An Analysis of Conjunctions Found in Tempo Magazine

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AN ANALYSIS OF CONJUNCTIONS FOUND IN TEMPO

MAGAZINE

A PAPER

BY

RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG

REG. NO. 082202059

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDIES

DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

MEDAN

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It has been proved by Supervisor,

Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A. NIP. 19581017 198001 1 001

Submitted to Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatra

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in English

Approved by

Head of Diploma III English Study Program,

Dr. Matius C.A Sembiring, M.A NIP. 19521126198112 1 0001

Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program

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as a paper for the Diploma (D-III) Examination

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the D-III of Examination of the Diploma III of English Study Program, Faculty of

Culture Studies University of North Sumatra

The examination is held on June 20th, 2011

Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatra

Dean,

Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A NIP. 19511013197603 1 001

Board of Examiners Signature

1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A ( Head of ESP) __________

2. Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A. ( Supervisor ) __________

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I , RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :……….

Date : 2011

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG

Title of paper : An Analysis of Conjunctions Found in Tempo Magazine Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Culture Studies USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :………

Date : 2011

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ABSTRAK

Banyak topik yang dipelajari dalam tata bahasa inggris dan salah satunya adalah Conjunctions. Dalam sebuah wacana/kalimat-kalimat panjang sering ditemukan kata penghubung. Kata penghubung tersebut dipakai untuk menyambung atau menghubungkan dua kata ataupun dua kalimat ungkapan menjadi satu kalimat yang panjang. Kertas karya ini mendeskripsikan secara singkat jenis-jenis kata penghubung dan contoh-contohnya. Tulisan ini juga menggunakan sampel data atau contoh data yang diambil dari beberapa artikel dari majalah Tempo. Tujuan dari pemilihan topik kertas karya ini adalah untuk mengetahui tentang sejauh mana para jurnalis dari majalah tersebut menggunakan conjunctions dalam tulisan-tulisan yang mereka hasilkan. Pembahasan dalam kertas karya ini berpedoman pada beberapa buku tata bahasa inggris sebagai referensi yang dapat mendukung ide atau pendapat saya tentang topik ini. Setelah membaca, menghitung, mentabulasikan jenis conjunctions yang terdapat pada artikel-artikel di majalah Tempo, maka ditemukan bahwa conjunctions yang paling dominan digunakan adalah kata penghubung yang menunjukkan hubungan dua kalimat setingkat yaitu kalimat yang satu tidak bergantung pada kalimat berikutnya atau pun yang lainnya, kemudian diikuti kata penghubung yang menunjukkan hubungan antara Pokok Kalimat dan Anak Kalimat, sedangkan kata penghubung yang menunjukkan hubungan dua satuan bahasa yang sederajat yaitu karya ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi mahasiswa.

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ABSTRACT

Many topics are studied in English grammar and one of them is Conjunctions. In a discourse / long sentences are often found connecting words. Conjunctions is used to connect or link two words or two sentences to be one long sentence. This paper describes briefly the work of the types of connecting words and examples. This paper also uses a data sample or samples of data taken from several articles from the Tempo magazine. The purpose of selecting a paper topic of this work is to know about the extent to which journalists from the magazine's use of conjunctions in the writings that they produce. The discussion in the paper work is guided by several English grammar books as a reference that could support my idea or opinion on this topic. After reading, counting, tabulating types of conjunctions contained in the articles in Tempo magazine, it is found that conjunctions of the most dominant use is connecting words that show the relationship of two-level sentence is a sentence that one does not depend on the next sentence or any other, then followed by connecting words that show the relationship between the Complete Sentences and Fragment, while the connecting words that show the relationship between two sets of languages are equal is the word with the word, phrase by phrase, clause by clause, and sentence by sentence just a little in these articles. Paper work is expected to benefit the students.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise to The Lord Jesus Christ for His tender mercy that I finally completed this paper writing. The paper is aimed at fulfilling of the requirements for the D-III Examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera.

During the process of finishing this paper, I realize that I got many helps from those who had given much valuable suggestion, educated, guidance, and moral support at a particular time while the completion of this paper.

I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A, for his generosity, assistance, guidance, advice and precious time he spend on supervising the draft of this paper. I also give gratitude to Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A, as the Head of English Study Program, for encouragements, suggestions and administrative help during my academic years at University.

Thanks to my reader, Dra. Persadanta Br Karo, M.Hum who has read my paper and correct it. Then, I am indebted to all the lecturers who have given me knowledge and guided me.

Greatest thanks are fully dedicated to my dearest parents, my Dad Drs. Markus Sipayung, M.Si and my Mom Suarni Barus, who have patiently given moral, spiritual and financial support, everlasting love and their prayers, together with my beloved sisters : Fiska Marni Sipayung, SE and Anna Elyruspika Sipayung, SS, S.Pd and my little brother Paul Yogaondo Sipayung for all unending support and prayer.

