Analysis of The Functions of The Use of Code Switching in 'Family Planning in Rural West Java, The Serpong Project'.
ABSTRACT
Tugas akhir ini ditulis untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat kelulusan
program sarjana di Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Kristen
Maranatha.
Dalam tugas akhir ini, saya hendak menganalisis penggunaan code
switching dalam buku Family Planning in Rural West Java. The Serpong Project.
Teori linguistik yang digunakan dalam menganalisis code switching tersebut
adalah Sosiolinguistik.
Dalam pembahasan ini saya menggunakan teori code switching yang
dikembangkan oleh Koziol. Fungsi dari code switching tersebut adalah
personalization, reiteration, designations (endearment and name calling),
substitution
(appositive),
untranslatability,
mitigating
emphasis,
message,
clarification,
parenthesis,
objectivization,
aggravating
message,
quotation, dan topic shift.
Dalam masyarakat bilingual, orang banyak menggunakan code switching
dalam percakapan mereka, yakni percampuran bahasa dalam ujaran-ujaran
mereka. Hal ini pun terjadi di Indonesia dengan mencampurkan bahasa Indonesia
dengan bahasa Inggris atau bahasa yang lainnya.
Fungsi code switching yang paling sering digunakan dalam buku ini
adalah Untranslatability, karena fungsi tersebut biasanya digunakan untuk sebuah
iii
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nama atau istilah yang sulit atau tidak ada padanannya dalam bahasa Inggris.
Maka dari itu, penulis buku tetap menuliskannya dalam bahasa asli. Hal tersebut
dilakukan agar pembaca mendapatkan referensi yang akurat tentang apa yang
sedang dibahas.
iv
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................................................
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................
ii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study .....................................................................
Statement of the Problem ....................................................................
Purpose of the Study ............................................................................
Methods of Research ...........................................................................
Organization of the Thesis ..................................................................
1
4
4
4
5
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..............................
6
CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONS
OF THE USE OF CODE SWITCHING IN
FAMILY PLANNING IN RURAL WEST JAVA.
THE SERPONG PROJECT.....................................
14
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION ............................................................
28
BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................
32
APPENDIX ....................................................................................................
34
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APPENDIX
Table of Data
No
1
Sentence
Function
It is quite usual that Ibu camat initiates or at Untranslatability
least participates in all kinds of activities in the
fields of social welfare and informal education.
2
It is not without reason that the lurah is Untranslatability and
sometimes referred to as Bapak Masyarakat, Reiteration
as father of the people.
3
The modern contraceptive methods are usually Reiteration
referred to as medicine against pregnancy
(‘obat anti hamil’), or to stop having children
(‘obat menyetop anak’).
4
In each neighborhood, there is at least one Substitution
langgar, a simple structure used for individual (Appositives)
prayer as well as for the popular Kor’an
reciting session.
5
Frequent daily transport to the towns is Untranslatability
provided by the many enlarged jeeps (P.C) and
station cars (oplet).
6
…in both areas, the married women wear the Untranslatability
same colourful, traditional kain and kabaya.
7
He is the traditional democratic leader whose
authority is based upon the principle of
consensus or musyawarah.
The kyai starts his career as a student at a
pesantren or pondok, a school and community
in which the religious students remain several
years to study Islam under the guidance of
8
34
Reiteration
Untranslatability and
Substitution
(Appositives)
religious teacher.
At present, a large diversity in folk entertainment Clarification and
can be found in the area, including lenong, orkes Untranslatability
melayu, topeng, wayang golek, barongan, and
modern films…
…agreed that “Banyak anak, banyak rezeki” Quotation and Reiteration
(children were a Divine blessing and brought
wealth)…
Western – style jeans and shirts are popular among Untranslatability
teenage boys in the entire area, but in the orthodox
Islamic areas they are often changed for the
traditional sarung on religious occasions or at
social public events.
The larger houses provide accommodation for Untranslatability
communal meals, women’s clubs (arisan) and
religious classes (pengajian).
