THE PHENOMENON OF SLIPS OF THE EAR BY ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS.
THE PHENOMENON OF SLIPS OF THE EAR BY ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS
A Research Paper
Submitted to the Department of English Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
By: Widayanti
(1006673)
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
THE FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
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THE PHENOMENON OF SLIPS OF THE EAR BY ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS
Oleh Widayanti
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra
© Widayanti 2015 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Oktober 2015
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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THE PHENOMENON OF SLIPS OF THE EAR BY ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT DEPARTMENT STUDENTS
A Research Paper By
Widayanti 1006673
Approved by:
Main Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Dadang Sudana, M.A., Ph.D. Eri Kurniawan, M.A., Ph.D. NIP.196009191990031001 NIP. 198111232005011002
The Head of English Education Department The Faculty of Language and Literature Education
Indonesia University of Education
Dr. Rd. Safrina, M.A. NIP. 196207291987032003
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ABSTRACT
THE PHENOMENON OF SLIPS OF THE EAR BY ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS
Widayanti (1006673)
Main Supervisor: Dadang Sudana, M.A., Ph.D. Co-Supervisor: Eri Kurniawan, M.A., Ph.D.
The present study seeks to investigate the phenomenon of slips of the ear by English Education Department students. Data were taken from 10 students from different semester and have minimum 500 TOEFL score. Data were analyzed qualitatively supported by descriptive quantification and based on Bond’s (2005) slips of the ear theories. The findings show that the errors occur in lexical level and syntactical levels. The factors of the occurrences of slips of the ear can be because of the lack of lexical knowledge, the accent and dialect, the unfamiliarity with the words, or difficulties in segmenting utterances. The result of this study shows that the errors which occur most in all categories is in syntactical level, which is ill-formed utterances. Furthermore, this study supports the previous studies of slips of the ear proposed by Kusumarasdyati (2005) who states that when the listeners misperceive the utterances, they will add, omit, or substitute the utterances.
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ABSTRAK
FENOMENA KELIRU DENGAR OLEH MAHASISWA JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
Widayanti (1006673)
Main Supervisor: Dadang Sudana, M.A., Ph.D. Co-Supervisor: Eri Kurniawan, M.A., Ph.D.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa fenomena keliru dengan oleh mahasiswa jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Data diperoleh dari 10 mahasiswa dari semester yang berbeda dan memiliki skor TOEFL minimal 500. Data dianalisa secara kualitatif dengan bantuan kuantifikasi secara deskriptif dan berdasarkan teori Bond (2005) tentang keliru dengar. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keliru dengar terjadi di tataran leksikal dan sintaktikal. Factor-faktor terjadinya keliru dengar dapat dikarenakan oleh kurangnya pengetahuan leksikal, aksen dan dialek, tidak mengenal kata-kata tertentu, atau kesulitan dalam membagi percakapan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keliru dengar paling banyak terjadi di tataran sintaksis, yaitu ill-formed utterances. Selain itu, penelitian ini membuktikan hasil penelitian sebelumnya tentang keliru dengar yaitu penelitian dari Kusumarasdyati (2005) yang mengemukakan bahwa ketika pendengar salah mempersepsikan ujaran, pendengar akan menambahkan, menghilangkan, atau mengganti ujaran.
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v TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... i
ABSTRACT ... ii
PREFACE ... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v
LIST OF TABLES ... vii
LIST OF APPENDICES ... viii
CHAPTER I ... 1
1.1 Background ... 1
1.2 Research question ... 3
1.3 Aims of the study ... 3
1.4 Scope of the study ... 3
1.5 Significance of the study ... 3
1.6 Clarification of the key terms ... 4
1.7 Organization of the paper ... 4
CHAPTER II ... 5
2.1 Errors and Mistakes ... 5
2.2 Slips of the ear ... 6
2.3 Lexical Knowledge ... 8
2.3.1 Non words ... 8
2.3.2 Word boundaries ... 9
2.3.3 Content and function words ... 10
2.3.4 Morphology ... 12
2.4 Syntax ... 13
2.4.1 Well-formed and ill-formed utterances ... 13
2.4.2 Argument structure and function... 15
2.5 Previous Studies ... 16
2.6 Concluding Remarks ... 18
CHAPTER III ... 19
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vi
3.2 Subjects of the Study ... 19
3.3 Data Collection ... 20
3.4 Data Analysis ... 20
3.5 Examples of Data Analysis ... 21
3.6 Concluding Remarks ... 22
CHAPTER IV ... 23
