AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ERRORS OF JOKO WIDODO’S SPEECH.

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AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ERRORS

OF JOKO WIDODO’S SPEECH

THESIS

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Sarjana Degree of the English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities

State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By: Irva Azlina Reg. Number: A53212093

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OFSUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA

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ABSTRACT

Azlina, Irva. 2016.An Analysis of English Pronunciation Errors of Joko Widodo’s Speech. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities. The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The Advisor: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah, M. Pd. Key words:pronunciation, error, consonant, vowel

This research was conducted analyze President JokoWidodo’s speech by focusing on consonants and vowels. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative which describes pronunciation errors in English focused on consonants and vowels. The research problems is what kind of pronunciation errors on consonants and vowels are made by President Joko Widodo in his speech. The objective of this research is to explain kind of pronunciation errors on consonants and vowels made by President JokoWidodo in his speech. The research use human as the instrument. The researcher is the main instrument to collect data. The data are collected by looking for, downloading Joko Widodo’s speechvideo, listening and transcribing utterences which contains consonants and vowels. Furthermore, the data are analyzed through three steps : identifying, classifying and interpretating errors and drawing conclusion. Finally, the result of the analysis shows that there are five types of consonant errors made by President Joko Widodo. Labiodental is the most frequent errors which 159 data out of 283 or 56,18% of the percentage, for instance: government /ˈgʌf.ən.mənt/. Alveolar errors is 67 out of 283 or 23,67% of the percentage, for example: business /ˈbɪs.nɪs/. Interdental errorsis 53 out of 283 or 18,72% of the percentage, for instance: thank/θæŋk/. Palatal errors is 3 out of 283 or 1,06% of the percentage, for example:education /ˌed.ʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/. And velar errors is only 1 datum out of 283 or 0,35% of the percentage, for instance:chemical/ˈkem.ɪ.kəl/.

The researcher also found 114 data of errors made by President Joko Widodo in pronouncing English short and long vowels. There are three kind of errors on vowels made by President Joko Widodo. Central vowels is the most frequent errors made by Joko Widodo in his speeches. It is the highest number which 90 data out of 114 or 78,95% of the percentage, for instance: supply /sʊˈplaɪ/. The second kind is front vowel errors. The data is 20 data out of 114 or 17,54% of the percentage, for example: media /ˈmə.di.ʌ/ The last kind of vowel errors is back vowel. The data is 4 out of 114 or 3,51% of the percentage, for instance:ask/ʌsk/.

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INTISARI

Azlina, Irva. 2016.An Analysis of English Pronunciation Errors of Joko Widodo’s Speech. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Pembimbing: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah, M. Pd.

Kata Kunci:pronunciation, error, consonant, vowel

Peneliti ini menganalisa tentang pelafalan Presiden JokoWidodo. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif yang menjelaskan tentang kesalahan-kesalahan pelafalan dalam bahasa Inggris pada konsonan dan vokal. Oleh karena itu, peneliti menfokuskan pada permasalahan pengucapan konsonan dan vokal yang di ucapkan oleh Presiden Joko Widodo dalam pidatonya. Dalam hal ini, Peneliti merupakan pelaku utama dalam mengumpulkan dan menganalisa data. Dalam mengumpulkan data, peneliti mengunduh video dan mentranskripsi semua ucapan Joko Widodo. Selanjutnya, data di analisa melalui tiga tahap: identifikasi, klasifikasi, dan interpretasi kesalahan-kesalahan pelafalan. Dan akhirnya, hasil dari analisis menunjukkan bahwa ada lima tipe kesalahan-kesalahan dalam konsonan yang dibuat oleh Presiden Joko Widodo. Kesalahan dalam labiodental sebanyak 56,18%, contoh: government /ˈgʌf.ən.mənt/. Alveolar 23,67%, contoh: business/ˈb_ɪs.n_ɪs/. Interdental 18,72%. Palatal 1,06%, contoh: thank /θæŋk/. Dan tipe yang terakhir adalah velar 0,35%, contoh: chemical/ˈkem._ɪ.kəl/. Peneliti juga menemukan 114 kesalahan vokal panjang dan pendek. Ada tiga tipe kesalahan vokal. Central vowel merupakan tipe kesalahan yang dibuat. Peneliti menemukan 90 data dari 114 atau 78,95%, contoh: supply /sʊ ˈpla_ɪ/. Tipe yang kedua adalah front vowel errors 17,54%, contoh: media/ˈmə.di.ʌ/. Dan tipe vokal terakhir adalah back vowel 3,51%, contoh: ask /ʌsk/.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover Page ... i

Inside Title Page ... ii

Declaration Page... iii

Dedication Page ... iv

Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page... v

Thesis Examiners’ Approval Page... vi

Motto ... vii

Acknowledgement ... viii

Table of Content... xi

Abstract ... xiii

Intisari ... xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION... 1

1.1 Background of Study... 1

1.2 Research Problem... 5

1.3 Objective of The Research ... 5

1.4 Significance of The Research... 5

1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 6

1.6 Definition of Key terms... 6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 7

2.1 Theoritical Framework... 7

2.1.1 Phonology ... 7

2.1.2 Pronunciation ... 7

2.1.3 Aspect of Pronunciation... 8

2.1.4 Consonant... 9

2.1.5 Vowel ... 11

2.1.6 Error of Pronunciation... 15

2.2 Previous Study ... 16

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 18

3.1 Research Design... 18

3.2 Research Instrument... 18

3.3 Data and Data Sources ... 19

3.4 Technique of Data Collection ... 19

3.5 Technique of Data Analysis ... 20

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 26

4.1 Findings... 26

4.1.1 Kinds of Consonant Pronunciation Errors ... 26

4.1.2 Kinds of Vowel Pronunciation Errors ... 35

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 47

5.1 Conclusion... 47

5.2 Suggestion ... 48

REFERENCES... 49 APPENDICES

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

An introduction contains of background of the research, the research problems, objective of the research, significance of the research, scope and limitation of the research and definition of the key terms.

1.1 Background of the Research

Error of pronunciation is one case which has been investigated repeatedly in different subjects: students of kindergarten(Astuti, 2014), students of elementary school (Afifah, 2012), students of junior school (Fitria, 2014), students of senior high school (Imarlina, 2013; Mustikareni, 2013; Mayasari; 2013; Mulansari, Hasan and Hastini; 2014), students of university (Yuniarti, 2009; Yinng, 2011; Riadi, 2013; Silfiyah, 2014; Hassan; 2014), Indonesian singer (Riyani and Johannes, 2013), reporters (Sanjaya, 2014).

Astuti (2014) investigated the pronunciation errors of consonants English Second Language learners in Stamford International Community School (SICS) especially in Kindergarten 2 students. Afifah (2012) analyzed about student’s pronunciation errors in reading texts at the sixth grade students Of SDN 3 Cisauheun Bandung Barat. Another, Fitria(2014) investigated of students’ error in pronouncing English vowel at SMPN 2 Menganti, Gresik. Imarlina (2013) analyzed about students’ error in pronouncing English vowel at SMKN 1 Leles Cianjur. The first sense is talk about pronunciation as the production and reception of sound speech. Then, the second is talk about pronunciation with reference to acts of speaking.

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Mustikareni (2013) analyzed about what diphthong(s) is/are mispronounced by the debate participants, how do the debate participants mispronounce the diphthong, and how do the debate participants correct their diphthong pronunciation made by the students of SMA Negeri 1 Comal and SMA Negeri 1 Banjarnegara in English debate on "relax" TV program of TVRI.Mayasari (2013) about what kind of errors that students faced in pronouncing English diphthong at the eighth grade student of SMP Negeri 2 Klangenan Kab. Cirebon.Mulansari, Hasan and Hastini (2014) analyzed about what is the most problematic tense lax vowel sound to pronounce and what factors cause students produce errors in pronouncing English tense lax sounds made by the first year students at SMAN 1 Parigi tengah. Yuniarti (2009) analyzed of what are the most frequents vowels shift by the students and what are the reasons of the shift vowel sounds used by the students of English department, FKIP Muhammadiyah university of Surakarta.Yiing (2011) analyzed about what are the common characteristics of pronunciation errors and does the Malay language influence the English pronunciation of the six Chinese studies undergraduate students. Riadi (2013) analyzed about the quality or how well the students pronouncing short and long vowels and what are the factors which cause the problems in pronouncing those vowels made by the second semester students of English education study program in FKIP Untan in academic year 2012/2013. Silfiyah (2014) analyzed about the οccurence οf the most frequent errors and the sοurces οf errοrs made by the sixth semester students οf Study Prοgram οf English, Universitas Brawijaya. Hassan (2014) investigated about the problems in English pronunciation, the factors,

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some techniques that help the Sudanese students of English improve their pronunciation. Riyani and Johannes (2013) analyzed about pronunciation errors made by Indonesian singers in Malang in singing English songs. Sanjaya (2014) analyzed the errors of pronouncing vowels and consonant in NHK World TV Newsline Reporters. Zhang and Yin in Chinese’ learners (2009) analyzed the factors leading to the problems of English learners on pronunciation as like learners’ age, attitude, and their insufficient knowledge of phonology & phonetics systems of the English language.

