Aligner Tones Software Improve Measurement Precision In The Process of Balinese Gamelan.
Editorial Team
Editor-in-Chief
1. Prof. nzw. dr hab. inz. Lech M. Grzesiak, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Managing Editors
1. Tole Sutikno, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia
2. Dr. Auzani Jidin, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Malaysia
Editors
1. Prof. Dr. Faycal Djeffal, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria
2. Prof. Dr. Geetam Singh Tomar, University of Kent, United Kingdom
3. Prof. Dr. Govindaraj Thangavel, Muthayammal Engineering College, India
4. Prof. Dr. Kewen Zhao, Qiongzhou University, China
5. Prof. Dr. Sayed M. El-Rabaie, Minufiya University, Egypt
6. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sim Kok Swee, Multimedia University, Malaysia
7. Prof. Dr. Tarek Bouktir, Ferhat Abbes University, Setif, Algeria
8. Assoc. Prof. Farrokh Attarzadeh, Ph.D., University of Houston, United States
9. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jaime Lloret Mauri, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain
10. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wudhichai Assawinchaichote, King Mongkut's University of
Technology Thonburi, Thailand
11. Assoc. Prof. Dr. M L Dennis Wong, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak
Campus, Malaysia
12. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mochammad Facta, Universitas Diponogoro (UNDIP), Indonesia
13. Dr. Vicente Garcia Diaz, University of Oviedo, Spain
14. Prof. Abdel Ghani Aissaoui, University of Bechar, Algeria, Algeria
15. Dr. Ahmad Saudi Samosir, Universitas Lampung (UNILA), Indonesia
16. Dr. Deris Stiawan, C|EH, C|HFI, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia
17. Dr. Eng Khoirul Anwar, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
18. Dr. Junjie Lu, Broadcom Corp., United States
19. Dr. Mokhtar Beldjehem, University of Ottawa, Canada
20. Dr. Munawar A Riyadi, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
21. Dr. Nidhal Bouaynaya, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Arkansas, United
States
22. Dr. Renjie Huang, Washington State University, United States
23. Dr. Ranjit Kumar Barai, Jadavpur University, India
24. Dr. Shadi A. Alboon, Yarmouk University, Jordan
25. Dr. Vijay H. Mankar, Government Polytechnic of Nagpur, India
26. Dr. Angela Amphawan, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia
27. Dr. Yin Liu, Symantec Core Research Lab, United States
28. Dr. Yudong Zhang, Columbia University, United States
29. Dr. Zheng Xu, IBM Corporation, United States
ISSN: 2088-8708
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ISSN: 2088-8708
Vol 3, No 1
February 2013
Table of Contents
Digital Image Watermarking in Wavelet Domain
Hitendra Suryavanshi, Amit Mishra, Shiv Kumar
1-6
Voltage Balancing Control Strategy in Converter System for Three-Level Inverters
Srinu Vaseee, B.V. Sankerram
7-14
Aligner Tones Software Improve Measurement Precision In The Process of Balinese
Gamelan
Made Sudarma, Ni Wayan Sri Ariyani, I Nyoman Adiputra
15-20
Theoretical Analysis for Scale-down-Aware Service Allocation in Cloud Storage
Systems
Angli Liu
21-29
Biometric Identification by Clustering the Dorsal Hand Vein Patterns using the
Firefly Algorithm
Zahra Honarpisheh, Karim Faez
30-41
A New Methodology for Allocation of Stabilizers in Uncontrollable poles of multimachine power systems
Ali Hajiloazar, Hamid Lesani, Mahmood Fotuhi
42-51
Modern Applications of Electronic Nose: A Review
Hasin Alam, S. Hasan Saeed
AC-RDVT: Acyclic Resource Distance Vector Routing Tables for Dynamic Grid
Resource Discovery
Nafiseh Bahrami, Ahmad Habibizad Navin, Mina Alavighi, Ali Asghar Pourhaji
Kazem
New Design of Channel Drop Filter by Triangular Photonic Crystal
Mohammad Reza Rakhshani, MohammadAli Mansouri Birjandi
52-63
64-72
73-77
Simulation Analysis of a Power System Protection using Artificial Neural Network
Aejaz Ahmed K R, Mohd. Z. A. Ansari, Mohamed Jalaluddin
78-82
Compensation of Voltage Single-Phase SAG and SWELL Using Dynamic Voltage
Restorer and Difference Per-Unit Value Method
Mohammad Sarvi, Haniyeh Marefatjou
83-92
Performance Evaluation of Unscented Kalman Filter for Gaussian/non-Gaussian
Tracking Application
Leela Kumari. B, Padma Raju. K
Mitigation of Voltage flicker and reduction in THD by using STATCOM
S. Chandrasekhar, J. Brahmmam, M. Srinu
93-101
102-108
Nonlinear System Identification of Laboratory Heat Exchanger Using Artificial
Neural Network Model
Nader Jamali Soufi Amlashi, Amin Shahsavari, Alireza Vahidifar, Mehrzad
Nasirian
118-128
Diagnosis of Stator Turn-to-Turn Fault and Stator Voltage Unbalance Fault Using
ANFIS
Sk Moin Ahmed, Haitham Abu-Rub, Shady S. Refaat, Atif Iqbal
129-135
Improving Quality of Vehicle Tracking Systems in Hill Stations Using IEEE
802.16 Networks
Roop Singh Takur, E. Ramkumar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
