (2005:19) says that grammar is the rules that show how words are
combined, arranged or changed to show certain kinds of meaning.
One of many parts of grammar is Gerund. Gerund is a verb-ing form of the
verb that functioned as a noun (make into a verb) by adding –ing behind the
verb. Junaida said Gerund form as same as present participle form and both are
parts of the verb. The difference, Gerund is a noun, but the present participle is
an adjective.
There are some definition of the Gerund, include:
a.
Gerund is a noun that comes from a verb (make into a verb) (verb-ing).
b.
Gerund has the same form with present participle, but Gerund has other
meaning, that is (verb-ing) so it doesn’t mean ‘being’.
c.
Gerund is a verb-ing form from a verb which functions as a noun. (make
verb to be noun).
2.2 The Functions of Gerund
The use of Gerund in a sentence has a variety of functions. The use of the
Gerund can be distinguished as follows:
a. Gerund as a subject
Sentence patterns can be described generally as follows:
Subject
Verb (be) + Object
Verb+ing
..........................
Gerund used as a subject in sentence has some characteristics, such as:
7
- Verb+ing
- In front of the predicate
- Be the subject of the sentence
- Has the meaning of an noun that as subject of the sentence
These are some examples of Gerund used as subjects :
- Reading is my hobby.
- Playing tennis is fun.
- Swimming is a healthy sport.
- Climbing to the top of a mountain isn’t easy.
- Finding their house wasn’t difficult.
- Swearing does not prove anything.
b. Gerund as a complement
Gerund is also used as the complement in sentence. The sentence
patterns are as the follow:
Subject + Verb
Complement
Adverb
.................
Verb+ing
.............
Gerund used as an object in sentence has some characteristics, such
as:
- At the behind of verb of in front of the adverb.
- Has a function as complement.
- Has the meaning of noun that complete the sentence.
8
The following are some examples of Gerund used as the complement in
sentence:
- Her chief delight is swimming in the river.
- My favorite pas time is singing.
- One of his worst habits is telling lies.
- What he likes is listening the radio news.
- What she likes is watching the children play.
Gerund can also be used as Appositive in a sentence. The following are
some examples of Gerund used as the apposotive:
- She has a bad habit, gambling.
- His method, shooting and killing, eventually came to an end.
- Her favorite exercise, swimming in the pool, makes her body strong.
The Gerund used as object has some the forms and the functions. Gerund
is used as object:
a.
Gerund as an object in general
In general the sentence pattern can be described as follow:
Subject + Verb
Object
.....................
Verb+ing
Gerund used as the object in sentence has characteristics, such as:
-
At the behind of verb.
-
Has function as object that descibe the verb in sentence.
9
-
Has the meaning of noun as object in sentence.
The following are some examples of Gerund used as object:
-
I don’t like reading.
-
We enjoy playing tennis.
-
He likes swimming.
-
They finish speaking.
-
My mother likes shopping.
b. Gerund is used as an object after preposition
The sentence pattern in general can be described as follow:
Subject + Verb (be)
........................
Object
preposition
Verb+ing
The preposition :
-
At
-
About
-
After
-
Before
-
By
-
In
-
For
-
From
-
Of
-
On
-
Out
-
To
-
With
-
Without
The following are some examples of Gerund used as the object after
preposition in sentence:
10
-
He is good at lecturing.
-
I shut the door before going.
-
He goes out without saying anything.
-
Maty cooked it after washing the rice.
-
After swimming i felt cold.
-
Alice isn’t interested in looking for a new job.
c. Gerund as the object after following certain verb
In general the sentence pattern can be described as follow:
Subject
Verb
Object
..............
..................
Verb+ing
Gerund can be used as the object of following verbs. The followings are
the examples:
Verb
Examples
(1) Admit
He admitted stealing the money.
(2) Advise
She advised waiting until tommorow.
(3) Anticipate
I anticipate having a good time on vacation.
(4) Appreciate
I appreciated hearing from them.
(5) Avoid
He avoided answering my question.
(6) Can’t bear
I can’t bear waiting in long lines.
(7) Begin
It began raining.
(8) Complete
I finally completed writing my term paper.
(9) Consider
I will consider going with you.
11
(10)Continue
He continued speaking.
(11)Delay
He delayed leaving for school.