Most of these researchers did the research holistically that focus on kinds of pronunciation and its factors. Moreover, there has not been any researcher who studiedpronunciation in the speech. Therefore, this present study fills this gap by investigating pronunciationerrorin speech and continuing the discussion of pronunciation holistically. Thus, this further study does not only take different angle to address the same problem, but also continue the previous research.

The study of pronunciations cover in the area of consonant, vowel, diphthong and consonant cluster. They have been discussed by the researchers for many years: consonant (Astuti, 2014), vowel (Yuniarti, 2009; Fitria, 2014; Silfiyah, 2014; Riadi, 2013; Mulansari, Hasan and Hastini; 2014), diphthong (Mustikareni, 2013) and consonant cluster (Na'ama, 2011), vowel and consonant (Hassan, 2014; Sanjaya, 2014). Therefore, for the further research, the researcher focuses on investigating the consonant and vowel errors because the researcher wants to know the pronunciation errors whether from consonant and vowel sound.

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The researcherchooses the study of pronunciation, because it can influence meaning to change. Consequently, the communication does not run well, which it regards the pronunciation takes an important role in doing communication, as Hismanoglu (2006) said that pronunciation has a great importance for successful oral communication. Furthermore, the changing meaning can effect a miscommunication, because the message is not delivered well, and the interlocutor cannot catch what s/he actually mean. Thus, the researcher considers that this topic is important, because it relates to errors pronunciation, in which leads to change the meaning and misunderstand.

Certainly, Joko Widodo, as 7th President Republic of Indonesia, has an important role in Indonesia. When he gave a speech, especially at the international forum, the speech should be delivered well, by means of that there it in a appropriate.

Furthermore, the researcher has two reasons doing research at Joko Widodo’s speech. First, the researcher found that there are many pronounciation errors are made by him, when he gave a speech on APEC CEO Summit orKonferensi Asia Afrika(KAA), World Economic Forum, and other speech. Second, the researcher wants to know what the pronounciation errors are made by President Joko Widodo. From those reasons, the researcher intends to conduct a research entitled “AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ERRORS OF JOKO WIDODO’S SPEECH”.

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1.2 Research Problems

Based on the background of the study above, the problems of this research are in the following:

1. What kinds of pronunciation errors on consonants are made by Joko Widodo in his speech?

2. What kinds of pronunciation errors on vowel are made by Joko Widodo in his speech?

1.3 Objective of the Research

In accordance with the problem of the study above, the objectives of the study are :

1. To explain the kinds of English pronunciation errors on consonants by Joko Widodo in his speech.

2. To explain the kinds of English pronunciation errors on vowel by Joko Widodo in his speech.

1.4 Significance of the Research

The significance of the research will be theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this further research will give information to the linguistic students who are interested to the pronunciation. Besides that, it will be a reference for everyone who wants to investigate the error pronunciation. Practically, this result of this study is expected to give contribution in linguistic fields, expecially about phonology.

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1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of the research is the researcher focuses on analyzing of pronunciation errors in English on consonants and vowels which pronounced by Joko Widodo in his speech. This study is concerned on JokoWidodo’s speech. The limitation is the researcher only focuses on four speeches on video. Therefore, the pronunciation errors, which is occured, may be more happened in other speech.

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms

a) Consonant is speech sound made by (partly) stopping the breath with tongue, lips, etc.

b) Vowel is speech sound in which the mouth is open and the tongue is not touching the top of the mouth, the teeth, etc.

c) Pronunciation is the competence of someone in producing sound used to make meaning. (Kelly, 2000).

d) Error is something you have done which is considered to be incorrect or wrong, or which should not have been done. (Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary).

e) Joko Widodo is the 7thPresident Republic of Indonesia since 2014. f) Speech is formal talk given to an audience.

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical Framework

This chapter consists of theories that underlie the research topic and the previous study.

2.1.1 Phonology

According to Yule (2006: 43), phonology is essentially the description of the systems and pattern of speech sounds in a language. The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics.

According to Ramelan (1994: 1), phonology is the study of phones or speech sounds. There are two studies of phonology, phonetics and phonemics. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds as sounds, without regard to their function as signalling units of language. Phonemics is the study of speech sounds with a view to finding out the significant units of sounds in a given language.

2.1.2 Pronunciation

Accordingto Oxford learner’s pocket dictionary(2008: 352), Pronunciation is way in which language or a particular word or sound is spoken. Based on Christiane Dalton and Barbara Seidlhofer in Pronunciation book (1994: 3), they stated that pronunciation in general terms as the production of significant sound in two senses. The first sense is talk about pronunciation as the production and reception of sound speech. Then the second is talk about pronunciation with reference to acts of speaking. In the simple word, we can define pronunciation as

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a part of speaking skill that related with how to make correct sounds in order to achieve meaning in context of use. Based on Corder (1980: 1) “Pronunciation is the way in which a word is pronounced. Pronunciation is not an optimal extra for

the learners anymore than grammar, vocabulary or any other aspect of language”.

2.1.3 Aspects of Pronunciation

The study of speech sounds can involve either segments or suprasegmentals. Segmental feature includes phoneme that consist of vowel and consonant. In addition, suprasegmental includes stressing and intonation.

a) Segmental

The segmental feature concerns with the phonemes which includes of vowel and consonants of a language. Consonant, Consonant sounds may be voiced or unvoiced. While the consonant sounds are mostly articulated via closure or obstruction in the vocal tract, vowel sounds are produced with a relatively free flow of air. They are all typically voice. To describe vowel sounds, we consider the way in which the tongue influences the

‘shape’ through which the airflow must pass. To talk about place of

articulation, we think of the space inside the mouth as having a front versus a back and high versus a low area. The place of articulation include: bilabial, labiodental, Interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, glottal.

The phonetic symbols for English consonants and vowels are then presented and classified according to the three criteria: voicing (whether the vocal cords vibrate or not), place of articulation (where in the mouth

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the sound is produced), and manner of articulation (how the airstream flows in the mouth during the articulation).

2.1.4 Consonant

Based on Fromkin (2003: 207), place of articulation on consonant: a. Bilabial : [p], [b], [m]

When we produce a [p], [b], or [m], we articulate by bringing both lips together. These sounds are therefore are therefore called bilabials. The first sounds inpin[pɪn],bin[bɪn], andmen[mƐn] are bilabials.

b. Labiodentals: [f], [v]

We are also use our lips to form [f] and [v], as in fine [faɪn] and vine [vaɪn]. we articulated these sounds by touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth, labio referring to the lips and dental to the teeth-hence, labiodentals. c. Interdental: [θ], [ð]

Both [θ] and [ð] are represented orthographically by the th in the words thin [θɪn], ether [i . ], then [ðen], and either [ i ð ] (or, as some pronounce the last word, [ajðə r]). To articulate these “between the teeth”

sound in English (interdentals), one inserts the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth. On the other hand, some speakers of English

produce [θ] and [ð] by placing the tongue against the back of the upper teeth, making a sound more correctly called dental.