ISSN: 2088-8708
136-144
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol.3, No.1, February 2013, pp. 15~20
ISSN: 2088-8708
15
Aligner Tones Software Improve Measurement Precision
In The Process of Balinese Gamelan
Sudarma, Made1, Ariyani, Sri2, Adiputra, Nyoman3
1
Computer System and Informatics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
2
Applied Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
3
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
Article Info
ABSTRACT
Article history:
In the making process of Balinese gamelan, the tone arrangement highly
depends on aligner sense and feeling which generally performed by the
gamelan’s craftsman himself. Each aligner has his way of aligning with
different standard of tone. Tunings process is still based on the sensitivity of
the ear and the feelings of the gamelan craftsmen so that the precision of tone
can not be achieved. The unavailable of a standard measuring instruments
tone used in the tuning process lead to the production process gamelan in
Bali takes a long time. To solve these problems, a study conducted by
utilizing information technology in the computer - software engineering
approach. Besides, to anticipate the limitation of human resources in the field
of alignment and to maintain the consistency of the gamelan’s tone in the
long period of time it is in need for the touch of information technology in
the form of software. The software to analyze the frequency of gamelan’s
base tone in order to get the result of the tone in the strip of gamelan which is
measurable and in accordance with the expectation. The software is intended
will be able to perform the test tone as desired by the buyer. Thus the tone of
the achievements obtained quickly, accurately correspond to the reference
tone. It also means that the program contributed significantly to the
preservation of Balinese culture can be done.
Received Sep 21, 2012
Revised Nov 29, 2012
Accepted Dec 23, 2012
Keyword:
First keyword : Software
Second keyword: Human tester
Third keyword: Measuring tones
Fourth keyword: Gamelan tone
Fifth keyword
Copyright © 2013 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Authors:
Made Sudarma
Computer System and Informatics, Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran Campus, Bali, Indonesia
Tel./Fax : 62361703315, e-mail: sudarma@ee.unud.ac.id
1.
INTRODUCTION
The arrangement of gamelan’s tone does not have a fix and certain standard. The arrangement
highly depends on the aligner’s sense and feeling who generally carried out by the craftsman himself. Each of
gamelan craftsman has the different way of aligning and each has the certain tone standard [2][18]. In
performing his activities, the aligner has not been in the natural manner position, so that highly risk of illness
because of work. The limitation of the skillful aligners also has an impact to the process of the finishing of
the Bali’s gamelan [11], [12].
To produce a set of Balinese gamelan needs approximately 11 months [8], [13]. This is because the
process of the making or the equipment use is still traditional and the limitation of human resources in the
tester field to determine the adjustment of basic tone of gamelan. Thus means the adjustment measurement
tool of gamelan tone which is required is very important to prepare.
The working posture like Figure 1 will cause to raise various disorders on the musculoskeletal
system [5]. The sitting position in long time with un-natural working posture or bending cause disorder on
the musculoskeletal system and there is a quite much pressure on the discus intervertebralis so it can cause
low back pain. This working posture in long term will cause body to bend (kiposis) [4], [10].
Journal homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJECE
16
ISSN: 2088-8708
Figure 1. The conventional tone assessment process
From the description above it can be stated that the biggest problem happen on the adjustment
process, so this process meds to have priority to be solved first. Alternative way to solve the problem in this
process is by using aid tool so the adjustment that is done manually and repeatedly will no longer happen.
Moreover, more than 30% of the skillful workers who still actively working as the gamelan’s aligners are in
the age of 60 years and older and nearly 90% of the aligners having a deaf in one or both of their ears, that is
the conduction deaf and sensorineural deaf [15]. The loss of the hearing is as the result of the noise exposure
which takes place repeatedly in the long period of time. This condition will have an impact to the tone
accuracy outcome. Even, with the development of technology and globalization not many of the young
generation nowadays who wants to involve as the gamelan craftsman especially as the aligner. This is very
worrying to the continuation and sustainability of the availability of the Bali’s gamelan in the future.
