An Analysis Of Illocutionary Acts In Joko Widodo’s Political Speeches

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AN ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN JOKO

WIDODO’S POLITICAL SPEECHES

A THESIS

BY:

ELISA SIAGIAN

REG.NO. 090705026

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN

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AN ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN JOKO WIDODO’S POLITICAL SPEECHES

A THESIS

BY:

ELISA SIAGIAN REG.NO. 090705026

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

_______________ __________________

Dr. Drs. Eddy Setia, M.Ed TESP Drs. Umar Mono M.Ed TESP

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013

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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

_________________ _____________________

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum NIP. 195411171980031002 NIP.

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on 26 Oktober 2013.

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I ELISA SIAGIAN DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : ELISA SIAGIAN

TITLE OF THESIS :AN ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN JOKO WIDODO’S POLITICAL SPEECHES

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to say all praises to Jesus Christ who always give the chance, health, and everything for me so I can finish this thesis completely by through all the moment. I would like to express my best gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Drs. Eddy Setia, M.Ed, TESP and my co-supervisor, Drs. Umar Mono, M.Ed, TESP for their time, advice, suggestion, comment, and support given to me during the process of writing and completing this thesis. Without their help, personal example and faith in the quality of this work, this thesis could never have been completed. I would also like to thank them for patient guidance throughout the course of my study.

I also would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Letters USU, Dr. Drs. Syahron Lubis, M.A, the head of English Department, Drs. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S and the secretary, Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum and all academics and administrative staff for their helps during the period of my study in the faculty. A very special gratitude goes to my beloved parents, B. Siagian and H. Tampubolon for their love, support, and prays that will never ended in whole of my life. I also would like to say thanks to my friends, Ecy and Via as my best friend who always support me, Dinasty (thanks for your help), Roni, Indah, Desson, Ernes, Rumiris, Elsa, Helen and Regina. Thank you for the time which we spent together and nice to have friends like you all. Thanks a lot to my beloved brother, David Siagian for the speech transcription, and also special thanks goes to Lihardo Purba for the true love and spirit in supporting me.

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I want to say sorry for my friends and family those are not mentioned, but I really want to say thank you for all who help me in completing this thesis. Also, this thesis maybe is not perfect. I will be glad to receive criticism and suggestion to make this thesis better. I ask apology to all people that I have made mistakes during the study. Finally, I expect that this thesis is useful to me and everyone who is interested in linguistic study.

Medan, 29 October 2013

Elisa Siagian

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini menganalisis tentang penggunaan tindak ilokusi yang terjadi dalam tuturan yang diucapkan oleh Joko Widodo dalam pidato-pidato politiknya selama kampanye pemilihan Gubernur Jakarta pada tahun 2012. Hal yang menjadi fokus dalam skripsi ini adalah tindak ilokusi apa yang dihasilkan oleh Joko Widodo dalam pidato-pidato politiknya, mengklasifikasikannya ke dalam kategori tindak ilokusi dan mencari kategori tindak ilokusi yang paling dominan. Untuk mengetahui hal ini, penulis menggunakan teori tindak tutur (Speech Acts), teori tindak ilokusi (Illocutionary Acts), yaitu: Commissives, Representatives, Directives, Expressives, dan Declarations, dan teori pidato politik (Political Speech). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data yang digunakan berupa ujaran atau kalimat yang dianggap mengandung tindak ilokusi yang terjadi dalam tuturan yang diucapkan oleh Joko Widodo dalam pidato-pidato politiknya selama kampanye dalam pemilihan Gubernur Jakarta pada tahun 2012. Dalam menganalisis data yang ada, penulis menggunakan teori Searle dan Bungin. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tindak ilokusi Commissives (36.37%) sebanyak dua belas ujaran merupakan kategori tindak ilokusi yang paling dominan. Selanjutnya, diikuti oleh tindak ilokusi Representatives (30.3%) sebanyak sepuluh ujaran, Directives (18.18%) sebanyak enam ujaran, Expressives (12.12%) sebanyak empat ujaran, dan Declarations (3.03%) sebanyak satu ujaran.

Kata Kunci:

Illocutionary Acts, Commissives, Representatives, Directives, Expressives, and Declarations, Political Speech and Persuasive.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ii

ABSTRAK ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENT ... v

LIST OF TABLES ... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ... 4

1.3 Objectives of the Study ... 4

1.4 Scope of the Study ... 4

1.5 Significances of the Study ... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, THEORY AND CONCEPT 2.1 The Literature Review ... 6

2.1.1 Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in Victory Speech and Inaugural Speech of Barrack Obama (Isanna A. Muskananfola, 2009) ... 6

2.1.2 A Study of The Illocutionary Acts in The Political Speech "I Have a Dream" by Martin Luther King Jr. (Marietta Belinda Rianto, 2006) ... 8 2.1.3 Illocutionary Acts of The Persuasion used by

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2.2. Review of Related Theories ... 11

2.2.1 Speech Acts ... 11

2.2.2 Illocutionary Acts ... 14

2.3 Types and Characteristics of Each Type of Speech ... 16

2.4 Political Speech ... 21

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design... 24

3.2 Data and Data Source ... 25

3.3 Data Collection ... 26

3.4 Data Analysis ... 26

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH METHOD 4.1 The Analysis ... 28

4.1.1 Commissives ... 28

4.1.2 Representatives ... 29

4.1.3 Directives ... 31

4.1.4 Expressives ... 32

4.1.5 Declarations ... 33

4.2 Findings ... 34

4.2.1 The Classifications of Illocutionary Acts Occurred in Each Classification of Illocutionary Acts in the Speeches ... 34

4.2.2 The Frequency Occurred Among the Utterances in Joko Widodo’s Political Speeches ... 36

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ... 38

5.2 Suggestion ... 39 REFERENCES ... 40

APPENDIXES

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 Classifications of Illocutionary Acts in Each Speech ……….. 35 Table 4.2 Frequency of the Five Types of Illocutionary Acts in the Speeches ……36

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ABSTRAK

Kata Kunci:

Illocutionary Acts, Commissives, Representatives, Directives, Expressives, and Declarations, Political Speech and Persuasive.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

In social life, people always communicate with each other by using language. Language is one of tools of communication. In communication, language has an important role because it means to explain what the speaker wants the listener to do. Yule (1996:48) said that illocutionary act is form an utterance with some kind of function in mind. While people communicate, they use utterances to express what they have in their mind toward the listener. Utterance produced by speaker does not only function to explain the speaker mind toward the listener but also means to show the relationship between them. In attempting to express themselves, people do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words, they perform actions via those utterances (Yule, 1996:47). It means that in saying a word, sometimes someone uses word not only to say things but also used it to do things. In brief, when someone says something, it has some action behind it, which is called speech act.

Language has a very important meaning in the world of politics. Language is essential to politicians. Most activities performed by the politicians are done through the avenue created by language. Language becomes a very powerful medium to instill ideology, influence, and gain and maintain power. Language serves as a means of doing ideological control and power control. Ideological cultivation processes and controlling power requires such language as the medium of political speeches,

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campaign, manifesto, rally, election, inauguration, governance etc. Political speech is becoming a popular concept especially in the area of linguistic research.

The point of interest of this research is Joko Widodo, one of the phenomenal politicians in Indonesia. Joko Widodo is more widely known as Jokowi. Not only spread to a national scale, the figure of the Governor of Jakarta is also known to foreign countries. He is different and unique, that's the interesting part of the figure. Time magazine covers Jokowi profiles with simple reason. Jokowi is considered unique because of a political figure and a successful entrepreneur who became a leader. Jokowi crazes in visits to slums or “blusukan” now become his trademark (http://cholilright.blogspot.com/2013/04/time-magazine-phenomenal-leader-call.html retrieved on 15 July 2013).

Since served as the governor of Jakarta, the media never stop preaching the figure of Joko Widodo. Even, media more incentive to cover his activities and reported to the public. Joko Widodo started phenomenal since its emergence as Surakarta Mayor has raised the dignity of Solo or Surakarta into the spirit of Java after becoming Governor of Jakarta since October 2012.