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d. Alveolars: [t], [d, [n], [s], [z], [l], [r]

Alveolar sounds are articulated by raising the front part of the tongue to the alveolar ridge. The first sounds of do [du:], new [nu:], two [tu:], sue [su:], and zoo [zu:] are all alveolar ridges.To produce the lateral [l] as in lake [lek], the tongue is raised to the alveolar ridge with the sides of the tongue down, permitting the air to escape laterally over the sides of the tongue. The sound [r] is produced in a variety of ways. Many speakers of English produce [r] by curling the tip of the tongue back behind the alveolar ridge.

e. Palatal: [ʃ]/[š], [Ʒ ]/[ž], [č], [ǰ], [j]

To produce the sounds in the middle of the word mission [mɪšən], measure [mƐ žər]. the front part of the tongue is raised to a point on the hard palate just behind alveolar ridge. These palatal sounds, along with [č] and [ǰ], the sounds that begin and the end words church and judge, are sometimes referred to as alveopalatals, or palatoalveolars. The first sound in yellow is the palatal glide [j].

f. Velars: [k], [g], [ƞ], [w]

Another class of sound is produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or velum. The initial and and final sounds of the word kick [kɪk] and gig [gɪg], and the final sounds of the words back [bæk], bag [bæg], and bang [bæŋ], are thus called velar sounds. Note that the first sound inwinteris the rounded velar or labiovelar glide [w]

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g. Uvulars: [R], [q], [G]

Uvular sounds are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the uvula. The r in French is often an uvular trill and is symbolized by [R]. Uvular sounds are also found in other languages. Arabic, for example, has two uvular sounds symbolized as [q] and [G]. Uvular sounds do not occur in English.

h. Glottals: [Ɂ], [h]

The [h] sounds that starts words such as hat, who, and hair is a glottal sound. Although classified as a consonant, there is no airflow restriction in pronouncing [h]. Its sound is from the flow of air through the open glottis. The tongue and lips are usually in the position for the production of the following vowel as the airstream passes through the open glottis.

2.1.5 Vowel

Basically, the place and the manner of articulation in pronouncing vowels and consonant are different in the amount of air that is used. In English, the most important to learn the sound is vowel. Because it is difficult to know where to put tongues when people make vowels, they need to experiment with the sounds. Vlack (2004: 57) states: “The place of articulation of vowels is made especially difficult because in vowels the tongue should not actually touch any particular place in the mouth. That is there is no physical contact between the tongue and the

mouth in vowels sounds”. According to him, the place of articulation in vowels is

differentiated along two different planes: relative height and relative frontness. There are three distinctions in each category namely front, central and back.

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a. Front of Vowels

In articulation, front of vowel consist of six phoneme: /i/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ɛ/, /a /, and /æ/. The manner of articulation of these vowels are voiced such as consonant and the place of articulation also like consonants that is based on the location of the tongue within the mouth. For the front vowels, the tongue is obviously more forward in the mouth. (Vlack 2004: 59).

Sounds Distinction

/i/This is the highest and most forward front vowel.

Examples: beat /bi:t/, feed /fi:d/, city /si:ti/, and sheep /ʃi:p/ /ɪ/This is a bit lower and further back than /i/.

Examples: bit /bɪt/, fit /fɪt/, slid /slɪd/, and ship /ʃɪp/ /e/This is a mid-front vowel.

Examples: bait /bet/, raid /red/, and made /med/

/ɛ/This is a mid-front vowel that is beginning to get a little low. Examples: bet /bɛt/, red /rɛd/, lead /lɛd/, and bed /bɛd/

/æ/ The tongue is getting quite low here, but it is still near the front of the mouth.

Examples: bat /bæt/, ladder /læd/, fad /fæd/

/ɑ/This is the lowest and furthest back of the front vowels. Examples: body /bɑdi/, pot /pɑt/, and hobby /hɑbi/

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b. Central Vowel

In articulation, central vowel consist of four/ә/,/Ʌ/, /ɚ /and/ɝ /.There

is really only on central vowel in English, but we have different signs for stressed and unstressed sounds.

/ә/This is the unstressed central vowel. It is so important a sound it even has a name schwa.

Examples: america /ə ˈmer.ɪ.kə/, and korea /kə ˈriː.ə/

/Ʌ/This is the stressed central vowel. No one cares what it is called. Examples: lucky /ˈlʌk.i/, up/Ʌp/, and but/bɅt/

/ɚ /This is the r-colored unstressed central vowel. Examples: lover /ˈlʌv.ɚ /, and sister /ˈsɪs.tɚ / /ɝ /This is the stressed central vowel. Examples: dirt/dɝ t/, herb /ɝ b/, and fur /fɝ /

Basically, /ә/ and/Ʌ/are the same sound. The difference in location of the tongue when they are produced is tiny. They have been given different symbols because, in English, it is very important that we distinguish between stressed and unstressed sounds.

c. Back Vowel

In articulation of back vowel consist of four /u/, /ʋ/, /o/,and /ɔ/. Back vowels in English are rounded. The basic problem with this is that they are not all rounded to the same degree. The place of articulation for back vowels, like front vowels and consonants, is based on the location of the

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tongue within the mouth. Because the tongue does not touch any thing, this makes finding the location much harder.

Sounds Distinction

/u/This is the highest and most back of the English vowels. This is a tense sound in that the lips are taut when you are making the sound.

Examples: you /ju:/, dude /du:d/, and food /fu:d/

/ʋ/ This is a little bit further forward and lower than /u/. This sound is lax. Your lips are rounded but in a relaxed way.

Examples: book /bʋk/, could /kʋd/, and wood /wʋd/

/o/ This is a central back vowel. This sound also has a longer more rounded version which is sometimes written /o/

Examples: boat /boʊt/, over /ˈoʊ.vɚ /, drove /droʊ v/ and show /ʃoʊ/ /ɔ/this is the lowest and furthest forward of all the back vowels.

Examples: call/k l/, awful/ .f l/, and horse /hɔ rs/

Those categories of articulation above indicates that vowels are more harder than consonant because vowels are include various part of tongue. b)Suprasegmentals

Suprasegmentals are aspects of speech that influence stretches of sound larger than a single segment. Suprasegmentals aspects of speech include lenght, tone and intonation, syllable structure, and stress.

a. Lenght

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b. Tone and intonation

The terms tone and intonation refer to linguistic uses of pitch. Tone refers to the use of pitch to convey meaning at the word level. Intonation refers to the use of pitch to convey meaning at the sentence or discourse level.

c. Syllable structure

A syllable is a phonological unit composed of one or more phonemes.

d. Stress

Linguistic stress is a prominence relation between syllables: certain syllables are longer, louder, higher-pitched, or more clearly articulated than those around them.

2.1.6 Error of pronunciation

Dulay (as cited in Trisniawati, 1982: 138), “Errors are flawed side of learner speech orwriting” based on statement, the researcher can explain that something which is connected with speech or writing flawed is called error.

According to Brown, in order to analyze learner language in appropriate perspective, it is crucial to make a distinction between mistakes and errors. A mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or a “slip”, in

that it is a failure to utilize a known system correctly. Mistakes can happen in both native and second language are the result of some sort of temporary breakdown, hesitations, slip of the tongue, random ungrammaticalities, or imperfection in the process of producing speech and can be recognized and corrected by native

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speakers. Error is a noticeable deviation from the adult grammar of native speaker, reflects the competence of the learner.

2.2 Previous Study

Hassan (2014) investigated learners whose first language is Sudanese Spoken Arabic. The subjects for the study were fifty students from University of Sudan of Science and Technology (SUST), and thirty university teachers of English language from the same university. The instruments used for collecting the data were observation, recordings and a structured questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed both statistically and descriptively. The findings of the study revealed that Sudanese Students of English whose language background is Sudanese Spoken Arabic, had problems with the pronunciation of English vowels that have more than one way of pronunciation in addition to the consonant sound contrasts e.g. /z/ and /ð/, /s/ and /θ/,/b/ and /p/, /ʃ/ and /tʃ/. Based on the findings, the study concluded that factors such as Interference, the differences in the sound system in the two languages, inconsistency of English sounds and spelling militate against Sudanese Students of English (SSEs) competence in pronunciation.

Mayasari (2013) analyzed of students’ errors in pronouncing vowels. Most of the students may have problems to pronounce English vowels, although they get English lessons in their school and they can not master English pronunciation well. Therefore, students often make errors. The problem in this study is kind of errors that students faced in pronouncing English diphthong and the purpose of this study is to find out the error that the student faced in pronouncing the English

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students are chosen as the population, but only 31 students were the subject of research. Instrument that is used by the writer is a test and recorder to record the pronunciation of students in conducting tests. In analyzing the data using descriptive analysis to calculate the percentage of all errors and interpret the results of the dataanalysis. There are 3 diphthongs aɪ the error number is 63,63%, while the number of aʊ 30.54%, 6.08% and thenɔ ɪnumbers. So the results of the analysis,the most diphthongs that students' errors in pronouncing diphthong is aɪ.

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

In this part, the researcher described the method that was used in this research. The researcher explained the general process in collecting and analyzing the data. It consisted of research design, subject of the research, research instrument, data and data source, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

This study analyzed pronunciation errors of consonants and vowels sounds in English words made by President Joko Widodo. In this research, the researcher used descriptive qualitative research. Descriptive qualitative is a form of social inquiry that focus on the way people interpret and make a sense of their experience and the world in which they live. Bungin explained in his book that descriptive qualitative form does not have sign like water (spread in a surface), but to concentrate its self on the unit from various phenomena.

