XI. PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN kering BERKELANJUTAN
PEMBANGUNAN
PERTANIAN
BERKELANJUTAN
Dr. Suhartini
Paradigma baru Pemb Pert : Sustainable Agriculture
“Pengelolaan & konservasi SDA & orientasi perub teknlg &
kelembagaan yg dilakukan sedmk rupa shg dpt menjamin
pemenuhan & pemuasan kebut mns scr berkelanjutan bg
generasi skrg & yad (FAO )
Ecologically sound and friendly
(layak ekologis/ramah lingkungan)
Economically viable
(layak ekonomis)
Socially just equitable
Culturally appropriate
(layak sosial & cocok scr budaya)
HOLISTIC APPROACH
(Pendekatan Holistik (Sistem) atauTerintegrasi)
(SEARCA, 1995)
Pertanian Berkelanjutan
Mulai 1940 an : Green Revolution (Sheperd, 1998)
1963/1964
: Program intensifikasi di Indonesia
1980
: Sustainable Agriculture
Ekonomi
Ekologi/lingkungan
Sosial budaya
Mrpk pendekatan sistem/holistik/terintegrasi
Sumberdaya yg ketersediannya terbatas agar dapat menjamin
pemenuhan dan pemuasan kebut manusia scr berkelanjutan bagi
generasi sekarang dan mendatang (FAO dlm Untung, 1996).
SEARCA (1995) : sustainablity indicator utk skala ushtani/ rmh tangga,
komunitas (kelompok) & nasional utk:
•
The lowland ecosystem
•
The upland ecosystem
•
The coastal ecosystem
Barbier (1989) dlm Small : pertanian akan berkelanjutan bila biaya produksi &
biaya lingkungan turun atau tetap apbl produksi naik.
2. Pertanian Organik
Pert alami : kekuatan alam mampu mengatur pertumb tanaman, tanpa campur
tangan manusia.
Pert organik : campur tangan manusia lbh intensif utk memanfaatkan lahan &
berush meningkatkan hasil bdsrkn prinsip daur ulang yg dilaksanakan sesuai
dengan kondisi setempat (Sutanto, 2002).
Pert organik tetap memanfaatkan teknologi modern spt pemakaian benih
hibrida berlabel, melaksanakan konservasi tanah & air, serta pengolahan
tanah yang berasaskan konservasi (Sutanto, 2002).
CODEX : “sistem pengelolaan produksi yg holistik yg mendorong & meningkatkan
kesehatan agroekosistem, termasuk biodiversitas, siklus biologi, dan
aktivitas biologi tanah”.
Dalam pert organik ditekankan penggunaan praktek pengelolaan yg
mengutamakan masukan dr dalam, dg pertimbangan bhw kondisi lokal
membutuhkan sistem yg teradaptasi scr lokal pula.
Berbagai penelitian ttg usahatani padi organik/semi organik (Diartoko, 2002;
Rahmawati (2003) : ut padi organik/semi organik mhslk pendapatan
usahatani yg lebih besar drpd non organik.
Penelitian & penerapan penggunaan pupuk organik bisa meningkatkan
kesuburan atau kesehatan tanah & produktivitas tanaman (Fagi dan
Partohardjono dlm Adiningsih, 2005; BPTP DIY dlm Sutardi, 2006).
3. DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN USAHATANI PADI
Dampak negatif : dari pupuk kimia dan pestisida kimia
Penelitian yg menghitung scr moneter dr keg usahatani tanaman pangan masih
sangat terbatas baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia .
Hal ini antara lain disebabkan oleh kompleksnya untuk menghitung secara
moneter dampak yang ditimbulkannya.
The World Watch Institute mencoba mengestimasi biaya yang tersembunyi (the
hidden cost) dari pertanian intensif, yaitu untuk United State sebesar $
112/hektar, United Kingdom sebesar $ 337/hektar dan untuk Jerman
sebesar $ 274/hektar (Muir, 1998).
Dampak positif :
•
Manfaat lingkungan (fungsi-fungsi lingkungan dlm pengendalian banjir,
penyerapan air tanah, pembersihan air, pembersihan udara melalui O2 yg
dihasilkan & penyerapan CO2, pengendali erosi serta pengelolaan limbah);
•
menciptakan keamaanan pangan,
•
menciptakan keindahan alam & kenyamanan,
•
menciptakan lap pekerjaan di pedesaan (viabilitas pedesaan).
Penel Seik-Oh (2003) di Korea: manfaat eksternal US $ 7.688,9 /ha (Rp.
