AN ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE FOUND IN THE DIALOGUE TRANSCRIPT OF 22 JUMP STREET MOVIE.
An Analysis of Conversational Implicature Found in The
Dialogue Transcript of “22 Jump Street” Movie
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Adab and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
by:
Nurul Aida
NIM: A83212178
English Department
Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya
2016
An Analysis of Conversational Implicature Found in The
Dialogue Transcript of “22 Jump Street” Movie
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Adab and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
by:
Nurul Aida
NIM: A83212178
English Department
Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya
2016
ABSTRACT
Aida, Nurul. 2016. An Analysis of Conversational Implicature Found in The
Diologue Transcript of 22 Jump Street movie. Thesis English Department,
Faculty of Act and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya.
Advisor:M. Thoriqussu’ud, M. Pd.
Key Words: Conversational Implicature, Generalized Implicature, Particularized
Implicature.
This study explains about the analysis of conversational implicature found
in the dialogue transcript of 22 Jump Street movie. Data are explained by showing
the context of situation, the type of conversational implicature theory of Grice
(1975) and the function of implicature theory of Searle (1975).
The researcher uses the method of qualitative approach. The steps of
analysis are reducing, displaying, analysis. First reducing, the resercher selecting
the data that exist in the real transcriptions. Then, display, the resercher
identifying and classifying the utterance in table finding to make the researcher
easier to analyze. Next, analysis the data, the resercher analyzing the utterance
that have been choosen.The last the researcher drew a conclusion the types of
conversational implicature and the function of implicature.
The result of the study describes the process of identifying conversational
implicature, There are 30 utterance that have implied meaning include of
conversational implicature. There are 11 utterance that include of generalized and
19 utterance that include of particularized implicature. The mostly finding is
particularized conversational implicature.
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INTISARI
Aida, Nurul. 2016. An Analysis of Conversational Implicature Found in The
Diologue Transcript of 22 Jump Street movie. Thesis English Department,
Faculty of Act and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya.
Pembimbing: M. Thoriqussu’ud, M. Pd.
Kata Kunci:
Implikatur Percakapan, Percakapan Umum, Percakapan Khusus
Skripsi ini membahas tentang analisis dari implikatur percakapan yang
ditemukan dalam transkrip percakapan dari filem 22 Jump Street. Data dijelaskan
dengan menujukkan situasi konteks, tipe dari implikatur percakapn teori dari
Grice dan funngsi dari implikatur teori dari Searle.
Peneliti menggunakan metode pendekatan qualitatif. Langkah-langkah
dari analisis skripsi ini adalah data reduksi atau meringkas data, yaitu peneliti
memilih data yang ada di transkrip nyata. Kemudian, data displai, peneliti
mengidentifikasi dan mengkalsifikasikan ucapan dalam tabel penemuan untuk
memudahkan peneliti dalam menganalisis. Selanjutnya, data analisis, peneliti
menganalisis data yang teleh dipilih. Yang terakhir adalah ringkasan, peneliti
meringkas tipe dari implikatur percakapan dan fungsi dari implikature.
Hasil dari analisis ini menjelaskan tentang proses dari identifikasi
implikatur. Ada 30 ucapan yang mempunyai makna tersirat yang termasuk dalam
implikatur. Ada 11 ucapan ynag termasuk kedalam percakapan umum dan ada 19
ucapan yang termasuk kedalam percakapan khusus. Paling banyak ditemukan
dalam film 22 Jump Street adalah percakapan khusus.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover .....................................................................................................
i
Declaration Page .............................................................................................
ii
Dedication Page ..............................................................................................
iii
Motto ...............................................................................................................
iv
Advisor’s Approval Page ................................................................................
v
Examiners Approval Sheet ...............................................................................
vi
Acknowledgements .........................................................................................
vii
Table of Contents ............................................................................................
ix
Abstract ...........................................................................................................
xi
Intisari .............................................................................................................
xii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study ..........................................................................
1
1.2. Research of Problems ................................................................................
7
1.3. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................
7
1.4. Scope and Limitation ................................................................................
8
1.5. Significance of Study ................................................................................
8
1.6. Definition of Key Terms ..........................................................................
9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Pragmatic....................................................................................................
10
2.1.1 Implicature .........................................................................................
11
2.1.1.1 Conversational Implicature ...........................................................
13
2.1.1.1.1 Generalized Conversational Implicature ...........................
14
2.1.1.1.2 Particularized Conversational Implicature ........................
15
2.1.2 Speech act ..........................................................................................
16
2.1.2.1 Representative......................................................................
17
2.1.2.2 Directive ..............................................................................
18
2.1.2.3 Commissive .........................................................................
18
2.1.2.4 Expressives ..........................................................................
19
2.1.2.5 Declarative ...........................................................................
19
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Type of Research Approach .......................................................................
21
3.2 Instrument ..................................................................................................
22
3.3 Data and Data Source .................................................................................
23
3.4 Data Collection...........................................................................................
23
3.5 Data Analysis .............................................................................................
24
1. Reduction the Data ...............................................................................
25
2. Display the Data ...................................................................................
25
3. Analysis the Data .................................................................................
26
4. Verification and Conclusion.................................................................
27
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Finding .......................................................................................................
29
4.1.1 The Conversational Implicature .........................................................
30
1. The type of Conversational Implicature .........................................
30
2. Implicature and the Function of Implicature ..................................
30
4.1.2 Analysis..............................................................................................
37
1. Generalized Conversational Implicature .......................................
38
2. Particularized Conversational Implicature ....................................
39
4.2 Discussion ..................................................................................................
68
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................
73
5.2 Suggestion .................................................................................................
74
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................
75
APPENDICES ................................................................................................
77
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents about background of the study, problem of the study,
objective of the study, scope and limitataion, significance and definition of the
key terms.
1.1.Background of the Study
Movie is a moving picture that be produced by recording people or
objects. Movies are a type of visual communication which use moving pictures
and sound to tell stories or to inform. Usually people watch movie to
entertainment or sometimes improve language skill. For some people, movie can
make someone laugh, while to others people it can make someone cry, or feel
afraid. Movie is the most popular media and can be watched easly. People can go
to cinema to watch the movie, or they can watch the their favorite movie in home
by DVD or download. Stoehr (2002: 2-4) state that movie has the innate capacity,
much like that of novels and poetry, to stimulate our thinking and knowledge
acquisition as our reason and imagination are called forth to participate directly in
a human creted “world”. Movie is closely releted to traditional painting in terms
of their visual presentation of shape and images upon two dimensional canvas (in
the case of cinema, upon a motion picture screen)”. Therefore, in this study, the
researcher uses movie as object to analyze. In this case, the movie that coosen by
the researcher is 22 Jump Street movie.
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22 Jump Street movie is the sequel to the 2012 movie 21 Jump Street,
based on the television series of the same name in 1987 by Stephan J. Cannell and
Patrick Hasburgh.Wikipedia state that 22 Jump Street movie is a american action
comedy movie directed by Phil Lord and Cristopher Miller, written by Jonnah
Hill, Michael Bacall, Oren Uziel and Rodney Rothman. The movie production in
2014
by
colombia
Pictures
and
Metro
Goldwyn
Mayer
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_Jump_Street).
The movie who produced and starred by Jonah Hill (as Schmidt) and
Channing Tatum (as Jenko) tells about the two police officers, Schmidt (Jonah
Hill) and Jenko (Channing Tatum). They will recive a new assignment from their
Deputy and their Captain. Before that, their assignment is undercover as college
students and locate the supplier of a drug that usually called by student collage
with “WHY-PHY” (Work Hard, Yes, Play Hard, Yes) that killed a student that
named cinthya. They both masquerade as collage students to facilitate
investigation.
The reason why the researcher is interested to choose movie is because
movie provides the language phenomena within its dialogue transcript such like
implicature. Then, why “22 Jump Street” movie is because this movie rich humor
and Jokes and in dialogue of 22 Jump Street movie have utterance that include of
implicature expecially utterance of conversational implicature.
The researcher focuses on utterances that include of implicature.
Analyzing utterances that include of implicature in 22 Jump Street movie can use
branches of pragmatic. Pragmatics is part of linguistic. Pragmatic studies about
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the relationship between context and meaning. Yule (1996:3) stated that
pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker
and interpreted by a listener. There are many advantages of studying pragmatics
as stated by Yule in his book “Pragmatics”: The advantage of studying via
pragmatics is that one can talk about people’s intended meanings, their
assumptions, their purpose or goals, and the kind of actions (for example, request)
that they are performing when they speak (1996: 5).