To anticipate the limitation of the human resources in the field of aligning and to maintain the
consistency of the gamelan tone in the long period of time it is deemed necessary for the touch of information
technology in the form of software. The software is designed as the software for analyzing the basic tone
frequency of gamelan with the function as the gamelan strip tone measurement with reference to the fix
reference tone.
Figure 2 shows the work process of software tester, starting from the data source (input) continued
to the computer and information is processed by software and next the result (output) in the form of
information needed by the user [14]. Ergonomic intervention on the small industries by using ergonomic
chair and table will decrease working load and subjective complaint, and also increase working productivity
significantly [1],[17]. As ergonomic implementation on the small industries, it is also done the betterment of
work station in this research so the working posture of the tester is become more natural.
Figure 2. Assessment of the tone by using the software
IJECE Vol. 3, No. 1, February 2013 : 15 – 20
IJECE
ISSN: 2088-8708
17
Based on the problem mentioned above, to achieve the expected result then software is designed to
measure the tone as the substitution of the aligning sense of hearing in assessing the strip tone which leads to
the change of work attitude. The objective of the research is to find out the increasing performance of Bali’s
gamelan tone alignment after using the software design.
2.
RESEARCH METHOD
The research is the experimental research by using the same subject design which can be seen at
Figure 3.
R
P
(-)
S
O1
O2
WOP
O3
(P
)
O4
Figure 3. The Research Design [3]
Description:
P
R
S
O1
O2
:
:
:
:
:
(-) :
(P) :
WOP :
O3 :
O4 :
Population (the aligners who are included in the inclusion criteria).
Random Sampling with simple random method.
Sample (who are chosen to be the research sample after random sampling).
Sample observation prior to work at first period.
Sample observation after work at first period to the time for aligning, accuracy, satisfaction, and work
productivity.
Without software design samples are working with work condition available to date.
With software design and workstation redesign. Samples are working with the software. Measurement
conducted 3 days consecutively.
Washing Out Period to clear up residual effect given for 3 days period, where the work process between (-)
and (P) is the same, that is in the morning, so that psychologically the work environment will be similar
between the first period and the second period. The selection of 3 days WOP is based on the consideration to
give enough adaption time in addition to clear up residual effect.
Sample observation prior to work at second period.
Sample observation after work at second period to the work time for aligning, accuracy, satisfaction, and
work productivity.
The research protocol with the procedure is as follows: Stage 1 – aligning process prior to use
software. The aligner works with the conventional manner and determine the tone accuracy with the hearing
sense with the process as follows: (a) fill in the initial measurement; (b) conduct the tone assessment on the
gamelan’s strip which will be aligned using the hearing sense and conventional work manner; (c) to conduct
the tone and time recording every assessment stage until the aligner getting the tone he wishes; (d) to conduct
the recording of frequency attainment each stage of the tone assessment to find out the level of tone accuracy
that assessed with the ear sensitivity; (e) fill in the questionnaire form aligner’s satisfaction questionnaire.
Washing Out Period is provided for one week period including the time for equipment usage adaptation,
software. In this period it is provided with assistant in the process of tool’s operation. Stage 2 – aligning
process with software and the tone accuracy measured by software, with the prose performed as follows: (a)
fill in the initial measurement form; (b) to conduct the tone assessment on the gamelan’s strip that will be
aligned using software; (c) to conduct the tone and time recording every level of assessment until the aligner
getting the desired tone; (d) to conduct the recording of frequency attainment every stage of tone assessment
to find out the level of tone accuracy that assessed by software; (e) fill in the level of questionnaire form and
the aligner’s satisfaction questionnaire.
3.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Computer software is the program used to match the gamelan’s instrument tone used as the tested
tone with gamelan’s instrument tone that used as the basic reference. The program consists of several
functions packed in several modules to get the matching outcome. The data analysis conducted by the way as
follows: (a) descriptive analysis; (b) normality test by using Shapiro-Wilk test; (c) accuracy, productivity,
satisfaction were analyzed using t-paired test. Data is processed using SPSS for Windows version 16.0
program.