4.1 Lexical Errors ... 23
4.1.1 Non words ... 23
4.1.2 Word boundaries ... 25
4.1.3 Content and function words ... 26
4.1.3.1 Content words ... 26
4.1.3.1.1 Adding ... 27
4.1.3.1.2 Omitting ... 27
4.1.3.2 Function words ... 28
4.1.3.2.1 Adding ... 28
4.1.3.2.2 Omitting ... 30
4.1.3.2.3 Adding and omitting ... 32
4.1.4 Morphology ... 32
4.2 Syntactical Errors ... 37
4.2.1 Well-formed and ill-formed utterances ... 38
4.2.1.1 Well-formed utterances ... 38
4.2.1.2 Ill-formed utterances ... 38
4.2.1.2.1 Fragment Utterances ... 39
4.2.1.2.2 Agreement Sentences ... 40
4.2.2 Argument Structure and Function ... 40
4.3 The Discussion of Lexical and Syntactical Errors in Slips of the Ear... 42
4.4 Concluding Remarks ... 45
CHAPTER V ... 46
5.1 Conclusions ... 46
5.2 Suggestions ... 48
REFERENCES ... 49
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viii LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Misperception of Lexical (Non words) ... 21
Table 3.2 Misperception of Lexical (Morphology)... 21
Table 3.3 Misperception of Syntax ... 22
Table 4.1 Non Words ... 23
Table 4.2 Word Boundaries (Addition of boundary) ... 25
Table 4.3 Word Boundaries (Loss of boundary) ... 26
Table 4.4 Addition of Content Words ... 27
Table 4.5 Omission of Content Words ... 27
Table 4.6 Addition of Function Words ... 28
Table 4.7 Addition of Function Words (Word boundaries) ... 29
Table 4.8 Addition of Function Words (Auxiliary verb) ... 29
Table 4.9 Omission of Function Words (Auxiliary verb) ... 30
Table 4.10 Omission of Function Words ... 31
Table 4.11 Omission of Function Words (Conjunction) ... 31
Table 4.12 Addition and Omission of Function Words ... 32
Table 4.13 Morphology (Plural suffix) ... 33
Table 4.14 Morphology (Possessive) ... 34
Table 4.15 Morphology (Word boundaries) ... 34
Table 4.16 Morphology (Agreement sentences) ... 35
Table 4.17 Morphology (Verb) ... 35
Table 4.18 Morphology (Verb –ing) ... 36
Table 4.19 Morphology (Modal verb) ... 37
Table 4.20 Well-formed Utterances ... 38
Table 4.21 Fragment Utterances ... 39
Table 4.22 Agreement Sentences ... 40
Table 4.23 Argument Structures and Function (Misallocation) ... 41
Table 4.24 Argument Structures and Function (Part of speech) ... 41
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ix LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I Student’s Misperception
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1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the introduction of the study which consists of background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, clarification of related terms, and organization of paper.
1.1Background
People speak to others and listen to other’s utterances every day. It is the way they
keep communicating with others. In daily conversations, people speak when they want to deliver messages or ideas, or share their experiences with other people.
On the other hand, people listen to other’s utterances if they think that the
utterances are important or interesting. These situations can happen in formal and informal occasions.
In a conversation, it cannot be denied that sometimes people fail to perceive the utterances correctly. This is when slips of the ear happen. Slip of the ear is a phenomenon where a hearer fails in perceiving messages and how the hearer recognizes words (Bond, 2005).
Most people cannot hear the words, which are being uttered, clearly in crowded places or there are some sounds which can cause misheard or slips of the ear. Besides, slips of the ear can happen because of a similar sound of word or phrase in speech or conversation (Nordquist, 2013). In English, for example,
“quiet” and “quite” have almost similar sounds in pronunciation but have different
meanings. Slips of the ear can show the way people catch what another speaker tends to say by looking at their linguistics knowledge. When the hearer perceives differently from what the speaker has said, the hearer tries to recover the utterances (Bond, 2005).
In fact, when people listen to music in a different language from their own mother tongue, misperception might occur. It cannot be determined whether the hearer misperceives the lyrics because of the “noise”, the unfamiliar words, or dialects and accents (Field, 2004). In slips of the ear, the speaker produces the words correctly but the mistake is made by the hearer. Some sounds of music
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2 instruments can affect the perception phonemes or words. It can be called as
“noise” (Vitevitch, 2002).
The first phenomenon of slips of the ear is called ‘Mondegreens’. It is
because the misheard of the line “And laid him on the green” and because of that misheard, slips of the ear can be usually called as ‘Mondegreens’.
The errors, however, are not only made by second language learners, native speakers also make errors in listening. The line This slope is Treacherous in Taylor Swift’s song, titled ‘Treacherous’, is perceived as This love is Treacherous by people (Lyrics Mania, 2014).