Furthermore, there are many topics of pragmatics they are speech act
theory, cooperation and implicature, persuposition and etc. In this study, the
researcher uses theory of implicature that focused in conversational implicature.
Grice (in Putrayasa, 2014:65) says “implikatur percakapan sebagai salah satu
aspek kajian pragmatik yang perhatian utamanya adalah mempelajari maksud
suatu ucapan sesuai dengan konteksnya”. (Conversational implicature as one of
aspect in the study of pragmatics that the main concern was to learn the implied
meaning of an utterance in context). The philosopher Grice introduced the term
conversational implicature. Grice sets out four conversational maxims that he
asserted people generally follow when communicating efficiently. They are
Maxim of Quality, Maxim of Quantity, Maxim of Relevance and Maxim of
Manner. The category of Quality is governed by a supermaxim: “Try to make
your contribution one that is true”. The category of Quantity relates to the quantity
of information to be provided. The category of Relation has a single maxim, “Be
relevant”, while the final category of Manner has a short “super” maxim “Be
perspicuous” which has various submaxims (Grice: 1989, 27).
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According to Grice (1975), There are two types of Conversational
Implicature, they are Generalized Implicature and Particularized Implicature.
Generalized implicature is a conversational implicature that is inferable without
reference to any special context. Particularized Implicature is conversational
implicature that is derivable only in specific context. Beside that, the researcher
also focused on the function of implicature based on the theory of speech act
classification which is proposed by Saerle (1975). Saerle intruduces five function
of the implicature based on the theory of speech act classification. These function
of implicature are representative, directive, commissive, declarative, and
expressive.
In this research the writer uses Yule’s book as guide to analyze and solve
the problem of the study. The reason why the writter choose George Yule’s book
entitled “Pragmatic” as guide to analyze is because in pragmatic’s book by
George Yule published 1996, George Yule unchange but to support the more
academically oriented introductions to linguistic, to prepare the conceptual
ground. Moreover, in his book Yule explains about parts of pragmatic. Grice’s
theory about cooperation and Implicature in George Yule’s books explained one
by one, the begining from cooperation that explain about cooperative principle
and Implicature that explain about type of Implicature and type of converational
implicature. In type of conversational implicature George Yule adds about Scalar
implicatures. In other book such us Grice’s book entitled “Studies in the Way of
Words” published1989 and Gerald Gazdar’s book entitled “Pragmatic
Implicature, Presupposition and Logical Form” published1979. The writer does
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not choose to use this book as guide to analyze because in the book only explains
specific part of Implicature and special part of Conversational Implicature that is
Generalized Conversational Implicature. In Gazdar’s book did not explain
generally type of conversational Implicature. Either Yule’s book, Grice’s book or
Gazdar’s book have each leftover and shortage about implicature.
The writer finds several reseachers who used theory of pragmatic in the
term grice’s maxims of cooperative principle especially in conversational
implicature. They have the same topic or subject, but different in using the way
and how to apply it. Some of these thesis have each purpose to analysis. The
following previous study that used theory of conversational implicature.
Firstly from Makin (2015) the research is about “The Analysis of
Conversational Implicature and its Violation Maxims in the Movie Grown Ups 2
2013. The researcher analyzes utterances that contain of conversational
implicature and violation maxims in the data. His research uses qualitative
method. It is used to interpret the data discriptively based on conversational
implicature and cooperative principle theory proposed by Grice. The data is
explained by showing the context of situation, the implicature of utterance, and
the maxims. This research deals with collecting and analyzing unstructured
information which is messy and uninformative. Then, classifying data based on
the type of utterances, describing and analyzing the conversational implicature
and its violation maxims in the movie “Grown Ups 2 2013”, and the last drawing
the conclusion and suggestions based on data analysis. The rusult of this research
consist of three points. The first point there are 12 data Generalized
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conversational implicature and 13 data Particularized conversational implicature.
the most violation maxims is maxim of quantity which is 44% or 11 data.
Whereas, the others are 24% or 6 data for maxim of quality, 12% or 3 data for
maxim relation, and 20% or 5 data for maxim of manner.
Secondly from Muvida (2015) this research is about “The Conversational
Implicature that is used by the three main character in Hotel Transylvania
movie”. Data are explained by showing the context of situation, the types of
conversational implicature, the maxim that can be considered, and the implicature
of the utterance. This research use a descriptive qualitative method to explain the
problems statement. To inform the questions, the researcher collects the data, the
basic units or building blocks of information. The result of this research fouded
there are 278 data. There are 234 utterances included as Generalized
Conversational Implicature, and
44 utterances are included as Particularized
Conversational Implicature. In
generalized conversational implicature, 46
utterances are included as scalar conversational implicature.
The previous research above have simmilar theories that are being applied
in their thesis. They use theory of Cooperative Principle and use theory of
Conversational Implicature that is proposed by Grice (1975). The previous studies
above use qualitative approach to analyze the data and both of the previous study
above used movie as object. In this thesis the researcher also uses the
Conversational Implicature theory by Grice (1975). The different from the
research with the previous studies above is the writer not only discuss the
Conversational Implicature by Grice (1975) of the utterances but also explain
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function of implicature based on the theory of speech act classification which is
proposed by Searle (1975). So, from the background of the study above can
conclude that the writer use implicature as theory of this research and entitled is
“An Analysis of Conversational Implicature Found in The Dialogue Transcript of
22 Jump Street Movie”.
1.2 Research Problem
Based on some reasons that explained in the background of the study and
to make this research easier to be solved, some questions to answer in this
research stated below, they are:
1.
What are the type of conversational implicature that found in the
dialogue transcript of “22 Jump Street” movie?
2.
What are the function of each implicature that found in the
dialogue transcript of “22 Jump Street” movie?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
In relation the problem of the study is try to answer two problems above.
This study is aimed:
1.
To find the type of each conversational implicature that is
found in the dialogue transcript of 22 Jump Street movie.
2.
To analyze the function of each implicature that is found in the
dialogue transcript of 22 Jump Street movie.
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1.4 Scope and Limitation
This study focuses on conversational implicatures as found in the dialogue
of 22 Jump Street movie, its intended of type of conversational implicature that is
the utterance of conversation to classified in types of implicature. Type of
conversational implicature that include generalized implicature and particularized
implicature. Then, those utterance identyfied in function of conversation
implicature.
1.5 Significance
This research analyzes the conversational implicature and function of
implicature in the movie of 22 Jump Street, it hopefully can be useful and give
contribution either theoretically nor practically.The theoretically significant of this
research is this research useful to give explaination and information about
implicature expecially in type of conversational implicature and function of
implicature. This research would give advantage and useful for the reader as next
reference of linguistic to undersatand about study of pragmatic expecially in
implicature. In addition, this research will increase our understanding about the
implied meaning in the utterance of the speakers that include in implicature.
The practially significant of this research the, researcher want to show the
implied meaning of the utterance that found in dialogue transcript of “22 Jump
Street” movie. The reeader of this research would be understand the menaing of
implied mening in movie of 22 Jump Street based on conversational implicature.
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1.6 Definition of Key Terms
Conversational implicature is the proposition or statement which may be
interpreted, implied or intended by the speaker, different from what was actually
said by the speaker (Gazdar 1979: 38).
Generalized implicature is when no special knowledge is required in the context
to calculate the additional conveyed meaning (Yule, 1996: 130).
Particularized Implicature is an additional unstated meaning that depends on
special or local knowledge (Yule, 1996: 132).
22 Jump Street Movie is a 2014 american action comedy movie which is written
by Jonah Hill, Michael Bacall, Oren Uziel and Rodney Rothman. The movie is
about two police who undecover as student collage in MC state university
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_Jump_Street).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the writer reviews some theories which are related to this
study. This review is very important because it is used as the basic of the analysis
of the study. This chapter discusses the explanation of the theories connected with
implicature. There are some theories used to analyze the data. They are
implicature, conversational implicature, type of conversational implicature (that
include of generalized and particularized conversational implicature) and speech
act. The following are the explanation.