The 144 traditional healers counted in Serpong Clarification and
include dukun urut, dukun jampi, dukun Untranslatability
ramuan, dukun perewangan, and dukun sunat.
Also the popularity of the communal meals Reiteration
(selamatan), held at the six highlights of the
Islamic year as well as on many other occasions...
Unlike the appointed sub-district officer, the Substitution (Appositives)
elected village head (lurah or kepala desa) is well- and Parenthesis
known among his subjects. The same is true for the
assistant of the village head, pamong praja (the
other members of the village leadership).
The regular occurrence of marriages between Untranslatability
members of one hamlet and another ensures a
situation in which two communities are affiliated
by several marriage relationships (besan).
Vegetables which are often consumed include
tamarind (sayur asam), swamp cabbage (sayur
kangkung) and Indonesian amaranth (sayur
bayam)…
Reiteration
After the selamatan which ends this 40-day period,
the woman is considered to be ‘bersih’ again.
Emphasis
35
The good power inside should be made to stay Parenthesis
(the concept of semangat in Java), while the one
outside is usually contracted for healing purpose.
The protest was also made that family planning Quotation and Reiteration
was against the teachings of Islam. ‘Omong
kosong’ (Nonsense), said the same dukun…
36
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Communication is very important for human beings as they communicate in
order to share knowledge and experiences. In interacting with others, people use
language, which is ‘the system of communication in speech and writing that is
used by people of a particular country or the use by humans of a system of sounds
and words to communicate.’ (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 721)
In a multi-cultural community, such as Indonesia, we often hear people
talking using their vernacular languages. The way people talk and their preference
of language are controlled by the social context. One can convey the same
message to several different people in several different ways. It all depends on the
social factors, such as the user of the language, the setting, the social distance, and
the topic. (Holmes 23)
In a conversation, when an obvious change of social factors occur (for
instance the arrival of someone new), it is common to see people switch their
language. This is called code switching (Holmes 35) Code switching
1
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exists among people who are able to speak more than one language. Those people
often switch from one language to another to convey their ideas and hence, code
switching is accepted as a normal phenomenon. The idea is supported by Milroy
and Muysken (7), who state that code switching is the alternative use of language
done by bilinguals in the same conversation.
This code switching phenomenon appears in various contexts. For
instance, in a language classroom where teachers or lecturers often switch their
language (English-Indonesia) to deliver the information to the student (Olcay), in
a conversation among friends who are able to speak more than one language, and
many others.
Code switching occurs not only in conversations but also in written forms
such as letters, newspapers, magazines, and literary books. The writers tend to
switch from one language to another. They insert or borrow words or sentences
from another language.
In this thesis, I choose to analyze the functions of code switching used in
Family Planning in Rural West Java. The Serpong Project. This book presents the
findings of a study project which investigated public health, demography and
family planning in rural West Java. This is a project done by two universities from
two different countries, the University of Indonesia and Leiden University of the
Netherlands. In this book I find a lot of the use of code switching from the English
language into Indonesian. The main language of the book is English and yet, there
are certain words written in Indonesian. Therefore, I would like to find out why
the writers choose to use the Indonesian language instead of keeping the English
language.
2
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The writers of this book are members of the Serpong team consisting of
sociologists, medical doctors (from Indonesia and the Netherlands), and also
cultural anthropologists. Besides, the target audience of this book is not only
people of Indonesia and the Netherlands, but also people elsewhere who are aware
that multi-disciplinary research and evaluation constitute vital conditions for the
adequate functioning of the health care system.
The book consists of nine chapters and in this discussion I only choose
Chapter Three until Chapter Eight because in those chapters the writers write the
report of the field research and therefore, I can get a lot of data of the use of code
switching in those chapters. Chapters One, Two, and Nine are the introduction
and conclusion of the report and the writers do not use a lot of code switching.
Therefore, I do not analyze those chapters.