The phenomenon slips of the ear is interesting to be investigated because slips of the ear can happen everyday in every conversation but not many linguists have investigated this field (Perwitasari, 2003). There are some related previous studies which deal with slips of the ear. Kusumarasdyati (2005) discusses that slips of the ear, which are performed by non-native speakers, could occur in four linguistic levels: phonological, morphological, lexical, and sentential. When people could not hear what words had been said by the speaker, they would try to interpret the words as close as the original by omitting, adding or substituting the sounds, morphemes, words and sentences. The slips of the ear can occur for some reason, it can be the unfamiliar words, lack of lexical knowledge, and dialect. It cannot be denied that sometimes the listener perceives non words or adds words and the result is different from the original utterance. Perwitasari (2013) investigated the slips of the ear by focusing on the vowel perception. In her study, Perwitasari argues that the long and short vowel sounds (the vowel sound /I/ and /i:/) are difficult to distinguish by Indonesian learners of English (Perwitasari, 2013). Meanwhile, Setiyawan and Widyastuti’s (2014) state that consonants /g/, /r/, /k/ and /dʒ/ are frequently misperceived more by Surabaya indie rock music singers than vowels. Only vowel /ɔ:/ was misperceived by Surabaya indie rock music singers. The errors occured in their phonetic knowledge when they listened to music.
Among those three previous studies, none of them investigates slips of the ear which occurs in listening to music. Those previous studies focus on slips of the ear which occur in listening to conversations. Therefore, the present study
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3 aims at transcribing the utterances by examining the slips of the ear which uses songs as the media of analysis. In addition, this present study uses Bond’s (2005) slips of the ear theory as the main theory in analyzing slips of the ear.
1.2Research questions
In order to achieve the aims of this study, two questions are formulated as follows:
1. In lexical level, what errors are made by the students? 2. In syntactical level, what errors are made by the students?
1.3Aims of the study
This study aims to investigate the phenomenon of the slips of ears performed by English Education Department students, specifically in lexical and syntactical level.
1.4Scope of the study
This study focuses on how the students perceive the song lyrics based on Bond’s (2005) theory of slips of ear. The songs which are used to conduct this study are
“Out of the Woods” by Taylor Swift and “Guns and Horses” by Ellie Goulding.
The subjects of the research are ten students from English Education Department of Indonesia University of Education.
1.5Significance of the study
This present study is expected to provide both theoretical and practical benefits. Theoretically, the result of the study provides further explanations of slips of the ear study, particularly slips of the ear in listening the song. Practically, the study is useful for the analysts who are interested in the study on slips of the ear among Indonesian students. Finally, the present study is expected to give some contributions and worth information for the analysts who are concerned on slips of the ear study.
1.6 Clarification of the key terms
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4 1. Slip of the ear is an error of misperception in listening by mistaking a word or phrase because of a similar-sounding word or phrase in speech or conversation (Nordquist, 2013).
2. Lexical is a part of semantics. Lexical definition is a definition of a common word or a definition which is stated in dictionary (Ernawati, 2011).
3. Syntax is the study of rules which describe the way words fit together to form well sentence (Thomas, Beginning syntax, 1993).
1.7 Organization of paper
The paper is organized into five chapters. Each chapter contains several points which give a detail and specific explanation of the information. The first chapter is Introduction that provides the background of the study, study questions, aims of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, clarification of key terms, and organization of the paper. The second chapter presents Literary Review that covers the related concepts and theories used to answer the study questions. The third chapter contains Study Methodology that explains and represents such methods in conducting the study and the tool of analysis. The fourth chapter contains Finding and Discussion of the study, the analysis of data, the result of the study, and the answer of study questions. The last chapter presents and provides conclusion of the study, its result, and several recommendations for further study.
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19 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter covers the methodology used in the present study. As mentioned in Chapter I, this study seeks to investigate slips of the ear among Indonesian students, particularly in the lexical and syntactical errors. The rest of this chapter presents the research design, subject of the study, data collection, data analysis, and example of data analysis.
3.1Research Design
This study applied a descriptive qualitative approach because this study analyzed data by observing misperception which has made by students. A qualitative approach is relevant to this study since it focuses on the observation in which the data are in descriptive narratives forms such as notes, pictures, videotapes, and recordings (LeCompte & Preissle, 1994). Qualitative research involves non numerical data such as interview research. In addition, it is concerned with opinions and experiences of individuals (Dörney, 2007). It also involves collecting, classifying, evaluating and interpreting (Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2000). Descriptive research is concerned with the description of data and the goal is the acquisition of factual, accurate, and systematic data which can be used in averages, frequencies, and similar statistical calculations (Schmidt, 2002). The purposes of the study are to investigate the slips of the ear that happen when students listen to selected music and which sounds are
misperceived most by the students. The data are analyzed by using Bond’s (2005)
theory to examine which part of the lyrics that student misperceived.
3.2Subjects of the Study
The respondents of this present study were ten students from English Education Department, Indonesia University of Education. The purposive sampling was used in this study and the participants who were purposively chosen were based on the following criteria: male and female students, students from 9th and 11th semester, and
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students who have minimal 500 Toefl test score. Ten students selected purposively from different semester since they are considered to have different skill in listening and the results will have more variation. The decision of not selecting more participants is intended to avoid sampling error as suggested by Oppong (2013).