2.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a part of linguistic that learning about the relationship
between context and meaning. The science of pragmatic is learning about how the
convey of meaning not only depends on linguistic knowledge from the speaker
and the listener, but also from the narattive context, and implied purpose of the
speaker. Yule (1996: 3) states that pragmatic is concerned with the study of
meaning as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener.
Consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their
utterance than what the words or phrases in those utterance might mean by
themselves. Levinson also defines of pragmatics that is the study of those
relations between language and context that grammaticalized, or encoded in the
structure of a language (1983:9). So, this studies explain about concluded what the
purpose is spoken by the speaker to be understood by the listener.
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Pragmatics have some branch, they are speech act theory, conversational
implicature, talk in interaction, presupposition, cooperative principle and etc. In
this case, pragmatics explains about how language users are able to overcome
apparent changing of uttarance. The researcher take one of pragmatic branch as
theory to analyze this study and only focus on the utterance that include of
implicature and type of conversational implicature.
2.1.1
Implicature
Implicature is one of the concept of pragmatics that most protruding. The
word implicature is derived from the verb “to imply”. Imply means that when we
are communicate, we want to express our idea or feeling, but without saying it
directly. Mey state that to imply means to fold something into something else
(from the Latin verb plicare to fold) hence, that which is implied is folded in, and
has to be unfolded in order to be understood (2001:45). Implicature itself means
that a language phenomena that explain about the different that happend in
conversation, such as what speaker said unsuitable with what will be applied by
listener. Gazdar defined implicature that is an implicature is a proposition that is
implied by the utterance of a sentence in a context even thought that proposition is
not part of nor an entailment of what was actually said (1979: 38).
Therefor, implicature is a form of speech that implies something and
different with the actually spoken. So, implicature is the purpose, desire or
expressions of hidden heart. The term implicature is used by Grice (1975) to
account for what a speaker can implay, suggest, or mean as distinct from what the
speaker literary (Brown, Gillian and Yule:31). Thomas in Plaritdge explain an
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implicature is generated intentional by the speaker and may (or may not be
understood by the hearer (2006:70). In other hand, sometimes hearer do not
undersatand about the discussed by speaker. furthermore, the hearer must
understand the speaker said and interpret the speaker implied. In the below is one
example of implicature.
Example:
Rendi: Do you want to come to the rani’s home?
Joko:
I'm finish homework today.
In example above, Joko is not actually answering the question of Rendi.
He does not actually say Yes or Not he will go to the rani’s home with Rendi. The
implicature of his response is that, Joko is not coming. Joko has conveyed a
meaning, intentionally, without explicitly stating it.
Grice distinguishes between two types of implicatures, they are
conventional implicature and conversational implicature. Yule (1996: 227) states
that Conversational implicatures is pragmatic implication that implied in a
conversation. Conventional implicatures is implicature obtained directly from the
meaning of the word not from the conversation principle.
In this research, the researcher focused in type of conversational
implicature. So, the researcher more explain in conversational implicature, but the
researcher bit explain about definition of conventational implicature. Below the
reseracher would like to explained type of conversational implicature. Before that,
the resercher explain first conversational implicature.
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2.1.1.1 Conversational Implicature
Conversational implicature is pragmatic implications contained in the
conversation that appear as a result of violation of the conversation principle.
Yule (1969: 227) states that conversational implicature an additional unstated
meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle.
Conversational implicature it is a proposition or statement, namely what might be
interpreted, implied or intended by the speaker, which is different from what was
actually said by the speaker in a conversation (Gazdar 1979: 38). Mey state that
one could say that conversational implicature concerns the way we understand an
utterance in conversation in accordance with what we expect to hear (2001:46).
Thus, when speaker ask a question, a response from the hearer it doesnot
appropriate with the intended by speaker make.
In the below is an example of utterance in a conversation that contain an
conversational implicature.
A:
Your mobile phone is new. Why you do not buy iPhone?
B:
The price is more expensive.
Implied meaning in B’s utterance state that mobile phone that bought by A
is cheap while the price of iPhone is more expensive than mobile phone that
bought by A. B’s statement not say No or say Yes, B only say the price is more
expensive means that B’s statement do not want to buy the mobile phone is
expensive but is cheap.
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Grice introduces a distinction between two of spesific types in
conversational
implicature:
Generalized
Implicature
and
Particularized
Implicatures
2.1.1.1.1
Generalized Conversational Implicature
Generalized Conversational Implicature is when no special knowledge is
required in the context to calculate the additional conveyed meaning. Levinson
(1983: 126) defines Generalized conversational implicatures occur without
reference to any particular features of the context. Appearance of generalized
conversational implicature in conversation do not need special context. In other
words, special background knowledge or inferences are not required in calculating
the additional conveyed meaning. Grice (1989:37) states that this type of
implicature is characterized by the application of a certain form of words in an
utterance (in the absence of special circumstances) would normally carry such
implicature. For example:
Aqilah walked into a house today and saw a flower.
The expression implies of the Aqilah’s utterance above state that the house is not
Aqila’s house.
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Anathor example that include of generalized conversational implicature as
following:
David : Did you invite Bella and Riko in your party tonight?
Lenita : I inveted Bella.
From the utterance of David and Lenita there is no special context of the
Lenita’s statement. Yet, when David ask to Lenita about whether Lenita invite
Bella and Riko in her party. Lenita only say if she invite Bella, she does not say
invite Riko also. It means that Lenita does not invite Riko, she only invite Bella.
When no special knowledge is requares in the context to calculate conveyed
meaning, it is called generalized conversational implicature.
2.1.1.1.2
Particularized Implicature
Paltridge (2006:70) state that particularized conversational implicatures,
however are derived from a particular context, rather than from the use of the
words alone. These result from the maxim of relation. That is, the speaker
assumes the hearer will search for the relevance of what they are saying and
derive an intended meaning. Yule (1996: 234) states that particularized
conversational implicature an additional unstated meaning that depends on special
or local knowledge. Particularized conversational implicature is an implicature
where some assumed knowledge is required in very specific contexts during a
conversation. Futhermore, in this case particularized conversational implicature is
a implicature that appearance requires a special context.
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For example:
Ana
: Hey, coming to the willy’s party tonight?
Samuel : My parents are visiting
From these utterance above, where Samuel’s respon does not appropriate
with Ana’s question. Samuel does not say Yes or No, moreover he say if his
parent came to visiting him. In order to make relevant between Ana’s question
with samuel’s respon, Samuel must say to Ana “No, I can not came to the willy’s
party to night because my parent come to visiting me. Samuel will be spending
that evening with his parents, and time spent with parents is quiet and
consequently Ana not at party. In short the implicature that rely much on the
special context, it is can be classified into particularized conversational
implicatures.
2.1.2
Speech act
Speech act theory was developed by philosopher John Austin in an effort
to explain how particular utterances operate within natural language. Yule state
that speech act an action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate
(1996: 239).Thus, can conclude that the speech act has psikologis function and
social function when we are communicating. Beside that, speech act have function
as a means to do something through the actions that said through orally.According
to the book of “The Study of Language by Yule (2010: 133) the term of speech
act is to describe action such as requesting, commanding, questioning, or
informing. Speech act as the action performed by a speaker with an utterance. If
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you say I will be there at six, you are not just speaking, you seem to be
performing the speech act of promising. Theory of speech act explain how this
done. When you want to say toward someone if “in the closet there is a
sheepdog”. You not only say something but you warn also (Fromkin, Robert and
Hyams, 2009:215).
Speech act in linguistic is an utterance that has performative function in
language and communication. Utterances produced in the process of
communication consist of some different functions. They cannot only be seen
structurally, but other possible functional uses of language are also involved.
Therefore, Searle (1976) state that there are just five basic kinds of action that one
can perform in speaking, by means of the following five types of utterance.
2.1.2.1 Representative
Representative is speech acts that commit a speaker to the truth of the
expressed proposition and to the truth of something. Yule (1996:92) also state
that representative is kind of speech act that state what the speaker believes to be
the case or not. (eg: critisizing, asserting, informing, claiming, reporting.
For example:
a. The materials for learning today is about language phenomena in
pragmatic .
b. Today the weather is sunny
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The A’s statement above include of Representative which is informing.
While the B’s statement which is asserting. In using representative, the speaker
makes words fit the world (true statement).
2.1.2.2 Directive
Directive is a speech acts that are to cause the hearer to take a particular
action, or when the speaker expects the listener to do something as a response.