This research is designed to identify the kind of consonants and vowels sound pronounced errors by President Joko Widodo.

3.2 Research Instrument

The research instrument was the researcher itself. The researcher analyzed it. The researcher used dictionary. The dictionary wasCambridge advanced learner’s dictionary (third edition) application. It was a tool for analyzing the data.

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3.3 Data and Data Source

The data of this research were all of the utterences of Joko Widodo in four speeches. While, the data source was Joko Widodo’s speech video on you tube. There are four videos of Joko Widodo’s as the data source. The speech is World Economic Forum on East Asia (WEF) or Konferensi Asia Afrika (KAA) which it was located in Shangri-La hotel, Jakarta. And it held on April, 19-21 2015. Then, its duration spent 11.52 minutes. The second speech is when Mr. Joko Widodo as the speaker of APEC CEO Summit which it was held in China National Convention Centre (CNCC), Beijing on Monday, November 10 2014. It spent 13.30 minutes. The third speech is when Mr. Joko Widodo as the speaker on Brooking Institution which it is one of famous studies institution in America. He talked about about Islam and Democracy and the video took for about 04.00 minutes. The last speech is when Mr. Joko Widodo as the speaker in Gala Hosted by USINDO. It spent 07.02 minutes.

3.4 Technique of Data Collection

The researcher collected the data through several steps. As follows:

1. The researcher looked for Joko Widodo’s speech video from you tube. 2. After finding the video, the researcher downloaded it from you tube.

There were four speeches of Joko Widodo which were downloaded from these links.

a. APEC CEO Summit 2014

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b. World Economic Forum (WEF) or Konferensi Asia-Afrika (KAA)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87A0Vy-0AZk c. Islam and Democracy on Brooking Institution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CD35awXk_aU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sv0iflu9yfw d. United State-Indonesian Society (USINDO) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6G604qxWaNQ

3. The researcher listened and transcribed all the utterances of Joko Widodo’s speech.

4. The researcher made a phonetic transcription to the whole of Joko Widodo’s utterences.

3.5 Technique of Data Analysis

After listening, watching, and transcribing the video, the researcheranalyzed the data through several procedures :

3.5.1 Identifying errors

The researcher re-listened the the videos to recheck the pronunciation errors while listening the video, the researcher marked all of utterences which it contained of kind errors. There are 7 marks for analyzing consonant words, such as: yellow for bilabial, pink for labiodental, orange for interdental, blue for alveolar, purple for palatal, light blue for velar and green for

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However, for analyzing vowel words, the researcher used black colour.

Besided that to made easier detecting the errors, the researcher determined through coding whether consonant or vowel. The detail was as follow:

Table 3.1 Code for consonant errors

Figure 3.1 Example of identifying selected data of errors Abbreviation

Bilabial Bil

Labiodental Lab

Interdental Int

Alveolar Alv

Palatal Pal

Velar Vel

Glottal Glo

lab

alv

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3.5.2 Classifying Errors

The researcher classified the English pronunciation errors on Joko Widodo’s speech through categorizing each error, whether consonant or vowel. Besided that, each of them was given detailed on the amounted of total frequency and percentage.

No Consonant

Total

Percent age

Data Frequency

1. _[p]-bilabial 2. _[b]-bilabial 3. _[m]-bilabial 4. _{[f]-labiodental}

5. _{[v]-labiodental}

1/1-4; 1/1-4; 1/1-4; 1/1-5; 1/1-7; 1/1-7; 1/1-7; 1/1-8; 1/1-8; 4/1-7; 4/1-8; 4/1-8;

6. _[_{θ]-interdental}

1/1-5; 1/1-6; 1/1-7; 1/1-10; 1/1-10; 1/1-11; 1/1-20;

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8. _[t]-alveolar 9. _[d]-alveolar 10. _[n]-alveolar 11. _[s]-alveolar

12. _[z]-alveolar

1/1-5; 1/1-6; 1/1-6; 1/1-6; 1/1-7; 1/1-7; 1/1-10; 1/1-10; 13. _[l]-alveolar

14. _[r]-alveolar

15. _[_ʃ_]-palatal 1/1-8; 16. _[_Ʒ_]-palatal

17. _[_č_]-palatal 18. _[ǰ]-palatal 19. _[j]-palatal 20. _[k]-velar 21. _[g]-velar 22. _[ƞ_]-velar 23. _[w]-velar 24. _[h]-glottal 25. _[_Ɂ_]-glottal

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No. Vowel

Total

Percenta ge Data Frequency

1. [_ɪ] 3/1-9

2. [e] 1/1-5;

2/1-20

3. [æ] 1/2-1

4. [ʌ] 5. [ɒ] 6. [ ]

7. [ǝ] 1/1-1;

1/1-11 8. [i:]

9. [u:] 10. [ɑ:] 11. [ :] 12. [ɜ:]

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Note :

3.5.3 Interpretating the Data

First, the researcher gave the utterences which was contain pronunciation errors, the letters were written in bold type and underline. Such as the example below:

 First, on behalf of the Indonesian Government and the people of Indonesia

Data I (Datum 1/1-3)

Second, the researcher described what the speaker said and how the speaker should say. Such as the example below, which is continuing the previous example.

The word “government” should be read /ˈgʌv.ən.mənt/, but he pronounced it /ˈgʌf.ən.mənt/.

3.5.4 Drawing Conclusion

After the researcher analyzing the data, she concluded the explanation as the result of research.

1/1-4

Line

Page

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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter consists of findings and discussion about an Analysis of English Pronunciation Errors of Joko Widodo‟s Speech.

4.1 Findings

This section explains the data which were obtained while conducting the research. In other words, the researcher gives explanations on the kind of pronunciation errors on consonant and vowel, as the main question of this present research

4.1.1 Kinds of Consonant Pronunciation Errors

Based on the data analysis, the researcher found 283 data onconsonants errors and there are five kinds of errors made by President Joko Widodo. Thus, this part indicates to answer the first problem of this presentresearch.

‟s speech 56%

24%

19% 1%

Consonant Errors

Labiodental

Alveolar

Interdental

Palatal

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The diagram shows that labiodental is the most frequent errors made by JokoWidodo in his speeches. It is the highest number which 159 data out of 283 or 56,18% of the percentage. The second kind is alveolar errors. The data is 67 out of 283 or 23,67% of the percentage. The third is interdental errors. The data is 53 out of 283 or 18,72% of the percentage. The fourth is palatal errors. The data is 3 out of 283 or 1,06% of the percentage. The last is velar errors. The data is only 1 datum out of 283 or 0,35% of the percentage.

4.1.1.1 Errors in Labiodental Pronunciation

Labiodental is kind of consonant pronunciation that is commonly made by President JokoWidodo. Labiodental is touching upper teeth to the bottom lip to form sound „f‟ and „v‟. This research found 159 data of labiodental errors in President JokoWidodo‟s speeches, as follows:

 First, on behalf of the Indonesian Government and the people of Indonesia Data I (Datum 1/1-3)

 We want to channel our fuel subsidy from consumption to the productive activities

Data II (Datum 1/1-11)

 Some subsidy we want to channel to the fishermen, to give them boat engines

Data III (Datum 1/1-17)

 We hope not only the vessels can enter our sea toll but also mother vessels can enter the sea toll

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Data IV (Datum 1/2-11)

 We have national one-stop service office that can help you Data V (Datum 1/3-1)

 I have just returned from an official visit to Tokyo and Beijing Data VI (Datum 2/1-6)

 And I believethis is to the great benefit of Asia as a whole Data VII (Datum 2/1-9)

 We will force to the value Data VIII (Datum 2/1-21)

 A powerful voice of moderation in our society Data IX (Datum 3/1-5)

 It is time to free up our private sector Data X (Datum 4/1-12)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found many labiodentals errors uttered. These sounds are pronounced by touching upper teeth to the bottom lip. The difference between „f‟ and „v‟ sound is on voicing. „f‟ sound is voiced. While, „v‟ sound is voiced. In articulating „f‟ sound, there is no vibration on throat. Whereas, there is vibrating on throat in pronouncing „v‟ sound. First, the word “government” should be read/ˈgʌv.ən.mənt/, but he pronounced it /ˈgʌf.ən.mənt/.Second the word “productive”is /prəˈdʌk.tɪv/, whereas he pronounced it /prəˈdʌk.tɪf/.Third, the word“give”is pronounced /gɪv/, while he pronounced it /gɪf/. Fourth, the word “vessels”is /ˈves.əls/. He, on the other hand, pronounced it /ˈfes.əls/. Fifth, the word “service”is pronounced /ˈsɜː.fɪs/; however,