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Thanks with deep feeling are dedicated to all friends of SOLIDAS Class A 2008, especially Syahzetia Citra Lubis, all alumni & my juniors 2009 & 2010 in SOLIDAS and many others in all study programs at campus that cannot be mentioned one by one, for all memorable moments they shared together. My biggest appreciation also goes to Melda Theresia Sihombing, SH for all supports, times and cares that help me so much to finish this paper.

Thank you for everybody who has been mentioned, just be sure that all of you will be remembered forever. God bless.

Medan, June 2011 The Writer

RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG Reg. No. 082202059

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION………...i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION………...ii

ABSTRAK………...iii

ABSTRACT………...iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………...v

TABLE OF CONTENTS………...vi

1. INTRODUCTION …...1

1.1 The Background of the Study………...1

1.2 The Problem of the Study………2

1.3 The Scope of the Study………2

1.4 The Purpose of the Study……….2

1.5 The Significance of the Study………...3

1.6 The Method of Research………...3

2. THEORITICAL FRAME WORK ……….….4

2.1 The Explanation of Conjunctions ………..….4

2.2 Kinds of Conjunctions ………4

2.2.1Coordinating conjunctions ………..4

2.2.2 Correlative conjunctions ………...13

2.2.3Subordinating conjunctions ………...………14

2.3 The difference between coordination and subordination ………..……17

2.4 Classes of Conjunctions………..18

3. DISCUSSING………..…..20 vii

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3.1 In Article “One Malaysia with Football” ………..20

3.2 In Article “Rosihan Anwar the Accidental Journalist” ……….21

3.3 In Article “Malinda’s ‘BLANK CHECK’ scheme”………...22

3.4 In Article “Outreach-When Nature and Fortune Collide” ………...24

3.5 In Article “Building Chaos” ………...26

3.6 In Article “Harijadi & The Batavia Mural” ………...27

3.7 In Article “ ‘Using’ Japan to Achieve Independence”……….…...28

4. FINDINGS ………30

5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ………...32

5.1 Conclusions ………....32

5.2 Suggestions ………....34 REFERENCES

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG

Title of paper : An Analysis of Conjunctions Found in Tempo Magazine Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

Signed :………

Date : 2011

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ABSTRAK

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ABSTRACT

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I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Language is the most important thing in human life. By using language, people can communicate and interact with other people. There are many languages in the world. As we all know, English is the international language. This language is very important as a means of communication with other languages in the world, so the language should be under our control. By mastering the English language, everyone can master the knowledge in any field. To gets language skills, everyone required to be able to master grammar properly. Mastery of grammar is good and right, it easier for someone to apply language skills in oral and written form. By itself we have a broad view of our future events, nations, and countries.

Grammar in English language is considered hard to master by the Indonesian people because it contains many items. One of the items is Conjunctions. In “Modern English, A Practical Reference Guide” by Marcella Frank in 1972 said :

“Most conjunctions are historically derived from other parts of speech, particularly from prepositions. The conjunctions are members of a small class that have no characteristic form. ( page 206 )”.

English language dominates the exchange of news around the world, such as news article in a magazine. For instance in Indonesia, Tempo magazine uses English. We can find that there are conjunctions used.

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Here the writer analyzes the use of conjunctions in the articles of Tempo magazine. Besides that, she wants to know how often the kinds of conjunctions are used in the Tempo.

1.2 The Problem of the Study

The writer founds problem to know about the extent to which

journalists from the magazine using the conjunctions in writings they produce and also to know the conjunctions which are the most frequently used and most rarely used in the article. In addition, it also allows the students for using the use of conjunctions in making an article.

1.3 The Scope of the Study

Learning English grammar is not an easy thing because English language is not the second language of Indonesian people. In order to make the learners not to be confused in learning this paper, the writer limits the study on conjunctions in the articles of Tempo Magazine published on March 29, 2011; April 12, 2011; April 19, 2011; and April 26, 2011. This study explains the definition, usage and classification of using of conjunctions.

1.4 The Purpose of the Study The purposes of the study are:

1. To find out and classify the kinds of conjunctions in the articles of Tempo Magazine.

2. To find out the most dominant use of conjunctions in the articles of Tempo Magazine.

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1.5 The Significance of the Study The significances of the study are:

1. To enrich knowledge about kinds of conjunctions. 2. To guide the learner in studying conjunctions.

3. To be a references for the next researcher in analyze the grammar. 1.6 The Method of Research

In writing this paper, the writer uses a method of research, that is, library research. She collects and reads some kind of English grammar books as her references. The writer also takes some articles from Tempo Magazine and internet as the sources of data. The data, the conjunctions, found in the articles are then identified and categorized. Finally, the writer combines and tabulates the conjunctions based on their type in order to find out which type is used the most often in those articles.