Putrayasa (2014:91) state that directives which are attempts of the speaker to
encourage the hearer to do something. Such us ordering, commanding, requesting,
and etc.
For example:
a. Rani: Could you lend me a pen, please?
b. Fera: Close the window!
The Rani’s utterance above include of Directive which is requesting, while
in Fera’s utterance is commanding. In using directive speaker trying to adjust the
world with word (through listener)
2.1.2.3 Commissive
Commissive is speech acts that commit a speaker to some future action.
Yule (1996: 94 ) define that commissiveare those kinds of speech acts that
speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. Commissive express
what the intended by speaker. They are promise, threats, refusing, vowing etc.
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For example:
a. I promise, I will came back tomorrow
b. I don’t want to do things that you command
In example above that include of Commissive but different purpose. the
A’s utterance is about promise and B is about refusing. In using commissive,
speaker trying to adjust world with word (through speaker).
2.1.2.4 Expressives
Expressives is speech acts that express the speaker's attitudes and emotions
towards the proposition. In the pragmatic’s book Yule state that expressivesare
those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels (1996:93). Expressive
is to express the psychological state about affairs. Express our psychological
states like pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, sadness, and joyfull, thanksfull, greating
apologizing , praise, etc.
For example:
Excellent idea!
The expression above which is praise. In using expressive, speaker adjust
words with the world (with our fealling)
2.1.2.5 Declarative
Speech acts that change the reality in accord with the proposition of the
declaration. This speech about the someone that would pronouncing someone
husband and wife.Declaration are those kinds of speech acts that change the world
via their uttarance (Yule,1996: 92).
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For example:
Priest : I know pronounce you husband and wife.
In using declaration speaker changes the world with the our utterance.
The process of conveying message in communication can be in form anything,
either verbal nor implied. When speaker conveys the message through the verbal
it means that the speaker convey the message is directly. Yet, when the speaker
convey the message through the implied means that the speaker convey the
message is indirectly or through the implied meaning. Both of them either verbal
nor implied have purpose behind the something uttered.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
In this chapter, the researcher discusses the researcher method used in this
research. This chapter consist of four section. The first section explains the type of
research used in conducting the study. The second section is instrument. The third
section is about data and data source. The four section explains the method of
collecting data, and the last section describes a method of analyzing data.
3.1 Type of Research Approach
The study used descriptive qualitative approach as the research design.
The researcher chooses qualitative as research approach because the researcher
describes and analyzes the type of conversational implicature in dialogue of 22
Jump Street movie and analyze the function of implicature. Descriptive qualitative
is the type of research that analyzes the data by using explanations or discussion
questions. This method is usually used to describe about language phenomena.
Denzin and Lincoln offer defined about qualitative researche that adapted
in the Handbook of Qualitative Research: second edition (in Ritchie and Lewis,
2003: 2) that Qualitative research is a situated activity that locates the observer in
the world. It consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that makes the
world visible. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural
settings, attempting to make sense of, or to interpret, phenomena in terms of the
meanings people bring to them (2000: 3). Beside that, Bryman (in Ritchie and
21
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22
Lewis, 2003: 3) said that the way in which people being studied understand and
interpret their social reality is one of the central motifs of qualitative research.
According to Mason (2002: 3) state that qualitative research was grounded
in a philosophical position which is broadly “interpretivist” in the sense that it is
concerned with how the social world is interpreted, understood, experienced,
produced or constituted. While different versions of qualitative research might
understand or approach these elements in different ways (for example, focusing
on social meanings, or interpretations, or practices, or discourses, or processes, or
constructions).
Qualitative research design is the research method that usually use
comprehension of the researcher to analyze the data. It means that the research
design of a qualitative study differs from quantitative study started with an
understanding to be tested, where must make the hypothesis first and required the
special scope to make right hypothesis. Therefore, qualitative research is
interpretative approach that concerned with understanding the meanings.
3.2 Instrument
The instrument of this research is the researcher herself, because this
research is used qualitative descriptive approach which focus on theoretical to
collect the data and analyze the data. In descriptive qualitative research, the most
important instrument used is the instrument of observation, interpration, and
documentation. Mukhtar (2013: 109) state that ourself is a instrument or rool of
direct observation, because all sense of researcher is essentially a tool of
observation.
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3.3 Data Sources and Data
Mukhtar defined the data source, according him the data source is Data
sources are the sources that enabled a researcher to get some information or data
that is needed in a study (2013: 107). Mason, Jenifer also state that data source is
important to begin a few words in analysis. Data sources in the sense are
repositories of knowledge, experiences, feelings or whatever, which are relevant
to your research (2002: 53). Source of data is the source from which the data is
taken. In this research, the source of data is transcript the 22 Jump Street movie.
This study concerned with the conversational implicature. Mukhtar
explains about the understanding of data. Data is the all of empirical information
and documentative that obtained
in the field as a construction science in
scientifically and academically. (2013: 99). The data of this research were
utterences in the dialogue of 22 Jump Street movie which are indicated
conversational implicature. The researcher limited the data only on utterances that
related with conversational implicature in 22 Jump Street movie. The data occured
in the dialogue transcript of 22 Jump Street movie.
3.4 Data Collection
In this case, the researcher collected the data related to utterances in
dialogue of 22 Jump Street movie. Creswell (2014) state that the data collection
steps include setting the boundaries for the study, collecting information through
unstructured or semi structured documents. During the process of research, the
researcher collected the data in the form of qualitative document. documentation
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method is a method of collecting data in form of notes, transcript, book,
newspapers, minutes of meetings, personal journals and diaries, letters, e-mails,
etc. The writer uses transcript to collect the data. Thus, there were some ways of
collecting the data in order to complete this study:
1. The first step, the researcher watching the movie of 22 Jump Street
and listen carefully of each conversation in 22 Jump Street movie
to check the accurates of English transcription with motion picture.
2. The second step, the researcher read the transcription movie to
choose the utterence of implicature in dialogue of 22 Jump Street
movie.
3. And the last the researcher classified the utterence include
generalized or particularized conversational implicature that
include in type of conversational implicature. This step is done to
easier the researcher to analyze the data.
3.5 Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the researcher uses Grice’s theory to find the type of
conversational implicature. Then, the writer also uses the theory of speech act
classificaton which is proposed (by Searle, 1975 to find the function of
implicature. Miles and Huberman (in Denzim and Lincoln, 1994: 429) state that
there are three current flows of data analysis, namely, data reduction, data display,
data analysis and conclusion drawing or verification.
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There are some steps to analyze the data, in the following below the
researcher will be explain those steps:
1. Data Reduction
Data reduction is is the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying,
abstracting, and transforming data that exists in the real transcriptions. In
this frist step, the researcher choose some relevant utterances in the
dialogue of 22 Jump Street movie. The researcher only focused on the
utterances which include of conversational implicature.
Data
Utterance
Implicature
talking
We can do everything in
about? Look around. This
this city, without must to
is our city. What do we
be the real student
What
are
you
1.
want to be in collage for?
collage.
2.
3. Data Display
Miles and Huberman explain about data display that adapted on the
qualitative data anlysis: a sourcebook of new methods is an organized
assembly of information that permits conclusion drawing and action taking
(1984: 21). Data display is organized information including the final
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conclusion. In data display the researcher classified these utterances based
on the type of conversational implicatue and the function of implicature.
Type of
Function of
Data
Utterance
Implicature
Implicature
Implicature
GCI
1. What are you talking
about? Look around.
This is our city.
PCI
We can do
everything in this
city, without must
√
Representative
Informing
What do we want to
to be the real
be in collage for?
student collage.
Note
:
GCI
: Generalized Conversational Implicature
PCI
: Particularized Conversational Implicature
4. Data Analysis
After showing and classified the utterance according to type of
conversation implicature and function of implicature, the researcher
described the type of conversational implicature . Then the writer analyzed
the function of implicature.
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Sample of analyze the utterance in dialogue transcript of 22 Jump
Street movie stated below.
Dantum 1
Context:
Schmidt and Jenko are watching the lecture on their
iPad as they stand by their car in a parking lot.
Jenko:
What are you talking about? Look around. This is our
city. What do we want to be in collage for?