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he should pronounce it /ˈsɜː.vɪs/. Sixth, “visit”should be read /ˈvɪz.ɪt/, while he pronounced it /ˈfɪz.ɪt/. Seventh, the word “believe”is pronounced /bɪˈliːf/, but he should pronounce it /bɪˈliːv/.Eighth, the word “value”should be read /ˈvæl.juː/, wheras he pronounced it /ˈfæl.juː/. Nine, the word “voice”should be read /vɔɪs/; however, he pronounced it /fɔɪs/. Tenth, the word “private”is not pronounced /ˈpraɪ.vət/, on the other hand, he pronounced it /ˈpraɪ.fət/. Therefore, the speaker, President JokoWidodo, pronounced all of „v‟ sounds into „f‟ sounds, so that it indicated wrong pronunciation, because „v‟ sounds is changed into „f‟ sounds. It can be found in the words: government, productive, give, vessels, service and etc. Actually, this phenomenon is something usual, because looking at the background of the speaker himself, whom he lived in Indonesia, which there is no difference between „f‟ and „v‟ sound. In other words, „f‟ and „v‟ sounds are pronounced quite the same.

4.1.1.2 Errors in Alveolar Pronunciation

Alveolar sounds are articulated by raising the front part of the tongue to the alveolar ridge. There are seven sounds of alveolar sounds: [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l], and [r]. This research found 67 data of alveolar errors in President JokoWidodo as follows:

 I would like to thank you for coming to my presentation Data I (Datum 1/1-5)

 We can talk about business, about investment with all of you. Data II (Datum 1/1-7)

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 We want to help them raise their working capital Data III (Datum 1/1-19)

 So, this is also your opportunity, becauseyou know our national budget is limited

Data IV (Datum 1/2-7)

 Many investors, a lot of investors, when they come to me, most of them they always complain about land acquisition

Data V (Datum 1/2-22)

 Our amazing opportunities, please come and invest in Indonesia. If you have any problem, call me.

Data VI (Datum 2/1-1)

 Ladies and gentlemen, the world is in an fundamental transition Data VII (Datum 2/1-3)

 Andafter many meetings with president Xi Jinping Data VIII (Datum 2/1-7)

 Our people are very wise Data IX (Datum 2/2-9)

 But I surprise for you today. I know. You may know. Data X (Datum 4/1-8)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found many alveolar errors. First, the word “presentation” should be read /ˌprez.ənˈteɪ.ʃən/, but he pronounced it /ˌprez.ənˈteɪ.ʃən/.Second the word “business”is /ˈbɪz.nɪs/, whereas he pronounced it/ˈbɪs.nɪs/. Third, the word“raise”is pronounced /reɪz/, while he pronounced it

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/reɪs/. Fourth, the word “because” is /bɪˈkəz/. He, on the other hand, pronounced it /bɪˈkəs/. Fifth, the word “acquisition”is pronounced /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/; however, he should pronounce it /ˌæk.wɪˈsɪʃ.ən/. Sixth, “please” should be read /pliːz/, while he pronounced it /pliːs/. Seventh, the word “transition”is pronounced /trænˈsɪʃ.ən/, but he should pronounce it /trænˈzɪʃ.ən/.Eighth, the word “president”should be read /ˈprez.ɪ.dənt/, whereas he pronounced it /ˈpres.ɪ.dənt/. Nine, the word“wise”should be read /waɪz/; however, he pronounced it /waɪs/. Tenth, the word “surprise”is not pronounced /səˈpraɪz/, on the other hand, he pronounced it /səˈpraɪs/. Therefore, the speaker, President JokoWidodo, pronounced all of „z‟ sounds into „s‟ sounds, so that it indicated wrong pronunciation, because „z‟ sounds is changed into „s‟ sounds. It can be found in the words: Presentation, business, raise, because, acquisition and etc. The speaker is most frequent adopted the Indonesian pronunciation in pronouncing English. It can be heared from the way he pronounced. The speaker pronounced the word as a written form.

4.1.1.3Errors in Pronouncing Interdental Consonants

Interdental sounds are made by bringing the blade of the tongue against the upper teeth or even between the teeth (so that the tongue tip protrudes slightly). This research found 53 data of interdental errors in President JokoWidodo as follows:

a. Errors in Interdental /θ/

 I would like to thank you for coming to my presentation Data I (Datum 1/1-5)

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 And imagine, we have 17,000 (seventeen thousand) islands Data II (Datum 1/1-10)

 And some subsidy we want to channel to the health program, the education program

Data III (Datum 1/1-20)

 We need around 35,000 (thirty five thousand) megavolts to build our industries, to build our projects, to build our industrial zones, our manufacturing zones

Data IV (Datum 1/2-16)

 If there is one thing that Prime minister Abbey presidency Data IV (Datum 2/1-10)

Indonesia has something very special to over to the world Data V (Datum 3/1-14)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found many alveolar errors. First, the word “thank”should be read /θæŋk/, but he pronounced it /tæŋk/.Second the word “thousand”is /ˈθaʊ.zənd/, whereas he pronounced it/ˈtaʊ.zənd/. Third, the word“health”is pronounced helθ/, while he pronounced it /helt/. Fourth, the word “thirty” is /ˈθɜː.ti/. He, on the other hand, pronounced it /ˈtɜː.ti/.Fifth, the word “thing”is pronounced /tɪŋ/; however, he should pronounce it θɪŋ/. Sixth, “something” should be read /ˈsʌm.θɪŋ/, while he pronounced it/ˈsʌm.tɪŋ/. Therefore, the speaker, President JokoWidodo, pronounced all of „θ‟ sounds into „t‟ sounds, so that it indicated wrong pronunciation, because „θ‟ sounds is changed

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into „t‟ sounds. It can be found in the words:thank, health, thirty, something, dan etc. Because in Indonesia, there is no „th‟ sounds.

b. Errors in Interdental /ð/

 So, we hope with our sea toll the price in our islands is the same. Data I (Datum 1/2-15)

 But, it can be no progress without change. Data II (Datum 2/2-7)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found many interdental errors. First, the word “with” should be read /wɪð/, but he pronounced it /wɪt/. Second the word “without” is /wɪˈðaʊt/, whereas he pronounced it /wɪˈtaʊt/. Therefore, the speaker, President JokoWidodo, pronounced all of „ð‟ sounds into „t‟ sounds, so that it indicated wrong pronunciation, because „ð‟ sounds is changed into „t‟ sounds. It can be found in the words:with and without. Because in Indonesia, there is no „th‟ sounds. Moreover, there is no „ð‟ sound in Javanese language. Javanese language has „d‟ sound. For instance: dengkul, driji and dalan. Actually, it is not interdental sound. But, it includes alveolar sound. So, the speaker changes interdental sounds „ð‟ into alveolar sounds „t‟.

4.1.1.4 Errors in Palatal Pronunciation

Palatal is produced by the front part of the tongue is raised to a point on the hard palate just behind alveolar ridge. This research found 3 data of palatal errors (2 palatals error of /ʃ/ sounds and 1 palatal error of /ǰ/) on President Joko Widodo‟s pronunciation as follows:

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a. Errors in palatal /ʃ/

 The picture show you our map of Indonesia Data I (Datum 1/1-8)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found some palatal errors. First, the word “show”should be read /ʃəʊ/, but he pronounced it /səʊ/. The kind of consonant pronunciation errors is palatal. In this datum, President JokoWidodo pronounced [ʃ] sounds into „s‟ sounds. This error occur because in Indonesia, there is no „sh‟ sound. Whereas, Arabic language has „sh‟ sound. Indonesian can also pronounce „sh‟ sound.

b. Errors in palatal /ǰ/

 And some subsidy we want to channel to the health program, the education program

Data I (Datum 1/1-21)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found some palatal errors. First, the word “education”should be read /ˌed.jʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/, but he pronounced it /ˌed.ʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/. The kind of consonant pronunciation errors is palatal. In this datum, President JokoWidodo pronounced [ǰ] sounds into „d‟ sounds. This error occur because the speaker pronounced the word as a written form.

4.1.1.4Errors in Pronouncing Velar

Velar is produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or velum. [k], [g], [ƞ] and [w] are velar sounds. The researcher found only 1 datum of error in velar.