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II. THEORITICAL FRAME WORK

2.1 The Explanation of Conjunctions

Conjunctions connect words or group of words and show how the words are related. Most conjunctions are historically derived from other parts of speech, particularly from prepositions. Like prepositions the conjunctions are members of a small class that have no characteristic form. They function chiefly as non movable structure words that join such units as parts of speech, phrases, or clauses. (Marcella Frank in 1972, 206).

2.2 Kinds of Conjunctions

There are three kinds of conjunction: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.

2.2.1 Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions link similar words or word groups. The coordinate conjunction joins structural units that are equal grammatically.

1) He plays squash and rugby. 2) Andre is small but strong.

3) You have to come on time or I will leave without you. Coordinating conjunctions such as:

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The Functions of Coordinating Conjunctions

Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are and, but, and or. It might be helpful to explore the uses of these three little words. The examples below by no means exhaust the possible meanings of these conjunctions.



A n d

a.

To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another: "Tashonda sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a response."

b. To suggest that one idea is the result of another: "Willie heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house."

c. To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another (frequently replaced by but in this usage): "Juanita is brilliant and Shalimar has a pleasant personality. d. To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by yet in this usage):

"Hartford is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban blight." e. To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally (usually

the first clause is an imperative): "Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt."

f. To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause: "Charlie became addicted to gambling — and that surprised no one who knew him."

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

B U T

a. To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause: "Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably." b. To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied

in a negative way (sometimes replaced by on the contrary): "The club never invested foolishly, but used the services of a sage investment counselor." c. To connect two ideas with the meaning of "with the exception of" (and then

the second word takes over as subject): "Everybody but Goldenbreath is trying out for the team."



O R

a. To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other: "You can study hard for this exam or you can fail."

b. To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: "We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers.

c. To suggest a refinement of the first clause: "Smith College is the premier all-women's college in the country, or so it seems to most Smith College alumnae."

d. To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the sentence: "There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide tells us."

e. To suggest a negative condition: "The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim "Live free or die."

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f. To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative (see use of and electing him mayor."



T h e O t h e r s . . .

The conjunction NOR is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions, so it might feel a bit odd when nor does come up in conversation or writing. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-nor (s

• He is neither sane nor brilliant.

• That is neither what I said nor what I meant. It can be used with other negative expressions:

• That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.

It is possible to use nor without a preceding negative element, but it is unusual and, to an extent, rather stuffy:

• George's handshake is as good as any written contract, nor has he ever proven untrustworthy.

The word YET functions sometimes as an adverb and has several meanings: in addition ("yet another cause of trouble" or "a simple yet noble woman"), even ("yet more expensive"), still ("he is yet a novice"), eventually ("they may yet win"), and so soon as now ("he's not here yet"). It also functions as a coordinating conjunction

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meaning something like "nevertheless" or "but." The word yet seems to carry an element of distinctiveness that but can seldom register.

• John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is badminton.

• The visitors complained loudly about the heat, yet they continued to play golf every day.

In sentences such as the second one, above, the pronoun subject of the second clause ("they," in this case) is often left out. When that happens, the comma preceding the conjunction might also disappear: "The visitors complained loudly yet continued to play golf every day." Yet is sometimes combined with other conjunctions, but or and. This usage is acceptable.

The word FOR is most often used as a preposition, of course, but it does serve, on rare occasions, as a coordinating conjunction. Some people regard the conjunction for as rather highfalutin and literary, and it does tend to add a bit of weightiness to the text. Beginning a sentence with the conjunction "for" is probably not a good idea, except when you're singing "For he's a jolly good fellow. "For" has serious sequential implications and in its use the order of thoughts is more important than it is, say, with because or since. Its function is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause:

• John thought he had a good chance to get the job, for his father was on the company's board of trustees.

• Most of the visitors were happy just sitting around in the shade, for it had been a long, dusty journey on the train.

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Be careful of the conjunction SO. Sometimes it can connect two independent clauses along with a comma, but sometimes it can't. For instance, in this sentence,

• Soto is not the only Olympic athlete in his family, so are his brother, sister, and his Uncle Chet.

where the word so means "as well" or "in addition," most careful writers would use a semicolon between the two independent clauses. In the following sentence, where so is acting like a minor-league "therefore," the conjunction and the comma are adequate to the task:

• Soto has always been nervous in large gatherings, so it is no surprise that he avoids crowds of his adoring fans.

Sometimes, at the beginning of a sentence, so will act as a kind of summing up device or transition, and when it does, it is often set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma:

• So, the sheriff peremptorily removed the child from the custody of his parents. The Punctuation of coordinating conjunctions

Three patterns in writing use coordinating conjunctions. Add commas when required.