Joko Widodo, who was awarded third place in the 2012 World Mayor Project, became the elected governor of Jakarta in October 2012 after serving as mayor of Surakarta (Solo) since 2005. During his time as Mayor of Surakarta, Joko Widodo (Jokowi) turned the crime-ridden city into a regional centre for arts and culture, which has started to attract international tourism. His campaign against corruption earned him the description of being the most honest politician in Indonesia. Joko Widodo’s victory over Jakarta’s incumbent governor Fauzi Bowo was largely due to his track record as mayor of his home town and his reputation for honesty and

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humility (http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/jakarta-widodo.html, retrieved on 10 July 2013).

The research is on Joko Widodo’s political speeches during the governor election campaign of Jakarta in 2012. One of the reasons why analyze the speeches is because she is greatly interested in political area especially on political speech. In politics, we must be able to convey message without insulting the other people, and at the same time we can successfully make people understand and support our intention. Politicians express their opinions and viewpoints and present their arguments to influence and convince potential voters. A politician who can convince his public that his aims and objectives are right and thus persuades his audience to support him has delivered a good speech and increased his influence, in other words, his power. From this fact, she is strongly curious to know the illocutionary acts in Joko Widodo’s speeches and how Joko Widodo takes the advantage of using illocutionary acts in the political speech because it is very important to understand the illocutionary acts when we talk to people.

An Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in Joko Widodo’s Political Speeches means to explain the relationship between a theory of language, especially speech acts theory with its practice. This research describes the theory of illocutionary acts, which exist in Joko Widodo’s speeches, one of the three speech acts’ components, and the theory of illocutionary acts as theory of language in use. The speech act approach to discourse focuses upon knowledge of underlying conditions for production and interpretation of acts through words. It can be noted that words may perform more than one action at a time and that contexts may help to separate multiple function of utterances from one another. The literal meaning of words and

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contexts in which they occur may interact in our knowledge of the conditions underlying the realization of acts and the interpretations of acts.

1.2. Problems of the Study

Based on the background, there are some questions to be raised as the problems of this analysis, they are:

1. What the types of illocutionary acts are found in Joko Widodo’s political speeches?

2. Which type of illocutionary acts is the most dominant in Joko Widodo’s political speeches?

1.3. Objectives of the Study The objectives as follows:

1. To classify the type of illocutionary acts found in Joko Widodo’s political speeches.

2. To find out the most dominant type in the utterances in Joko Widodo’s political speeches.

1.4. Scope of the Study

This research mainly focuses on the types of illocutionary acts appeared in Joko Widodo‘s political speeches delivered in the years of 2012 during the governor election campaign of Jakarta. There are 3 speeches; on 3 June 2012, 16 September 2012 and 20 September 2012. The illocutionary acts contained in the political speeches are analyzed by using Searle’s classification.

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1.5. Significances of the Study

This study is considered important as it provides the readers easy understanding about speech acts, especially in the form of speech. On the other word, this study will inspire other researcher prospective to explore deeper about the illocutionary acts area in other speech. Thus, for the students who find difficulty understanding speech acts can make this study as bibliography to understand speech acts easily.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE,

THEORY AND CONCEPT

2.1. The Literature Review

A review of the literature is an essential part of academic research project. The literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. As the literature review, the writer used studies from previous researchers who also have interest in the same focus of illocutionary acts.

2.1.1. Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in Victory Speech and Inaugural Speech of Barrack Obama: (Isanna A. Muskananfola, 2009)

Isanna A. Muskananfola made a study in 2009 to know the classifications of Illocutionary Acts occurring the utterances in the speeches of Barrack Obama, the frequency occurred of each classification in the speeches. She compares both speeches of Barack Obama’s Victory Speech and Inaugural Speech. In analyzing Victory Speech and Inaugural Speech, she used Austin's theory of Speech Acts and Illocutionary Acts of Searle (1976). In analyzing the data, she used descriptive qualitative method on Illocutionary Acts of speeches delivered by Barrack Obama, Victory Speech and Inaugural Speech. She formed two research questions to describe Obama’s utterances and his action beyond in it Victory Speech and Inaugural Speech, which are:

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1. What are the classifications of Illocutionary Acts occurring among the utterances in the “Victory Speech” and “Inaugural Speech” of Obama?

2. What is the frequency occurred of each classifications of Illocutionary Acts found in those speeches?

Her findings showed the five classifications of Illocutionary Acts with different frequencies used in both speeches. It was revealed that every classification occurred in Victory Speech and Inaugural Speech. They are Representative (31,75%; 52,78%), Declarations (21,95%; 6,48%), Commissives (18,29%; 16,67%), Expressives (14,63%; 6,48%), and Directives (13,42%; 17,59%). It was discovered that Obama in his speeches used several illocutionary acts of each classification to transmit his message to the audiences, mainly in the way to assert the fact, tell his beliefs, promise some future actions, invite the audiences, and declare something.

This study has some similarities with Isana’s study. The first similarity is that both used the theory of illocutionary acts by Searle to analyze the data. The second one is that both used the political speech as the object of the study. The third is that both counted the frequency of the most frequent illocutionary acts used. The last is that both used descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the data.

However, this study has significant difference from Isanna’s study. The difference is that Isanna used the speeches of Barack Obama’s Victory Speech and Inaugural Speech as the object, while this study used the speeches of Joko Widodo as the object of study.

Isanna’s research inspires the writer in using descriptive qualitative method for her own research. Moreover, Isanna’s conclusion influences the writer in the way she drags a conclusion. The writer also wanted to come out with the conclusion that gives new thought in dealing with the study of illocutionary acts.

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2.1.2. A Study of The Illocutionary Acts in The Political Speech "I Have a Dream" by Martin Luther King Jr.: (Marietta Belinda Rianto, 2006) Marietta Belinda Rianto made a study in 2006 and focused on the application of the illocutionary acts in the speech text. The theories used to proceed the research are Austin’s (1962) theory of speech acts, Searle’s (1976) classification of the illocutionary act, Matthei’s (1985) theory of the production of speech, and the political speech theories from Beard (2000). In analyzing the data, she used descriptive method to describe the application of the types of illocutionary acts in each sentence in the speech. She formed two research questions to have better understanding about illocutionary acts and its application in the political speech, which are:

1. What types of illocutionary acts are found in the speech "I Have a Dream" by Martin Luther King, Jr.?

2. What type of illocutionary acts has the highest number of occurrence in the speech "I Have a Dream" by Martin Luther King, Jr.?

She generated two problem statements; to find the types of illocutionary acts that exist in the speech text and to find the most frequent types. Therefore, the writer's analysis resulted in the findings of all types of illocutionary act in the speech text and the representatives (46,75%) type as the most frequent type.

This study has some similarities with Marietta’s study. The first similarity is that both used the theory of illocutionary acts by Searle to analyze the data. The second one is that both used the theory of political speech by Beard (2000) as the object of the study. However, this study has clear difference from Marietta’s study. The difference is that Marietta used a speech "I Have a Dream" by Martin Luther

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King, Jr. as the object, while this study used the speeches of Joko Widodo as the object of study.

Marietta’s research inspires the writer in using descriptive qualitative method for her own research. Moreover, Marietta’s conclusion influences the writer in the way she drags a conclusion. The writer also wanted to come out with the conclusion that gives new thought in dealing with the study of illocutionary acts.

2.1.3. Illocutionary Acts of The Persuasion used by The Main Characters in "Runaway Jury": (Irvan Hadinata, 2008)

Irvan made a study in 2008 to investigate the speech of persuasion in a movie entitled “Runaway Jury”. He used the theory of speech act from Searle. He did his study to find the types and percentages of illocutionary acts occur in the movie. In this research, the writer used both descriptive qualitative and quantitative approach.