There is one linguistic area that is used in the discussion. It is
Sociolinguistics, the study of the relationship between language and society
(Holmes 1), which is closely related to the topic that is discussed in the thesis
based on some theories of the functions of code switching. According to Koziol
(29-38), there are fourteen functions of code switching, such as personalization,
reiteration, designations (endearment and name calling), substitution (appositive),
emphasis, clarification, objectivization, untranslatability, mitigating message,
parenthesis, aggravating message, quotation, and topic shift.
3
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Statement of the Problem
The problems that will be analyzed in this study are:
1. Which utterances in this book contain code switching?
2. What is the function of code switching in this book?
3. What is the purpose of using those functions?
Purpose of the Study
With reference to the above research problems, this study aims:
1. To find out the utterances which contain code switching in this book.
2. To know the function of code switching in this book.
3. To know the purpose of using those functions.
Method of Research
The method of research used in this thesis follows this procedure. Initially,
I read the book entitled Family Planning in Rural West Java. The Serpong Project,
which provides me with the data needed for the analysis. After I have found the
data, I classify them into the functions of code switching. Then, I analyze the data
by using some theories from textbooks and electronic websites. Finally, I write a
research report.
4
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Organization of the Thesis
This thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter I is the Introduction, which
contains the Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of the
Study, Method of Research, and Organization of the Thesis. In Chapter II, the
theoretical framework of the study is presented. The data analysis and the
discussion are presented in Chapter III. The following chapter, Chapter IV, is the
conclusion, in which I conclude what has been analyzed and discussed in the
previous chapter. The thesis ends with the Bibliography and the Appendix.
5
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CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION
In this chapter, I would like to draw some conclusions based on my findings
after discussing the functions of code switching in the previous chapter. Code
switching occurs in Family Planning in Rural West Java. The Serpong Project.
The writers write this particular book in two languages, which are English, as the
main language, and Indonesian. I believe this happens because in the book the
writers tell about the daily life in an area in Indonesia, which of course includes
the people’s way of life and thinking as well as culture. I think this is an
appropriate way as the book tells about the situation and condition of a certain
area in Java, in which there are a lot of typical cultural concepts and customs
which do not exist in Western culture. For example, the use of the code switched
item sarung, which refers to “the traditional cloth with block patterns and usually
used by orthodox Muslim men”, occurs because there is no equivalent word for
sarung in the English language as the Western culture does not have that thing.
Therefore, the writers leave the word in Indonesian.
There are a lot of functions of code switching appearing in the book, such as
untranslatability, reiteration, substitutions (appositives), clarification, quotation,
emphasis and parenthesis. However, untranslatability and reiteration are the
28
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functions that are most often found in this book. There are ten Untranslatability
functions found out of the twenty-seven functions of code switching that I have
analyzed. Besides, I find seven functions of Reiteration. Untranslatability is the
function which uses the word in the original language, while reiteration is the
function which uses the same word in another language. These two ways, in my
opinion, are the easiest functions of code switching among the fourteen functions
available in Koziol’s theory. In Untranslatability, when an equivalent word does
not exist in the main language used, a writer can just keep the word in the original
language. Or, as in Reiteration, when the word exists in the main language, a
writer can use both the word in the main language and the word in the original
language so that the readers can also be made aware of the term in the original
language.
Untranslatability is usually used for objects that are hard to express in
English. In my opinion, in this book, there are a lot of Indonesian words that
cannot be replaced by English words. This is caused by the fact that the words are
related to Indonesian culture which does not exist in English culture; that is why
there are no exact words in English. For instance, the word kebaya is
untranslatable because it is one of the traditional clothes in Indonesia and there is
no English word that can give an exact illustration of kebaya. I believe that the
writers write the words in Indonesia in order that the readers will get an accurate
reference of what is being talked about.
Besides the Untranslatability function, I find that Reiteration function is also
quite often used. This function is quite easy to find in the book Family Planning in
Rural West Java. The Serpong Project. The writers use this function because they
29
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want to be sure that their point is clearly conveyed. For example, in the word
musyawarah, the writers write the same word again in English. Therefore, the
readers know the meaning of musyawarah because in English musyawarah is
known as principle of consensus. I think the word musyawarah must still be kept
as it is such a well-known and widely-applied concept in Indonesia that the
readers should know this term.