• Pattern 1 — Connecting two main clauses

When you connect two use a comma. The pattern looks like this:

main clause + , + coordinating conjunction + main clause Here is an example:

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While I am at work, my dog Floyd sleeps on the bed , and my cat Buster naps in the bathtub.

• Pattern 2 — Connecting two items

You can also use a coordinating conjunction to connect any two items. These items can be any grammatical unit except main clauses. The pattern looks like this:

item + Ø + coordinating conjunction + item Here are some examples:

1) My dog Floyd has too many fleas and too much hair.

2) My cat Buster has beautiful blue eyes but a destructive personality.

• Pattern 3 — Connecting three or more items in a series

When you have three or more comma before the coordinating conjunction. Some handbooks and style guides will tell you that this comma is optional, but my advice is to put it in. The pattern looks like this:

item + , + item + , + coordinating conjunction + item Here is an example:

Swatting olives off the kitchen counter, dragging toilet paper streamers through the house, and terrorizing Jacques Cousteau, the parakeet, has consumed another of Buster's days.

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• Parts of Speech (Single Words)

1) The old woman slipped and fell on the pavement. (compound verb)

2) The thief moved quickly and quietly. (compound adverb) 3) I’ll inform you if and when he comes. (compound conjunction) • A pronoun and a noun

1) My husband and I love to go to the movies. 2) This hair cream may be used by men or women. • Auxiliaries

1) We can and will succeed.

2) Mistakes have been,*_{and will continue to be, made in that office. (Frank 1972, 207)}* A comma (,) after the last coordinate auxiliary is optional, depending on whether the user would pause in speech.

 Compound Prepositional Phrases

1) He walked into the house and up the stairs. 2) I can see you before two o’clock or after five.

 Compound Verbal Phrases

1) After eating dinner and taking a long nap, he felt much better. (gerund phrases joined)

2) To be or not to be, that is the question. (infinitive phrases joined)

3) Feeling hungry, but (or yet) not wanting to wake his wife, he tiptoed down to the kitchen. (participial phrases joined)

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 Dependent Clauses

1) Because he didn’t care for the country, and because the beach had no appeal to him, he decided to travel during his vacation. (adverbial clauses joined)

2) He married a woman who was very intelligent and charming, but who couldn’t cook at all. ( adjectives clauses joined)

3) I don’t know when he left town or why he wanted to do so. (noun clauses joined)

 Independent Clauses

1) I’ll pick you up at eight and I’ll get you back home by midnight.

2) He decided to withdraw from his physics class, for he kept failing the examinations. 3)Give me liberty or give me death. (Frank 1972, 208) 2.2.2 Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions also link similar words or word groups, but they are always used in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural. The most important thing to remember when using correlative conjunctions is that the words, phrases, or clauses that are put together must be the same type. That means that nouns must be put together with other nouns, verbs with other verbs, adjectives with other adjectives, and so on. This point will

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be more fully explained following the list of frequently used correlative conjunctions.

Correlative conjunctions such as:

1) Both my sister and my brother work with computers. The correlative conjunction in this sentence is "both ... and." This correlative conjunction links together two words of the same type. In this case, the types of words are the nouns, sister and brother.

2) For dessert, you may have either cake or ice cream. The correlative conjunction in this sentence is "either ... or." This conjunction also links two nouns, cake and ice cream.

3) She wanted neither cake nor ice cream.

The correlative conjunction in this sentence is "neither ... nor." This conjunction links two nouns.

4) He did not know whether to exit the freeway at Orange Avenue or to exit the freeway at Cherry Avenue. The correlative conjunction in this sentence is "whether ... or." This conjunction links two phrases.

5) The ESL teachers are not only intelligent but also friendly. The correlative conjunction in this sentence is "not only ... but." This conjunction links two phrases.

6) My dog doesn't smell as bad as your dog smells. The correlative conjunction in this sentence is "as ... as." This conjunction links two clauses.

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Both. . .and, neither. . .nor, either. . .or, not only. . .but also, not. . .but, whether. . .or, as. . .as

(Laurie Rozakis, Ph.D, 2003, 7).

While correlative conjunctions are used in formal English, care must be taken that the first correlative is placed before the proper item. Both parts of the coordination must be grammatically parallel.

She will either pay for the ring or she will return it. predicate independent clause

While informal English permits this kind of non-parallelism, formal usage requires that the sentence just given be changed to:

She will either pay for the ring or return it or to either she will pay for the ring or she will return it.

(Frank 1972, 214)

2.2.3 Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions link an independent clause (complete sentence) to a dependent clause (fragment). Each subordinating conjunctions expresses a relationship between the dependent clause and the independent clause. For example, some conjunctions show time order, while others show result or effect. The subordinate conjunction is grammatically part of the clause it introduces; it is never separated from its clause by a comma.

