Analysis of Christian Symbols in C.S.Lewis' 'The Last Battle'.
ABSTRACT
Seri buku novel The Chronicles of Narnia karangan C.S Lewis, dikenal
banyak orang sebagai karya fiksi anak-anak. Tetapi sebenarnya dalam novel
Narnia terkandung nilai-nilai kekristenan yang dapat di gali lebih dalam. dalam
Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisis salah satu buku dari seri Narnia yang berjudul
The Last Battle atau Pertempuran Terakhir, yang disebut banyak orang sebagai
buku yang sangat padat dengan konsep-konsep kitab Wahyu pada Alkitab.
Dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisis simbol-simbol kekristenan
yang terdapat dalam The Last Battle. Ada empat karakter yang saya analisis
sebagai nilai-nilai Kristen; Aslan yang menyimbolkan kuasa dan kasih ilahi, Shift
yang menyimbolkan kuasa jahat, Puzzle yang menyimbolkan kebodohan manusia
dan Tirian yang menyimbolkan iman. Dengan analisis simbol-simbol kekristenan
melalui karakter-karakter tersebut, saya dapat mengungkap pesan kekristenan
dalam novel tersebut yaitu pesan keselamatan. Dalam Tugas Akhir ini saya juga
mengutip ayat-ayat Alkitab untuk mengkonfirmasi simbolisme dan pesan-pesan
kekristenan yang ada.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………...
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………..........
ii
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………
iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study……………………………………………
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………..
Purpose of the Study………………………………………………..
Method of the Research…………………………………………….
Organization of the Thesis………………………………………….
1
3
3
4
4
CHAPTER TWO: ANALYSIS OF CHRISTIAN SYMBOLS IN C.S LEWIS’
THE LAST BATTLE..................................………………………..
5
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION……………………………………
16
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………… 19
APPENDICES:
Synopsis of The Last Battle………………………………………….. 21
Biography of C.S. Lewis…………………………………………...... 22
ii
APPENDICES
Synopsis of C. S. Lewis’ The Last Battle
The story of The last Battle begins when Shift, a cunning and evil ape,
who is walking with his friend, Puzzle, and finding a lion’s skin. Shift asks Puzz;e
to wear the lion’s skin so that Puzzle can pretend to be Aslan and rule over Narnia
under Shift’s commands. Shift developes internal allies in Narnia by spreading the
heresy that Aslan and the Calormene god, Tash - a demonic figures- are one and
the same.
The heresy causes the dwarfs and some other Narnians to lose their faith in
Aslan and their loyalty to the King. While Shift continues to bring Narnia into
Calormene slavery, Tirian, the king who rule over Narnia at that time, keeps his
faith on Aslan and tries to convince other Narnians not to believe in Shift’s fraud.
In the end, he has only a small loyal force to fight the Calormenes, and he
prepares to die in a last stand against the forces of darkness.
The Last Battle ends with Aslan coming back to bring Narnia to an end. Aslan
appears and holds the final judgement. All of the people and animals, including
those who had previously died, gather outside the barn and are judged by Aslan.
Those who are not loyal, do not pass through the door and turn to shadow. After
that, Narnia becomes barren wasteland.
21
Maranatha Christian University
Those who are faithful to Aslan pass through the door and enter Aslan’s country.
Aslan country is the real Narnia which is more beautiful than the former one.
Those who enter the real Narnia, meet all faithful Aslan’s followers from the
former time, and live happily ever after together with Aslan.
Biography of C.S Lewis
Clive Staples Lewis was born in Belfast, Ireland (now Northern Ireland)
on November 29, 1898. As a teenager, Lewis learned to love poetry, especially
the works of Virgil and Homer. Lewis had been raised as a Christian by his
parents, who were Protestants. However, it wasn't until he was sent away to
boarding school after the death of his mother that he began to read the Bible for
himself and to work out his own thoughts on religion. Possibly Christianity
offered him some consolation at a time when he was feeling great loneliness and
sorrow. Lewis published books that won him acclaim not only as a writer of
books on religious subjects, but also as a writer of academic works and popular
novels. Christianity was to become a central aspect of Lewis's adult life and a
subject of many of his writings, including the Narnia stories. Lewis's first Narnia
book is The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. After the publishing of the first
Narnia book, Lewis quickly wrote 6 more Narnia books, publishing the final one,
The Last Battle, in 1956. Although they were not well received at first by critics
and reviewers, the books gained in popularity through word of mouth. The Narnia
books have since sold more than 100 million copies and are among the most
beloved books of classic children's literature. “Ann-Marie Imbornoni”.