Title of manuscript is short and clear, implies research results (First Author)
18
ISSN: 2088-8708
3.1. Tones Accuracy
The assessment accuracy of gamelan’s tone aligner is the level of result proximity achieved to the
tones which the quality is assessed or counted. Thus the output from the aligner is compatible with the degree
of truth that expected. Based on the result of the study it is found out that the average of accuracy level at
first period is 94.60 + 0.83% and the average at second period is 97.93 + 0.96%. The meaning analysis with
t-paired test shows that both groups after treatment, the average of the tone accuracy level differs
significantly (p < 0.05). Table 1 bellow is shows the result comparisons between accuracy, work
productivity, and satisfaction.
The increasing of the accuracy level by 4.26% after using computer software is due to when in the
process of reference tone alignment the frequency is already known, so that easily to bring closer the aligned
strip frequency with reference tone frequency.
Table 1. The Comparison of the Accuracy, Work Productivity and Satisfaction Between First Period and
Second Period
Period
Variabel
p
Period I
Period II
The accuracy (%)
Work productivity (bars / beats)
Satisfaction (score)
94,600,83
0,3820,034
16,871,06
97,930,96
0,5430,052
23,400,91
0,001
0,001
0,001
Figure 4. The Accuracy between First Period and Second Period
3.2. Work Productivity
The productivity basically is the outcome from all the activity components. In this research the
productivity is counted based on the amount of strips that can be aligned in one working hour divided by
working pulses multiplied by 1 working hour. Based on this study it is found out that the average of working
productivity at first period is 0.382 + 0.034 strip/ pulse and the average at second period is 0.543 + 0.052
strip/pulse. The meaning analysis with t-paired test shows that both groups after treatment, the average of the
productivity differs significantly (p < 0.05). Further it is found out that there is the increasing of productivity
by 29.63%. The increasing of worker’s productivity and suppressing the high cost is one of the advance steps
to win the global competition such as to make use of the human resources and suppress all kind of costs but
increase the optimal production output. Suppress the cost as small as possible such as the cost required to pay
the health benefits and sickness rehabilitation due to working, accident and injury. This can be done by
developing the working condition and environment that is healthy, safe, and comfortable. In other words is
that by implementing work effectiveness such as selecting and transferring the technology which is highly
efficient.
IJECE Vol. 3, No. 1, February 2013 : 15 – 20
IJECE
ISSN: 2088-8708
19
Figure 5. The work productivity between First Period and Second Period
Technology advancement is one of the factors that determine work productivity since it will
simplify the workers in making the proper goods or services. The result of the study is in line with the result
who stated that the usage of the chair and working table that compatible with the workers’ anthropometry can
increase the work productivity by 16.87% (p < 0.05) for the Palimanan’s rock rooster sculptures at Mahkota
corporation Bali [16]. So is the research also stated that the development of chair dimension and the height of
suitable working space with the anthropometry of brick makers can increase the work productivity of the
brick makers by 167.25% [7].
3.3. Satisfaction
The increase of satisfaction score by 27.91% due to the time needed is shorter than previous
working time, the level of accuracy also increasing, so is the work effectiveness also improve the satisfaction
for the aligners. Basically the assessment satisfaction is the individual thing. But in this case the software is
built based on the rules or criteria in the Bali’s gamelan tones. The degree of satisfaction towards the
assessment of a gamelan aligning is not individual by nature anymore but already in the frame of reference in
the gamelan’s tones pitch.
This research is supported by the result of study who stated that there was an information system
quality impact to the satisfaction of the accounting software end users significantly [19]. Differ from the
result of study by who stated that the organization commitment, interaction and motivation together with
professional commitment interaction and motivation individually or collectively did not have the impact
significantly with the work satisfaction at the Office of Jakarta Audit Internal Education Foundation [20].
Satisfaction is also affecting the persistence of aligners in doing their activities. The aligners with
high satisfaction tend to work with high spirit. The quality of work and the outcome that can be achieved by
the satisfied people with their working outcomes will create the satisfaction also to the user of the product, in
this case is Bali’s gamelan set. Work satisfaction is the wish of everybody. Someone who satisfied will cause
better health compared to the disappointed people [9]. Satisfaction also related with the feeling of safety and
comfort.
Figure 6. The satisfacton between First Period and Second Period
Title of manuscript is short and clear, implies research results (First Author)
20
ISSN: 2088-8708
4.
CONCLUSION
Based on the result and discussion mentioned above, so it can be concluded that aligner tones
software measurement precision in the alignment tones process through: the improvement of assessment
accuracy of Bali’s gamelan aligners; the improvement of work productivity of Bali’s gamelan aligners; and
the improvement of assessment satisfaction of Bali’s gamelan aligners
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A great appreciation goes to promoter, co-promotor and everybody who has made valuable
contributions in this study and their critical comments on this manuscript.