Analysis
Jenko gives the information which is not true. Jenko state that they
can do everything in their city without they must in collage first. They
must not going in actual collage just in onlain collage, listening to coded
messages and lecturer. They are a cap, so they can do everything. The type
of implicature belongs to General
Dialogue Transcript of “22 Jump Street” Movie
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Adab and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
by:
Nurul Aida
NIM: A83212178
English Department
Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya
2016
An Analysis of Conversational Implicature Found in The
Dialogue Transcript of “22 Jump Street” Movie
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Adab and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
by:
Nurul Aida
NIM: A83212178
English Department
Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya
2016
ABSTRACT
Aida, Nurul. 2016. An Analysis of Conversational Implicature Found in The
Diologue Transcript of 22 Jump Street movie. Thesis English Department,
Faculty of Act and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya.
Advisor:M. Thoriqussu’ud, M. Pd.
Key Words: Conversational Implicature, Generalized Implicature, Particularized
Implicature.
This study explains about the analysis of conversational implicature found
in the dialogue transcript of 22 Jump Street movie. Data are explained by showing
the context of situation, the type of conversational implicature theory of Grice
(1975) and the function of implicature theory of Searle (1975).
The researcher uses the method of qualitative approach. The steps of
analysis are reducing, displaying, analysis. First reducing, the resercher selecting
the data that exist in the real transcriptions. Then, display, the resercher
identifying and classifying the utterance in table finding to make the researcher
easier to analyze. Next, analysis the data, the resercher analyzing the utterance
that have been choosen.The last the researcher drew a conclusion the types of
conversational implicature and the function of implicature.
The result of the study describes the process of identifying conversational
implicature, There are 30 utterance that have implied meaning include of
conversational implicature. There are 11 utterance that include of generalized and
19 utterance that include of particularized implicature. The mostly finding is
particularized conversational implicature.
iv
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INTISARI
Aida, Nurul. 2016. An Analysis of Conversational Implicature Found in The
Diologue Transcript of 22 Jump Street movie. Thesis English Department,
Faculty of Act and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya.
Pembimbing: M. Thoriqussu’ud, M. Pd.
Kata Kunci:
Implikatur Percakapan, Percakapan Umum, Percakapan Khusus
Skripsi ini membahas tentang analisis dari implikatur percakapan yang
ditemukan dalam transkrip percakapan dari filem 22 Jump Street. Data dijelaskan
dengan menujukkan situasi konteks, tipe dari implikatur percakapn teori dari
Grice dan funngsi dari implikatur teori dari Searle.
Peneliti menggunakan metode pendekatan qualitatif. Langkah-langkah
dari analisis skripsi ini adalah data reduksi atau meringkas data, yaitu peneliti
memilih data yang ada di transkrip nyata. Kemudian, data displai, peneliti
mengidentifikasi dan mengkalsifikasikan ucapan dalam tabel penemuan untuk
memudahkan peneliti dalam menganalisis. Selanjutnya, data analisis, peneliti
menganalisis data yang teleh dipilih. Yang terakhir adalah ringkasan, peneliti
meringkas tipe dari implikatur percakapan dan fungsi dari implikature.
Hasil dari analisis ini menjelaskan tentang proses dari identifikasi
implikatur. Ada 30 ucapan yang mempunyai makna tersirat yang termasuk dalam
implikatur. Ada 11 ucapan ynag termasuk kedalam percakapan umum dan ada 19
ucapan yang termasuk kedalam percakapan khusus. Paling banyak ditemukan
dalam film 22 Jump Street adalah percakapan khusus.
v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover .....................................................................................................
i
Declaration Page .............................................................................................
ii
Dedication Page ..............................................................................................
iii
Motto ...............................................................................................................
iv
Advisor’s Approval Page ................................................................................
v
Examiners Approval Sheet ...............................................................................
vi
Acknowledgements .........................................................................................
vii
Table of Contents ............................................................................................
ix
Abstract ...........................................................................................................
xi
Intisari .............................................................................................................
xii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study ..........................................................................
1
1.2. Research of Problems ................................................................................
7
1.3. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................
7
1.4. Scope and Limitation ................................................................................
8
1.5. Significance of Study ................................................................................
8
1.6. Definition of Key Terms ..........................................................................
9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Pragmatic....................................................................................................
10
2.1.1 Implicature .........................................................................................
11
2.1.1.1 Conversational Implicature ...........................................................
13
2.1.1.1.1 Generalized Conversational Implicature ...........................
14
2.1.1.1.2 Particularized Conversational Implicature ........................
15
2.1.2 Speech act ..........................................................................................
16
2.1.2.1 Representative......................................................................
17
2.1.2.2 Directive ..............................................................................
18
2.1.2.3 Commissive .........................................................................
18
2.1.2.4 Expressives ..........................................................................
19
2.1.2.5 Declarative ...........................................................................
19
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Type of Research Approach .......................................................................
21
3.2 Instrument ..................................................................................................
22
3.3 Data and Data Source .................................................................................
23
3.4 Data Collection...........................................................................................
23
3.5 Data Analysis .............................................................................................
24
1. Reduction the Data ...............................................................................
25
2. Display the Data ...................................................................................
25
3. Analysis the Data .................................................................................
26
4. Verification and Conclusion.................................................................
27
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Finding .......................................................................................................
29
4.1.1 The Conversational Implicature .........................................................
30
1. The type of Conversational Implicature .........................................
30
2. Implicature and the Function of Implicature ..................................
30
4.1.2 Analysis..............................................................................................
37
1. Generalized Conversational Implicature .......................................
38
2. Particularized Conversational Implicature ....................................
39
4.2 Discussion ..................................................................................................
68
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................
73
5.2 Suggestion .................................................................................................
74
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................
75
APPENDICES ................................................................................................
77
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1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents about background of the study, problem of the study,
objective of the study, scope and limitataion, significance and definition of the
key terms.
1.1.Background of the Study
Movie is a moving picture that be produced by recording people or
objects. Movies are a type of visual communication which use moving pictures
and sound to tell stories or to inform. Usually people watch movie to
entertainment or sometimes improve language skill. For some people, movie can
make someone laugh, while to others people it can make someone cry, or feel
afraid. Movie is the most popular media and can be watched easly. People can go
to cinema to watch the movie, or they can watch the their favorite movie in home
by DVD or download. Stoehr (2002: 2-4) state that movie has the innate capacity,
much like that of novels and poetry, to stimulate our thinking and knowledge
acquisition as our reason and imagination are called forth to participate directly in
a human creted “world”. Movie is closely releted to traditional painting in terms
of their visual presentation of shape and images upon two dimensional canvas (in
the case of cinema, upon a motion picture screen)”. Therefore, in this study, the
researcher uses movie as object to analyze. In this case, the movie that coosen by
the researcher is 22 Jump Street movie.
1
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22 Jump Street movie is the sequel to the 2012 movie 21 Jump Street,
based on the television series of the same name in 1987 by Stephan J. Cannell and
Patrick Hasburgh.Wikipedia state that 22 Jump Street movie is a american action
comedy movie directed by Phil Lord and Cristopher Miller, written by Jonnah
Hill, Michael Bacall, Oren Uziel and Rodney Rothman. The movie production in
2014
by
colombia
Pictures
and
Metro
Goldwyn
Mayer
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_Jump_Street).
The movie who produced and starred by Jonah Hill (as Schmidt) and
Channing Tatum (as Jenko) tells about the two police officers, Schmidt (Jonah
Hill) and Jenko (Channing Tatum). They will recive a new assignment from their
Deputy and their Captain. Before that, their assignment is undercover as college
students and locate the supplier of a drug that usually called by student collage
with “WHY-PHY” (Work Hard, Yes, Play Hard, Yes) that killed a student that
named cinthya. They both masquerade as collage students to facilitate
investigation.
The reason why the researcher is interested to choose movie is because
movie provides the language phenomena within its dialogue transcript such like
implicature. Then, why “22 Jump Street” movie is because this movie rich humor
and Jokes and in dialogue of 22 Jump Street movie have utterance that include of
implicature expecially utterance of conversational implicature.
The researcher focuses on utterances that include of implicature.
Analyzing utterances that include of implicature in 22 Jump Street movie can use
branches of pragmatic. Pragmatics is part of linguistic. Pragmatic studies about
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3
the relationship between context and meaning. Yule (1996:3) stated that
pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker
and interpreted by a listener. There are many advantages of studying pragmatics
as stated by Yule in his book “Pragmatics”: The advantage of studying via
pragmatics is that one can talk about people’s intended meanings, their
assumptions, their purpose or goals, and the kind of actions (for example, request)
that they are performing when they speak (1996: 5).