In my opinion, the function of Reiteration is the clearest way of code
switching among all the functions available because the readers will get the exact
meaning of the word. Compared with the function of substitution (appositives), I
think it is more specific. Substitution (appositives) only gives definition and
further identifies the noun. Besides, it can make the readers have a different
interpretation. For the function of emphasis, it must have a certain implication,
which is more difficult for the readers to catch what is being talked about. For the
function of untranslatability, the readers themselves must look for the meaning of
the words because the writers leave the words in the original language. Besides,
not all readers are aware of what is talked about except when they know the
culture or customs. Reiteration occurs when a speaker repeats exactly what he has
said in another language to reemphasize his point and I think it is more efficient.
After analyzing the functions of code switching, I find some forms which
are different from the ones that have been proposed by Koziol, especially because
of the use of parenthesis marks. In Koziol’s theory, the one between the
parenthesis marks should be extra information so that it is called Parenthesis.
However, in this book, the ones between the parenthesis marks can be the word in
another language (Reiteration) or the word in the original language
30
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(Untranslatability). Therefore, I think, her theory is not absolute, especially about
the punctuation forms. This makes me aware that in further studies one may find
other different forms of the functions of code switching in their analysis.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
References:
Echols, John M. and Hassan Shadily. An Indonesian-English Dictionary. Cornell:
Cornell University Press, 1989.
Holmes, Janet. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Essex: Longman Group UK
Limited, 2001.
Hornby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2000.
Milroy, L. and P. Musyken. One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-Disciplinary
Perspectives on Code Switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1995.
Electronic Publication:
Koziol, Marie Jessica. Code Switching Between Spanish and English in
Contemporary American Society. St. Mary’s College of Maryland, May
2000.
Olcay, Sert. The Functions of Code Switching in ELT Classroom. August 2007.
32
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Primary Source:
Zuidberg, C. L. Lida. Family Planning in Rural West Java.: Leiden: Institute of
Cultural and Social Studies, 1978.
33
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Tugas akhir ini ditulis untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat kelulusan
program sarjana di Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Kristen
Maranatha.
Dalam tugas akhir ini, saya hendak menganalisis penggunaan code
switching dalam buku Family Planning in Rural West Java. The Serpong Project.
Teori linguistik yang digunakan dalam menganalisis code switching tersebut
adalah Sosiolinguistik.
Dalam pembahasan ini saya menggunakan teori code switching yang
dikembangkan oleh Koziol. Fungsi dari code switching tersebut adalah
personalization, reiteration, designations (endearment and name calling),
substitution
(appositive),
untranslatability,
mitigating
emphasis,
message,
clarification,
parenthesis,
objectivization,
aggravating
message,
quotation, dan topic shift.
Dalam masyarakat bilingual, orang banyak menggunakan code switching
dalam percakapan mereka, yakni percampuran bahasa dalam ujaran-ujaran
mereka. Hal ini pun terjadi di Indonesia dengan mencampurkan bahasa Indonesia
dengan bahasa Inggris atau bahasa yang lainnya.
Fungsi code switching yang paling sering digunakan dalam buku ini
adalah Untranslatability, karena fungsi tersebut biasanya digunakan untuk sebuah
iii
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nama atau istilah yang sulit atau tidak ada padanannya dalam bahasa Inggris.
Maka dari itu, penulis buku tetap menuliskannya dalam bahasa asli. Hal tersebut
dilakukan agar pembaca mendapatkan referensi yang akurat tentang apa yang
sedang dibahas.
iv
Maranatha Christian University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................................................
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................
ii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study .....................................................................
Statement of the Problem ....................................................................
Purpose of the Study ............................................................................
Methods of Research ...........................................................................
Organization of the Thesis ..................................................................
1
4
4
4
5
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..............................
6
CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONS
OF THE USE OF CODE SWITCHING IN
FAMILY PLANNING IN RURAL WEST JAVA.
THE SERPONG PROJECT.....................................
14
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION ............................................................