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IJECE Vol. 3, No. 1, February 2013 : 15 – 20
Editor-in-Chief
1. Prof. nzw. dr hab. inz. Lech M. Grzesiak, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Managing Editors
1. Tole Sutikno, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia
2. Dr. Auzani Jidin, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Malaysia
Editors
1. Prof. Dr. Faycal Djeffal, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria
2. Prof. Dr. Geetam Singh Tomar, University of Kent, United Kingdom
3. Prof. Dr. Govindaraj Thangavel, Muthayammal Engineering College, India
4. Prof. Dr. Kewen Zhao, Qiongzhou University, China
5. Prof. Dr. Sayed M. El-Rabaie, Minufiya University, Egypt
6. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sim Kok Swee, Multimedia University, Malaysia
7. Prof. Dr. Tarek Bouktir, Ferhat Abbes University, Setif, Algeria
8. Assoc. Prof. Farrokh Attarzadeh, Ph.D., University of Houston, United States
9. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jaime Lloret Mauri, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain
10. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wudhichai Assawinchaichote, King Mongkut's University of
Technology Thonburi, Thailand
11. Assoc. Prof. Dr. M L Dennis Wong, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak
Campus, Malaysia
12. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mochammad Facta, Universitas Diponogoro (UNDIP), Indonesia
13. Dr. Vicente Garcia Diaz, University of Oviedo, Spain
14. Prof. Abdel Ghani Aissaoui, University of Bechar, Algeria, Algeria
15. Dr. Ahmad Saudi Samosir, Universitas Lampung (UNILA), Indonesia
16. Dr. Deris Stiawan, C|EH, C|HFI, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia
17. Dr. Eng Khoirul Anwar, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
18. Dr. Junjie Lu, Broadcom Corp., United States
19. Dr. Mokhtar Beldjehem, University of Ottawa, Canada
20. Dr. Munawar A Riyadi, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
21. Dr. Nidhal Bouaynaya, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Arkansas, United
States
22. Dr. Renjie Huang, Washington State University, United States
23. Dr. Ranjit Kumar Barai, Jadavpur University, India
24. Dr. Shadi A. Alboon, Yarmouk University, Jordan
25. Dr. Vijay H. Mankar, Government Polytechnic of Nagpur, India
26. Dr. Angela Amphawan, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia
27. Dr. Yin Liu, Symantec Core Research Lab, United States
28. Dr. Yudong Zhang, Columbia University, United States
29. Dr. Zheng Xu, IBM Corporation, United States
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ISSN: 2088-8708
Vol 3, No 1
February 2013
Table of Contents
Digital Image Watermarking in Wavelet Domain
Hitendra Suryavanshi, Amit Mishra, Shiv Kumar
1-6
Voltage Balancing Control Strategy in Converter System for Three-Level Inverters
Srinu Vaseee, B.V. Sankerram
7-14
Aligner Tones Software Improve Measurement Precision In The Process of Balinese
Gamelan
Made Sudarma, Ni Wayan Sri Ariyani, I Nyoman Adiputra
15-20
Theoretical Analysis for Scale-down-Aware Service Allocation in Cloud Storage
Systems
Angli Liu
21-29
Biometric Identification by Clustering the Dorsal Hand Vein Patterns using the
Firefly Algorithm
Zahra Honarpisheh, Karim Faez
30-41
A New Methodology for Allocation of Stabilizers in Uncontrollable poles of multimachine power systems
Ali Hajiloazar, Hamid Lesani, Mahmood Fotuhi
42-51
Modern Applications of Electronic Nose: A Review
Hasin Alam, S. Hasan Saeed
AC-RDVT: Acyclic Resource Distance Vector Routing Tables for Dynamic Grid
Resource Discovery
Nafiseh Bahrami, Ahmad Habibizad Navin, Mina Alavighi, Ali Asghar Pourhaji
Kazem
New Design of Channel Drop Filter by Triangular Photonic Crystal
Mohammad Reza Rakhshani, MohammadAli Mansouri Birjandi
52-63
64-72
73-77
Simulation Analysis of a Power System Protection using Artificial Neural Network
Aejaz Ahmed K R, Mohd. Z. A. Ansari, Mohamed Jalaluddin
78-82
Compensation of Voltage Single-Phase SAG and SWELL Using Dynamic Voltage
Restorer and Difference Per-Unit Value Method
Mohammad Sarvi, Haniyeh Marefatjou
83-92
Performance Evaluation of Unscented Kalman Filter for Gaussian/non-Gaussian
Tracking Application
Leela Kumari. B, Padma Raju. K
Mitigation of Voltage flicker and reduction in THD by using STATCOM
S. Chandrasekhar, J. Brahmmam, M. Srinu
93-101
102-108
Nonlinear System Identification of Laboratory Heat Exchanger Using Artificial
Neural Network Model
Nader Jamali Soufi Amlashi, Amin Shahsavari, Alireza Vahidifar, Mehrzad
Nasirian
118-128
Diagnosis of Stator Turn-to-Turn Fault and Stator Voltage Unbalance Fault Using
ANFIS
Sk Moin Ahmed, Haitham Abu-Rub, Shady S. Refaat, Atif Iqbal
129-135
Improving Quality of Vehicle Tracking Systems in Hill Stations Using IEEE
802.16 Networks
Roop Singh Takur, E. Ramkumar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