22
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
C.S Lewis is known for his work on medieval literature, literary criticism,
and fiction. It is said that “The interesting thing about C.S. Lewis is that he had a
very clear picture of good and evil as direct personal, human concepts and that he
could bring them to life in his writing.(APA:NESFA #33).
Lewis’ best known work today is his series The Chronicles of Narnia. The
Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels for children and “is
considered a classic of children's literature.” (“About C.S Lewis”) The books are
rich with Christian ideas which are easy to understand even by young readers;
however, the books can also be read for their adventure, color and richness of
ideas alone.
1
Maranatha Christian University
The Chronicles of Narnia present “the adventures of children who play central
roles in the fictional realm of Narnia, a place where animals talk, magic is
common, and good battles evil. His most famous works, the Chronicles of Narnia,
contain many strong Christian messages.” (“About C.S Lewis”).
I choose the last series of Narnia, The Last Battle to be analysed because
this last book ends and completes the whole series. Mark Baker says “[The Last
Battle] is a stirring conclusion of a great series. The symbolism is strong, and I
find this book one of the most interesting of the series from that stand point ... it’s
a wonderful ending to a wonderful series...”
The Last Battle is rich with symbolism related to Christianity. However,
in this novel common christian symbols such as the cross that symbolises
christianity or Job that symbolises patience will not be found. In his novel, Lewis
creates his new Christian symbols. Literary symbol is “something that means
more than what it is. It is an object, a person, a situation, an action, or some other
item that has a literal meaning in the story but suggests or represents other
meanings as well.” (Perrine 216).The literary symbols that I will analyse in this
novel are the characters.
A lot of critics relate this book to the book of Revelation. One of the critics
says that The Last Battle “speaks of an end reminiscent of that foretold in the
book of Revelation” (Bixodoido). Although it is true that most events mentioned
in the novel alludes to the book of Revelation, I find that the symbolism employed
in the novel connects more widely with the whole Bible rather than only
Revelation exclusively. Thus, my analysis of the symbolism will be more based
on the Bible in general. I use the New International Version Bible as the
reference.
2
Maranatha Christian University
I have quoted above that this book “contains many strong Christian
messages.” (“About C.S Lewis”) therefore, after analysing the symbolism, I will
conclude the Christian message revealed through the symbolism.
STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM:
After reading the novel, I would like to analyse:
1. How do characters in The Last Battle function as symbols?
2. How does the meaning of the symbols related to the Bible?
3. What is the Christian message revealed through symbolism?
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:
This study is done in order:
1. To identify how the characters in The Last Battle function as symbols
2. To relate the meaning of the symbols to the Bible
3
Maranatha Christian University
3. To reveal the Christian message revealed through symbolism
METHOD OF RESEARCH:
Method used in this thesis is library research. I use the New International
Version Bible as the reference to reveal the Christian messages contained in the
novel. I also read and compile some text that is taken from the internet.
ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS:
This thesis consists of three chapters. The thesis starts with
acknowledgements. The first chapter is the introduction containing Background of
the Study, Statement of the Problems, the Purpose of the Study, Methods of
Research and Organization of the Thesis. Chapter two contains the analysis or
hypothesis of The last Battle, and the last chapter contains conclusion. The thesis
ends with Bibliography, which contains the synopsis of the novel and Biography
of the author.
4
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUSION
Having studied Lewis’ The Last Battle, I would like to draw the
conclusion from what I have discussed. The Chronicles of Narnia is a series that
have more meaning than the surface meaning, and most of them are related to the
Bible. One of the series of the novel I have analysed, The Last Battle, represents
the concept of the final judgement in the book of Revelation and reveals the
message of salvation.