28
BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................
32
APPENDIX ....................................................................................................
34
iv
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APPENDIX
Table of Data
No
1
Sentence
Function
It is quite usual that Ibu camat initiates or at Untranslatability
least participates in all kinds of activities in the
fields of social welfare and informal education.
2
It is not without reason that the lurah is Untranslatability and
sometimes referred to as Bapak Masyarakat, Reiteration
as father of the people.
3
The modern contraceptive methods are usually Reiteration
referred to as medicine against pregnancy
(‘obat anti hamil’), or to stop having children
(‘obat menyetop anak’).
4
In each neighborhood, there is at least one Substitution
langgar, a simple structure used for individual (Appositives)
prayer as well as for the popular Kor’an
reciting session.
5
Frequent daily transport to the towns is Untranslatability
provided by the many enlarged jeeps (P.C) and
station cars (oplet).
6
…in both areas, the married women wear the Untranslatability
same colourful, traditional kain and kabaya.
7
He is the traditional democratic leader whose
authority is based upon the principle of
consensus or musyawarah.
The kyai starts his career as a student at a
pesantren or pondok, a school and community
in which the religious students remain several
years to study Islam under the guidance of
8
34
Reiteration
Untranslatability and
Substitution
(Appositives)
religious teacher.
At present, a large diversity in folk entertainment Clarification and
can be found in the area, including lenong, orkes Untranslatability
melayu, topeng, wayang golek, barongan, and
modern films…
…agreed that “Banyak anak, banyak rezeki” Quotation and Reiteration
(children were a Divine blessing and brought
wealth)…
Western – style jeans and shirts are popular among Untranslatability
teenage boys in the entire area, but in the orthodox
Islamic areas they are often changed for the
traditional sarung on religious occasions or at
social public events.
The larger houses provide accommodation for Untranslatability
communal meals, women’s clubs (arisan) and
religious classes (pengajian).
The 144 traditional healers counted in Serpong Clarification and
include dukun urut, dukun jampi, dukun Untranslatability
ramuan, dukun perewangan, and dukun sunat.
Also the popularity of the communal meals Reiteration
(selamatan), held at the six highlights of the
Islamic year as well as on many other occasions...
Unlike the appointed sub-district officer, the Substitution (Appositives)
elected village head (lurah or kepala desa) is well- and Parenthesis
known among his subjects. The same is true for the
assistant of the village head, pamong praja (the
other members of the village leadership).
The regular occurrence of marriages between Untranslatability
members of one hamlet and another ensures a
situation in which two communities are affiliated
by several marriage relationships (besan).
Vegetables which are often consumed include
tamarind (sayur asam), swamp cabbage (sayur
kangkung) and Indonesian amaranth (sayur
bayam)…
Reiteration
After the selamatan which ends this 40-day period,
the woman is considered to be ‘bersih’ again.
Emphasis
35
The good power inside should be made to stay Parenthesis
(the concept of semangat in Java), while the one
outside is usually contracted for healing purpose.
The protest was also made that family planning Quotation and Reiteration
was against the teachings of Islam. ‘Omong
kosong’ (Nonsense), said the same dukun…
36
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Communication is very important for human beings as they communicate in
order to share knowledge and experiences. In interacting with others, people use
language, which is ‘the system of communication in speech and writing that is
used by people of a particular country or the use by humans of a system of sounds
and words to communicate.’ (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 721)
In a multi-cultural community, such as Indonesia, we often hear people
talking using their vernacular languages. The way people talk and their preference
of language are controlled by the social context. One can convey the same
message to several different people in several different ways. It all depends on the
social factors, such as the user of the language, the setting, the social distance, and
the topic. (Holmes 23)
In a conversation, when an obvious change of social factors occur (for
instance the arrival of someone new), it is common to see people switch their
language. This is called code switching (Holmes 35) Code switching
1
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exists among people who are able to speak more than one language. Those people
often switch from one language to another to convey their ideas and hence, code
switching is accepted as a normal phenomenon. The idea is supported by Milroy
and Muysken (7), who state that code switching is the alternative use of language
done by bilinguals in the same conversation.