69.200.100/ha).
Petani mrpk komponen utama dalam sistem ushtn.
Sikap petani akan mempengaruhi perilaku petani dlm pengelolaan ut.
Sebelum petani menerima suatu inovasi (ide, metode, atau hal-hal baru) akan
melalui beberapa tahap yaitu perhatian, ketertarikan, evaluasi, mencoba
dan adopsi (Roger dalam Wahyono, 1988).
6/9/18
What is SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT?
7
• Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of the future generations to meet
their own needs (World Commission on Environment and
Development, 1987)
6/9/18
Sustainable Development
8
• Balancing the fulfillment of human needs with the protection
of the natural environment so that these needs can be met
not only in the present, but in the indefinite future
6/9/18
Sustainable Development
9
6/9/18
5 Aspects of
Sustainable
Development
“Meeting the needs of the present”
means satisfying:
10
a. Must be able to produce goods and services on a continuing
basis
a. adequate livelihood or productive assets
b. economic security when unemployed, ill, disabled or
otherwise unable to secure a livelihood
6/9/18
Economical
11
c. gender equity
d. political accountability
e. participation
6/9/18
Social
• Freedom to participate in national and local politics
• Participation in decisions regarding the management and
development of one’s home and neighborhood, with respect
for civil and political rights and in the implementation of
environmental legislation
6/9/18
Political
13
• Must maintain a stable resource base avoiding overexploitation
of renewable resource systems and depleting non-renewable
resources
6/9/18
Environmental
14
• A means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional,
moral, and spiritual existence
6/9/18
Cultural
15
6/9/18
Meeting such needs “without
undermining the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”
means:
16
• Minimizing use or waste of non-renewable resources (by
minimizing the consumption of fossil fuels and substituting with
renewable sources where feasible)
• Minimizing the waste (by reducing use, reusing, and recycling).
6/9/18
What to do?
17
• Sustainable use of renewable resources (by using freshwater,
soils, and forests in ways that ensure a natural rate of recharge)
6/9/18
What to do?
18
• Keeping within the absorptive capacity of local and global sinks
of wastes --- including the capacity of rivers to break down
biodegradable wastes as well as the capacity of global
environmental systems, such as climate, to absorb greenhouse
gases.
6/9/18
What to do?
19
• part of the country's response to fulfill its
commitments in the historic Earth Summit in
1992 where government and key sectors of
society agreed to implement an action agenda
for sustainable development, known as the
Agenda 21
• The sustainable development program of the
country
• Conceptualized during the time of President
Fidel Ramos
6/9/18
Philippine Agenda 21
20
6/9/18
Key Actors in Sustainable Development
Civil Society
Sustainable
Development
Government
Business
21
• Key actor in the realm of economy
• The central social concern and process is the mutually beneficial
production and distribution of goods and services to meet the
physical needs of human beings
6/9/18
Business
22
• Key actor in the realm of polity
• The central social concern and process is participatory,
democratic governance and rule making to secure the
human rights of all citizens including justice and equity
6/9/18
Government
23
Civil Society
6/9/18
• Key actor in the realm of culture
• The central social concern and process is the development of the
social and spiritual capacities of human beings in order, among
others, to advance the frontiers of knowledge, to achieve clarity
and coherence of values and to advocate the public interest
24
6/9/18
7 Dimensions of Sustainable Development
25
Principles of Sustainable Development
1. Primacy of Developing Full Human Potential –
2. Holistic Science and Appropriate Technology –
6/9/18
people are at the core of development initiatives
the search for solutions to the complex milieu of
development problems has to be undertaken with the
perspective that situates specific problems in the
larger social and ecological context.
26
Principles of Sustainable Development
Cultural, Moral and Spiritual Sensitivity – nurturing the
inherent strengths of local and indigenous
knowledge, practices and beliefs while
respecting the cultural diversity, moral norms
and spiritual essence of society
6/9/18
3.
27
Principles of Sustainable Development
Self-determination – Respecting the right and
relying on the inherent capacity of the
country and its people to decide on the course
of their own development
6/9/18
4.
28
Principles of Sustainable Development
National Sovereignty – self-determination at the
national level where the norms of society and
the specifics of the local ecology inform
national governance. Includes human and
environmental security as well as achieving
and ensuring security and self-reliance in
basic staple foods.
6/9/18
5.
29
Principles of Sustainable Development
Gender Sensitivity – recognizing the important
and complementary roles and the
empowerment of both men and women in
development
7.
6/9/18
6.