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 Furniture industry, and paper industry, oil industries,chemical industries Data I (Datum 2/1-25)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found only 1 datum of velar error. First, the word “chemical”should be read /ˈkem.ɪ.kəl/, but he pronounced it /ˈčem.ɪ.kəl/.In this datum, President JokoWidodo pronounced [č]. Whereas, not all of „ch‟ sounds are pronounced [č]. Sometimes, „ch‟ sound is pronounced [k]. The word “chemical” is one of example of pronouncing [k] sound.

4.1.2 Kinds of Short and Long Vowels Pronunciation Error

Based on the research, the researcher found some English pronunciation errors,especially short and long vowels, are made by President JokoWidodo in his speeches. After analyzing the data, the researcher found 114 data onvowels errors whether short or long vowels. Itanswersthe second problems of this present research. Moreover, there are three kinds of vowels errors are made by President Joko Widodo, as presented on the table below:

Figure 4.2 Vowel Errors of JokoWidodo

Central Vowel Front vowel Back Vowel

Series1 78.95% 17.54% 3.51%

tle

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The diagram shows that central vowels is the most frequent errors are made by JokoWidodo in his speeches. It is the highest number which 90 data out of 114 or 78,95% of the percentage. The second kind is front vowel errors. The data is 20 data out of 114 or 17,54% of the percentage. The last kind of vowel errors is back vowel. The data is 4 out of 114 or 3,51% of the percentage.

4.1.2.1 Front vowel [e]

Short vowel [e] is a mid-front vowel. The researcher found 3 data of front vowel [e].

 I would like to thank you for coming to my presentation Data I (Datum 1/1-5)

 Finally, again on behalf of the Indonesian government and the people of Indonesia, I would like to thank you for your listening my presentation Data II (Datum 1/3-4)

 Our energy minister Subroto was secretary jendral OPEC Data III (Datum 2/1-20)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found many front vowel errors. First, the word “presentation” should be read /ˌprez.ənˈteɪ.ʃən/, but he pronounced it /ˌprəs.ənˈteɪ.ʃən/. Second the word “again” is /əˈgən/, whereas he pronounced it /əˈgen/. Third, the word “secretary” is pronounced /ˈsek.rə.tri/, while he pronounced it /ˈsək.rə.tri/. Vowel /e/ is pronounced as /ə/. Vowel /e/ and /ə/are different sound and symbol. Then, the place and manner of articulation are also different. Vowel /e/ is front based on place articulation and the manner of

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articulation is middle. Meanwhile, the place and manner of articulation /ə/ sound is central and middle.

4.1.2.2 Front vowel [ɪ]

Short vowel [ɪ] is a bit lower and further back than /i:/. The researcher found 4 data in the research.

 Electricity, we need power plants Data I (Datum 1/2-16)

 After the 1980, Indonesia begin to industry Data II (Datum 2/1-23)

 Making things simple and efficient is hard Data III (Datum 4/1-19)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found many front vowel /ɪ/ errors. First, the word “electricity” should be read /ɪˌlekˈtrɪs.ɪ.ti/, but he pronounced it /eˌlekˈtrɪs.ɪ.ti/. Second the word “begin” is /bɪˈgɪn/, whereas he pronounced it /bɪˈgen/. Third, the word “efficient” is pronounced /ˈsek.rə.tri/, while he pronounced it /eˈfɪʃ.ənt/. The substitution of vowel /ɪ/ is only /e/ sound. Vowel /ɪ/ and /e/ are different sound and symbol. The place and manner of articulation are also different. The place articulation of short vowel /ɪ/ is front and the manner of articulation is bit lower than /i:/ sound. Meanwhile, the place and manner of articulation /e/ sound is front and middle. This error occur because the speaker pronounced English word (electricity and efficient) as a written form.

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4.1.2.3 Front vowel [æ]

Short vowel [æ] is the tongue is getting quite low here, but it is sill near the front of the mouth. In the research, the researcher found 11 data of errors of front vowel [æ].

 And we plan to build our railway track, railway network Data I (Datum 1/2-1)

 Now, we talk about mass transportation Data II (Datum 1/2-4)

 We want to build our mass transportation in 6 big cities in Indonesia Data III (Datum 1/2-4)

 So, this is also your opportunity, because you know our national budget is limited

Data 1V (Datum 1/2-7)

 Fortunately, Indonesia has two important asset with stabilize and our society

Data V (Datum 3/1-1)

 Our democracy public participation is every aspect of our lives Data VI (Datum 3/1-11)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found many front vowel [æ] errors. First, the word “track” should be read /træk/, but he pronounced it /trek/. Second the word “mass” is /mæs/, whereas he pronounced it /mes/. Third, the word “transportation” is pronounced /ˌtræn.spɔːˈteɪ.ʃən/, while he pronounced it

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hand, pronounced it /ˈnʌʃ.ən.əl/. Fifth, the word “asset” is pronounced /ˈʌs.et/; however, he should pronounce it. Sixth, “please” should be read /pliːz/, while he pronounced it /pliːs/. Seventh, the word “aspect” is pronounced /ʌs.pekt/, but he should pronounce it /ˈæs.pekt/. The data above are front vowel on /æ/, sometimes the speaker pronounced as /e/ and /ʌ/ which have different sound. Then, the place and manner of articulation so different, where short vowel /æ/ is on front based on place articulation and the manner of articulation is low. Then, the place and manner of articulation /e/ sound is front and middle. Meanwhile, short vowel /ʌ/ is central place of articulation and the manner of articulation is middle.

4.1.2.4 Front vowel [i:]

Long vowel is highest and most forward front vowel. The researcher found 2 data of this research.

 Indeed, our media and social media had been instrumental in exposing corruption and demanding result from our goverment official

Data I (Datum 3/1-9)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found many front vowel [i:] errors. First, the word “media”should be read /ˈmiː.di.ə/, but he pronounced it /ˈmə. di.ʌ/. The long vowel [i:] is pronounced by the speaker as a [ə] sound. The place of articulation of long vowel [i:] is front. While, the manner of it is high. It differences between [ə] sound. The short vowel [ə] is central based on place of articulation and the manner of articulation is middle.

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4.1.2.5 Central vowel [ə]

Short vowel [ə] is the unstressed central vowel. It is so important a sound it even has a name: schwa. The researcher found 87 data of errors on front vowel.

 Our national budget for 2015 is $167 billion and for fuel subsidy is $27 billion

Data I (Datum 1/1-11)

 And we want to build dams 25 dams in 5 years from our fuel subsidy to maintain the water supply to the farming area

Data II (Datum 1/1-16)

 And some subsidy we want to channel to infrastructure Data III (Datum 1/1-21)

 The capacity is 3.6 million Data IV (Datum 1/1-25)

 Now we talk about our maritime agenda Data V (Datum 1/2-8)

 We have national one-stop service office that can help you, that will serve you, that will facilitate you, that will give you your business permit. Data VI (Datum 1/3-2)

 Within this global transition, our task is clear Data VII (Datum 2/1-15)

 Change can be painful, change with create make winner and looser Data VIII (Datum 2/2-6)

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 Indeed, our media and social media had been instrumental in exposing corruption and demanding result from our goverment official

Data IX (Datum 3/1-9)

 Indeed, our media and social media had been instrumental in exposing corruption and demanding result from our goverment official

Data X(Datum 3/1-9)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found many central vowel [ə] errors. First, the word “national” should be read /ˈnæʃ.ən.əl/, but he pronounced it /nʌʃ.ən.ʌl/. Second the word “supply” is /səˈplaɪ/, whereas he pronounced it /suˈplaɪ/. Third, the word “infrastructure” is pronounced /ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər/, while he pronounced it /ˈɪn.frʌˌstrʌk.tʃər/. Fourth, the word “capacity” is /kəˈpæs.ə.ti/. He, on the other hand, pronounced it /kʌˈpʌs.i.ti/. Fifth, the word “agenda” is pronounced /ʌˈdʒen.dʌ/; however, he should pronounce it /əˈdʒen.də/. Sixth, “facilitate” should be read /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪt/, while he pronounced it /fʌˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪt/. Seventh, the word “global” is pronounced /ˈgləʊ.bʌl/, but he should pronounce it /ˈgləʊ.bəl/. Eighth, the word “painful” should be read /ˈpeɪn.fəl/, whereas he pronounced it /ˈpeɪn.fƱl/. Nine, the word “media” should be read /ˈmiː.di.ə/; however, he pronounced it /ˈmə.di.ʌ/. Tenth, the word “instrumental” is not pronounced /ˌɪn.strəˈmen.təl/, on the other hand, he pronounced it /ˌɪn.strƱˈmen.təl/. Vowel /ə/ is pronounced as /ʌ/ and /Ʊ/ sound. Basically, vowel /ʌ/ and /ə/are the same sound but they have difference in stressed and unstressed. Therefore, The speaker confuses to differ between stressed and unstressed sounds.