This code switching phenomenon appears in various contexts. For
instance, in a language classroom where teachers or lecturers often switch their
language (English-Indonesia) to deliver the information to the student (Olcay), in
a conversation among friends who are able to speak more than one language, and
many others.
Code switching occurs not only in conversations but also in written forms
such as letters, newspapers, magazines, and literary books. The writers tend to
switch from one language to another. They insert or borrow words or sentences
from another language.
In this thesis, I choose to analyze the functions of code switching used in
Family Planning in Rural West Java. The Serpong Project. This book presents the
findings of a study project which investigated public health, demography and
family planning in rural West Java. This is a project done by two universities from
two different countries, the University of Indonesia and Leiden University of the
Netherlands. In this book I find a lot of the use of code switching from the English
language into Indonesian. The main language of the book is English and yet, there
are certain words written in Indonesian. Therefore, I would like to find out why
the writers choose to use the Indonesian language instead of keeping the English
language.
2
Maranatha Christian University
The writers of this book are members of the Serpong team consisting of
sociologists, medical doctors (from Indonesia and the Netherlands), and also
cultural anthropologists. Besides, the target audience of this book is not only
people of Indonesia and the Netherlands, but also people elsewhere who are aware
that multi-disciplinary research and evaluation constitute vital conditions for the
adequate functioning of the health care system.
The book consists of nine chapters and in this discussion I only choose
Chapter Three until Chapter Eight because in those chapters the writers write the
report of the field research and therefore, I can get a lot of data of the use of code
switching in those chapters. Chapters One, Two, and Nine are the introduction
and conclusion of the report and the writers do not use a lot of code switching.
Therefore, I do not analyze those chapters.
There is one linguistic area that is used in the discussion. It is
Sociolinguistics, the study of the relationship between language and society
(Holmes 1), which is closely related to the topic that is discussed in the thesis
based on some theories of the functions of code switching. According to Koziol
(29-38), there are fourteen functions of code switching, such as personalization,
reiteration, designations (endearment and name calling), substitution (appositive),
emphasis, clarification, objectivization, untranslatability, mitigating message,
parenthesis, aggravating message, quotation, and topic shift.
3
Maranatha Christian University
Statement of the Problem
The problems that will be analyzed in this study are:
1. Which utterances in this book contain code switching?
2. What is the function of code switching in this book?
3. What is the purpose of using those functions?
Purpose of the Study
With reference to the above research problems, this study aims:
1. To find out the utterances which contain code switching in this book.
2. To know the function of code switching in this book.
3. To know the purpose of using those functions.
Method of Research
The method of research used in this thesis follows this procedure. Initially,
I read the book entitled Family Planning in Rural West Java. The Serpong Project,
which provides me with the data needed for the analysis. After I have found the
data, I classify them into the functions of code switching. Then, I analyze the data
by using some theories from textbooks and electronic websites. Finally, I write a
research report.
4
Maranatha Christian University
Organization of the Thesis
This thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter I is the Introduction, which
contains the Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of the
Study, Method of Research, and Organization of the Thesis. In Chapter II, the
theoretical framework of the study is presented. The data analysis and the
discussion are presented in Chapter III. The following chapter, Chapter IV, is the
conclusion, in which I conclude what has been analyzed and discussed in the
previous chapter. The thesis ends with the Bibliography and the Appendix.
5
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CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION
In this chapter, I would like to draw some conclusions based on my findings
after discussing the functions of code switching in the previous chapter. Code
switching occurs in Family Planning in Rural West Java. The Serpong Project.
The writers write this particular book in two languages, which are English, as the
main language, and Indonesian. I believe this happens because in the book the
writers tell about the daily life in an area in Indonesia, which of course includes
the people’s way of life and thinking as well as culture. I think this is an
appropriate way as the book tells about the situation and condition of a certain
area in Java, in which there are a lot of typical cultural concepts and customs
which do not exist in Western culture. For example, the use of the code switched
item sarung, which refers to “the traditional cloth with block patterns and usually
used by orthodox Muslim men”, occurs because there is no equivalent word for
sarung in the English language as the Western culture does not have that thing.