Peace, Order and National Unity – securing the right
of all to a peaceful and secure existence
30
Principles of Sustainable Development
Social Justice, Inter-, Intra-Generational and Spatial Equity
– ensuring social cohesion and harmony
through equitable distribution of resources
and providing the various sectors of society
with equal access to development
opportunities and benefits today and in the
future
6/9/18
8.
31
Principles of Sustainable Development
Participatory Democracy – ensuring the
participation and empowerment of all sectors
of society in development decision-making
and processes and to operationalize intersectoral and multi-sectoral consensus
6/9/18
9.
32
Principles of Sustainable Development
Institutional Viability – recognizing that
sustainable development is a shared,
collective and indivisible responsibility which
calls for institutional structures that are built
around the spirit of solidarity, convergence
and partnership between and among different
stakeholders.
6/9/18
10.
33
Principles of Sustainable Development
development founded on a stable economy
where the benefits of economic progress are
equitably shared across ages, communities,
gender, social classes, ethnicities,
geographical units and across generations.
6/9/18
11. Viable, sound and broad-based economic development –
34
http://www.oknation.net/blog/home/blog_dat
a/635/21635/images/GF11.JPG
Principles of Sustainable Development
Sustainable Population – achieving a sustainable
population level, structure and distribution
while taking cognizance of the limited
carrying capacity of nature and the
interweaving forces of population, culture,
resources, environment and development.
6/9/18
12.
35
Principles of Sustainable Development
Ecological Soundness – recognizing nature as our
common heritage and thus respecting the
limited carrying capacity and integrity of
nature in the development process to ensure
the right of present and future generations
to this heritage.
6/9/18
13.
36
14.
Biographical Equity and Community-Based Resource
Management – recognizing that since communities
residing within or most proximate to an
ecosystem of a bio-geographic region will be the
ones to most directly and immediately feel the
positive and negative impacts on that
ecosystem, they should be given prior claim to
the development decisions affecting that
ecosystem including management of the
resources.
6/9/18
Principles of Sustainable Development
37
Principles of Sustainable Development
contributing to the diverse capacities of
individual nations
6/9/18
15. Global Cooperation – building upon and
38
• Sustainable Development is a relevant concept
in the process of socio-economic and political
growth in the modern society.
6/9/18
Conclusion:
39
Conclusion:
6/9/18
• The idea of SD and the different programs and principles
under the Agenda 21 is not an instant magic formula.
40
References:
•
•
•
•
•
•
http://www.asiaisgreen.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/fishapo.jpg
http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1597/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1597-20837.jpg
http://i255.photobucket.com/albums/hh124/mir_doch_egal_xD/nature.jpg
http://www.3planesoft.com/img/nature_screen01.jpg
http://fineartamerica.com/images-medium/the-beauty-of-nature-amanda-vouglas.jpg
http://i166.photobucket.com/albums/u104/genai2006/nature-1.jpg
http://www.idealdestinations.com/community_pictures/160_nature-pointe-sunflower.jpg
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/40/86245217_d5b3568b65_o.jpg
http://ratedxtin.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/lets-kiss.jpg
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/104/260899058_26f01ff09b_o.jpg
http://image02.webshots.com/2/9/86/71/120798671Gceqnc_fs.jpg
http://photos.paulschedler.net/Photos/5/d/4/5d433554ff044bc98c5424d073fcf184-md-Ormoc-Leyte-Philippines-Bay-Beauti
ful-Breathtaking-Calm-Coast-Coastline-Colorful-Dusk-Evening-Fluid-Interesting-Landscape-Nature-Nightfall-OutdoorsPicturesque.jpg
http://www.cebu-beaches.com/wp-content/themes/default/images/bantay.jpg
http://www.new7wonders.com/file/inline/id/1767/art/290x218/
http://www.alliancediving.com/blog/files/page0_blog_entry232_1.jpg
http://beta.lomography.com/attachments/7421/5575ad3c3ce542061043ca1694064eab2e9dd3bf.jpg
http://www.richard-seaman.com/Wallpaper/Nature/Mammals/PalmCivet.jpg
41
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3037/2600517006_7292ecf9dc_m.jpg
6/9/18
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
PERTANIAN
BERKELANJUTAN
Dr. Suhartini
Paradigma baru Pemb Pert : Sustainable Agriculture
“Pengelolaan & konservasi SDA & orientasi perub teknlg &
kelembagaan yg dilakukan sedmk rupa shg dpt menjamin
pemenuhan & pemuasan kebut mns scr berkelanjutan bg
generasi skrg & yad (FAO )
Ecologically sound and friendly
(layak ekologis/ramah lingkungan)
Economically viable
(layak ekonomis)
Socially just equitable
Culturally appropriate
(layak sosial & cocok scr budaya)
HOLISTIC APPROACH
(Pendekatan Holistik (Sistem) atauTerintegrasi)
(SEARCA, 1995)
Pertanian Berkelanjutan
Mulai 1940 an : Green Revolution (Sheperd, 1998)
1963/1964
: Program intensifikasi di Indonesia
1980
: Sustainable Agriculture
Ekonomi
Ekologi/lingkungan
Sosial budaya
Mrpk pendekatan sistem/holistik/terintegrasi
Sumberdaya yg ketersediannya terbatas agar dapat menjamin
pemenuhan dan pemuasan kebut manusia scr berkelanjutan bagi
generasi sekarang dan mendatang (FAO dlm Untung, 1996).