The writer divided into three steps in method of data collection. The first step, the writer watched the movie for several times, in order to really understand the story. Second, the writer searched and found the Runaway Jury script from the internet (http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_script/r/runaway-jury-script-transcript-grisham.html). The third step, the writer focused only on the conversation between the main characters which contain persuasion on it. Then, he starts to categorize and analyze the data based on the concept of persuasion and illocutionary acts. He formed two research questions to describe the chunk of speech in “Runaway Jury” in terms of illocutionary acts, which are:

1. Which type of illocutionary acts mostly occurs during the process of persuasion in “Runaway Jury”?

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2. What is the frequency of the illocutionary acts in the process of persuasion which occur in the movie?

Based on the data analysis, Irvan found that persuasion of the main characters take the function of illocutionary acts in the movie. In this research, Commisives (49%) is the most dominant type used by the characters on the Runaway Jury movie. Next, is Representatives (29%) and the last one is Directives (29%). Last, Irvan found that the types of illocutionary which mostly occur in the movie is assuring, stating, and advising. From the findings above, Irvan concluded that illocutionary acts is an important tool as in humans interaction because when people say something, it convey a force.

Doing the research concerning the illocutionary acts, this study has a similarity with Irvan’s study. The similarity is that both used the theory of illocutionary acts from Searle to analyze the data. The same theory from Searle which consist of Representative, Directive, Commisives, Expressive and Declarative is used in both studies. However, this study has significant difference from Irvan’s study. The difference is that Irvan used a movie entitled “Runaway Jury” as the object, while this study used the speech of Joko Widodo as the object of study.

Irvan’s research inspires the writer in using descriptive qualitative method for her own research. Moreover, Irvan’s conclusion influences the writer in the way he drags a conclusion. The writer also wanted to come out with the conclusion that gives new thought in dealing with the study of illocutionary acts.

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2.2. Review of Related Theories

This study related some theories that she considers relevant to her research. The main theories used are the speech acts and the illocutionary acts. Meanwhile, the others, which are considered as supporting theories, are types and characteristics of each type of speech and political speech.

2.2.1. Speech Acts

Speech acts is the use of language to do things. Through language we are not only say something but also do things. The term speech acts is related to the theory which was originally proposed by J. L. Austin within the framework of ordinary language philosophy. For Austin, what the speaker is doing is creating social realities within certain social contexts. For example, using an explicit performative, to say “I now pronounce you man and wife” in the context of a wedding, in which one is marrying two people, is to create a social reality, i.e. in this case a married couple.

Austin‘s work was systematized and further developed by J. R. Searle (1969), an American philosopher, who, in relation to speech acts, claims that all linguistic communication involves linguistic acts. The unit of linguistic communication is not, as has generally been supposed, the symbol, word or sentence ...but rather the production of the symbol or word or sentence in the performance of the speech acts. Whenever we talk or write to each other, we are performing illocutionary acts (Searle 1969:16). Illocutionary acts are performed with intentionality.

According to Searle,

Speech act is a basic unit of a communication, it suggest that there are a series of a analytic connection between the notion of speech acts, what the speaker means, what the sentence uttered means, what the speaker intends, and what the hearer understands.

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Speech acts can be classified into three categories: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.

1. Locutionary Act: “The act of uttering a sentence or expression from a language; it is a description of what the speaker said and also the act of saying something in a full sense of ‘say’ (Coulthard, 1977:17). Levinson (1983:236) also added that locutionary act is the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference. For example: “I am sick Dad” the referring expression is ‘I’.

2. Illocutionary Act: “The making of a statement, offer, and promise, in uttering a sentence, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it (or with its explicit performative paraphrase) (Levinson, 1983:236). It means that every sentence which is produce by the speaker is followed by explicit or implicit meaning in which has a power (force) to give effect on the listener through the utterance. For example: the utterance “I swear to give it back next time” is used to perform the illocutionary acts of promising.

3. Perlocutionary Act: deals with the effect of illocutionary act which is focused on the listener. According to Levinson (1983:236) perlocutionary act is the bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance. The speaker’s utterance can be included as perlocutionary act if the listener gives a response to the speaker utterances. For example: the utterance “There’s something in your shoulder!” may cause the listener to panic and to look on his shoulder. The perlocution of this utterance is to cause those emotion and action.

In brief, if the listener to do something, automatically the speaker will say something (locutionary), then the speaker will act something to get what she or he

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speaker utterance (perlocutionary). Here are the examples to distinguish those types of speech acts.

- A speaker might say ‘There is a hornet in your left ear’ (locution), meaning “Be Careful!” (illocution), and the perlocutionary effect might be the hearer become panic, scream, or scratch his/her ear (Hurford and Heasley, 1984:243).

- A policeman says ‘Good evening, Sir. Do you live around here?’ (locution), meaning “Go inside your house because it is already late at night” (illocution). The perlocutionary effect might be the hearer becomes angry and says ‘It’s none of your business’ and walks on (Hurford and Heasley, 1984:244)

In general, speech acts are acts of communication. To communicate is to express a certain attitude, and the type of speech act being performed corresponds to the type of attitude being expressed. For example, a statement expresses a belief, a request expresses a desire, and an apology expresses a regret. As an act of communication, a speech act succeeds if the audience identifies, in accordance with the speaker’s intention, the attitude being expressed.

Although the focus of Speech Act Theory has been on utterances, especially those made in conversational and other face-to-face situations, the phrase ‘speech act’ should be taken as a generic term for any sort of language use, oral or otherwise.

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2.2.2. Illocutionary Acts

According to Austin (1962) illocutionary act is the issuing of an utterance with conventional communicative force achieved ‘in saying’ (as cited in Schiffrin, 1995:51). Yule (1996:48) also added that illocutionary act is form an utterance with some kind of function in mind.

Hurford and Heasley state that

Illocutions are acts defined by social conventions, acts such as accosting, accusing, admitting, apologizing, challenging, complaining, condoling, congratulating, declining, deploring, giving permission, giving way, greeting, leavetaking, mocking, naming, offering, praising, promising, proposing marriage, protesting, recommending, surrending, thanking, toasting.

(Hurford and Heasley, 1984:244)

This study will focus on Searle’s theory for this research. Searle proposes five macro classes of illocutionary acts. Those are (1) Directives (2) Commisives (3) Representative (4) Expressives, and (5) Declarations. According to Saeed (1997:212), Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on some criteria:

1. Directives are the kinds of speech acts that the speaker uses to direct someone else to do something. It means that to reach the speaker wants, the speaker use others (hearers) to do it. Here, they do what the speaker wants. The acts can be requesting, questioning, commanding, pledging, inviting, and daring. For examples:

 Please sit down!

 Why don’t close the window?

 Gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black.

2. Commisives are the kinds of speech acts which the speaker uses to commit himself to some future action. In this case, the speakers use themselves to get

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condition of promising, threatening, offering, guarantee, opposing, expecting, refusing and vowing. For examples:

 If you don’t stop fighting I’ll call the police.

 I’ll take you to the movies tomorrow.

 We will not do that.

3. Representatives are the kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker beliefs to be the case or not. Here, the statement can be defined as fact. The acts of this classification can be asserting, concluding, stating, telling, suggesting, swearing, claiming, reporting, comparing, and insisting. For examples:

 This is German car.

 The earth is flat.

4. Expressives are the kinds of speech acts which state that the speaker feels. It can be shown in the acts of thanking, apologizing, welcoming, congratulating, deploring, condolence, greeting, and complaining. For examples:

 Let me express my thanks to the historic slate of candidates who accompanied me on this journey.

 Congratulations!

 I’m really sorry!

5. Declarations are the kinds of speech acts that change the world via utterances. It means that the acts of this kind of the utterance are used as an announcement, transforming from one condition to another. So, this part is being able to change the listeners’ point of view. This classification used in the case of declaring war, christening, marrying, and firing from employment.

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For instance, ‘I pronounce you husband and wife’ (during the wedding ceremony), you’re out! (by referee).

These theories are used to classify the types of illocutionary acts so it can be clear differentiated deeper. The five classifications from Searle are the main theories to point each type of illocutionary acts in each utterance.