ISSN: 2088-8708
136-144
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol.3, No.1, February 2013, pp. 15~20
ISSN: 2088-8708
15
Aligner Tones Software Improve Measurement Precision
In The Process of Balinese Gamelan
Sudarma, Made1, Ariyani, Sri2, Adiputra, Nyoman3
1
Computer System and Informatics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
2
Applied Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
3
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
Article Info
ABSTRACT
Article history:
In the making process of Balinese gamelan, the tone arrangement highly
depends on aligner sense and feeling which generally performed by the
gamelan’s craftsman himself. Each aligner has his way of aligning with
different standard of tone. Tunings process is still based on the sensitivity of
the ear and the feelings of the gamelan craftsmen so that the precision of tone
can not be achieved. The unavailable of a standard measuring instruments
tone used in the tuning process lead to the production process gamelan in
Bali takes a long time. To solve these problems, a study conducted by
utilizing information technology in the computer - software engineering
approach. Besides, to anticipate the limitation of human resources in the field
of alignment and to maintain the consistency of the gamelan’s tone in the
long period of time it is in need for the touch of information technology in
the form of software. The software to analyze the frequency of gamelan’s
base tone in order to get the result of the tone in the strip of gamelan which is
measurable and in accordance with the expectation. The software is intended
will be able to perform the test tone as desired by the buyer. Thus the tone of
the achievements obtained quickly, accurately correspond to the reference
tone. It also means that the program contributed significantly to the
preservation of Balinese culture can be done.
Received Sep 21, 2012
Revised Nov 29, 2012
Accepted Dec 23, 2012
Keyword:
First keyword : Software
Second keyword: Human tester
Third keyword: Measuring tones
Fourth keyword: Gamelan tone
Fifth keyword
Copyright © 2013 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Authors:
Made Sudarma
Computer System and Informatics, Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran Campus, Bali, Indonesia
Tel./Fax : 62361703315, e-mail: sudarma@ee.unud.ac.id
1.
INTRODUCTION
The arrangement of gamelan’s tone does not have a fix and certain standard. The arrangement
highly depends on the aligner’s sense and feeling who generally carried out by the craftsman himself. Each of
gamelan craftsman has the different way of aligning and each has the certain tone standard [2][18]. In
performing his activities, the aligner has not been in the natural manner position, so that highly risk of illness
because of work. The limitation of the skillful aligners also has an impact to the process of the finishing of
the Bali’s gamelan [11], [12].
To produce a set of Balinese gamelan needs approximately 11 months [8], [13]. This is because the
process of the making or the equipment use is still traditional and the limitation of human resources in the
tester field to determine the adjustment of basic tone of gamelan. Thus means the adjustment measurement
tool of gamelan tone which is required is very important to prepare.
The working posture like Figure 1 will cause to raise various disorders on the musculoskeletal
system [5]. The sitting position in long time with un-natural working posture or bending cause disorder on
the musculoskeletal system and there is a quite much pressure on the discus intervertebralis so it can cause
low back pain. This working posture in long term will cause body to bend (kiposis) [4], [10].
Journal homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJECE
16
ISSN: 2088-8708
Figure 1. The conventional tone assessment process
From the description above it can be stated that the biggest problem happen on the adjustment
process, so this process meds to have priority to be solved first. Alternative way to solve the problem in this
process is by using aid tool so the adjustment that is done manually and repeatedly will no longer happen.
Moreover, more than 30% of the skillful workers who still actively working as the gamelan’s aligners are in
the age of 60 years and older and nearly 90% of the aligners having a deaf in one or both of their ears, that is
the conduction deaf and sensorineural deaf [15]. The loss of the hearing is as the result of the noise exposure
which takes place repeatedly in the long period of time. This condition will have an impact to the tone
accuracy outcome. Even, with the development of technology and globalization not many of the young
generation nowadays who wants to involve as the gamelan craftsman especially as the aligner. This is very
worrying to the continuation and sustainability of the availability of the Bali’s gamelan in the future.