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Common Subordinating Conjunctions

after although

as as if as long as as though because before even if even though if if only in order that

now that once rather than since so that than that though till unless until when whenever where whereas wherever while

(Laurie Rozakis, Ph.D, 2003, 106)

1) After Amy sneezed all over the tuna salad

After = subordinate conjunction; Amy = subject; sneezed = verb. 2) Once Adam smashed the spider

Once = subordinate conjunction; Adam = subject; smashed = verb. 3)Until Mr. Sanchez has his first cup of coffee

Until = subordinate conjunction; Mr. Sanchez = subject; has = verb.

A subordinate conjunctions cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does not provide a complete thought. A word group that begins with a capital letter and

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ends with a period must contain at least on written a fragment, a major error.

Broadly speaking, all the introductory words in the three subordinate clauses, even pronouns or adverbs, may be classified as subordinate conjunctions.

In a more limited sense, the term is restricted to the words introducing adverbial clauses and introducing noun clauses. Subordinate conjunctions range in meaning from those having strong semantic content to those having purely structural meaning.

Some subordinate conjunctions have the same form as prepositions, especially the conjunctions of time. Subordinate conjunctions may have –ing or –ed, participal form provided or providing (that), notwithstanding (that), supposing (that). Actually, in some cases, it is hard to draw the line between an –ing or an –ed form used as a participle or as a conjunction.

(Frank 1972, 215)

The Punctuation of subordinating conjunctions

When you attach a subordinate conjunctions in front of comma, like this:

subordinate conjunctions + , + main clause

1) Even though the broccoli was covered in cheddar cheese, Emily refused to eat it.

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2) Unless Christine finishes her calculus homework, she will have to suffer Mr. Nguyen's wrath in class tomorrow.

3) While Bailey slept on the sofa in front of the television, Samson, the family dog, gnawed on the leg of the coffee table.

When you attach a subordinate conjunctions at the end of a main clause, you will generally use no punctuation, like this:

main clause + Ø + subordinate clause

1) Tania did poorly on her history exam Ø because her best friend Giselle insisted on gossiping during their study session the night before.

2) Jonathan spent his class time reading comic books Ø since his average was a 45 one week before final exams.

3) Diane decided to plant tomatoes in the back of the yard Ø where the sun blazed the longest during the day.

2.3 The difference between coordination and subordination

A coordinating conjunction can join tw to emphasize equally. The pattern for coordination looks like this:main Clause + , + coordinating conjunction + main Clause

Subordination, however, emphasizes the idea in the main clause more than the one in the

main clause + Ø + subordinate clause subordinate Clause + , + main Clause

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1) To survive the fetal pig dissection, Rinalda agreed to make all of the incisions, and Frances promised to remove and label the organs.

2) While Diana was staring dreamily at the handsome Mr. McKenzie, Olivia furiously jiggled her foot, impatient to escape the boring economics class that she hated.

3) At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and slammed the door, for she could not tolerate one more minutes of the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the stereo.

4) At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and slammed the door because she could not tolerate one more minutes of the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the stereo.

2.4 Classes of Conjunctions 1. Simple Conjunctions

And, but, for, or, nor, also, so, thus, then, if, after, etc. 2. Compound Conjunctions

Besides, therefore, furthermore, moreover, whereas, till, untill, before, because, although, though, since, that, etc.

3.Complex Conjunctions

In order that, in order to, in fact, as a matter of fact, on condition that, even if, as though, as if, inasmuch as, provided that, as well as, as soon as, even though, ever since

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3. DISCUSSING

The date for this paper were collected from the articles of “One Malaysia with Football” and “Rosihan Anwar the Accidental Journalist”, in Tempo Magazine, on March 29, 2011, in the article “Malinda’s ‘BLANK CHECK’ scheme” and “Outreach-When Nature and Fortune Collide”, in Tempo Magazine, on April 12, 2011, in article “Building Chaos” and “Harijadi & The Batavia Mural”, in Tempo Magazine, on April 19, 2011, in article “ ‘Using’ Japan to Achieve Independence”, in Tempo Magazine, on April 26, 2011.

In these articles is contains with coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.

3.7 In Article “One Malaysia with Football”

“When Malaysia won the ASEAN Football Federation Suzuki Cup in December 2010, the outpouring….”

• When is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time.

“Although Malaysian team has won the SEA Games football gold twice in recent years, (the last time at the Vietnam SEA Games in 2009), Malaysia’s….”

• Although is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of contrast. “Already there is more interest in the local football and fans are beginning to flock the stadiums again, says….”

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“Fans are always ever ready to pay premium rates to watch their favorite players play while corporations are willing to pay top money to be associated with winning teams or players, he adds.”