2.2.3. Types and Characteristics of Each Type of Speech

Speech is one of the forms of mass communication. Whitman and Boase (1983:297) say that speeches may be informative, persuasive and entertaining (as cited in Septiani, 1997:8-13)

Informative speech is the speech to inform. The purpose of the speech to inform is to lead the audience to have a clear and correct understanding of the problem, situation, event, concept or process about which the speaker chooses to speak. Moreover, it is more precise and definite in its aim to impart new, useful and fresh information. The following expression characterize the speech to inform

- I would like to + say + (that)… Saya akan mengatakan bahwa…

tell you memberitahukan

inform menginformasikan

report melaporkan

communicate menyampaikan

make know menyatakan

notify mengumumkan

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announce menganalisa explain menurut para ahli

give a description menunjuk pada peraturan

analyze ada

- According to the researchers…. Data menunjukkan bahwa…

- In accordance with the state ideology… Sesuai dengan ideology dasar…

- Referring to the rule of the game… Sesuai dengan peraturan…

- Further studies show us that… Penelitian menjelaskan…

- Our data confirm that… Data mengkonfirmasikan…

- The result of the recent suggested that… Penemuan baru mengusulkan…

- It has been reported in the previous Sudah dilaporkan pada

study that… penelitian terdahulu… - It is widely knows that… Kita ketahui

bersama…

recognized Kita kenali bersama… acknowledged Sepengetahuan kita…

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- In the majority of the cases… Kasus pada umumnya…

- On the whole… Secara keseluruhan… Next is persuasive speech. As rational and emotional beings, we are continually facing the condition in which we must persuade or be persuaded. We have to make decisions on many problems and issues that we face. Since men must think, feel, and act on every issue of life, public speakers, ministers, political candidates, and civil leaders tend to give persuasive speeches which will influence other people in beliefs, feelings and conduct. Although persuasive speaking is necessary, it must be emphasized that the speaker has a great moral obligation to use rather than to abuse his privileges in persuading people in their action and attitudes.

Oliver (1959:258) states that the speech persuasion is divided into three classes. The first is the speech to convince. The speech to convince attempts to change attitude, shift options or promote overt behavioral changes in the listeners. The following expressions characterize the speech to convince;

- I am convinced that… Saya yakin bahwa… - I + believed + (that)… Saya percaya bahwa…

think pikir

suppose kira

guess duga

presume harap

assume tahu

doubt ragu

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- There is no doubt… Tidak usah diragukan lagi…

- The very thing is that… Yang penting adalah… - It appears to me that… Menurut saya…

- I would firmly say that… Saya ingin menyatakan bahwa… - I am completely say that… Saya sangat yakin… - I feel very certain that… Saya merasa yakin… - To the best of my knowledge… Sepengetahuan saya… - It is possible that… Hal ini mungkin… - It is likely that… Sepertinya mungkin… - It is probably that… Ini mungkin bahwa…

- The surest thing to consider Hal yang terpenting yang seriously that… harus dipertimbangkan… - We must now consider the Kita harus

mempertimbangkan

possibility that… semuanya…

The second is the speech to stimulate. It can be called as the speech to inspire or the speech to impress. The distinctively persuasive speech usually falls into one of two classes. The speech to stimulate falls in the later class. The speakers are not attempting to change beliefs or attitudes, but they are trying to impress the hearers with the important reasons. The characteristics of the speech to stimulate are;

- I do hope that… Saya berharap bahwa… - I am + hopeful + that… Ada alasan untuk percaya…

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an optimistic that… Saya berkeyakinan bahwa… - I live in a hope that… Saya yakin bahwa…

- In the hope of arriving at a better life… Saya berharap untuk lebih baik - There is reason to believe that… Ada alasan untuk percaya… - I wish you good luck… Saya berharap anda beruntung.. - I hope you succeed… Saya berharap anda sukses… - Let this illustration encourage you… Semoga ilustrasi ini mendorong

anda…

- It is what I hope that you can... Ini yang saya harapkan…

And the third is the speech to instruct. The speech needs to concrete action from the audience. The action maybe based on conviction, evidence given, and conclusion. The action will come immediately after the close of the speech. The characteristics of the speech to instruct are;

- Shall we pray! Mari kita berdoa. - Let me order you to… Saya ingin anda untuk… - I would invite you… Saya mengundang anda…

Advice you to… menyarankan… Recommend that you should… menyarankan…

- I want you to… Yang harus dilakukan adalah… - Allow me to request you to… Itu ide yang bagus untuk… - All we have to do is that… Semua yang harus dilakukan… - We are obligate to… Kita wajib untuk…

- You don’t need to… Anda tidak perlu… - You should have… Anda harus…

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The last is entertainment speech. Like any other good speech, the one to entertain should contain a specific objective and the supporting material, organization and style to achieve the precise purpose. Entertainment speech usually uses humor, proverbs, wise words, poetic words, quotations, and figures of speech. The objective is to promote the audience relaxation and enjoyment. The characteristics the entertainment speeches are;

- Man proposes, God disposes Manusia yang berencana, Tuhan

yang menentukan

- When there is a will, there is a way Ketika ada keinginan disitu

ada jalan

- A bird in the hand is worth two Sesuatu yang sudah pasti in the bush diperoleh lebih berharga

daripada banyak hal yang belum

pasti diperoleh

- “The only thing to fear is fear itself” Ketakutan yang terbesar adalah ketakutan pada diri sendiri - “The liberty of the individual must not Kebebasan pribadi jangan

make himself a nuisance to other people” sampai merugikan orang lain

2.2.4. Political Speech

Language is essential to politicians. Most activities performed by the politicians are done through the avenue created by language. Orwel (1946:154)

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claimed that ‘in our age there is no keeping out of politics. All issues are political issues … political language is in use all the time, all around us’ (Thomas and Wareing, 1999:32). Politics is concerned with power: the power to make decisions, to control resources, to control other people’s behavior and often to control their values.

Power is quite an abstract concept, but an infinitely important influence on our lives. Moore and Hendry (1982:127) describe it as “the force in society that gets things done, and by studying it, we can identify who controls what, and for whose benefit” (Thomas and Wareing, 1999:10)

Power is often demonstrated through language; it is also actually achieved or ‘done’ through language. It might be possible to use language to manufacture an ideology which would steer the way people think. If we accept that the kind of language we use to represent something can alter the way in which it is perceived by people, then you might wonder whether by controlling discourse, one can control how another person thinks.

Spolsky (2008:58) claimed that language is regularly used in the exercise of political power. Politicians express their opinions and standpoints and present their arguments in order to influence and convince potential voters. They try to sound persuasive and look positive in front of their audience. Thomas and Wareing (1999:43) state that one of the challenges politician face is that they often have to talk about abstract concepts in ways that won’t bore people too much …figures of speech, therefore, have several important functions in political language. They help make abstract ideas easier to think about and they are ideologically powerful since

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One of activities in speech act is by doing a speech. According to Beard (2000:45) in Nugroho (2011:10), a politician will usually use the first person singular as I/me/myself/mine or the first person plural such as we/us/ourselves/ours in producing his speech. Here stated there are advantages by doing so. Using the first person singular can “show the clear sense of personal involvement on the part of the speaker, which is especially useful when good news is delivered.” Furthermore, the advantage of using plural form is to share responsibilities, “especially when his decisions are tricky, when the news is uncertain.”

Thomas and Wareing (1999:45) added that the way a political speaker refers to themselves and to their audience can also be a very significant. The pronouns applied to the speaker, to their allegiances and to the audience can be used to foreground or hide agency …and responsibility, depending on what the politician is talking about.

When delimiting political discourse, it is important to stress that it takes the form of - institutional discourse (Van Dijk 2001:6). This means that only those discourses of politicians are considered that are produced in institutional settings, such as governments, parliaments or political parties.... The discourse must be produced by the speaker in her professional role of a politician and in an institutional setting (2001:6). In addition, discourse is political when it accomplishes a political act in a political institution, such as governing, legislation, electoral campaigning, and so on (2001:6).