I have analysed the character Aslan that symbolises divine authority and
divine love, because Aslan is the majestic holder of the highest power over Narnia
that shows the quality of perfect love. The second character I have analysed is
Shift, symbolises false authority, because Shift steals authority by deceiving
Narnians and persuading Puzzle’s pretending to be Aslan. The third character I
have analysed is the donkey Puzzle that symbolises stupidity of man, because
Puzzle is used by Shift to be his partner in crime without knowing that what he
was doing is wrong. I also relate the meaning of the name Puzzle to his being
stupid. And the last character I have analysed is Tirian that symbolises faith
because Tirian is sure of what he does not see.
16
Maranatha Christian University
After analysing the symbolisms by the characters, I find that the novel
indeed represents the concept of the final judgement that is found in the book of
Revelation. But having analysed further and relating the symbolism more widely
to the whole bible, I find that the novel contains the message of salvation. The
background of Christian knowledge is needed to understand the meaning of the
novel better. Thus, the effect of reading the novel will be different to different
readers. I divide the readers of The Last Battle into two general groups, the
readers who have the background of Christian knowledge and the readers who
have not.
The readers who do not have the background of Christian knowledge, will
not be able to relate the story in the novel to the bible. Thus, they will be able only
to enjoy the story itself, which of course is good enough because the story itself is
enjoyable to read, even by young readers. Without the background of Christian
knowledge, the reader will find The Last Battle as a story that is full of fantasy
and adventure.
On the other hand, the readers who have the background of Christian
knowledge, I believe, will know that the novel has more meaning than the surface
meaning. Through the analysis i have made, the readers will be able to relate the
characters or the events in The Last Battle to the Bible and will gain more
enjoyment and understanding from the novel. Having the background of Christian
knowledge is advantageous in reading The last Battle in order to understand the
real message of the novel better and deeply.
Having read the biography of C.S Lewis, I believe that Lewis purposely
wrote the novel containing Christian message. Lewis was raised as a Christian by
his parents. Though he became an atheist, he re-converted to Christian at the age
17
Maranatha Christian University
of 30. It is said that “... his conversion had a profound effect on his work.” (“C.S
Lewis”). Lewis is clearly affected by his being Christian in writing his novel.
Lewis has achieved his purpose to tell the readers about the concept of salvation
in Christianity, because most of the characters and events in the novel are related
to the Bible.
Having read The Last Battle, I have gained new understanding. Sometimes
reading the events in the bible can be confusing because the time sequence is not
in order. The Bible also often uses figurative language thus can not be understood
directly. I find that The Last Battle has described the concept of the last battle and
the final judgement in the bible clearly.
Having analysed the symbolisms by the characters, I am also reminded of
the salvation I have in Christ. I am reminded that once I was a prisoner of sin,
deceived and weak. But God, through Jesus, offers His salvation that “… whoever
believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life.” (John 3:16). Reading The
Last Battle also has encouraged me to stand stronger in faith because it reminds
me of what the Bible says that “… in the later times some will abandon the faith
and follow deceiving spirits and things taught by demons.” (1 Timothy 4:1).
18
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Text
Lewis, C.S. The Chronicle of Narnia: The Last Battle. United Kingdom:
The Bodley Head, 1956.
Books
Perrine, Laurence. Literature Structure, Sound, and Sense. United States of
America: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc, 1978
The Holy Bible New International Version. United States: 1984
Internet sites
“C.S
Lewis”.
Wikipedia.
2008.
27
Maret
2008.
19
Maranatha Christian University
Imbornoni, Ann-Marie. “The Creator of Narnia”. 2008. 27 Maret 2008
”Reflections on C.S Lewis”. APA:NESFA #33. February 1973. 1997.
27 Maret 2008
Bixodoido. ”The ”Apocalypse” of Narnia”. May 21, 2003. 2008.
27 Maret 2008
Baker, Mark. ”Bringing the Scenes to a Close”. November 20, 2003. 2008.