(12)Deny
She denied commiting the crime.
(13)Discuss
They discussed opening a new business.
(14)Dislike
I dislike driving long distances.
(15)Enjoy
We enjoyed visiting them.
(16)Finish
She finished studying about ten.
(17)Forget
I’ll never forget visiting Napoleon’s tomb.
(18)Hate
I hate making silly mistakes.
(19)Can’t help
I can’t help worrying about it.
(20)Keep
I keep hooping he will come.
(21)Like
I like going to movies.
(22)Love
I love goingto operas.
(23)Mention
She mentioned going to a movie.
(24)Mind
Would you mind helping me with this?
(25)Miss
I miss being with my family.
(26)Postpone
Let’s postpone leaving until tommorow.
(27)Practice
The athlete practiced throwing the ball.
(28)Prefer
Ann prefers walking to driving to work.
(29)Quit
He quit trying to solve the problem.
(30)Recall
I don’t recall meeting him before.
(31)Recollect
I don’t recollect meeting him before.
(32)Recommend
She recommended seeing the show.
12
(33)Regret
I regret telling him my secret.
(34)Remember
I can remember meeting him when I was a child.
(35)Resent
I resent her interfering in my business.
(36)Resist
I couldn’t resist eating the dessert.
(37)Risk
She risks losing all of her money.
(38)Can’t stand
I can’t stand waiting in long lines.
(39)Start
It started raining.
(40)Stop
She stopped going to classes when she got sick.
(41)Suggest
She suggested going to a movie.
(42)Tolerate
She won’t tolerate cheating during an examination.
(43)Try
I tried changing the light bulb, but the lamp still
didn’t work.
I don’t understand his leaving school.
(44)Understand
d. Gerund after certain phrase.
Phrase
Verb+ing
It is no use.
It’s worth.
..........................
It is no good.
Would you mind
..........................?
Followings are some examples of Gerund after certain phrase:
-
I think it is no use trying again
-
Would you mind waiting a moment?
-
It’s no good hoping for help.
-
This book is worth reading.
13
e. Gerund after Possesive Adjective or Possesive Noun
The use of Gerund after Possesive Adjective or Possesive Noun can be
described as the following examples:
-
I don’t mind your living here.
-
Do you mind my making suggestions?
-
I am annoyed about jhon’s forgetting to pay.
-
You can understand his feeling angry.
-
The idea of Hasan’s getting job as a salesman doesn’t appeal to his wife.
f. Gerund after Verb + Preposition
The use of Gerund after Verb + Preposition on certain verbs, such as:
Accused of
Insist of
Approved of
Keep on
Be better of
Put off
Count on
Rely on
Depend on
Succeed in
Confess on
Think of
Give up
Dream about
Go on
Worry about
Some examples of Gerund used Verb + Preposition sentence:
-
Umar gave up smoking because of his doctor advise.
-
Ali confessed to stealingthe golds.
-
Henry is thinking of going to London.
-
You would be better of leaving now.
14
-
She insisted on paying the entire bill for dinner.
g. Gerund after Adjective + Preposition
The use of Gerund after Adjective + Preposition on certain verbs, such as:
Accustomed to
Interested in
Afraid of
Successful in
Fond of
Sorry for
Capable of
Tired of
Intent on
Some examples of Gerund after Verb + Preposition:
-
I am tired of doing the work again.
-
Mary is fond of dancing.
-
We are interested in reading this book.
-
Ali is intent on finishing school next year.
-
I am sorry for waking you up.
h. Gerund after Noun + Preposition
The use after Noun + Preposition on certain verbs
Some examples of Gerund used Noun + Preposition :
-
There’s a reason for leaving so early.
-
There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.
-
John has no excuse for dropping out of school.
-
I don’t like idea of spending so much money.
-
She is glad to have this opportunity of coming to visit your country.
15
2.1 The Definitions of Gerund
As popular, people often state that linguistics is the study of language;
or science that makes the language as an object of study; or more accurately,
scientific study of the human language.
Finocchioro (1974: 3) that linguistics is a system change (changing),
which allows sound to human arbitrarily use in providing a culture, or others
who have studied the system of the culture, to communicate and interact.