The students were asked to transcribe the lyrics of the songs, which are “Guns
and Horses” by Ellie Goulding and “Out of the Woods” by Taylor Swift. The songs
were chosen because the lyrics contains familiar vocabularies and the songs are not
very famous so the students are “pushed” to use their listening skills. The results are
identified, classified, and analyzed based on the type of the errors.
3.3Data Collection
The data were collected from the students’ misperceptions of song lyrics. There were
two songs used as the objects of the study, they are “Out of the Woods” by Taylor
Swift and “Guns and Horses” by Ellie Goulding. The songs lyrics were taken from
official websites of Taylor Swift and Ellie Goulding.
The data of this study were collected by following steps. First, the respondents were asked to transcribe the lyrics by listening to the songs. Second, the data were analyzed by finding and identifying the error by using the theoretical framework proposed by Bond (2005). Third, the errors were classified into lexical and syntax categories.
3.4Data Analysis
After the data were collected, they were analyzed through several processes. The first step in analyzing the data was identifying sentences which consist of slips of the ear
by comparing the actual lyrics and the respondents’ perception. The second step was
categorizing data which contain slips of the ear based on the Bond’s (2005) types of slips of the ear. The errors were classified into two categories which are lexical level and syntactical level. The errors were classified into lexical level where the errors occur in short phrases or only affect words. In addition, when the errors occur in long
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phrases, the errors were classified into syntactical level. The last was drawing conclusion from the analysis of the study.
In order to determine the percentage of each error in lexical and syntactical level, the researcher needed to compute numerical data by using a simple scaling composed by Thorsten (1992 in Salma, 2013, p. 35).
P = � � %
� Note:
P = Percentage F = Frequency N = Overall Number
3.5 Examples of Data Analysis
The examples of the analysis can be seen as follows:
Table 3.1Misperception of Lexical (Non Words)
No. Actual Speech Perceived Speech
1. You’re on time You’re untield
2. You’re on time You’re untilted
3. Let’s join forces Let’s joil forces
It cannot be denied that sometimes listeners fail to perceive and try to recover the words as close as what have been said. This also can cause to non words. In the number 1 and 2, the students misperceived the word on time into untield and untilted. Those two words do not exist in English vocabularies and have no meaning. In the number 3, the students fail to perceive the final sound /n/ and perceive it as the sound /l/. The word joildoesn’t exist in English vocabularies.
Table 3.2 Misperception of Lexical (Morphology)
Respondent Actual Speech Perceived Speech
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22 5 Are we in the clear yet? Are we in the clearer?
The student [1] misperceived the word would into will. The student perceived the word as the present form of would. While the student [5] misperceived the free morpheme clear as clearer which consists two morphemes. The student failed to perceive the word “yet” at the end and recovered it as suffix -er which is indicating comparative.
Table 3.3 Misperception of Syntax
Respondent Actual Speech Perceived Speech
2 Door wide open heaven knows Tho I know they never knows
3 Door wide open heaven knows Though wide open never knows
In Table 3.3, respondent [2] misperceived the whole sentence except the last
word. However, by looking at the student’s perception, the sentence is
ungrammatical. The student used the word they, as pronoun of the third person plural, while the verb was still perceived for the singluar noun. It is different from the student [2], the student [3] only misperceived the noun door as a conjunction though.
As the result, the perceived speech which made by the student [3] did not have subject. It makes the sentence ungrammatical since a sentence has to have subject.
3.6Concluding Remarks
This chapter discusses the method used in conducting this study. The subjects of the study, research design, subject of the study, data collection, and data analysis have been discussed clearly. Further explanation about data presentation and data analysis are presented in chapter IV.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter presents conclusions and suggestions. This part is categorized as the last chapter. Some suggestions are offered to the next researchers who are interested in analyzing slips of the ear phenomenon performed by Indonesian students.
5.1 Conclusion
This study shows the phenomenon of slips of the ear performed by English Education Department students. Slips of the ear can occur in five levels, they are phonetic knowledge, phonological knowledge, lexical knowledge, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Ten students are chosen to be the respondents from different semesters and they have reached minimum 500 Toefl score. The
respondents are asked to listen to two songs which are “Out of the Woods” by
Taylor Swift and “Guns and Horses” by Ellie Goulding.
This study focuses on the errors in two levels, they are lexical and syntactical levels. First, the errors in lexical level include non-words, word boundaries, function and content words, and morphology. Besides, the errors also occur in syntactical level. The errors include well-formed and ill-formed utterances, and argument structure and function.
In addition, the data show that the reasons which make slips of the ear occurred are the lack of lexical knowledge, the accent and dialect, the unfamiliarity words, and difficulties in segmenting utterances. In lexical level, non-words which are produced by the respondents have similar sound to the original utterances. The respondents also get difficulties in segmenting the utterances. The respondents employ stress syllables to help them segment the utterances and find the correct words in their mental lexicon. The data also show that the addition or deletion of function and content words is not only because the respondents cannot hear clearly the utterances but the respondents add or omit content and function words in order to make the utterances grammatically correct.