Furthermore, there are many topics of pragmatics they are speech act
theory, cooperation and implicature, persuposition and etc. In this study, the
researcher uses theory of implicature that focused in conversational implicature.
Grice (in Putrayasa, 2014:65) says “implikatur percakapan sebagai salah satu
aspek kajian pragmatik yang perhatian utamanya adalah mempelajari maksud
suatu ucapan sesuai dengan konteksnya”. (Conversational implicature as one of
aspect in the study of pragmatics that the main concern was to learn the implied
meaning of an utterance in context). The philosopher Grice introduced the term
conversational implicature. Grice sets out four conversational maxims that he
asserted people generally follow when communicating efficiently. They are
Maxim of Quality, Maxim of Quantity, Maxim of Relevance and Maxim of
Manner. The category of Quality is governed by a supermaxim: “Try to make
your contribution one that is true”. The category of Quantity relates to the quantity
of information to be provided. The category of Relation has a single maxim, “Be
relevant”, while the final category of Manner has a short “super” maxim “Be
perspicuous” which has various submaxims (Grice: 1989, 27).
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According to Grice (1975), There are two types of Conversational
Implicature, they are Generalized Implicature and Particularized Implicature.
Generalized implicature is a conversational implicature that is inferable without
reference to any special context. Particularized Implicature is conversational
implicature that is derivable only in specific context. Beside that, the researcher
also focused on the function of implicature based on the theory of speech act
classification which is proposed by Saerle (1975). Saerle intruduces five function
of the implicature based on the theory of speech act classification. These function
of implicature are representative, directive, commissive, declarative, and
expressive.
In this research the writer uses Yule’s book as guide to analyze and solve
the problem of the study. The reason why the writter choose George Yule’s book
entitled “Pragmatic” as guide to analyze is because in pragmatic’s book by
George Yule published 1996, George Yule unchange but to support the more
academically oriented introductions to linguistic, to prepare the conceptual
ground. Moreover, in his book Yule explains about parts of pragmatic. Grice’s
theory about cooperation and Implicature in George Yule’s books explained one
by one, the begining from cooperation that explain about cooperative principle
and Implicature that explain about type of Implicature and type of converational
implicature. In type of conversational implicature George Yule adds about Scalar
implicatures. In other book such us Grice’s book entitled “Studies in the Way of
Words” published1989 and Gerald Gazdar’s book entitled “Pragmatic
Implicature, Presupposition and Logical Form” published1979. The writer does
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not choose to use this book as guide to analyze because in the book only explains
specific part of Implicature and special part of Conversational Implicature that is
Generalized Conversational Implicature. In Gazdar’s book did not explain
generally type of conversational Implicature. Either Yule’s book, Grice’s book or
Gazdar’s book have each leftover and shortage about implicature.
The writer finds several reseachers who used theory of pragmatic in the
term grice’s maxims of cooperative principle especially in conversational
implicature. They have the same topic or subject, but different in using the way
and how to apply it. Some of these thesis have each purpose to analysis. The
following previous study that used theory of conversational implicature.
Firstly from Makin (2015) the research is about “The Analysis of
Conversational Implicature and its Violation Maxims in the Movie Grown Ups 2
2013. The researcher analyzes utterances that contain of conversational
implicature and violation maxims in the data. His research uses qualitative
method. It is used to interpret the data discriptively based on conversational
implicature and cooperative principle theory proposed by Grice. The data is
explained by showing the context of situation, the implicature of utterance, and
the maxims. This research deals with collecting and analyzing unstructured
information which is messy and uninformative. Then, classifying data based on
the type of utterances, describing and analyzing the conversational implicature
and its violation maxims in the movie “Grown Ups 2 2013”, and the last drawing
the conclusion and suggestions based on data analysis. The rusult of this research
consist of three points. The first point there are 12 data Generalized
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conversational implicature and 13 data Particularized conversational implicature.
the most violation maxims is maxim of quantity which is 44% or 11 data.
Whereas, the others are 24% or 6 data for maxim of quality, 12% or 3 data for
maxim relation, and 20% or 5 data for maxim of manner.
Secondly from Muvida (2015) this research is about “The Conversational
Implicature that is used by the three main character in Hotel Transylvania
movie”. Data are explained by showing the context of situation, the types of
conversational implicature, the maxim that can be considered, and the implicature
of the utterance. This research use a descriptive qualitative method to explain the
problems statement. To inform the questions, the researcher collects the data, the
basic units or building blocks of information. The result of this research fouded
there are 278 data. There are 234 utterances included as Generalized
Conversational Implicature, and
44 utterances are included as Particularized
Conversational Implicature. In
generalized conversational implicature, 46
utterances are included as scalar conversational implicature.
The previous research above have simmilar theories that are being applied
in their thesis. They use theory of Cooperative Principle and use theory of
Conversational Implicature that is proposed by Grice (1975). The previous studies
above use qualitative approach to analyze the data and both of the previous study
above used movie as object. In this thesis the researcher also uses the
Conversational Implicature theory by Grice (1975). The different from the
research with the previous studies above is the writer not only discuss the
Conversational Implicature by Grice (1975) of the utterances but also explain
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function of implicature based on the theory of speech act classification which is
proposed by Searle (1975). So, from the background of the study above can
conclude that the writer use implicature as theory of this research and entitled is
“An Analysis of Conversational Implicature Found in The Dialogue Transcript of
22 Jump Street Movie”.
1.2 Research Problem
Based on some reasons that explained in the background of the study and
to make this research easier to be solved, some questions to answer in this
research stated below, they are:
1.
What are the type of conversational implicature that found in the
dialogue transcript of “22 Jump Street” movie?
2.
What are the function of each implicature that found in the
dialogue transcript of “22 Jump Street” movie?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
In relation the problem of the study is try to answer two problems above.
This study is aimed:
1.
To find the type of each conversational implicature that is
found in the dialogue transcript of 22 Jump Street movie.
2.
To analyze the function of each implicature that is found in the
dialogue transcript of 22 Jump Street movie.
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1.4 Scope and Limitation
This study focuses on conversational implicatures as found in the dialogue
of 22 Jump Street movie, its intended of type of conversational implicature that is
the utterance of conversation to classified in types of implicature. Type of
conversational implicature that include generalized implicature and particularized
implicature. Then, those utterance identyfied in function of conversation
implicature.
1.5 Significance
This research analyzes the conversational implicature and function of
implicature in the movie of 22 Jump Street, it hopefully can be useful and give
contribution either theoretically nor practically.The theoretically significant of this
research is this research useful to give explaination and information about
implicature expecially in type of conversational implicature and function of
implicature. This research would give advantage and useful for the reader as next
reference of linguistic to undersatand about study of pragmatic expecially in
implicature. In addition, this research will increase our understanding about the
implied meaning in the utterance of the speakers that include in implicature.
The practially significant of this research the, researcher want to show the
implied meaning of the utterance that found in dialogue transcript of “22 Jump
Street” movie. The reeader of this research would be understand the menaing of
implied mening in movie of 22 Jump Street based on conversational implicature.
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1.6 Definition of Key Terms
Conversational implicature is the proposition or statement which may be
interpreted, implied or intended by the speaker, different from what was actually
said by the speaker (Gazdar 1979: 38).
Generalized implicature is when no special knowledge is required in the context
to calculate the additional conveyed meaning (Yule, 1996: 130).
Particularized Implicature is an additional unstated meaning that depends on
special or local knowledge (Yule, 1996: 132).
22 Jump Street Movie is a 2014 american action comedy movie which is written
by Jonah Hill, Michael Bacall, Oren Uziel and Rodney Rothman. The movie is
about two police who undecover as student collage in MC state university
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_Jump_Street).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the writer reviews some theories which are related to this
study. This review is very important because it is used as the basic of the analysis
of the study. This chapter discusses the explanation of the theories connected with
implicature. There are some theories used to analyze the data. They are
implicature, conversational implicature, type of conversational implicature (that
include of generalized and particularized conversational implicature) and speech
act. The following are the explanation.
2.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a part of linguistic that learning about the relationship
between context and meaning. The science of pragmatic is learning about how the
convey of meaning not only depends on linguistic knowledge from the speaker
and the listener, but also from the narattive context, and implied purpose of the
speaker. Yule (1996: 3) states that pragmatic is concerned with the study of
meaning as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener.
Consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their
utterance than what the words or phrases in those utterance might mean by
themselves. Levinson also defines of pragmatics that is the study of those
relations between language and context that grammaticalized, or encoded in the
structure of a language (1983:9). So, this studies explain about concluded what the
purpose is spoken by the speaker to be understood by the listener.
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Pragmatics have some branch, they are speech act theory, conversational
implicature, talk in interaction, presupposition, cooperative principle and etc. In
this case, pragmatics explains about how language users are able to overcome
apparent changing of uttarance. The researcher take one of pragmatic branch as
theory to analyze this study and only focus on the utterance that include of
implicature and type of conversational implicature.
2.1.1
Implicature
Implicature is one of the concept of pragmatics that most protruding. The
word implicature is derived from the verb “to imply”. Imply means that when we
are communicate, we want to express our idea or feeling, but without saying it
directly. Mey state that to imply means to fold something into something else
(from the Latin verb plicare to fold) hence, that which is implied is folded in, and
has to be unfolded in order to be understood (2001:45). Implicature itself means
that a language phenomena that explain about the different that happend in
conversation, such as what speaker said unsuitable with what will be applied by
listener. Gazdar defined implicature that is an implicature is a proposition that is
implied by the utterance of a sentence in a context even thought that proposition is
not part of nor an entailment of what was actually said (1979: 38).
Therefor, implicature is a form of speech that implies something and
different with the actually spoken. So, implicature is the purpose, desire or
expressions of hidden heart. The term implicature is used by Grice (1975) to
account for what a speaker can implay, suggest, or mean as distinct from what the
speaker literary (Brown, Gillian and Yule:31). Thomas in Plaritdge explain an
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implicature is generated intentional by the speaker and may (or may not be
understood by the hearer (2006:70). In other hand, sometimes hearer do not
undersatand about the discussed by speaker. furthermore, the hearer must
understand the speaker said and interpret the speaker implied. In the below is one
example of implicature.
Example:
Rendi: Do you want to come to the rani’s home?
Joko:
I'm finish homework today.
In example above, Joko is not actually answering the question of Rendi.
He does not actually say Yes or Not he will go to the rani’s home with Rendi. The
implicature of his response is that, Joko is not coming. Joko has conveyed a
meaning, intentionally, without explicitly stating it.
Grice distinguishes between two types of implicatures, they are
conventional implicature and conversational implicature. Yule (1996: 227) states
that Conversational implicatures is pragmatic implication that implied in a
conversation. Conventional implicatures is implicature obtained directly from the
meaning of the word not from the conversation principle.
In this research, the researcher focused in type of conversational
implicature. So, the researcher more explain in conversational implicature, but the
researcher bit explain about definition of conventational implicature. Below the
reseracher would like to explained type of conversational implicature. Before that,
the resercher explain first conversational implicature.
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2.1.1.1 Conversational Implicature
Conversational implicature is pragmatic implications contained in the
conversation that appear as a result of violation of the conversation principle.
Yule (1969: 227) states that conversational implicature an additional unstated
meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle.
Conversational implicature it is a proposition or statement, namely what might be
interpreted, implied or intended by the speaker, which is different from what was
actually said by the speaker in a conversation (Gazdar 1979: 38). Mey state that
one could say that conversational implicature concerns the way we understand an
utterance in conversation in accordance with what we expect to hear (2001:46).
Thus, when speaker ask a question, a response from the hearer it doesnot
appropriate with the intended by speaker make.
In the below is an example of utterance in a conversation that contain an
conversational implicature.
A:
Your mobile phone is new. Why you do not buy iPhone?
B:
The price is more expensive.
Implied meaning in B’s utterance state that mobile phone that bought by A
is cheap while the price of iPhone is more expensive than mobile phone that
bought by A. B’s statement not say No or say Yes, B only say the price is more
expensive means that B’s statement do not want to buy the mobile phone is
expensive but is cheap.
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Grice introduces a distinction between two of spesific types in
conversational
implicature:
Generalized
Implicature
and
Particularized
Implicatures
2.1.1.1.1
Generalized Conversational Implicature
Generalized Conversational Implicature is when no special knowledge is
required in the context to calculate the additional conveyed meaning. Levinson
(1983: 126) defines Generalized conversational implicatures occur without
reference to any particular features of the context. Appearance of generalized
conversational implicature in conversation do not need special context. In other
words, special background knowledge or inferences are not required in calculating
the additional conveyed meaning. Grice (1989:37) states that this type of
implicature is characterized by the application of a certain form of words in an
utterance (in the absence of special circumstances) would normally carry such
implicature. For example:
Aqilah walked into a house today and saw a flower.
The expression implies of the Aqilah’s utterance above state that the house is not
Aqila’s house.
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Anathor example that include of generalized conversational implicature as
following:
David : Did you invite Bella and Riko in your party tonight?
Lenita : I inveted Bella.
From the utterance of David and Lenita there is no special context of the
Lenita’s statement. Yet, when David ask to Lenita about whether Lenita invite
Bella and Riko in her party. Lenita only say if she invite Bella, she does not say
invite Riko also. It means that Lenita does not invite Riko, she only invite Bella.
When no special knowledge is requares in the context to calculate conveyed
meaning, it is called generalized conversational implicature.
2.1.1.1.2
Particularized Implicature
Paltridge (2006:70) state that particularized conversational implicatures,
however are derived from a particular context, rather than from the use of the
words alone. These result from the maxim of relation. That is, the speaker
assumes the hearer will search for the relevance of what they are saying and
derive an intended meaning. Yule (1996: 234) states that particularized
conversational implicature an additional unstated meaning that depends on special
or local knowledge. Particularized conversational implicature is an implicature
where some assumed knowledge is required in very specific contexts during a
conversation. Futhermore, in this case particularized conversational implicature is
a implicature that appearance requires a special context.
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For example:
Ana
: Hey, coming to the willy’s party tonight?
Samuel : My parents are visiting
From these utterance above, where Samuel’s respon does not appropriate
with Ana’s question. Samuel does not say Yes or No, moreover he say if his
parent came to visiting him. In order to make relevant between Ana’s question
with samuel’s respon, Samuel must say to Ana “No, I can not came to the willy’s
party to night because my parent come to visiting me. Samuel will be spending
that evening with his parents, and time spent with parents is quiet and
consequently Ana not at party. In short the implicature that rely much on the
special context, it is can be classified into particularized conversational
implicatures.
2.1.2
Speech act
Speech act theory was developed by philosopher John Austin in an effort
to explain how particular utterances operate within natural language. Yule state
that speech act an action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate
(1996: 239).Thus, can conclude that the speech act has psikologis function and
social function when we are communicating. Beside that, speech act have function
as a means to do something through the actions that said through orally.According
to the book of “The Study of Language by Yule (2010: 133) the term of speech
act is to describe action such as requesting, commanding, questioning, or
informing. Speech act as the action performed by a speaker with an utterance. If
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you say I will be there at six, you are not just speaking, you seem to be
performing the speech act of promising. Theory of speech act explain how this
done. When you want to say toward someone if “in the closet there is a
sheepdog”. You not only say something but you warn also (Fromkin, Robert and
Hyams, 2009:215).
Speech act in linguistic is an utterance that has performative function in
language and communication. Utterances produced in the process of
communication consist of some different functions. They cannot only be seen
structurally, but other possible functional uses of language are also involved.
Therefore, Searle (1976) state that there are just five basic kinds of action that one
can perform in speaking, by means of the following five types of utterance.
2.1.2.1 Representative
Representative is speech acts that commit a speaker to the truth of the
expressed proposition and to the truth of something. Yule (1996:92) also state
that representative is kind of speech act that state what the speaker believes to be
the case or not. (eg: critisizing, asserting, informing, claiming, reporting.
For example:
a. The materials for learning today is about language phenomena in
pragmatic .
b. Today the weather is sunny
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The A’s statement above include of Representative which is informing.
While the B’s statement which is asserting. In using representative, the speaker
makes words fit the world (true statement).
2.1.2.2 Directive
Directive is a speech acts that are to cause the hearer to take a particular
action, or when the speaker expects the listener to do something as a response.