• While is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time. • Or is coordinating conjunctions that explain choice.

3.8 In Article “Rosihan Anwar the Accidental Journalist” “Both the outside gate as well as the house itself, are closed.” • As well as is correlative conjunctions.

“I had to try and find work in Jakarta.”

• And is coordinating conjunctions that compound verb.

“Several times the interview had to be canceled because he had to be rushed to hospital.”

• Because is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of reason.

“At the time the system was that everything could be run by Indonesians, however there….”

• However is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of contrast.

“He was small of stature, polite and kind.”

• And is coordinating conjunctions that compound adjective. “Her name was Zuraida Sanawi but people called her Ida Sanawi.”

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“There were also no senior journalists around to teach me the trade, however I had….”

• However is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of contrast.

“The reason for my supreme confidence was because I was….”

• Because is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of reason.

“I chose the Western Classics, so you can imagine that….”

• So is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of result. “If my father had not been a demang, how could I possibly have been able to afford my schooling?”

• If is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of condition. “It was about then that the people working at Asia Raya took over the former Dutch publishing company De Java Bode, where Asia Raya….”

• Where is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of location.

“As I have said before, I am quite a confident chap so whenever I did ….” • Before and whenever is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship

of time.

“At the time money was not of such importance because there was….”

• Because is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of reason.

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“After that experience he always made backup....”

• After is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time. 3.3 In Article “Malinda’s ‘BLANK CHECK’ scheme”

“Two men guarded the elevator , while two others watched the ground floor.” • While is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time.

“She is accused of stealing and embezzling a total of up to….” • And is coordinating conjunctions that compound verb.

“After they knocked on the door of the apartment, a woman….”

• After is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time. “The Financial Transactions Reporting and Analysis Center (PPATK) is also looking at where the money….”

• Where is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of location.

“However, officers said that Malinda could not be visited because she was still….”

• That is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of result. • Because is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of

reason.

“…., they were given quick and easy service.”

• And is coordinating conjunctions that compound adjective. “She is not as beautiful as when she first came here.”

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“The relationship manager would call them by telephone or visit them….” • Or is coordinating conjunctions that explain choice.

“Yet, according to Rinto, their organization previously had a balance….” • Yet is coordinating conjunctions.

“THE Humanitarian Volunteer Team was one of Malinda’s customers for six years until it was….”

• Until is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time. “Since the case was still under police investigation, Ditta was….”

• Since is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time. “In Sydney, for instance, Malinda has an apartment which is currently….” • For is coordinating conjunctions.

“Malinda misappropriated most of these funds in her job as a relationship manager….”

• As is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of reason. “….that Malinda’s exploits did not happen just over the past three years, but long before that.”

• Not….but is correlative conjunctions.

3.4 In Article “Outreach-When Nature and Fortune Collide”

“No longer young, he is still strong enough to face the dark and cold of the forest….”

• And is coordinating conjunctions that compound adjective. “For almost 20 years Rosman has been hunting for gold….”

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• For is coordinating conjunctions.

“When luck is on their side, they can be successful or tadumpul, gaining a lot of gold.”

• When is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time. • Or is coordinating conjunctions that explain choice.

“It is because they will likely be evicted from the gold mines.”

• Because is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of reason.

“If they come and drive us away, thousand of miners will be….”

• If is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of condition. • And is coordinating conjunctions that compound verb.

“However, in the eyes of the Gorontalo provincial administration, miners like….”

• However is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of contrast.

“…., such revisions should have been completed no later than the end of last year.”

• Than is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of comparison.

“But after study by the Forestry Minister’s integrated team, the zone proposed was reduced by….”

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• After is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time. “Walhi’s Forest Campaign Manager Deddy Ratih even indicated the spatial layout plan revision channel was utilized to ‘legalize’ estate licenses and mining concessions that actually….”

• And is coordinating conjunctions that compound noun.

• That is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of result.

3.5 In Article “Building Chaos”

“Now, according to Golkar, there are almost 3,000 people, although the capacity….”

• Although is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of contrast.

“….do not need a luxurious building, but a suitable building….” • Not….but is correlative conjunctions.

“But, Romahurmuziy spoke about his calculations, that the cost of the building need to….”

• But is coordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of contrast. • That is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of result.

“Marzuki Alie asked PAN to state directly if it agreed or did not agree.” • Or is coordinating conjunctions that explain choice.

“Half an hour before the evening prayers, the meeting brought an end….” • Before is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time.

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“Yet, Marzuki Alie still stated that PDI-P agreed with the building construction.”

• Yet is coordinating conjunctions.

“But after that, Ganjar once again questioned the meaning of the presentation.”

• Once is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time. “There was not a lot of introductory small talk because the guest and the host, a DPR official….”

• Because is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of reason.