Political speech is definitely not categorized into the speech of entertaining, which made this research only concentrated in the persuasive speeches. The goal of persuasive speech is to influence other people in beliefs, feelings and conduct. Based

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on speech classification from Whitman and Boase, it can be assumed that Joko Widodo used persuasive speech style in his political speeches.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1. Research Design

The method of this thesis is qualitative research because observes and analyses directly the subject of this study. Qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations of social phenomena. Bogdan and Biklen (1982) propose five characteristics of qualitative research as quoted from Aulia (2010:29), they are;

a. Qualitative research has the natural setting as the direct source of data and researcher is the key instrument.

b. Qualitative research is descriptive. The data collected is in the form of words of pictures rather than number.

c. Qualitative research is concern with process rather than simply with outcomes or products.

d. Qualitative research tends to analyze their data inductively. e. “Meaning” is essential to the qualitative approach.

The design of this research is descriptive qualitative method since the data are in the form of words. This point discusses the way to collect, analyze, and get the valid data due to the need of completing the research objectives. Therefore, even when certain statistics were calculated, it is used to form a descriptive qualitative conclusion to describe the illocutionary acts occurred on the speech. The data are analyzed descriptively based on Searle’s theory especially on the types of illocutionary acts used by Joko Widodo’s in his political speeches.

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The technique which is used in this research is the analysis of written contents in a document. Such documents might include official records, letters, newspaper accounts, diaries, and reports, as well as the published data used in a review of literature.

3.2. Data and Data Source

The data are taken from the website www.youtube.com. The primary source of this study is Joko Widodo’s political speeches during the governor election campaign of Jakarta in 2012. The data of this research is every sentence in those speeches that contain the illocutionary acts.

The more specific page where the writer took her data is on the page: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faDUykZN5k4 (Relawan Baru “New Volunteers” on 3 June 2012), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXytY-UIy0s (Pidato Penutupan Kampanye Jokowi Putaran II “Closing Speech Campaign Jokowi Round II”, on 16 September 2012), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jn7sVtgty1I (Kemenangan Quick Count II “Victory of Quick Count II”, on 20 September 2012).

In additional, the transcription of the speeches is used to ease the analysis of the speeches. This research focuses on illocutionary acts in Joko Widodo’s speeches. From the data source, the illocutionary acts is analyzed by focusing on the categories of illocutionary act based on Searle’s theory which are classified as declarations, representatives, expressive, directives, and commissives as the data.

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3.3. Data Collection

The speeches are taken from the website that is mentioned above. The data were copied from the site and pasted in the page. Read the script of the speeches for many times is a must in order to get a better understanding of the speeches.

Related to the data collection, this research uses the following steps. First, browses the website “YouTube” which is content of Joko Widodo’s speeches. After getting the data, transcribed them. The next step is selecting, and picking up the data referring to the problems of this study by classifying and selecting an illocutionary act. The last step is arranges the data systematically deal with the objective of the study.

3.4. Data Analysis

Bogdan and Biklen (1982:145) define qualitative data analysis as "working with data, organizing it, breaking it into manageable units, synthesizing it, searching for patterns, discovering what is important and what is to be learned, and deciding what you will tell others" (as cited in Hoepfl: 1997) ._{Data analysis is the most} important thing to do in a research. Data analysis in qualitative research involves selection, classification, categorization, looking for specific patterns, and drawing a conclusion.

This study analyzes utterance by utterance by using Searle’s theory of Illocutionary Acts classification; Directives, Commisives, Representatives, Expressives, and Declarations in order to answer the problem of this research. The unit analysis of this research is every utterance in the speeches.

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The distributive frequency is chosen in calculating the data as Bungin (2005:171) states,

“perhitungan data dengan distribusi frekuensi ini dapat dilakukan dengan menghitung frekuensi data tersebut kemudian frekuensi itu dipersentasekan”. (Calculating data with distributive frequency is calculating the frequency of the data then frequency is percentaged)

From that explanation before, the percentage of each classification of illocutionary acts was calculated through the following formula from Bungin:

n = (Fx) / N ×100%

Where,

n : total frequency of illocutionary acts in percent Fx : total types frequency of the sub-category N : total types of all categories

This study using several steps to analyze the data, they are:

a. Firstly, identifying and classifying the data based on Searle’s theory.

b. Secondly, analyzing the illocutionary acts that must be made in order to reach the successfulness of the speech acts.

c. Thirdly, counting the result of illocutionary acts.

d. Fourthly, finding the most dominant type of illocutionary acts. e. The Last, generating the data to make the conclusion.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1. The Analysis

In the analysis of the findings, the five examples of every type of Illocutionary Acts are taken in this research. Each of the examples contains different characteristic to show the dependency on the categorization of illocutionary type from Searle to classify the utterances. Meanwhile, the complete categorization of the speeches can be seen in appendixes.

4.1.1. Commissives

Commissives is the most dominant classification in the utterances of the speeches. As it is purposed by Searle (1969), Commissives is the term used in the theory of speech acts refer to a type of utterance in which the speaker used to commit himself to some future action. In this case, the speakers use themselves to get the purpose of their words (Saeed, 1997:212). The act of this classification can appear in the condition of promising, threatening, offering, guarantee, opposing, expecting, refusing and vowing. The followings are application of Commissives in the speeches.

“Saya selalu berharap agar kita tetap bisa bersatu untuk mensukseskan sebuah perubahan baru untuk Jakarta Baru, perubahan dimana Jakarta yang semakin bersih, Jakarta yang berkurang banjirnya, Jakarta yang semakin rame, Jakarta yang

berkurang macetnya, Jakarta yang layak bagi siapa pun dan Jakarta yang menarik bagi dunia.” (2)

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This utterance is categorized as Commissives because the word “berharap” is categorized as expecting. The speaker expressed the hope that the listener to be able to unite to work together in creating a New Jakarta. Certainly hope the speakers will be realized if the listeners to vote in the election of the Governor of Jakarta. The form plural “kita” (we) in the statement gives sense that bound the speaker and also the listener in one future action, which is unite to succeed in a new change for New Jakarta.

There is also other utterance containing Commissives as follows.

Saya, Joko Widodo bersama Basuki Tjahaya Purnama hendak menawarkan sebuah gebrakan perubahan, bekerja bersama-sama Anda rakyat DKI mewujudkan sebuah

Jakarta Baru. (10)

This utterance is categorized as Commissives because the word “menawarkan” is categorized as offering. In the statement above, the speaker offers a motion for change of Jakarta. With his deputy, Basuki Tjahaya Purnama, they will realize the hopes of the citizens of Jakarta who has been chosen them in the election of the Governor of Jakarta. Moreover, if Joko Widodo was elected become governor of Jakarta later, he still needs the cooperation of the citizens of Jakarta to help achieve a better Jakarta. If he is elected, he can’t work alone.

4.1.2. Representatives

The second type of Illocutionary Acts is Representatives. Representatives are the kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker beliefs to be the case or not. Here, the statement can be defined as fact. The acts of this classification can be asserting,

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concluding, stating, telling, suggesting, swearing, claiming, reporting, comparing, and insisting. The followings are application of Representatives in the speeches.

Saya berkeyakinan dapat memimpin Jakarta lebih baik ke depan dengan dukungan Anda para sahabat relawan. (3)

This utterance is categorized as Representatives because the word “berkeyakinan” is categorized as claiming. The statement above contains Joko Widodo’s beliefs that he can lead the city to be better in his leadership. The speaker wants to make sure that in his leadership, this is the moment to erase all hesitancies that have ever existed. The speaker also wants to remind the audience to always give support in his leadership later. In this utterance, the speaker wants to tell the listener or the audience about his own belief in Jakarta.

There is also other utterance containing Representatives as follows.