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47 The data also show that the errors in morphology categories occur in inflectional affixes where the errors do not affect the meaning of words but change the word class. In lexical level, the errors dominantly occur in morphology category, particularly in misperception of verb. The respondents fail to perceive past form of verb as present form.
The errors in syntactical occurs in two categories. They are the errors in argument structure and function, and well-formed and ill-formed utterances. Moreover, in syntactical level, the errors dominantly occur in ill-formed utterances, particularly in fragment utterances. The respondents mostly cannot perceive the utterance and instead of recover the words, they omit words which cause the sentences are ungrammatical.
In conclusion, the data show that the most frequent errors occur in lexical level which 146 occurrences. However, the errors which occur most in all categories is ill-formed utterances which 54 occurences (see Table 4.25). It is in line with Kusumarasdyati (2005) who argues that instead of listening to a speech or conversation, the listeners mostly produce ill-formed utterances when they listen to music. Difficulties in segmenting utterances in music can be the reason why the respondents produce ill-formed utterances (Kusumarasdyati, 2005).
There are two factors which cause slips of the ear, they are inter-language and extra-language. The first is inter-language process is a process which the respondents fail to perceive the utterances because of the differences of word pronunciation, and the unfamiliarity with the words. While extra-language process is a process where respondents’ first language influence the way they perceive the utterances (Perwitasari, 2013)
Overall, this current study collaborate the previous studies of slips of the ear by Bond (2005), Perwitasari (2013), and Kusumarasdyati (2005). Besides, this
study does not confirm Bond’s (2005) statement that plural suffix is commonly
misperceived. The data show that the errors dominantly occur in the misperception of verb. In addition, this study support the previous study on slips
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48 of the ear by Kusumarasdyati (2005) which show that when the listeners misperceive the utterances, they will add, omit, or substitute the utterances.
5.2 Suggestions
This present study investigates the phenomenon of slips of the ear performed by English Department students. This research shows the errors in two levels, which are lexical and syntactical levels. However, this study has not discovered the errors which occur in phonetic, phonological, semantic, and pragmatic levels. Hopefully, further research could investigate those issues.
The research of slips of the ear is still rare in linguistics field. Besides, this present study still needs improvement. Further research may seek out slips of the ear phenomena in listening to radio, speech, or daily conversation in Indonesia. Moreover, slips of the ear phenomena may occur in conference interpreting. In addition, the researcher suggests to those who are interested in analyzing slips of the ear to conduct interview after asking the listeners transcribe the utterance in order to clarify their transcription.
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48 REFERENCES
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inggris. Al-Ittijah Journal, 208.
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Butterfield, S., & Cutler, A. (1998). Segmentation errors by human listeners: evidence for a prosodic segmentation strategy. FASE Symposium, 827-833. Retrieved from
http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:77001:6/component/esc idoc:506914/Cutler_1988_Segmentation%20errors.pdf
Chung, C., & Pennebaker, J. (2007). The psychological functions of function words. In K. Fiedler, Social Communication (p. 347). New York: Psychology Press. Retrieved from
http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/faculty/pennebaker/reprints/Ch ung&JWP.pdf
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education.
New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
Cutler, A., & McQueen, J. M. (1995). The recognition lexical units in speech. (B. Gelder, & J. Morais, Eds.) Wiltshire: Erlbaum (UK) Taylor & Francis. Retreived from
http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:76920:6/component/esc idoc:503912/Cutler_1995_The%20recognition.pdf
Dörney, Z. (2007). Research method in applied linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ernawati, L. (2011). A lexical meaning on the lyrics of avril lavigne's album "goodbye lullaby". Malang.
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THE PHENOMENON OF SLIPS OF THE EAR BY ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
49
Fang, X., & Xue-mei, J. (2007). Error analysis and the EFL classroom teaching.
US-China Education Review, 11.
Fernández, E., & Cairns, H. S. (2010). Fundamentals of psycholinguistics.
Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Field, J. (2004). Psycholinguistics: The key concepts. New York: Routledge. Harada, T. (1998). Mishearings of content words by ESL learners. Catesol
Journal, 56. Retrieved from http://www.catesoljournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/CJ10_harada.pdf
Hidayati, S. (2011). Error analysis on a short speech: A case of an ESL Indonesian learner. E-CLUE (Journal of English Culture, Language, Literature, and Education), 1.