“The guest offered money to the official while asking the official….” • While is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time.

“This plan has actually been proposed since the previous period of the DPR.” • Since is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time.

“….there is someone who is working so that the construction plans do not fail again.”

• So that is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of result.

3.6 In Article “Harijadi & The Batavia Mural”

“….historians have called this the largest mural in Jakarta, but it has been hidden from….”

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“….to make a painting of the attack on Batavia by Sultan Agung, while Harijadi was to paint….”

• While is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time. “….to make reliefs at the Kemayoran, Jakarta and Adisutjipto, Yogyakarta airports, as well as reliefs for Hotel Indonesia….”

• As well as is correlative conjunctions.

“But Harijadi asked that the painting be made on the walls over an area….” • That is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of result.

“….the Sunda Kelapa and Tanjung Priok harbors, Chinatown, the Amsterdam….”

• And is coordinating conjunctions that compound noun.

“The mural is not finished because the walls became increasingly damp, so that the paint would not….”

• Because is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of reason.

• So that is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of result.

“In more or less a year, Harijadi and his two children….” • Or is coordinating conjunctions that explain choice.

“….the target to complete the painting before the official opening of the museum scheduled….”

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“….this extraordinary work was never completed until the museum was opened.”

• Until is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time. “If it is now once again being studied, I am also….”

• If is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of condition. 3.7 In Article “ ‘Using’ Japan to Achieve Independence”

“When leading the Masyumi Party during the Japanese occupation, he was free….”

• When is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time. “However, it was implicitly clear that kafir (infidels) must not be trusted.” • However is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of

contrast.

“….make sweet promises to all of you with their mouths, while in their hearts they do not….”

• While is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time. “….Wahid Hasyim delivered a fiery speech before thousands of people.” • Before is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time.

“Wahid Hasyim displayed courage because he had a political strategy to approach Japan.”

• Because is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of reason.

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“….took Wahid Hasyim to Japan for a visit, not to bow down to Tenno Heika but to print the Qur’an….”

• Not….but is correlative conjunctions.

“….the establishment of a body resembling a militia, but Wahid said that they were….”

• But is coordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of contrast. “Until the end of the meeting there was no agreement reached, moreover….” • Until is subordinating conjunctions that explain relationship of time.

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In articles of Tempo Magazine, there are three kinds of conjunction: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.

In article “One Malaysia with Football” are more using subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions is used : when, although, while.

The coordinating conjunctions is used : and, or. While in this article, the correlative conjunctions never to used.

In article “Rosihan Anwar the Accidental Journalist” are more using subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions is used : because, however, if, where,before, whenever, after.

The coordinating conjunctions is used : and, but, so. While in this article, the correlative conjunctions using As...As.

In article “Malinda’s ‘BLANK CHECK’ scheme” are more using subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions is used : while, after, where, that, because, when, until, since, as.

The coordinating conjunctions is used : and, or, yet, for. While in this article, the correlative conjunctions using Not...But.

In article “Outreach-When Nature and Fortune Collide” are more using subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions is used : when, because, if, however, than, after, that .

The coordinating conjunctions is used : and, for, or,but. While in this article, the correlative conjunctions never to used.

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In article “Building Chaos” are more using subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions is used : although, that, before, once, because, while, since, so that.

The coordinating conjunctions is used : but, or, yet. While in this article, the correlative conjunctions using Not...But.

In article “Harijadi & The Batavia Mural” are more using subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions is used : while, that, because, so that, before, until, if.

The coordinating conjunctions is used : but, and, or. While in this article, the correlative conjunctions using As...As.

In article “ ‘Using’ Japan to Achieve Independence” are more using subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions is used : when, however, while, before, because, until.

The coordinating conjunctions is used : but. While in this article, the correlative conjunctions using Not...But.

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5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

The main problem in studying conjunction is the difficulties in differentiating the types and functions of conjunction . We conclude, there are three kinds of conjunction : coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions link the two level sentences is a sentence that one does not depend on the next sentence or any other conjunctive and then correlative conjunctions link the two units which equals the word with words, phrases with phrase, clause by clause, and sentence by sentence. While subordinating conjunctions link an independent clause (complete sentence) to a dependent clause (fragment).

After analysis, the writer conclude that the conjunctions used by journalists in Tempo Magazine is :

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Coordinating Conjunctions Most Frequently And

Most Rarely So

Never to Used Nor

Correlative Conjunctions

Most Frequently Not…But

Most Rarely As…As

Never to Used Both…And, Neither…Nor, Either…Or, Not Only…But Also,

Whether…Or

Subordinating Conjunctions

Most Frequently Because

Most Rarely Whenever, As, Than, Once Never to Used As if, As long as, As though, Even

if, Even though, If only, In order that, Now that, Rather than, Though, Till, Unless, Whereas

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5.2 Suggestions

Having completed this paper. The writer conclude that there are a few things that she would like to suggest.