To anticipate the limitation of the human resources in the field of aligning and to maintain the
consistency of the gamelan tone in the long period of time it is deemed necessary for the touch of information
technology in the form of software. The software is designed as the software for analyzing the basic tone
frequency of gamelan with the function as the gamelan strip tone measurement with reference to the fix
reference tone.
Figure 2 shows the work process of software tester, starting from the data source (input) continued
to the computer and information is processed by software and next the result (output) in the form of
information needed by the user [14]. Ergonomic intervention on the small industries by using ergonomic
chair and table will decrease working load and subjective complaint, and also increase working productivity
significantly [1],[17]. As ergonomic implementation on the small industries, it is also done the betterment of
work station in this research so the working posture of the tester is become more natural.
Figure 2. Assessment of the tone by using the software
IJECE Vol. 3, No. 1, February 2013 : 15 – 20
IJECE
ISSN: 2088-8708
17
Based on the problem mentioned above, to achieve the expected result then software is designed to
measure the tone as the substitution of the aligning sense of hearing in assessing the strip tone which leads to
the change of work attitude. The objective of the research is to find out the increasing performance of Bali’s
gamelan tone alignment after using the software design.
2.
RESEARCH METHOD
The research is the experimental research by using the same subject design which can be seen at
Figure 3.
R
P
(-)
S
O1
O2
WOP
O3
(P
)
O4
Figure 3. The Research Design [3]
Description:
P
R
S
O1
O2
:
:
:
:
:
(-) :
(P) :
WOP :
O3 :
O4 :
Population (the aligners who are included in the inclusion criteria).
Random Sampling with simple random method.
Sample (who are chosen to be the research sample after random sampling).
Sample observation prior to work at first period.
Sample observation after work at first period to the time for aligning, accuracy, satisfaction, and work
productivity.
Without software design samples are working with work condition available to date.
With software design and workstation redesign. Samples are working with the software. Measurement
conducted 3 days consecutively.
Washing Out Period to clear up residual effect given for 3 days period, where the work process between (-)
and (P) is the same, that is in the morning, so that psychologically the work environment will be similar
between the first period and the second period. The selection of 3 days WOP is based on the consideration to
give enough adaption time in addition to clear up residual effect.
Sample observation prior to work at second period.
Sample observation after work at second period to the work time for aligning, accuracy, satisfaction, and
work productivity.
The research protocol with the procedure is as follows: Stage 1 – aligning process prior to use
software. The aligner works with the conventional manner and determine the tone accuracy with the hearing
sense with the process as follows: (a) fill in the initial measurement; (b) conduct the tone assessment on the
gamelan’s strip which will be aligned using the hearing sense and conventional work manner; (c) to conduct
the tone and time recording every assessment stage until the aligner getting the tone he wishes; (d) to conduct
the recording of frequency attainment each stage of the tone assessment to find out the level of tone accuracy
that assessed with the ear sensitivity; (e) fill in the questionnaire form aligner’s satisfaction questionnaire.
Washing Out Period is provided for one week period including the time for equipment usage adaptation,
software. In this period it is provided with assistant in the process of tool’s operation. Stage 2 – aligning
process with software and the tone accuracy measured by software, with the prose performed as follows: (a)
fill in the initial measurement form; (b) to conduct the tone assessment on the gamelan’s strip that will be
aligned using software; (c) to conduct the tone and time recording every level of assessment until the aligner
getting the desired tone; (d) to conduct the recording of frequency attainment every stage of tone assessment
to find out the level of tone accuracy that assessed by software; (e) fill in the level of questionnaire form and
the aligner’s satisfaction questionnaire.
3.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Computer software is the program used to match the gamelan’s instrument tone used as the tested
tone with gamelan’s instrument tone that used as the basic reference. The program consists of several
functions packed in several modules to get the matching outcome. The data analysis conducted by the way as
follows: (a) descriptive analysis; (b) normality test by using Shapiro-Wilk test; (c) accuracy, productivity,
satisfaction were analyzed using t-paired test. Data is processed using SPSS for Windows version 16.0
program.