Jackson, H., & Amvela, E. Z. (2007). The word. In H. Jackson, & E. Z. Amvela,
Words, meaning, and vocabulary: An introduction to modern English lexicology (p. 57). London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Johnson, M. (1994). Two Ways of formalizing grammars. Linguistics and philosophy , 222-223. Retrieved from
http://comp.mq.edu.au/~mjohnson/papers/Johnson94TwoWaysOfFormaliz ingGrammars.pdf
Kusumarasdyati. (2005). ’I’m orangeful’ or ‘i’m already awful’: Slips of the ear performed by learners of English as a foreign language. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1-8. Retrieved from
http://www.aare.edu.au/data/publications/2005/kus05042.pdf
LeCompte, M. D., & Preissle, J. (1994). Qualitative research: What it is, what it isn't, and how it's done. Advances in Social Science Methodology, 141. Lesmo, L., & Torasso, P. (1984). Interpreting syntactically ill-formed sentences.
ACL '84 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, 534-539.
Lyrics Mania. (2014). Retrieved September 1, 2014, from Lyrics Mania Web site: http://www.lyricsmania.com/treacherous_lyrics_taylor_swift.html
Nordquist, R. (2013). Grammar.About.com. Retrieved from About.com: http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/Slip-Of-The-Ear.html
Nurhemida. (2007). The relationship between morphological awareness and English vocabulary knowledge of Indonesian senior high school students.
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THE PHENOMENON OF SLIPS OF THE EAR BY ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
50
The University of Queensland: Unpublished Paper. Retrieved from http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/Thesis/Thesis-Nurhemida.pdf Oppong, S. H. (2013). The problem of sampling in qualitative research. Asian
Journal of Management Sciences and Education, 2(2), 202-210. Retrieved from
http://www.ajmse.leena-luna.co.jp/AJMSEPDFs/Vol.2(2)/AJMSE2013(2.2-21).pdf
Otake, T. (2007). Interlingual near homophonic words and phrases in L2 listening: evidence from misheard song lyrics. Saarbrücken, 777-780. Retrieved from http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1329/1329.pdf
Paradis, C. (2012). Lexical semantics. The encyclopedia of applied linguistics, 1. Retrieved from
http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=17751 08&fileOId=4857965
Perwitasari, A. (2003, February). Slips of the ears: Study on vowel perception in Indonesian learners of English. Humaniora, 25, 103. Retrieved from http://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jurnal-humaniora/article/view/1816
Perwitasari, A. (2013). Slips of the ears: Study on vowel perception in Indonesian learners of English. Humaniora, 25, 105-108. Retrieved from
http://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jurnal-humaniora/article/view/1816
Purnanto, D. (2006). Kajian morfologi derivasional dan infleksional dalam bahasa Indonesia. Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra , 136.
Radford, A. (2009). Analysing English sentences: A minimalist approach.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from
https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=y7lQRker-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=Radford,+A.+(2009).+Analysing+English+S entences:+A+Minimalist+Approach&ots=rs0Mqy68si&sig=dip-fQijn9z-m97Kygxxw81J2Dg#v=onepage&q=Radford%2C%20A.%20(2009).%20 Analysing%20English%20Sentences%3A%20A%20Minimalist%20Appro ach&f=false
Salma. A. (2013). Gender influence on slang used by teenagers in their daily life conversation at school: A comparative study on male and female early teenagers in one of Islamic Boarding Schools, Lembang. (Undergraduate thesis, Indonesia University of Education, 2013).
Schlangen, D. (2003). A coherence-based approach to the interpretation of non-sentential utterances in dialogue. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.
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THE PHENOMENON OF SLIPS OF THE EAR BY ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
51
Retrieved from
https://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/publications/thesis/online/IP030019.pdf Schmidt, J. R. (2002). Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied
linguistics. London: Longman.
Setiyawan, A., & Widyastuti. (2014). Slips of the ears on phonetic knowledge toward surabaya indie rock music singer. Unesa Journal, 2, 6. Retrieved from
http://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/language-horizon/article/view/7549
Shokey, L., & Bond, Z. (2007). Slips of the ear demonstrate phonology in action.
Saarbrücken, 1385.
Sofendi. (2010). Errors made by the second year student of SMP sriwijaya negara palembang in using the English comparisons of adjectives. Language and Literature International Seminar (p. 5). Palembang: Sriwijaya University Language Institute.
Spencer, A. (1992). Morphological theory. Oxford: Blackwell. Thomas, L. (1993). Beginning syntax. Oxford: Blackwell.
Vitevitch, M. (2002). Naturalistic and experimental analyses of word frequency and neighborhood density effects in slips of the ear*. NIHPA Author Manuscripts, 407–434. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542844/
Vitevitch, M. (2002). Naturalistic and experimental analysis of word frequency and neighborhood density effect in slips of the ear. Language and Speech, 408. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542844/
Wall, V. V. (2015, January 16). 10 song lyrics you probably misheard the first time. Retrieved September 30, 2015, from J-14 Web site: http://www.j- 14.com/posts/10-song-lyrics-you-probably-misheard-the-first-time-49730/photos/echosmith-cool-kids-74294#photo-anchor
Warner, N., Otake, T., & Arai, T. (2008). Intonational structure as a word boundary cue in Tokyo Japanese. 3. Retrieved from
http://www.u.arizona.edu/~nwarner/publications/WarnerOtakeArai.pdf Yule, G. (2010). The study of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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THE PHENOMENON OF SLIPS OF THE EAR BY ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
47 The data also show that the errors in morphology categories occur in inflectional affixes where the errors do not affect the meaning of words but change the word class. In lexical level, the errors dominantly occur in morphology category, particularly in misperception of verb. The respondents fail to perceive past form of verb as present form.