Sejak awal saat saya ditugaskan maju dalam Pilkada DKI Jakarta, sesungguhnya kami sudah menetapkan hati bahwa pemilihan untuk menjadi Gubernur Wakil

Gubernur di DKI ini bukanlah sebuah kontestasi menang atau kalah antara

Jokowi Basuki dan Foke Nara. (25)

This utterance is categorized as Representative because the words “…sesungguhnya kami sudah menetapkan hati bahwa pemilihan untuk menjadi Gubernur Wakil Gubernur di DKI ini bukanlah sebuah kontestasi menang atau kalah antara Jokowi Basuki dan Foke Nara” is categorized as telling. In the statement above, the speaker revealed that the real rivalry with Foke Nara is not competition to show who is the strongest or powerful. According to the speaker, whoever wins must be ready to take on the task to make Jakarta better. The speaker also tells to the

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listeners that he sincerely accepted responsibility in leading Jakarta if the speaker is elected later.

4.1.3. Directives

Directives holds the third type of Illocutionary Acts in the speeches. Directives are the kinds of speech acts that the speaker uses to direct someone else to do something. It means that to reach the speaker wants, the speaker use others (hearers) to do it. Here, they do what the speaker wants. Another interpretation by Searle (1969), is that Directives are statements that attempt to make the audience’s actions fit the propositional content (Coulthard, 1987:24). The acts can be requesting, questioning, commanding, pledging, inviting, and daring. The followings are application of Directives in the speeches.

Izinkan saya dalam kesempatan ini mengingatkan kepada Anda untuk memilih

Jokowi dan Basuki sebagai Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur DKI Jakarta. (11)

This utterance is categorized as Directives because the words “…untuk memilih Jokowi dan Basuki sebagai Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur DKI Jakarta” is categorized as requesting. In the statement above, Joko Widodo requested and reminded the voters to vote him in the election of the Governor of Jakarta. He tends to give persuasive utterance which will influence other people in beliefs, feelings and conduct.

There is also other utterance containing Directives as follows.

Pastikan juga untuk mengamankan suara Anda dalam proses perhitungan karena

setiap suara Anda akan berarti untuk perubahan Jakarta. (16)

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commanding. In the statement above, the speaker is not only attempting to change beliefs or attitudes, but also he is trying to impress the hearers with the important reasons. In these elections, the citizens are not only asked directive to vote him but also commanded to ensure that the voice secure in the calculation process.

4.1.4. Expressives

Expressives are the kinds of speech acts which state that the speaker feels. It can be shown in the acts of thanking, apologizing, welcoming, congratulating, deploring, condolence, greeting, and complaining. In those speeches, expressives holds the fourth type of Illocutionary Acts. The followings are application of Expressives in the speeches.

Hallo, apa kabar para sahabat relawan yang saya cintai. Bahagia sekali saya

langsung bisa bertatap muka dengan teman-teman relawan melalui kecanggihan teknologi saat ini (1)

This utterance is categorized as Expressives because the words “Hallo, apa kabar para sahabat relawan yang saya cintai. Bahagia sekali saya…” is categorized as greeting. In the statement above, the speaker began his speech by expressing his happiness in welcoming his supporters. Joko Widodo, in his opening, needed a sentence which could arouse the attention of the listeners. In this speech, Joko Widodo also expressed his admiration for the sophistication of the technology at this time so that he can make a speech to his supporters without standing directly in front of them. Joko Widodo made this speech and passed it to the social accounts known by the name "YouTube". The goal is to seek social support from the users of this account that are mostly young people to vote him in the election of the Governor of Jakarta.

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There is also other utterance containing Expressives as follows.

Saudaraku-saudaraku warga Jakarta yang kubanggakan dan kucintai. Kami berdiri disini di depan Anda semuanya dengan segala kepasrahan dan kerendahan hati sekaligus takjub dan bersyukur betapa besar rahmat Tuhan Allah Shubanawata

Allah kepada kita semuanya. (24)

This utterance is categorized as Expressives because the words “…bersyukur betapa besar rahmat Tuhan Allah Shubanawata Allah kepada kita semuanya” is categorized as thanking. In the statement above, the speaker wants to show his amazement to God and his happiness for the trust from every people in Jakarta who have chosen his as their leader even at that time he had not been officially elected as Governor of Jakarta although Quick Count results have shown that he is the winner. Also, the illocution of this sentence is the intention for thanking for every people and every part that have helped him in the process of being the Governor of Jakarta.

4.1.5. Declarations

Declarations holds the last type of Illocutionary Acts in the speeches. Declarations are the kinds of speech acts that change the world via utterances. It means that the acts of this kind of the utterance are used as an announcement, transforming from one condition to another. So, this part is being able to change the listeners’ point of view. This classification can be used in the case of declaring war, christening, marrying, and firing from employment. The followings are application of Declarations in the speeches.

Akhirnya,kembali saya tekankan kemenangan ini adalah kemenangan Anda

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This utterance is categorized as Declarations because the words “Akhirnya, kembali saya tekankan kemenangan ini adalah kemenangan Anda rakyat Jakarta, kemenangan kita semuanya” is categorized as announcement. In the statement above, the speaker declares victory in the election of the Governor of Jakarta. Though the speaker had won, he still declared that his victory was not the victory itself but the victory of Jakarta residents who have supported him in the election of the Governor of Jakarta. The statement is included into Directives due to the fact that utterance acts as a declaration or an announcement and contains the goal for the speaker and the listeners’ action. The sentence clearly shows the goal of the speaker to the listeners to use that chance as well as they can to change Jakarta, be better than before, which is in the expression “kemenangan kita semuanya”.

4.2. Findings

Based on the research done, some findings were analyzed in this chapter.

4.2.1. The Classifications of Illocutionary Acts Occurred in Each Classification of Illocutionary Acts in the Speeches

In this research, the writer finds five classifications of Illocutionary Acts in the utterances of those speeches. The writer has categorized the data into five types of Illocutionary Acts; Directives, Commisives, Representatives, Expressives, and Declarations.

The table below shows the classifications of the five types of illocutionary acts in each classification of Illocutionary Acts in the speeches.

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Table 4.1 Classifications of Illocutionary Acts in Each Speech Illocutionary Acts’ Classifications Relawan Baru (New Volunteers) Penutupan Kampanye Jokowi Putaran II

(Closing Speech Campaign Jokowi

Round II)

Kemenangan Quick Count II (Victory of Quick

Count II)

n % n % n %

Commissives 3 37.5 8 53.33 1 10

Representatives 2 25 3 20 5 50

Directives 1 12.5 4 26.67 1 10

Expressives 2 25 - - 2 20

Declarations - - - - 1 10

TOTAL 8 100 15 100 10 100

The table contains the percentage of each classification of Illocutionary Acts in the three speeches of Joko Widodo. All of the classifications of Illocutionary Acts exist in the speeches and each of them has different numbers of appearances. There are eight utterances in the “Relawan Baru” (New Volunteers), fifteen utterances in the “Penutupan Kampanye Jokowi Putaran II” (Closing Speech Campaign Jokowi Round II), and ten utterances in the “Kemenangan Quick Count II” (Victory of Quick Count II).

It can be noted that words may perform more than one action at a time and that contexts may help to separate multiple function of utterances from one another.

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others. Despite the fact that one long utterance it might consist of more than one illocution, the writer has categorized it into only one classification of illocution; a type which represents most of the purpose of the sentence.

4.2.2. The Frequency Occurred Among the Utterances in Joko Widodo’s Political Speeches

From the recapitulations of the findings above, it may conclude that all the classifications of Illocutionary Acts can be found on the data, they are Commissives, Representatives, Directives, Expressives, and Declarations. The table below shows the frequency of the five types of Illocutionary Acts in the three speeches.

Table 4.2 Frequency of the Five Types of Illocutionary Acts in the Speeches Number Types of Illocutionary Acts Number of Findings Percentage

1. Commissives 12 36.37%

2. Representatives 10 30.3%

3. Directives 6 18.18%

4. Expressives 4 12.12%

5. Declarations 1 3.03%

TOTAL 33 100%

The writer found that the most frequent type which occurred is Commissives (total number: 12 or 36.37%). Meanwhile, the rest of the types have less number of usages; Representatives (total number: 10 or 30.3%), Directives (total number: 6 or

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18.18%), Expressives (total number: 4 or 12.12%), Declarations (total number: 1 or 3.03%).