Putrayasa (2014:91) state that directives which are attempts of the speaker to
encourage the hearer to do something. Such us ordering, commanding, requesting,
and etc.
For example:
a. Rani: Could you lend me a pen, please?
b. Fera: Close the window!
The Rani’s utterance above include of Directive which is requesting, while
in Fera’s utterance is commanding. In using directive speaker trying to adjust the
world with word (through listener)
2.1.2.3 Commissive
Commissive is speech acts that commit a speaker to some future action.
Yule (1996: 94 ) define that commissiveare those kinds of speech acts that
speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. Commissive express
what the intended by speaker. They are promise, threats, refusing, vowing etc.
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For example:
a. I promise, I will came back tomorrow
b. I don’t want to do things that you command
In example above that include of Commissive but different purpose. the
A’s utterance is about promise and B is about refusing. In using commissive,
speaker trying to adjust world with word (through speaker).
2.1.2.4 Expressives
Expressives is speech acts that express the speaker's attitudes and emotions
towards the proposition. In the pragmatic’s book Yule state that expressivesare
those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels (1996:93). Expressive
is to express the psychological state about affairs. Express our psychological
states like pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, sadness, and joyfull, thanksfull, greating
apologizing , praise, etc.
For example:
Excellent idea!
The expression above which is praise. In using expressive, speaker adjust
words with the world (with our fealling)
2.1.2.5 Declarative
Speech acts that change the reality in accord with the proposition of the
declaration. This speech about the someone that would pronouncing someone
husband and wife.Declaration are those kinds of speech acts that change the world
via their uttarance (Yule,1996: 92).
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For example:
Priest : I know pronounce you husband and wife.
In using declaration speaker changes the world with the our utterance.
The process of conveying message in communication can be in form anything,
either verbal nor implied. When speaker conveys the message through the verbal
it means that the speaker convey the message is directly. Yet, when the speaker
convey the message through the implied means that the speaker convey the
message is indirectly or through the implied meaning. Both of them either verbal
nor implied have purpose behind the something uttered.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
In this chapter, the researcher discusses the researcher method used in this
research. This chapter consist of four section. The first section explains the type of
research used in conducting the study. The second section is instrument. The third
section is about data and data source. The four section explains the method of
collecting data, and the last section describes a method of analyzing data.
3.1 Type of Research Approach
The study used descriptive qualitative approach as the research design.
The researcher chooses qualitative as research approach because the researcher
describes and analyzes the type of conversational implicature in dialogue of 22
Jump Street movie and analyze the function of implicature. Descriptive qualitative
is the type of research that analyzes the data by using explanations or discussion
questions. This method is usually used to describe about language phenomena.
Denzin and Lincoln offer defined about qualitative researche that adapted
in the Handbook of Qualitative Research: second edition (in Ritchie and Lewis,
2003: 2) that Qualitative research is a situated activity that locates the observer in
the world. It consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that makes the
world visible. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural
settings, attempting to make sense of, or to interpret, phenomena in terms of the
meanings people bring to them (2000: 3). Beside that, Bryman (in Ritchie and
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Lewis, 2003: 3) said that the way in which people being studied understand and
interpret their social reality is one of the central motifs of qualitative research.
According to Mason (2002: 3) state that qualitative research was grounded
in a philosophical position which is broadly “interpretivist” in the sense that it is
concerned with how the social world is interpreted, understood, experienced,
produced or constituted. While different versions of qualitative research might
understand or approach these elements in different ways (for example, focusing
on social meanings, or interpretations, or practices, or discourses, or processes, or
constructions).
Qualitative research design is the research method that usually use
comprehension of the researcher to analyze the data. It means that the research
design of a qualitative study differs from quantitative study started with an
understanding to be tested, where must make the hypothesis first and required the
special scope to make right hypothesis. Therefore, qualitative research is
interpretative approach that concerned with understanding the meanings.
3.2 Instrument
The instrument of this research is the researcher herself, because this
research is used qualitative descriptive approach which focus on theoretical to
collect the data and analyze the data. In descriptive qualitative research, the most
important instrument used is the instrument of observation, interpration, and
documentation. Mukhtar (2013: 109) state that ourself is a instrument or rool of
direct observation, because all sense of researcher is essentially a tool of
observation.
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3.3 Data Sources and Data
Mukhtar defined the data source, according him the data source is Data
sources are the sources that enabled a researcher to get some information or data
that is needed in a study (2013: 107). Mason, Jenifer also state that data source is
important to begin a few words in analysis. Data sources in the sense are
repositories of knowledge, experiences, feelings or whatever, which are relevant
to your research (2002: 53). Source of data is the source from which the data is
taken. In this research, the source of data is transcript the 22 Jump Street movie.
This study concerned with the conversational implicature. Mukhtar
explains about the understanding of data. Data is the all of empirical information
and documentative that obtained
in the field as a construction science in
scientifically and academically. (2013: 99). The data of this research were
utterences in the dialogue of 22 Jump Street movie which are indicated
conversational implicature. The researcher limited the data only on utterances that
related with conversational implicature in 22 Jump Street movie. The data occured
in the dialogue transcript of 22 Jump Street movie.
3.4 Data Collection
In this case, the researcher collected the data related to utterances in
dialogue of 22 Jump Street movie. Creswell (2014) state that the data collection
steps include setting the boundaries for the study, collecting information through
unstructured or semi structured documents. During the process of research, the
researcher collected the data in the form of qualitative document. documentation
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method is a method of collecting data in form of notes, transcript, book,
newspapers, minutes of meetings, personal journals and diaries, letters, e-mails,
etc. The writer uses transcript to collect the data. Thus, there were some ways of
collecting the data in order to complete this study:
1. The first step, the researcher watching the movie of 22 Jump Street
and listen carefully of each conversation in 22 Jump Street movie
to check the accurates of English transcription with motion picture.
2. The second step, the researcher read the transcription movie to
choose the utterence of implicature in dialogue of 22 Jump Street
movie.
3. And the last the researcher classified the utterence include
generalized or particularized conversational implicature that
include in type of conversational implicature. This step is done to
easier the researcher to analyze the data.
3.5 Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the researcher uses Grice’s theory to find the type of
conversational implicature. Then, the writer also uses the theory of speech act
classificaton which is proposed (by Searle, 1975 to find the function of
implicature. Miles and Huberman (in Denzim and Lincoln, 1994: 429) state that
there are three current flows of data analysis, namely, data reduction, data display,
data analysis and conclusion drawing or verification.
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There are some steps to analyze the data, in the following below the
researcher will be explain those steps:
1. Data Reduction
Data reduction is is the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying,
abstracting, and transforming data that exists in the real transcriptions. In
this frist step, the researcher choose some relevant utterances in the
dialogue of 22 Jump Street movie. The researcher only focused on the
utterances which include of conversational implicature.
Data
Utterance
Implicature
talking
We can do everything in
about? Look around. This
this city, without must to
is our city. What do we
be the real student
What
are
you
1.
want to be in collage for?
collage.
2.
3. Data Display
Miles and Huberman explain about data display that adapted on the
qualitative data anlysis: a sourcebook of new methods is an organized
assembly of information that permits conclusion drawing and action taking
(1984: 21). Data display is organized information including the final
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conclusion. In data display the researcher classified these utterances based
on the type of conversational implicatue and the function of implicature.
Type of
Function of
Data
Utterance
Implicature
Implicature
Implicature
GCI
1. What are you talking
about? Look around.
This is our city.
PCI
We can do
everything in this
city, without must
√
Representative
Informing
What do we want to
to be the real
be in collage for?
student collage.
Note
:
GCI
: Generalized Conversational Implicature
PCI
: Particularized Conversational Implicature
4. Data Analysis
After showing and classified the utterance according to type of
conversation implicature and function of implicature, the researcher
described the type of conversational implicature . Then the writer analyzed
the function of implicature.
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Sample of analyze the utterance in dialogue transcript of 22 Jump
Street movie stated below.
Dantum 1
Context:
Schmidt and Jenko are watching the lecture on their
iPad as they stand by their car in a parking lot.
Jenko:
What are you talking about? Look around. This is our
city. What do we want to be in collage for?
Analysis
Jenko gives the information which is not true. Jenko state that they
can do everything in their city without they must in collage first. They
must not going in actual collage just in onlain collage, listening to coded
messages and lecturer. They are a cap, so they can do everything. The type
of implicature belongs to General