The errors in syntactical occurs in two categories. They are the errors in argument structure and function, and well-formed and ill-formed utterances. Moreover, in syntactical level, the errors dominantly occur in ill-formed utterances, particularly in fragment utterances. The respondents mostly cannot perceive the utterance and instead of recover the words, they omit words which cause the sentences are ungrammatical.
In conclusion, the data show that the most frequent errors occur in lexical level which 146 occurrences. However, the errors which occur most in all categories is ill-formed utterances which 54 occurences (see Table 4.25). It is in line with Kusumarasdyati (2005) who argues that instead of listening to a speech or conversation, the listeners mostly produce ill-formed utterances when they listen to music. Difficulties in segmenting utterances in music can be the reason why the respondents produce ill-formed utterances (Kusumarasdyati, 2005).
There are two factors which cause slips of the ear, they are inter-language and extra-language. The first is inter-language process is a process which the respondents fail to perceive the utterances because of the differences of word pronunciation, and the unfamiliarity with the words. While extra-language process is a process where respondents’ first language influence the way they perceive the utterances (Perwitasari, 2013)
Overall, this current study collaborate the previous studies of slips of the ear by Bond (2005), Perwitasari (2013), and Kusumarasdyati (2005). Besides, this study does not confirm Bond’s (2005) statement that plural suffix is commonly misperceived. The data show that the errors dominantly occur in the misperception of verb. In addition, this study support the previous study on slips
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48 of the ear by Kusumarasdyati (2005) which show that when the listeners misperceive the utterances, they will add, omit, or substitute the utterances. 5.2 Suggestions
This present study investigates the phenomenon of slips of the ear performed by English Department students. This research shows the errors in two levels, which are lexical and syntactical levels. However, this study has not discovered the errors which occur in phonetic, phonological, semantic, and pragmatic levels. Hopefully, further research could investigate those issues.
The research of slips of the ear is still rare in linguistics field. Besides, this present study still needs improvement. Further research may seek out slips of the ear phenomena in listening to radio, speech, or daily conversation in Indonesia. Moreover, slips of the ear phenomena may occur in conference interpreting. In addition, the researcher suggests to those who are interested in analyzing slips of the ear to conduct interview after asking the listeners transcribe the utterance in order to clarify their transcription.
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48 REFERENCES
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http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:77001:6/component/esc idoc:506914/Cutler_1988_Segmentation%20errors.pdf
Chung, C., & Pennebaker, J. (2007). The psychological functions of function words. In K. Fiedler, Social Communication (p. 347). New York: Psychology Press. Retrieved from
http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/faculty/pennebaker/reprints/Ch ung&JWP.pdf
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education.
New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
Cutler, A., & McQueen, J. M. (1995). The recognition lexical units in speech. (B. Gelder, & J. Morais, Eds.) Wiltshire: Erlbaum (UK) Taylor & Francis. Retreived from
http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:76920:6/component/esc idoc:503912/Cutler_1995_The%20recognition.pdf
Dörney, Z. (2007). Research method in applied linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ernawati, L. (2011). A lexical meaning on the lyrics of avril lavigne's album "goodbye lullaby". Malang.
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Widayanti, 2015
THE PHENOMENON OF SLIPS OF THE EAR BY ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
49 Fang, X., & Xue-mei, J. (2007). Error analysis and the EFL classroom teaching.
US-China Education Review, 11.
Fernández, E., & Cairns, H. S. (2010). Fundamentals of psycholinguistics.
Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Field, J. (2004). Psycholinguistics: The key concepts. New York: Routledge. Harada, T. (1998). Mishearings of content words by ESL learners. Catesol
Journal, 56. Retrieved from http://www.catesoljournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/CJ10_harada.pdf
Hidayati, S. (2011). Error analysis on a short speech: A case of an ESL Indonesian learner. E-CLUE (Journal of English Culture, Language, Literature, and Education), 1.
Jackson, H., & Amvela, E. Z. (2007). The word. In H. Jackson, & E. Z. Amvela,
Words, meaning, and vocabulary: An introduction to modern English lexicology (p. 57). London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Johnson, M. (1994). Two Ways of formalizing grammars. Linguistics and philosophy , 222-223. Retrieved from
http://comp.mq.edu.au/~mjohnson/papers/Johnson94TwoWaysOfFormaliz ingGrammars.pdf
Kusumarasdyati. (2005). ’I’m orangeful’ or ‘i’m already awful’: Slips of the ear performed by learners of English as a foreign language. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1-8. Retrieved from
http://www.aare.edu.au/data/publications/2005/kus05042.pdf
LeCompte, M. D., & Preissle, J. (1994). Qualitative research: What it is, what it isn't, and how it's done. Advances in Social Science Methodology, 141. Lesmo, L., & Torasso, P. (1984). Interpreting syntactically ill-formed sentences.