4.3. Overall Findings

Joko Widodo used Commissives (36.37%) in most of his utterances. He expressed his hope to transform Jakarta into better. With a simple style of speech, Joko Widodo using Representatives (30.3%) to convince voters to vote for him in the election of governor of Jakarta. Moreover, Joko Widodo used Directives (18.18%), but it was the third highest number of occurrence. Joko Widodo preferred persuading people by stating touching facts to commanding them to do something. Moreover, Joko Widodo is expressive enough in delivering the speeches. He used Expressives (12.12%) in the speeches. In every opening and closing speeches, Joko Widodo always expressive describe the state of his heart and his feeling. He just used one Declarations (3.03%) because at that time he had not been officially elected as Governor of Jakarta although Quick Count results have shown that he is the winner.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion

Finally, in the last stage of this research, the findings of the research on Joko Widodo’s Political Speeches once again mentioned. The analysis and findings are explained in the following explanation.

After conducting this research, it is found that speech acts used by the speakers when they say an utterances, which means saying and doing something. People can do anything through utterances such as commanding, requesting, and apologizing. Then, it can be concluded that speech act, which is focused on Illocutionary Act used by Joko Widodo have some Illocutionary Acts namely; Directives, Commissives, Expressives, Representatives, and also Declarations.

Both of the research questions are successfully answered in this research. The first question about types of illocutionary acts of the utterances in the speeches have been answered by stating all types of illocutionary acts in the table of analysis and placing some examples of each type for further explanation. Then, the second research question has been answered by counting the result of research question number one and analyzing the most frequent type which occurred. With regard to classification of Illocutionary Acts in Joko Widodo’s Political Speeches, it was found out that five classifications of Illocutionary Acts with each percentage; they are Commissives (36.37%), Representatives (30.3%), Directives (18.18%), Expressives (12.12%), Declarations (3.03%). The most dominant type is Commissives.

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Moreover, Commissives include such as expecting, promising, offering, guarantee and insisting. Representatives include such as claiming, suggesting, telling, asserting, and stating. The type of Directives can be found in the form of requesting, commanding, and inviting. The type of Expressives is found in the form of greeting and thanking. The last, the type of Declarations is found in the form of announcement.

After analyzing the data of the speeches, it is concluded that the majority illocutionary act used by the speaker is Commissives, and illocutionary verb which is mostly used is expecting.

5.2. Suggestion

As the result of this study, it is suggested to student of English to learn more about illocutionary act for the sake of enriching Discourse Studies. It is also suggested to future researchers to continue in conducting the research of speech act, focuses on Illocutionary act as a part of it because there are many areas which is possible to be researched.

Hopefully the findings of this study could be useful in providing understanding on Speech Acts theory especially on Illocutionary Acts. The writer also hopes that this research will inspire other researcher prospective to explore deeper about the illocutionary acts area in other speech and surely, be beneficial for those who engage in the similar area of research. At the end of the conclusion, the writer has simply hoped that her research of “An Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in Joko Widodo’s Political Speeches” may enlighten the mind of the future students of linguistics as well as to provide a new thought in the world of linguistics.

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APPENDIXES

Appendix. 1: Table of Illocutionary Acts Analysis

Relawan Baru (New Volunteers)

Speech delivered by Joko Widodo (June 3, 2012)

No. Utterances

Type of Illocutionary Acts

Verb Dr C R E Dc

1. Hallo, apa kabar para sahabat relawan yang saya

cintai. Bahagia sekali saya langsung bisa bertatap muka dengan teman-teman relawan melalui kecanggihan teknologi

saat ini. (1)

√

Greeting

2. Saya selalu berharap agar kita tetap bisa bersatu untuk

mensukseskan sebuah perubahan baru untuk Jakarta

Baru, perubahan dimana Jakarta yang semakin bersih,

Jakarta yang berkurang banjirnya, Jakarta yang semakin rame, Jakarta yang

(59)

yang layak bagi siapa pun dan Jakarta yang menarik bagi

dunia. (2)

3. Saya berkeyakinan dapat memimpin Jakarta lebih baik

ke depan dengan dukungan Anda para sahabat relawan. (3)

√

Claiming

4. Saya akan berjuang demi warga Jakarta, ke depan kita

akan selalu berkomunikasi lewat teknologi agar semangat

untuk perubahan selalu menyala. (4)

√

Promising

5. Saat ini teman-teman bisa mencari posko-posko relawan terdekat, posko Juanda di Jakarta Pusat, Posko

Hajidnawi di Jakarta Selatan, salah satu posko yang bisa

Anda kunjungi dan masih banyak posko-posko lainnya.

(5)

(60)

6. Semoga dengan keberadaan posko relawan bisa mendekatkan kita semua. (6)

√

Expecting

7. terima kasih atas dukungan dan kepedulian sahabat

relawan. (7)

√

Thanking

8. Dengan kerja keras kita, saya yakin kita dapat merubah

Jakarta bersama. (8)

√

Claiming

Penutupan Kampanye Jokowi Putaran II (Closing Speech Campaign Jokowi Round II)

Speech delivered by Joko Widodo (September 16, 2012)

No. Utterances

Type of Illocutionary Acts

Verb Dr C R E Dc

1. Selamat malam, saudara-saudaraku warga Jakarta yang

kuhormati dan kucintai, sebelumnya ijinkan saya untuk memberikan pidato penutup kampanye Pilkada DKI Jakarta putaran kedua

yang telah berlangsung

(61)

selama 3 hari ini. (9) 2. Saya, Joko Widodo bersama

Basuki Tjahaya Purnama hendak menawarkan sebuah

gebrakan perubahan, bekerja bersama-sama Anda rakyat

DKI mewujudkan sebuah Jakarta Baru. (10)

√

Offering

3. Izinkan saya dalam kesempatan ini mengingatkan

kepada Anda untuk memilih Jokowi dan Basuki sebagai

Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur DKI Jakarta. (11)

√

Requesting

4. Anda akan memilih kami karena Anda dan kita semua

ingin hidup bahagia dan sejahtera karna kita ingin mendapatkan kualitas hidup

yang baik, sejahtera karena kita sebagai warga negara ingin

mendapatkan kualitas pelayanan publik nomor satu sehingga nantinya Jakarta tidak

(62)

saja layak huni tetapi juga kota yang beradab dan juga manusiawi bagi warga dan

penduduknya. (12) 5. Hendak saya tegaskan disini

bahwa saya adalah pelayan Anda. Tak akan lelah saya

berjalan, bekerja, dan mengunjungi Anda mulai dari gang-gang yang kumuh sampai

jalan-jalan yang besar, mulai dari pasar-pasar tradisional

sampai komplek-komplek perumahan di Jakarta untuk

mengajak Anda berjuang mewujudkan Jakarta Baru. (13)

√

Insisting

6. Kami sadar kami bekerja tak lain dan tak bukan untuk

mewujudkan harapan-harapan Anda rakyat

Jakarta. (14)

(63)

7. Saya harap seluruh pemilih untuk memastikan hadir di TPS

pada tanggal 20 September 2012, memastikan jangan sampai suara Anda sia-sia. (15)

√

Expecting

8. Pastikan juga untuk mengamankan suara Anda

dalam proses perhitungan karena setiap suara Anda akan

berarti untuk perubahan Jakarta. (16)

√

Commanding

9. Disini saya pastikan bahwa hak dan tanggung jawab Anda

sebagai warga Jakarta tidak akan selesai setelah Anda

memilih. (17)

√

Guarantee

10. Setelah memilih maka suara Anda akan didengar, Anda semua akan dilibatkan untuk

membangun kota Jakarta yang kita cintai ini. Karena

saya tidak akan bekerja sendirian, atau bekerja hanya

untuk kepentingan saya dan

(64)

segelintir orang. Saya akan bekerja bersama Anda

semuanya. (18) 11. Terkait dengan

program-program pembangunan yang kami janjikan, Anda semua tentu sudah mendengar dan Anda semua sudah menilai namun semua program itu

takkan berarti jika Anda tidak mendukung kami, jika

Anda tidak bersama-sama kami. (19)

√

Offering

12. Kami sendiri akan memastikan, kami memang

betul-betul bekerja untuk Anda, untuk kepentingan rakyat, memastikan bahwa jangan ada banjir lagi, jangan

ada kemacetan, korupsi, pengangguran, rakyat harus berdaya, berpendidikan yang layak, sehat dan sejahtera. (20)

√

Guarantee

13.