Pei and Gaynor (1954: 119) divided that linguistics is with sound
communication system, i, e, as a tool in speech (talking) and heard. Among
humans use symbols community certainly sounds that have meaning changes
according to the culture (customs) respectively.
The conclusion that linguistics is the study of language structure,
language rules, a symbol of the sounds of language and everything related to
the language generally used by the public as a means of exchanging
information between the tribes of the tribe another or one country to another
country.
In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the
composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language.
Grammar is very important to learn to be able to mastering English. Because of
that everybody must learn grammar from elementary school through college.
6
Swan (2005:19) says that grammar is the rules that show how words are
combined, arranged or changed to show certain kinds of meaning.
One of many parts of grammar is Gerund. Gerund is a verb-ing form of the
verb that functioned as a noun (make into a verb) by adding –ing behind the
verb. Junaida said Gerund form as same as present participle form and both are
parts of the verb. The difference, Gerund is a noun, but the present participle is
an adjective.
There are some definition of the Gerund, include:
a.
Gerund is a noun that comes from a verb (make into a verb) (verb-ing).
b.
Gerund has the same form with present participle, but Gerund has other
meaning, that is (verb-ing) so it doesn’t mean ‘being’.
c.
Gerund is a verb-ing form from a verb which functions as a noun. (make
verb to be noun).
2.2 The Functions of Gerund
The use of Gerund in a sentence has a variety of functions. The use of the
Gerund can be distinguished as follows:
a. Gerund as a subject
Sentence patterns can be described generally as follows:
Subject
Verb (be) + Object
Verb+ing
..........................
Gerund used as a subject in sentence has some characteristics, such as:
7
- Verb+ing
- In front of the predicate
- Be the subject of the sentence
- Has the meaning of an noun that as subject of the sentence
These are some examples of Gerund used as subjects :
- Reading is my hobby.
- Playing tennis is fun.
- Swimming is a healthy sport.
- Climbing to the top of a mountain isn’t easy.
- Finding their house wasn’t difficult.
- Swearing does not prove anything.
b. Gerund as a complement
Gerund is also used as the complement in sentence. The sentence
patterns are as the follow:
Subject + Verb
Complement
Adverb
.................
Verb+ing
.............
Gerund used as an object in sentence has some characteristics, such
as:
- At the behind of verb of in front of the adverb.
- Has a function as complement.
- Has the meaning of noun that complete the sentence.
8
The following are some examples of Gerund used as the complement in
sentence:
- Her chief delight is swimming in the river.
- My favorite pas time is singing.
- One of his worst habits is telling lies.
- What he likes is listening the radio news.
- What she likes is watching the children play.
Gerund can also be used as Appositive in a sentence. The following are
some examples of Gerund used as the apposotive:
- She has a bad habit, gambling.
- His method, shooting and killing, eventually came to an end.
- Her favorite exercise, swimming in the pool, makes her body strong.
The Gerund used as object has some the forms and the functions. Gerund
is used as object:
a.
Gerund as an object in general
In general the sentence pattern can be described as follow:
Subject + Verb
Object
.....................
Verb+ing
Gerund used as the object in sentence has characteristics, such as:
-
At the behind of verb.
-
Has function as object that descibe the verb in sentence.
9
-
Has the meaning of noun as object in sentence.
The following are some examples of Gerund used as object:
-
I don’t like reading.
-
We enjoy playing tennis.
-
He likes swimming.
-
They finish speaking.
-
My mother likes shopping.
b. Gerund is used as an object after preposition
The sentence pattern in general can be described as follow:
Subject + Verb (be)
........................
Object
preposition
Verb+ing
The preposition :
-
At
-
About
-
After
-
Before
-
By
-
In
-
For
-
From
-
Of
-
On
-
Out
-
To
-
With
-
Without
The following are some examples of Gerund used as the object after
preposition in sentence:
10
-
He is good at lecturing.
-
I shut the door before going.
-
He goes out without saying anything.
-
Maty cooked it after washing the rice.
-
After swimming i felt cold.
-
Alice isn’t interested in looking for a new job.
c. Gerund as the object after following certain verb
In general the sentence pattern can be described as follow:
Subject
Verb
Object
..............
..................
Verb+ing
Gerund can be used as the object of following verbs. The followings are
the examples:
Verb
Examples
(1) Admit
He admitted stealing the money.
(2) Advise
She advised waiting until tommorow.