27Maret 2008
20
Maranatha Christian University
Seri buku novel The Chronicles of Narnia karangan C.S Lewis, dikenal
banyak orang sebagai karya fiksi anak-anak. Tetapi sebenarnya dalam novel
Narnia terkandung nilai-nilai kekristenan yang dapat di gali lebih dalam. dalam
Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisis salah satu buku dari seri Narnia yang berjudul
The Last Battle atau Pertempuran Terakhir, yang disebut banyak orang sebagai
buku yang sangat padat dengan konsep-konsep kitab Wahyu pada Alkitab.
Dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisis simbol-simbol kekristenan
yang terdapat dalam The Last Battle. Ada empat karakter yang saya analisis
sebagai nilai-nilai Kristen; Aslan yang menyimbolkan kuasa dan kasih ilahi, Shift
yang menyimbolkan kuasa jahat, Puzzle yang menyimbolkan kebodohan manusia
dan Tirian yang menyimbolkan iman. Dengan analisis simbol-simbol kekristenan
melalui karakter-karakter tersebut, saya dapat mengungkap pesan kekristenan
dalam novel tersebut yaitu pesan keselamatan. Dalam Tugas Akhir ini saya juga
mengutip ayat-ayat Alkitab untuk mengkonfirmasi simbolisme dan pesan-pesan
kekristenan yang ada.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………...
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………..........
ii
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………
iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study……………………………………………
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………..
Purpose of the Study………………………………………………..
Method of the Research…………………………………………….
Organization of the Thesis………………………………………….
1
3
3
4
4
CHAPTER TWO: ANALYSIS OF CHRISTIAN SYMBOLS IN C.S LEWIS’
THE LAST BATTLE..................................………………………..
5
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION……………………………………
16
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………… 19
APPENDICES:
Synopsis of The Last Battle………………………………………….. 21
Biography of C.S. Lewis…………………………………………...... 22
ii
APPENDICES
Synopsis of C. S. Lewis’ The Last Battle
The story of The last Battle begins when Shift, a cunning and evil ape,
who is walking with his friend, Puzzle, and finding a lion’s skin. Shift asks Puzz;e
to wear the lion’s skin so that Puzzle can pretend to be Aslan and rule over Narnia
under Shift’s commands. Shift developes internal allies in Narnia by spreading the
heresy that Aslan and the Calormene god, Tash - a demonic figures- are one and
the same.
The heresy causes the dwarfs and some other Narnians to lose their faith in
Aslan and their loyalty to the King. While Shift continues to bring Narnia into
Calormene slavery, Tirian, the king who rule over Narnia at that time, keeps his
faith on Aslan and tries to convince other Narnians not to believe in Shift’s fraud.
In the end, he has only a small loyal force to fight the Calormenes, and he
prepares to die in a last stand against the forces of darkness.
The Last Battle ends with Aslan coming back to bring Narnia to an end. Aslan
appears and holds the final judgement. All of the people and animals, including
those who had previously died, gather outside the barn and are judged by Aslan.
Those who are not loyal, do not pass through the door and turn to shadow. After
that, Narnia becomes barren wasteland.
21
Maranatha Christian University
Those who are faithful to Aslan pass through the door and enter Aslan’s country.
Aslan country is the real Narnia which is more beautiful than the former one.
Those who enter the real Narnia, meet all faithful Aslan’s followers from the
former time, and live happily ever after together with Aslan.
Biography of C.S Lewis
Clive Staples Lewis was born in Belfast, Ireland (now Northern Ireland)
on November 29, 1898. As a teenager, Lewis learned to love poetry, especially
the works of Virgil and Homer. Lewis had been raised as a Christian by his
parents, who were Protestants. However, it wasn't until he was sent away to
boarding school after the death of his mother that he began to read the Bible for
himself and to work out his own thoughts on religion. Possibly Christianity
offered him some consolation at a time when he was feeling great loneliness and
sorrow. Lewis published books that won him acclaim not only as a writer of
books on religious subjects, but also as a writer of academic works and popular
novels. Christianity was to become a central aspect of Lewis's adult life and a
subject of many of his writings, including the Narnia stories. Lewis's first Narnia
book is The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. After the publishing of the first
Narnia book, Lewis quickly wrote 6 more Narnia books, publishing the final one,
The Last Battle, in 1956. Although they were not well received at first by critics
and reviewers, the books gained in popularity through word of mouth. The Narnia
books have since sold more than 100 million copies and are among the most
beloved books of classic children's literature. “Ann-Marie Imbornoni”.