(65)

disini bahwa kemenangan nomor tiga pada tanggal 20

September nanti bukanlah semata-mata kemenangan Jokowi dan Basuki namun adalah kemenangan dari harapan Anda sekalian yang

mementingkan sebuah perubahan yang lebih baik dan

manusiawi bagi kota Jakarta. (21)

14. Pilihan itu adalah pilihan Anda dan kemenangan itu adalah kemenangan Anda, kemenangan kita semuanya.

(22)

√

Stating

15. Dengan nama Allah Yang Maha Pengasih Lagi Maha Penyayang, mari kita

bersama-sama berjuang mewujudkan perubahan untuk Jakarta Baru.

Tuhan bersama kita. (23)

(66)

Kemenangan Quick Count II (Victory of Quick Count II)

Speech delivered by Joko Widodo (September 20, 2012)

No. Utterances

Type of Illocutionary Acts

Verb Dr C R E Dc

1. Saudaraku-saudaraku warga Jakarta yang kubanggakan dan

kucintai. Kami berdiri disini di depan Anda semuanya dengan segala kepasrahan dan

kerendahan hati sekaligus takjub dan bersyukur betapa

besar rahmat Tuhan Allah Shubanawata Allah kepada

kita semuanya. (24)

√

Thanking

2. Sejak awal saat saya ditugaskan maju dalam

Pilkada DKI Jakarta, sesungguhnya kami sudah

menetapkan hati bahwa pemilihan untuk menjadi Gubernur Wakil Gubernur di DKI ini bukanlah sebuah

kontestasi menang atau

(67)

dan Foke Nara. (25) 3. Siapapun yang menjadi

pemenang menjadi tidak penting karena yang terpenting rakyat Jakarta

juga yang harus menang dan yang harus dimenangkan. (26)

√

Stating

4. Kami tegaskan lagi disini setelah jika kami telah resmi menjadi Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur tak akan lelah kami berjalan bekerja, mendengar

dan mengunjungi Anda semuanya mulai dari gang-gang kumuh sampai dengan jalan-jalan besar, mulai dari pasar-pasar tradisional sampai komplek-komplek perumahan dan gedung-gedung yang ada di Jakarta untuk sama-sama berjuang mewujudkan Jakarta

Baru. (27)

(68)

5. Setelah Pilkada usai kami mengharap tidak ada lagi pembelahan dan perpecahan

diantara kita warga Jakarta. Setelah ini semua hanya ada

satu warga, yaitu warga Jakarta. (28)

√

Expecting

6. Kita tunjukkan kita bisa bekerja sama karena keinginan kita sama, Jakarta

yang berubah, Jakarta yang lebih baik, Jakarta Baru, tidak

ada yang menang ataupun yang kalah, tidak ada, tidak

ada yang lebih tinggi dan tidak ada yang rendah, semuanya akan berpartisipasi,

saling memberi, saling membantu karena susah senang akan kita tanggung

bersama. (29)

(69)

7. Tuan-tuan dan Nyonya-nyonya seluruh warga Jakarta,

pahamilah bahwa Jakarta kota yang kita cintai ini,

akan maju dan berjaya hanya ketika kita bersatu,

saling memberi, saling mendukung, saling bekerja

sama untuk mewujudkan Jakarta yang lebih baik. (30)

√

Telling

8. Akhirnya, kembali saya tekankan kemenangan ini adalah kemenangan Anda

rakyat Jakarta, kemenangan kita semuanya.

(31)

√

Announcement

9. Terima kasih sedalam-dalamnya atas dukungan dan bantuan dan keberanian Anda

semuanya. (32)

(70)

10. Dengan nama Allah yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha

Penyayang, mari kita berjuang mewujudkan Jakarta

Baru. Tuhan bersama kita. (33)

√

Inviting

Note:

Symbol “Dr” is for Directives Symbol “C” is for Commisives Symbol “R” is for Representatives Symbol “E” is for Expressives Symbol “Dc” is for Declarations.

(1)

disini bahwa kemenangan nomor tiga pada tanggal 20

September nanti bukanlah semata-mata kemenangan Jokowi dan Basuki namun adalah kemenangan dari harapan Anda sekalian yang

mementingkan sebuah perubahan yang lebih baik dan

manusiawi bagi kota Jakarta. (21)

14. Pilihan itu adalah pilihan Anda dan kemenangan itu adalah kemenangan Anda, kemenangan kita semuanya.

(22)

√

Stating

15. Dengan nama Allah Yang Maha Pengasih Lagi Maha Penyayang, mari kita

bersama-sama berjuang mewujudkan perubahan untuk Jakarta Baru.

Tuhan bersama kita. (23)

(2)

Kemenangan Quick Count II (Victory of Quick Count II)

Speech delivered by Joko Widodo (September 20, 2012)

No. Utterances

Type of Illocutionary Acts

Verb Dr C R E Dc

1. Saudaraku-saudaraku warga Jakarta yang kubanggakan dan

kucintai. Kami berdiri disini di depan Anda semuanya dengan segala kepasrahan dan

kerendahan hati sekaligus takjub dan bersyukur betapa

besar rahmat Tuhan Allah Shubanawata Allah kepada

kita semuanya. (24)

√

Thanking

2. Sejak awal saat saya ditugaskan maju dalam

Pilkada DKI Jakarta, sesungguhnya kami sudah

menetapkan hati bahwa pemilihan untuk menjadi Gubernur Wakil Gubernur di DKI ini bukanlah sebuah

(3)

dan Foke Nara. (25) 3. Siapapun yang menjadi

pemenang menjadi tidak penting karena yang terpenting rakyat Jakarta

juga yang harus menang dan yang harus dimenangkan. (26)

√

Stating

4. Kami tegaskan lagi disini setelah jika kami telah resmi menjadi Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur tak akan lelah kami berjalan bekerja, mendengar

Baru. (27)

(4)

5. Setelah Pilkada usai kami mengharap tidak ada lagi pembelahan dan perpecahan

diantara kita warga Jakarta. Setelah ini semua hanya ada

satu warga, yaitu warga Jakarta. (28)

√

Expecting

6. Kita tunjukkan kita bisa bekerja sama karena keinginan kita sama, Jakarta

yang berubah, Jakarta yang lebih baik, Jakarta Baru, tidak

ada yang menang ataupun yang kalah, tidak ada, tidak

ada yang lebih tinggi dan tidak ada yang rendah, semuanya akan berpartisipasi,

saling memberi, saling membantu karena susah senang akan kita tanggung

bersama. (29)

(5)

7. Tuan-tuan dan Nyonya-nyonya seluruh warga Jakarta,

pahamilah bahwa Jakarta kota yang kita cintai ini,

akan maju dan berjaya hanya ketika kita bersatu,

saling memberi, saling mendukung, saling bekerja

sama untuk mewujudkan Jakarta yang lebih baik. (30)

√

Telling

8. Akhirnya, kembali saya tekankan kemenangan ini adalah kemenangan Anda

rakyat Jakarta, kemenangan kita semuanya.

(31)

√

Announcement

9. Terima kasih sedalam-dalamnya atas dukungan dan bantuan dan keberanian Anda

semuanya. (32)

(6)

10. Dengan nama Allah yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha

Penyayang, mari kita berjuang mewujudkan Jakarta

Baru. Tuhan bersama kita. (33)

√

Inviting

Note:

Symbol “Dr” is for Directives Symbol “C” is for Commisives Symbol “R” is for Representatives Symbol “E” is for Expressives Symbol “Dc” is for Declarations.

An Analysis Of Illocutionary Acts In Joko Widodo’s Political Speeches