Therefore, the writers leave the word in Indonesian.
There are a lot of functions of code switching appearing in the book, such as
untranslatability, reiteration, substitutions (appositives), clarification, quotation,
emphasis and parenthesis. However, untranslatability and reiteration are the
28
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functions that are most often found in this book. There are ten Untranslatability
functions found out of the twenty-seven functions of code switching that I have
analyzed. Besides, I find seven functions of Reiteration. Untranslatability is the
function which uses the word in the original language, while reiteration is the
function which uses the same word in another language. These two ways, in my
opinion, are the easiest functions of code switching among the fourteen functions
available in Koziol’s theory. In Untranslatability, when an equivalent word does
not exist in the main language used, a writer can just keep the word in the original
language. Or, as in Reiteration, when the word exists in the main language, a
writer can use both the word in the main language and the word in the original
language so that the readers can also be made aware of the term in the original
language.
Untranslatability is usually used for objects that are hard to express in
English. In my opinion, in this book, there are a lot of Indonesian words that
cannot be replaced by English words. This is caused by the fact that the words are
related to Indonesian culture which does not exist in English culture; that is why
there are no exact words in English. For instance, the word kebaya is
untranslatable because it is one of the traditional clothes in Indonesia and there is
no English word that can give an exact illustration of kebaya. I believe that the
writers write the words in Indonesia in order that the readers will get an accurate
reference of what is being talked about.
Besides the Untranslatability function, I find that Reiteration function is also
quite often used. This function is quite easy to find in the book Family Planning in
Rural West Java. The Serpong Project. The writers use this function because they
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want to be sure that their point is clearly conveyed. For example, in the word
musyawarah, the writers write the same word again in English. Therefore, the
readers know the meaning of musyawarah because in English musyawarah is
known as principle of consensus. I think the word musyawarah must still be kept
as it is such a well-known and widely-applied concept in Indonesia that the
readers should know this term.
In my opinion, the function of Reiteration is the clearest way of code
switching among all the functions available because the readers will get the exact
meaning of the word. Compared with the function of substitution (appositives), I
think it is more specific. Substitution (appositives) only gives definition and
further identifies the noun. Besides, it can make the readers have a different
interpretation. For the function of emphasis, it must have a certain implication,
which is more difficult for the readers to catch what is being talked about. For the
function of untranslatability, the readers themselves must look for the meaning of
the words because the writers leave the words in the original language. Besides,
not all readers are aware of what is talked about except when they know the
culture or customs. Reiteration occurs when a speaker repeats exactly what he has
said in another language to reemphasize his point and I think it is more efficient.
After analyzing the functions of code switching, I find some forms which
are different from the ones that have been proposed by Koziol, especially because
of the use of parenthesis marks. In Koziol’s theory, the one between the
parenthesis marks should be extra information so that it is called Parenthesis.
However, in this book, the ones between the parenthesis marks can be the word in
another language (Reiteration) or the word in the original language
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(Untranslatability). Therefore, I think, her theory is not absolute, especially about
the punctuation forms. This makes me aware that in further studies one may find
other different forms of the functions of code switching in their analysis.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
References:
Echols, John M. and Hassan Shadily. An Indonesian-English Dictionary. Cornell:
Cornell University Press, 1989.
Holmes, Janet. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Essex: Longman Group UK
Limited, 2001.
Hornby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2000.
Milroy, L. and P. Musyken. One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-Disciplinary
Perspectives on Code Switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1995.
Electronic Publication:
Koziol, Marie Jessica. Code Switching Between Spanish and English in
Contemporary American Society. St. Mary’s College of Maryland, May
2000.
Olcay, Sert. The Functions of Code Switching in ELT Classroom. August 2007.
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Primary Source:
Zuidberg, C. L. Lida. Family Planning in Rural West Java.: Leiden: Institute of
Cultural and Social Studies, 1978.
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