22
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
C.S Lewis is known for his work on medieval literature, literary criticism,
and fiction. It is said that “The interesting thing about C.S. Lewis is that he had a
very clear picture of good and evil as direct personal, human concepts and that he
could bring them to life in his writing.(APA:NESFA #33).
Lewis’ best known work today is his series The Chronicles of Narnia. The
Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels for children and “is
considered a classic of children's literature.” (“About C.S Lewis”) The books are
rich with Christian ideas which are easy to understand even by young readers;
however, the books can also be read for their adventure, color and richness of
ideas alone.
1
Maranatha Christian University
The Chronicles of Narnia present “the adventures of children who play central
roles in the fictional realm of Narnia, a place where animals talk, magic is
common, and good battles evil. His most famous works, the Chronicles of Narnia,
contain many strong Christian messages.” (“About C.S Lewis”).
I choose the last series of Narnia, The Last Battle to be analysed because
this last book ends and completes the whole series. Mark Baker says “[The Last
Battle] is a stirring conclusion of a great series. The symbolism is strong, and I
find this book one of the most interesting of the series from that stand point ... it’s
a wonderful ending to a wonderful series...”
The Last Battle is rich with symbolism related to Christianity. However,
in this novel common christian symbols such as the cross that symbolises
christianity or Job that symbolises patience will not be found. In his novel, Lewis
creates his new Christian symbols. Literary symbol is “something that means
more than what it is. It is an object, a person, a situation, an action, or some other
item that has a literal meaning in the story but suggests or represents other
meanings as well.” (Perrine 216).The literary symbols that I will analyse in this
novel are the characters.
A lot of critics relate this book to the book of Revelation. One of the critics
says that The Last Battle “speaks of an end reminiscent of that foretold in the
book of Revelation” (Bixodoido). Although it is true that most events mentioned
in the novel alludes to the book of Revelation, I find that the symbolism employed
in the novel connects more widely with the whole Bible rather than only
Revelation exclusively. Thus, my analysis of the symbolism will be more based
on the Bible in general. I use the New International Version Bible as the
reference.
2
Maranatha Christian University
I have quoted above that this book “contains many strong Christian
messages.” (“About C.S Lewis”) therefore, after analysing the symbolism, I will
conclude the Christian message revealed through the symbolism.
STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM:
After reading the novel, I would like to analyse:
1. How do characters in The Last Battle function as symbols?
2. How does the meaning of the symbols related to the Bible?
3. What is the Christian message revealed through symbolism?
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:
This study is done in order:
1. To identify how the characters in The Last Battle function as symbols
2. To relate the meaning of the symbols to the Bible
3
Maranatha Christian University
3. To reveal the Christian message revealed through symbolism
METHOD OF RESEARCH:
Method used in this thesis is library research. I use the New International
Version Bible as the reference to reveal the Christian messages contained in the
novel. I also read and compile some text that is taken from the internet.
ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS:
This thesis consists of three chapters. The thesis starts with
acknowledgements. The first chapter is the introduction containing Background of
the Study, Statement of the Problems, the Purpose of the Study, Methods of
Research and Organization of the Thesis. Chapter two contains the analysis or
hypothesis of The last Battle, and the last chapter contains conclusion. The thesis
ends with Bibliography, which contains the synopsis of the novel and Biography
of the author.
4
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUSION
Having studied Lewis’ The Last Battle, I would like to draw the
conclusion from what I have discussed. The Chronicles of Narnia is a series that
have more meaning than the surface meaning, and most of them are related to the
Bible. One of the series of the novel I have analysed, The Last Battle, represents
the concept of the final judgement in the book of Revelation and reveals the
message of salvation.