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Vowel /Ʊ/ is difference of them based on place and manner of articulation. The place of articulate vowel /Ʊ/ is back and the manner is high.

4.1.2.6 Central vowel [ʌ]

Short vowel [ʌ] is the stressed central vowel. No one cares what it is called. Examples: lucky /lʌki/, up /ʌp/, and but /bʌt/. The researcher found 2 data of her research.

 We need around 35,000 megavolts to build our industries, to build our projects, to build our industrial zones, our manufacturing zones

Data I (Datum 1/2-17)

 Ladies and gentlemen, the world is in an fundamental transition Data II (Datum 2/1-3)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found many central vowel [ʌ] errors. First, the word “industrial” should be read /ɪnˈdʌs.tri.əl/, but he pronounced it /ɪnˈdƱs.tri.əl/. Second the word “fundamental” is /ˌfʌn.dəˈmen.təl/, whereas he pronounced it /suˈplaɪ/./ˌfƱn.dʌˈmen.təl/. Vowel /ʌ/ is pronounced as /ə/ and /Ʊ/. These three sound vowel /ʌ/, /ə/ and /Ʊ/are different sound and symbol. Then, the place and manner of articulation are also different. Short vowel /ʌ/ is central based on place articulation and the manner of articulation is middle. Then, the place and manner of articulation /ə/ sound is central and middle. Meanwhile, short vowel /Ʊ/ is back place of articulation. The manner of articulation is high. This error occur because the speaker pronounced English word as a written form.

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4.1.2.7 Central vowel [ɜː]

Long vowel [ɜː] is the stressed central vowel. The researcher found only 1 datum of the research.

 We have a population of 240 million and the distance is like from London in UK to Istanbul in Turkey

Data I (Datum 1/1-9)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found central vowel [ɜː] errors. First, the word “turkey”should be read /ˈtɜː.ki/, but he pronounced it/ˈtuːr.ki/. The speaker pronounced the word as a written form. The long vowel [ɜː] is central vowel based on place of articulation.

4.1.2.8 Back vowel [ɔː]

Long vowel [ɔː] is the lowest and furthest forward of all the back vowels.

 And we want to build the dams 25 dams in 5 years from our fuel subsidy to maintain the water supply to the farming area

Data I (Datum 1/1-16)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found back vowel [ɜː] errors. First, the word “water”should be read /ˈwɔː.tər/, but he pronounced it/ˈwʌ.tər /. The vowel /ɔː/ is pronounced by President Joko Widodo as /ʌ/ sound. The place and manner of articulation of these two sounds are very different. The long vowel /ɔː/ is back in place of articulation. The manner of long vowel /ɔː/ is low. Meanwhile, short vowel /ʌ/ sound is central and middle.

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4.1.2.9 Back vowel [ɑː]

Long vowel [ɑː] is low back vowel. The researcher found 3 data of the research in President Joko Widodo‟s speeches.

 And my people ask me, Mr. Jokowi, please change our country Data I (Datum 2/1-14)

 Within this global transition, our task is clear Data II (Datum 1/1-15)

Relate to the data above, the researcher found back vowel [ɑː] errors. First, the word “ask” should be read /ɑːsk/, but he pronounced it /ʌsk/. Second the word “task” is /tɑːsk/, whereas he pronounced it /tʌsk/. Vowel /ɑː/ is pronounced as /ʌ/. These two sound vowel /ɑː/ and /ʌ/are different sound and symbol. Then, the place and manner of articulation are also different. Long vowel /ɑː/ is back based on place articulation and the manner of articulation is low. Then, the place and manner of articulation /ʌ/ sound is central and middle.

4.2 Discussion

Based on the focus of this research, that is analyzing kind of consonant and vowel errors on President Joko Widodo‟s speech, the researcher found that on his speech he pronounced many errors both in consonants and vowel. The four selected speeches: APEC CEO Summit, World Economic Forum on East Asia (WEF) or Konferensi Asia Afrika (KAA), Islam and Democracy and United States-Indonesia Society (USINDO).

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The researcher analyzed two research problems. The finding of first research problem, that is analyzing kind of consonant errors, showed that the total of kinds of consonant pronunciation errors are 283 data. Labiodental amounted 159 data or 56,18%, alveolar amounted 67 or 23,67%, interdental amounted 53 data or 18,72% and palatal amounted 3 data or 1,06%, and velar errors amounted 1 datum or 0,35%. Thus, labiodental errors are often made by Joko Widodo in his speeches. It means that he used to say „f‟ sound for „v‟ sound. Further, the next is alveolar which is the speaker pronounced the word as a written form.

The finding of second research problem, that is analyzing kind of vowel errors, showed that the total of kinds of vowel pronunciation errors are 114 data. Front vowels amounted 20 data or 17,54%, central vowel amounted 90 data or 78,94%, and back vowel amounted 4 data or 3,50%.

The study of English pronunciation errors, especially on consonant and vowel errors, was made by several researchers. First, the research was conducted by Fitria (2014). The subject of her research is 30 students of the second year at SMPN 2 Menganti, Gresik. There are 3 kinds of pronunciation errors on vowels which occur in the students‟ utterance. They are errors in short vowel, long vowel, and diphthong. The second research is investigating of Pronunciation Errors Made by Indonesian Singers in Malang in Singing English Song. They are Ivana Okta Riyani and Johannes Ananto Prayogo (2013). They focused on analyzing pronunciation errors on consonant, vowel and diphthong. Moreover, this present research is continuing the previous study, that the researcher analyzes English pronunciation errors, especially on consonant and vowel. However, as the gap of

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the previous study, the researcher uses the other subject, that is speeches, because the researcher realizes that there is no study of English pronunciation errors on speech text.

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47 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion

After conducted this research, the researcher finds out that pronunciation is important role in doing communication, in order to the communication run well. The interlocutor can catch what s/he actually mean and the messages are delivered well. Here, the researcher focused on the kinds of pronunciation errors of consonant and vowel are made by President Joko Widodo.

The findings of this result showed that there are five kinds of errors made by President Joko Widodo. Labiodental is the most frequent errors made by Joko Widodo in his speeches. It is the highest number which 159 data out of 283 or 56,18% of the percentage. The second kind is alveolar errors. The data is 67 out of 283 or 23,67% of the percentage. The third is interdental errors. The data is 53 out of 283 or 18,72% of the percentage. The fourth is palatal errors. The data is 3 out of 283 or 1,06% of the percentage. The last is velar errors. The data is only 1 data out of 283 or 0,35% of the percentage. The researcher also found 114 data of errors made by President Joko Widodo in pronouncing English short and long vowels. There are three kind of errors on vowels made by President Joko Widodo. Central vowels is the most frequent errors made by Joko Widodo in his speeches. It is the highest number which 90 data out of 114 or 78,95% of the percentage. The second kind is front vowel errors. The data is 20 data out of 114 or 17,54% of the percentage. The last kind of vowel errors is back vowel. The data is 4 out of 114 or 3,51% of the percentage.

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5.2 Suggestion

Based on the research finding, the researcher has several suggestions for further researcher and for readers.

First is for the further researcher :

The researcher suggests to complete this research through comparing other theories that relate it to this research. Besides that, the researcher suggests this research will be continued by other researchers with different subject. Finally, it will be a reference for everyone who wants to investigate the English pronunciation error.

Second is for the readers:

The research will give information especially to the linguistic students who are interested at the English pronunciation error, because it will contribute knowledge of the readers to comprehend all about pronunciation.

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REFERENCES

Abbas, N. 2011. An Analysis of Errors Made By Yemeni University Students in The English Consonant Clusters System. Vol.27 No.3+4. Damascus University Journal.

Afifah, L. 2012.An Analysis of Student’s pronunciation Errors in Reading texts at the Sixth Grade Students of SDN 3 Cisauheun Bandung Barat.

Astuti, L. 2014. Consonants Pronunciation Errors Made by Kindergarten 2 Students in Stamford International Community School Semarang. Retrieved on November 25th, 2014.