(3) Anticipate
I anticipate having a good time on vacation.
(4) Appreciate
I appreciated hearing from them.
(5) Avoid
He avoided answering my question.
(6) Can’t bear
I can’t bear waiting in long lines.
(7) Begin
It began raining.
(8) Complete
I finally completed writing my term paper.
(9) Consider
I will consider going with you.
11
(10)Continue
He continued speaking.
(11)Delay
He delayed leaving for school.
(12)Deny
She denied commiting the crime.
(13)Discuss
They discussed opening a new business.
(14)Dislike
I dislike driving long distances.
(15)Enjoy
We enjoyed visiting them.
(16)Finish
She finished studying about ten.
(17)Forget
I’ll never forget visiting Napoleon’s tomb.
(18)Hate
I hate making silly mistakes.
(19)Can’t help
I can’t help worrying about it.
(20)Keep
I keep hooping he will come.
(21)Like
I like going to movies.
(22)Love
I love goingto operas.
(23)Mention
She mentioned going to a movie.
(24)Mind
Would you mind helping me with this?
(25)Miss
I miss being with my family.
(26)Postpone
Let’s postpone leaving until tommorow.
(27)Practice
The athlete practiced throwing the ball.
(28)Prefer
Ann prefers walking to driving to work.
(29)Quit
He quit trying to solve the problem.
(30)Recall
I don’t recall meeting him before.
(31)Recollect
I don’t recollect meeting him before.
(32)Recommend
She recommended seeing the show.
12
(33)Regret
I regret telling him my secret.
(34)Remember
I can remember meeting him when I was a child.
(35)Resent
I resent her interfering in my business.
(36)Resist
I couldn’t resist eating the dessert.
(37)Risk
She risks losing all of her money.
(38)Can’t stand
I can’t stand waiting in long lines.
(39)Start
It started raining.
(40)Stop
She stopped going to classes when she got sick.
(41)Suggest
She suggested going to a movie.
(42)Tolerate
She won’t tolerate cheating during an examination.
(43)Try
I tried changing the light bulb, but the lamp still
didn’t work.
I don’t understand his leaving school.
(44)Understand
d. Gerund after certain phrase.
Phrase
Verb+ing
It is no use.
It’s worth.
..........................
It is no good.
Would you mind
..........................?
Followings are some examples of Gerund after certain phrase:
-
I think it is no use trying again
-
Would you mind waiting a moment?
-
It’s no good hoping for help.
-
This book is worth reading.
13
e. Gerund after Possesive Adjective or Possesive Noun
The use of Gerund after Possesive Adjective or Possesive Noun can be
described as the following examples:
-
I don’t mind your living here.
-
Do you mind my making suggestions?
-
I am annoyed about jhon’s forgetting to pay.
-
You can understand his feeling angry.
-
The idea of Hasan’s getting job as a salesman doesn’t appeal to his wife.
f. Gerund after Verb + Preposition
The use of Gerund after Verb + Preposition on certain verbs, such as:
Accused of
Insist of
Approved of
Keep on
Be better of
Put off
Count on
Rely on
Depend on
Succeed in
Confess on
Think of
Give up
Dream about
Go on
Worry about
Some examples of Gerund used Verb + Preposition sentence:
-
Umar gave up smoking because of his doctor advise.
-
Ali confessed to stealingthe golds.
-
Henry is thinking of going to London.
-
You would be better of leaving now.
14
-
She insisted on paying the entire bill for dinner.
g. Gerund after Adjective + Preposition
The use of Gerund after Adjective + Preposition on certain verbs, such as:
Accustomed to
Interested in
Afraid of
Successful in
Fond of
Sorry for
Capable of
Tired of
Intent on
Some examples of Gerund after Verb + Preposition:
-
I am tired of doing the work again.
-
Mary is fond of dancing.
-
We are interested in reading this book.
-
Ali is intent on finishing school next year.
-
I am sorry for waking you up.
h. Gerund after Noun + Preposition
The use after Noun + Preposition on certain verbs
Some examples of Gerund used Noun + Preposition :
-
There’s a reason for leaving so early.
-
There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.
-
John has no excuse for dropping out of school.
-
I don’t like idea of spending so much money.
-
She is glad to have this opportunity of coming to visit your country.
15