I have analysed the character Aslan that symbolises divine authority and
divine love, because Aslan is the majestic holder of the highest power over Narnia
that shows the quality of perfect love. The second character I have analysed is
Shift, symbolises false authority, because Shift steals authority by deceiving
Narnians and persuading Puzzle’s pretending to be Aslan. The third character I
have analysed is the donkey Puzzle that symbolises stupidity of man, because
Puzzle is used by Shift to be his partner in crime without knowing that what he
was doing is wrong. I also relate the meaning of the name Puzzle to his being
stupid. And the last character I have analysed is Tirian that symbolises faith
because Tirian is sure of what he does not see.
16
Maranatha Christian University
After analysing the symbolisms by the characters, I find that the novel
indeed represents the concept of the final judgement that is found in the book of
Revelation. But having analysed further and relating the symbolism more widely
to the whole bible, I find that the novel contains the message of salvation. The
background of Christian knowledge is needed to understand the meaning of the
novel better. Thus, the effect of reading the novel will be different to different
readers. I divide the readers of The Last Battle into two general groups, the
readers who have the background of Christian knowledge and the readers who
have not.
The readers who do not have the background of Christian knowledge, will
not be able to relate the story in the novel to the bible. Thus, they will be able only
to enjoy the story itself, which of course is good enough because the story itself is
enjoyable to read, even by young readers. Without the background of Christian
knowledge, the reader will find The Last Battle as a story that is full of fantasy
and adventure.
On the other hand, the readers who have the background of Christian
knowledge, I believe, will know that the novel has more meaning than the surface
meaning. Through the analysis i have made, the readers will be able to relate the
characters or the events in The Last Battle to the Bible and will gain more
enjoyment and understanding from the novel. Having the background of Christian
knowledge is advantageous in reading The last Battle in order to understand the
real message of the novel better and deeply.
Having read the biography of C.S Lewis, I believe that Lewis purposely
wrote the novel containing Christian message. Lewis was raised as a Christian by
his parents. Though he became an atheist, he re-converted to Christian at the age
17
Maranatha Christian University
of 30. It is said that “... his conversion had a profound effect on his work.” (“C.S
Lewis”). Lewis is clearly affected by his being Christian in writing his novel.
Lewis has achieved his purpose to tell the readers about the concept of salvation
in Christianity, because most of the characters and events in the novel are related
to the Bible.
Having read The Last Battle, I have gained new understanding. Sometimes
reading the events in the bible can be confusing because the time sequence is not
in order. The Bible also often uses figurative language thus can not be understood
directly. I find that The Last Battle has described the concept of the last battle and
the final judgement in the bible clearly.
Having analysed the symbolisms by the characters, I am also reminded of
the salvation I have in Christ. I am reminded that once I was a prisoner of sin,
deceived and weak. But God, through Jesus, offers His salvation that “… whoever
believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life.” (John 3:16). Reading The
Last Battle also has encouraged me to stand stronger in faith because it reminds
me of what the Bible says that “… in the later times some will abandon the faith
and follow deceiving spirits and things taught by demons.” (1 Timothy 4:1).
18
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Text
Lewis, C.S. The Chronicle of Narnia: The Last Battle. United Kingdom:
The Bodley Head, 1956.
Books
Perrine, Laurence. Literature Structure, Sound, and Sense. United States of
America: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc, 1978
The Holy Bible New International Version. United States: 1984
Internet sites
“C.S
Lewis”.
Wikipedia.
2008.
27
Maret
2008.
19
Maranatha Christian University
Imbornoni, Ann-Marie. “The Creator of Narnia”. 2008. 27 Maret 2008
”Reflections on C.S Lewis”. APA:NESFA #33. February 1973. 1997.
27 Maret 2008
Bixodoido. ”The ”Apocalypse” of Narnia”. May 21, 2003. 2008.
27 Maret 2008
Baker, Mark. ”Bringing the Scenes to a Close”. November 20, 2003. 2008.
27Maret 2008
20
Maranatha Christian University