Bungin, B. 2007.Penelitian Kualitatif Komunikasi, Ekonomi, Kebijakan Publik, dan Ilmu Sosial. Kencana Prenada Media Group. Jakarta.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. 2006.

CollinsPublisher.

Corder, S. P. 1980.Research of second language errors. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dalton, C. and Seidlhofer, B. 1994. Pronunciation. New York: Oxford University Press.

Fitria, A. L. 2014.The Error Analysis of English Pronunciation on Vowels Made by the Second Year Students at SMPN 2 Menganti, Gresik. Retrieved on Juni 20th, 2015

Fromkin,et al. 2003. An Introduction to Language. WadsworthCencage Learning. United States of America.

Hassan, E. M. I. 2014. Pronunciation Problems: A Case Study of English Language Students at Sudan University of Science and Technology. Canadian Center of Science and Education. Volume 4 (4). Retrieved on November 25th, 2015 from http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v4n4p31

Hismanoglu, M.Language Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching. Retrieved on Desember 10th, 2015 from

http://iteslj.org/Articles/Hismanoglu-Strategies.html.

Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko_Widodo. Retrieved on Desember 10th, 2015 Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87A0Vy-0AZk.Retrieved on Desember 9th,

2015

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Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CD35awXk_aU. Retrieved on April 7th, 2016

Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lo2jx_IFAoU. Retrieved on April 7th, 2016 Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sv0iflu9yfw. Retrieved on April 7th, 2016 Imarlina, A. 2013. An Analysis of Students’ Errors in Students’s Errors in

Pronouncing English Vowels at The Eleventh Grade of SMKN 1 Leles Cianjur. Retrieved on Juni 20th, 2015

Kelly, G. 2000.How to teach Pronunciation. England: Longman

Lengo, N. 1995. What is an error?. Vol 33 No 3. Retrieved on Desember 10th, 2015.

Mayasari, E. 2013.An Analysis of Error in Pronouncing English Vowel at the Eighth Grade Student of SMP Negeri 2 Klangenan Kab. Cirebon.

Mulansari,et al. 2014.The Analysis of the First Year Students’ Errors in Pronouncing English Words.e-Journal of English Language Teaching Society (ELTS) Vol.02 no.03. 2014

Mustikareni, D. 2013.Error Analysis on English Diphthongs Pronounced by the Students of SMA Negeri 1 Comal and SMA Negeri 1 Banjarnegara in English Debate on "Relax" TV Program of TVRI.

Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. 2008. Oxford University Press. Ramelan. 1994.English Phonetics. Semarang IKIP: Semarang Press.

Riadi, et.al. 2013. Students’ Problems in Pronouncing Short and Long English

Vowels. Retrieved on Juni 23th, 2015 from

http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/429

Riyani, et.al. 2013. An Analysis of Pronunciation Errors Made by Indonesian Singers in Malang in Singing English Songs.

Roach, P. 2000. English Phonetics and Phonology (2nded.). Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.

Sanjaya, A. E. P. A. 2014.Pronunciation Errors by NHK World TV Newsline Reporters.

Sіlfіyah, N. L. 2014.Error Analysis on English Vowel Sound Prοductіοn Made by the Sіxth Semester Students οf Study Program of English Unіversіtas

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5✁

Brawіjaya. Retrieved on October 20th, 2015 from

http://jimbastrafib.studentjournal.ub.ac.id

Trisniawati, N. 2014. Analysis of Grammatical Errors in Speaking English by Students at Islamic Modern Boarding School “Al-Amanah” Krian_.

Vlack, S. 2005.The Concept in Pronunciation.Cambridge

Yiing, I. K. C. 2011.An Analysis of Pronunciation Errors in English of Six Utar Chinese Studies Undergraduate.

Yule, G. 1996.The Study of Language. Cambridge: University Press.

Yuniarti, D. A. 2009. A Study on the Pronunciation of English Vowels by the English Department Students, FKIP Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.

Zhang, F. 2009.A Study of Pronunciation Problems of English Learners in China. Asian Sosial Science.Volume 5 (6). Retrieved on October 20th, 2015 fromwww.cssenet.org/journal.html

(1)

the previous study, the researcher uses the other subject, that is speeches, because the researcher realizes that there is no study of English pronunciation errors on speech text.

(2)

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion

(3)

5.2 Suggestion

Based on the research finding, the researcher has several suggestions for further researcher and for readers.

First is for the further researcher :

Second is for the readers:

(4)

REFERENCES

Abbas, N. 2011. An Analysis of Errors Made By Yemeni University Students in

The English Consonant Clusters System. Vol.27 No.3+4. Damascus

University Journal.

Afifah, L. 2012.An Analysis of Student’s pronunciation Errors in Reading texts

at the Sixth Grade Students of SDN 3 Cisauheun Bandung Barat.

Astuti, L. 2014. Consonants Pronunciation Errors Made by Kindergarten 2

Students in Stamford International Community School Semarang. Retrieved

on November 25th, 2014.

Bungin, B. 2007.Penelitian Kualitatif Komunikasi, Ekonomi, Kebijakan Publik,

dan Ilmu Sosial. Kencana Prenada Media Group. Jakarta.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. 2006. CollinsPublisher.

Corder, S. P. 1980.Research of second language errors. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dalton, C. and Seidlhofer, B. 1994. Pronunciation. New York: Oxford University Press.

Fitria, A. L. 2014.The Error Analysis of English Pronunciation on Vowels Made

by the Second Year Students at SMPN 2 Menganti, Gresik. Retrieved on

Juni 20th, 2015

Fromkin,et al. 2003. An Introduction to Language. WadsworthCencage Learning. United States of America.

Hismanoglu, M.Language Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Learning

and Teaching. Retrieved on Desember 10th, 2015 from

http://iteslj.org/Articles/Hismanoglu-Strategies.html.

Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko_Widodo. Retrieved on Desember 10th, 2015 Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87A0Vy-0AZk.Retrieved on Desember 9th,

(5)

Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CD35awXk_aU. Retrieved on April 7th, 2016

Pronouncing English Vowels at The Eleventh Grade of SMKN 1 Leles

Cianjur. Retrieved on Juni 20th, 2015

Kelly, G. 2000.How to teach Pronunciation. England: Longman

Lengo, N. 1995. What is an error?. Vol 33 No 3. Retrieved on Desember 10th, 2015.

Mayasari, E. 2013.An Analysis of Error in Pronouncing English Vowel at the

Eighth Grade Student of SMP Negeri 2 Klangenan Kab. Cirebon.

Mulansari,et al. 2014.The Analysis of the First Year Students’ Errors in

Pronouncing English Words.e-Journal of English Language Teaching

Society (ELTS) Vol.02 no.03. 2014

Mustikareni, D. 2013.Error Analysis on English Diphthongs Pronounced by the Students of SMA Negeri 1 Comal and SMA Negeri 1 Banjarnegara in

English Debate on "Relax" TV Program of TVRI.

Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. 2008. Oxford University Press. Ramelan. 1994.English Phonetics. Semarang IKIP: Semarang Press.

Riadi, et.al. 2013. Students’ Problems in Pronouncing Short and Long English

Vowels. Retrieved on Juni 23th, 2015 from

http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/429

Riyani, et.al. 2013. An Analysis of Pronunciation Errors Made by Indonesian

Singers in Malang in Singing English Songs.

Roach, P. 2000. English Phonetics and Phonology (2nded.). Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.

Sanjaya, A. E. P. A. 2014.Pronunciation Errors by NHK World TV Newsline

Reporters.

Sіlfіyah, N. L. 2014.Error Analysis on English Vowel Sound Prοductіοn Made by the Sіxth Semester Students οf Study Program of English Unіversіtas

(6)

5✁

Brawіjaya. Retrieved on October 20th, 2015 from http://jimbastrafib.studentjournal.ub.ac.id

Trisniawati, N. 2014. Analysis of Grammatical Errors in Speaking English by Students at Islamic Modern Boarding School “Al-Amanah” Krian_.

Vlack, S. 2005.The Concept in Pronunciation.Cambridge

Yiing, I. K. C. 2011.An Analysis of Pronunciation Errors in English of Six Utar Chinese Studies Undergraduate.

Yule, G. 1996.The Study of Language. Cambridge: University Press.

Yuniarti, D. A. 2009. A Study on the Pronunciation of English Vowels by the English Department Students, FKIP Muhammadiyah University of

Surakarta.

Zhang, F. 2009.A Study of Pronunciation Problems of English Learners in

China. Asian Sosial Science.Volume 5 (6). Retrieved on October 20th, 2015

AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ERRORS OF JOKO WIDODO’S SPEECH.