Title of manuscript is short and clear, implies research results (First Author)
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ISSN: 2088-8708
3.1. Tones Accuracy
The assessment accuracy of gamelan’s tone aligner is the level of result proximity achieved to the
tones which the quality is assessed or counted. Thus the output from the aligner is compatible with the degree
of truth that expected. Based on the result of the study it is found out that the average of accuracy level at
first period is 94.60 + 0.83% and the average at second period is 97.93 + 0.96%. The meaning analysis with
t-paired test shows that both groups after treatment, the average of the tone accuracy level differs
significantly (p < 0.05). Table 1 bellow is shows the result comparisons between accuracy, work
productivity, and satisfaction.
The increasing of the accuracy level by 4.26% after using computer software is due to when in the
process of reference tone alignment the frequency is already known, so that easily to bring closer the aligned
strip frequency with reference tone frequency.
Table 1. The Comparison of the Accuracy, Work Productivity and Satisfaction Between First Period and
Second Period
Period
Variabel
p
Period I
Period II
The accuracy (%)
Work productivity (bars / beats)
Satisfaction (score)
94,600,83
0,3820,034
16,871,06
97,930,96
0,5430,052
23,400,91
0,001
0,001
0,001
Figure 4. The Accuracy between First Period and Second Period
3.2. Work Productivity
The productivity basically is the outcome from all the activity components. In this research the
productivity is counted based on the amount of strips that can be aligned in one working hour divided by
working pulses multiplied by 1 working hour. Based on this study it is found out that the average of working
productivity at first period is 0.382 + 0.034 strip/ pulse and the average at second period is 0.543 + 0.052
strip/pulse. The meaning analysis with t-paired test shows that both groups after treatment, the average of the
productivity differs significantly (p < 0.05). Further it is found out that there is the increasing of productivity
by 29.63%. The increasing of worker’s productivity and suppressing the high cost is one of the advance steps
to win the global competition such as to make use of the human resources and suppress all kind of costs but
increase the optimal production output. Suppress the cost as small as possible such as the cost required to pay
the health benefits and sickness rehabilitation due to working, accident and injury. This can be done by
developing the working condition and environment that is healthy, safe, and comfortable. In other words is
that by implementing work effectiveness such as selecting and transferring the technology which is highly
efficient.
IJECE Vol. 3, No. 1, February 2013 : 15 – 20
IJECE
ISSN: 2088-8708
19
Figure 5. The work productivity between First Period and Second Period
Technology advancement is one of the factors that determine work productivity since it will
simplify the workers in making the proper goods or services. The result of the study is in line with the result
who stated that the usage of the chair and working table that compatible with the workers’ anthropometry can
increase the work productivity by 16.87% (p < 0.05) for the Palimanan’s rock rooster sculptures at Mahkota
corporation Bali [16]. So is the research also stated that the development of chair dimension and the height of
suitable working space with the anthropometry of brick makers can increase the work productivity of the
brick makers by 167.25% [7].
3.3. Satisfaction
The increase of satisfaction score by 27.91% due to the time needed is shorter than previous
working time, the level of accuracy also increasing, so is the work effectiveness also improve the satisfaction
for the aligners. Basically the assessment satisfaction is the individual thing. But in this case the software is
built based on the rules or criteria in the Bali’s gamelan tones. The degree of satisfaction towards the
assessment of a gamelan aligning is not individual by nature anymore but already in the frame of reference in
the gamelan’s tones pitch.
This research is supported by the result of study who stated that there was an information system
quality impact to the satisfaction of the accounting software end users significantly [19]. Differ from the
result of study by who stated that the organization commitment, interaction and motivation together with
professional commitment interaction and motivation individually or collectively did not have the impact
significantly with the work satisfaction at the Office of Jakarta Audit Internal Education Foundation [20].
Satisfaction is also affecting the persistence of aligners in doing their activities. The aligners with
high satisfaction tend to work with high spirit. The quality of work and the outcome that can be achieved by
the satisfied people with their working outcomes will create the satisfaction also to the user of the product, in
this case is Bali’s gamelan set. Work satisfaction is the wish of everybody. Someone who satisfied will cause
better health compared to the disappointed people [9]. Satisfaction also related with the feeling of safety and
comfort.
Figure 6. The satisfacton between First Period and Second Period
Title of manuscript is short and clear, implies research results (First Author)
20
ISSN: 2088-8708
4.
CONCLUSION
Based on the result and discussion mentioned above, so it can be concluded that aligner tones
software measurement precision in the alignment tones process through: the improvement of assessment
accuracy of Bali’s gamelan aligners; the improvement of work productivity of Bali’s gamelan aligners; and
the improvement of assessment satisfaction of Bali’s gamelan aligners
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A great appreciation goes to promoter, co-promotor and everybody who has made valuable
contributions in this study and their critical comments on this manuscript.
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