Firstly, the writer like to recommend the readers in order to understand conjunction well especially types of conjunction. The readers have to be able to distinguish conjunction according to its function and meaning.

Second, the writer would like to suggest the readers to do more further research to get more explanation and information about conjunction.

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REFERENCES

Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English A Practical Reference Guide.USA: New York University.

Tjahaja, Sukrisna. 2006. New Method English Grammar.Bekasi: Kesaint Blanc. Thomson, A.J and Martinet, A.V. 1986. A Practical English Grammar.England: Oxford University Press.

Sumitro, Djoko. 1995. English For Science And Technology. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Ph.D Rozakis, Laurie. 2003. English Grammar For The Utterly Confused. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

M.A Rangkuti-Hasibuan. 1996. English Language Structure A Complete Reference Book. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan.

Simanjuntak, Herpinus. 2003. Bahasa Inggris Sistem 52 M (52 Minggu). Bekasi: Kesaint Blanc.

Susanto, Sam.A and S.Pd, Mahfan. 2005. The New Complete English Grammar. Jakarta: Penerbit “PUSTAKA ILMU”.

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Appendices From Articles in Tempo Magazine :

1. “One Malaysia with Football” and “Rosihan Anwar the Accidental Journalist”, in Tempo Magazine, on March 29, 2011

2. “Malinda’s ‘BLANK CHECK’ scheme” and “Outreach-When Nature and Fortune Collide”, in Tempo Magazine, on April 12, 2011

3. “Building Chaos” and “Harijadi & The Batavia Mural”, in Tempo Magazine, on April 19, 2011

4. “ ‘Using’ Japan to Achieve Independence”, in Tempo Magazine, on April 26, 2011

(1)

In article “Building Chaos” are more using subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions is used : although, that, before, once, because, while, since, so that.

The coordinating conjunctions is used : but, or, yet. While in this article, the correlative conjunctions using Not...But.

In article “Harijadi & The Batavia Mural” are more using subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions is used : while, that, because, so that, before, until, if.

The coordinating conjunctions is used : but, and, or. While in this article, the correlative conjunctions using As...As.

In article “ ‘Using’ Japan to Achieve Independence” are more using subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions is used : when, however, while, before, because, until.

The coordinating conjunctions is used : but. While in this article, the correlative conjunctions using Not...But.

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5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analysis, the writer conclude that the conjunctions used by journalists in Tempo Magazine is :

(3)

Coordinating Conjunctions

Most Frequently And

Most Rarely So

Never to Used Nor

Correlative Conjunctions

Most Frequently Not…But

Most Rarely As…As

Never to Used Both…And, Neither…Nor, Either…Or, Not Only…But Also,

Whether…Or

Subordinating Conjunctions

Most Frequently Because

Most Rarely Whenever, As, Than, Once Never to Used As if, As long as, As though, Even

if, Even though, If only, In order that, Now that, Rather than, Though, Till, Unless, Whereas

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5.2 Suggestions

Having completed this paper. The writer conclude that there are a few things that she would like to suggest.

Second, the writer would like to suggest the readers to do more further research to get more explanation and information about conjunction.

(5)

REFERENCES

Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English A Practical Reference Guide.USA: New York University.

Tjahaja, Sukrisna. 2006. New Method English Grammar.Bekasi: Kesaint Blanc. Thomson, A.J and Martinet, A.V. 1986. A Practical English Grammar.England: Oxford University Press.

Sumitro, Djoko. 1995. English For Science And Technology. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Ph.D Rozakis, Laurie. 2003. English Grammar For The Utterly Confused. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

M.A Rangkuti-Hasibuan. 1996. English Language Structure A Complete Reference

Book. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan.

Simanjuntak, Herpinus. 2003. Bahasa Inggris Sistem 52 M (52 Minggu). Bekasi: Kesaint Blanc.

Susanto, Sam.A and S.Pd, Mahfan. 2005. The New Complete English Grammar. Jakarta: Penerbit “PUSTAKA ILMU”.

(6)

Appendices From Articles in Tempo Magazine :

1. “One Malaysia with Football” and “Rosihan Anwar the Accidental Journalist”, in Tempo Magazine, on March 29, 2011

2. “Malinda’s ‘BLANK CHECK’ scheme” and “Outreach-When Nature and Fortune Collide”, in Tempo Magazine, on April 12, 2011

3. “Building Chaos” and “Harijadi & The Batavia Mural”, in Tempo Magazine, on April 19, 2011

4. “ ‘Using’ Japan to Achieve Independence”, in Tempo Magazine, on April 26, 2011

An Analysis of Conjunctions Found in Tempo Magazine