ACL '84 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on
Computational Linguistics and 22nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, 534-539.
Lyrics Mania. (2014). Retrieved September 1, 2014, from Lyrics Mania Web site: http://www.lyricsmania.com/treacherous_lyrics_taylor_swift.html
Nordquist, R. (2013). Grammar.About.com. Retrieved from About.com: http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/Slip-Of-The-Ear.html
Nurhemida. (2007). The relationship between morphological awareness and English vocabulary knowledge of Indonesian senior high school students.
(5)
Widayanti, 2015
THE PHENOMENON OF SLIPS OF THE EAR BY ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
50 The University of Queensland: Unpublished Paper. Retrieved from
http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/Thesis/Thesis-Nurhemida.pdf Oppong, S. H. (2013). The problem of sampling in qualitative research. Asian
Journal of Management Sciences and Education, 2(2), 202-210. Retrieved from
http://www.ajmse.leena-luna.co.jp/AJMSEPDFs/Vol.2(2)/AJMSE2013(2.2-21).pdf
Otake, T. (2007). Interlingual near homophonic words and phrases in L2 listening: evidence from misheard song lyrics. Saarbrücken, 777-780. Retrieved from http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1329/1329.pdf
Paradis, C. (2012). Lexical semantics. The encyclopedia of applied linguistics, 1. Retrieved from
http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=17751 08&fileOId=4857965
Perwitasari, A. (2003, February). Slips of the ears: Study on vowel perception in Indonesian learners of English. Humaniora, 25, 103. Retrieved from http://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jurnal-humaniora/article/view/1816
Perwitasari, A. (2013). Slips of the ears: Study on vowel perception in Indonesian learners of English. Humaniora, 25, 105-108. Retrieved from
http://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jurnal-humaniora/article/view/1816
Purnanto, D. (2006). Kajian morfologi derivasional dan infleksional dalam bahasa Indonesia. Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra , 136.
Radford, A. (2009). Analysing English sentences: A minimalist approach.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from
https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=y7lQRker-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=Radford,+A.+(2009).+Analysing+English+S entences:+A+Minimalist+Approach&ots=rs0Mqy68si&sig=dip-fQijn9z-m97Kygxxw81J2Dg#v=onepage&q=Radford%2C%20A.%20(2009).%20 Analysing%20English%20Sentences%3A%20A%20Minimalist%20Appro ach&f=false
Salma. A. (2013). Gender influence on slang used by teenagers in their daily life conversation at school: A comparative study on male and female early teenagers in one of Islamic Boarding Schools, Lembang. (Undergraduate thesis, Indonesia University of Education, 2013).
Schlangen, D. (2003). A coherence-based approach to the interpretation of non-sentential utterances in dialogue. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.
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THE PHENOMENON OF SLIPS OF THE EAR BY ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
51 Retrieved from
https://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/publications/thesis/online/IP030019.pdf Schmidt, J. R. (2002). Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied
linguistics. London: Longman.
Setiyawan, A., & Widyastuti. (2014). Slips of the ears on phonetic knowledge toward surabaya indie rock music singer. Unesa Journal, 2, 6. Retrieved from
http://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/language-horizon/article/view/7549
Shokey, L., & Bond, Z. (2007). Slips of the ear demonstrate phonology in action.
Saarbrücken, 1385.
Sofendi. (2010). Errors made by the second year student of SMP sriwijaya negara palembang in using the English comparisons of adjectives. Language and Literature International Seminar (p. 5). Palembang: Sriwijaya University Language Institute.
Spencer, A. (1992). Morphological theory. Oxford: Blackwell. Thomas, L. (1993). Beginning syntax. Oxford: Blackwell.
Vitevitch, M. (2002). Naturalistic and experimental analyses of word frequency and neighborhood density effects in slips of the ear*. NIHPA Author Manuscripts, 407–434. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542844/
Vitevitch, M. (2002). Naturalistic and experimental analysis of word frequency and neighborhood density effect in slips of the ear. Language and Speech, 408. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542844/
Wall, V. V. (2015, January 16). 10 song lyrics you probably misheard the first time. Retrieved September 30, 2015, from J-14 Web site: http://www.j- 14.com/posts/10-song-lyrics-you-probably-misheard-the-first-time-49730/photos/echosmith-cool-kids-74294#photo-anchor
Warner, N., Otake, T., & Arai, T. (2008). Intonational structure as a word boundary cue in Tokyo Japanese. 3. Retrieved from
http://www.u.arizona.edu/~nwarner/publications/WarnerOtakeArai.pdf Yule, G. (2010). The study of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press