SEARCA (1995) : sustainablity indicator utk skala ushtani/ rmh tangga,
komunitas (kelompok) & nasional utk:
•
The lowland ecosystem
•
The upland ecosystem
•
The coastal ecosystem
Barbier (1989) dlm Small : pertanian akan berkelanjutan bila biaya produksi &
biaya lingkungan turun atau tetap apbl produksi naik.
2. Pertanian Organik
Pert alami : kekuatan alam mampu mengatur pertumb tanaman, tanpa campur
tangan manusia.
Pert organik : campur tangan manusia lbh intensif utk memanfaatkan lahan &
berush meningkatkan hasil bdsrkn prinsip daur ulang yg dilaksanakan sesuai
dengan kondisi setempat (Sutanto, 2002).
Pert organik tetap memanfaatkan teknologi modern spt pemakaian benih
hibrida berlabel, melaksanakan konservasi tanah & air, serta pengolahan
tanah yang berasaskan konservasi (Sutanto, 2002).
CODEX : “sistem pengelolaan produksi yg holistik yg mendorong & meningkatkan
kesehatan agroekosistem, termasuk biodiversitas, siklus biologi, dan
aktivitas biologi tanah”.
Dalam pert organik ditekankan penggunaan praktek pengelolaan yg
mengutamakan masukan dr dalam, dg pertimbangan bhw kondisi lokal
membutuhkan sistem yg teradaptasi scr lokal pula.
Berbagai penelitian ttg usahatani padi organik/semi organik (Diartoko, 2002;
Rahmawati (2003) : ut padi organik/semi organik mhslk pendapatan
usahatani yg lebih besar drpd non organik.
Penelitian & penerapan penggunaan pupuk organik bisa meningkatkan
kesuburan atau kesehatan tanah & produktivitas tanaman (Fagi dan
Partohardjono dlm Adiningsih, 2005; BPTP DIY dlm Sutardi, 2006).
3. DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN USAHATANI PADI
Dampak negatif : dari pupuk kimia dan pestisida kimia
Penelitian yg menghitung scr moneter dr keg usahatani tanaman pangan masih
sangat terbatas baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia .
Hal ini antara lain disebabkan oleh kompleksnya untuk menghitung secara
moneter dampak yang ditimbulkannya.
The World Watch Institute mencoba mengestimasi biaya yang tersembunyi (the
hidden cost) dari pertanian intensif, yaitu untuk United State sebesar $
112/hektar, United Kingdom sebesar $ 337/hektar dan untuk Jerman
sebesar $ 274/hektar (Muir, 1998).
Dampak positif :
•
Manfaat lingkungan (fungsi-fungsi lingkungan dlm pengendalian banjir,
penyerapan air tanah, pembersihan air, pembersihan udara melalui O2 yg
dihasilkan & penyerapan CO2, pengendali erosi serta pengelolaan limbah);
•
menciptakan keamaanan pangan,
•
menciptakan keindahan alam & kenyamanan,
•
menciptakan lap pekerjaan di pedesaan (viabilitas pedesaan).
Penel Seik-Oh (2003) di Korea: manfaat eksternal US $ 7.688,9 /ha (Rp.
69.200.100/ha).
Petani mrpk komponen utama dalam sistem ushtn.
Sikap petani akan mempengaruhi perilaku petani dlm pengelolaan ut.
Sebelum petani menerima suatu inovasi (ide, metode, atau hal-hal baru) akan
melalui beberapa tahap yaitu perhatian, ketertarikan, evaluasi, mencoba
dan adopsi (Roger dalam Wahyono, 1988).
6/9/18
What is SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT?
7
• Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of the future generations to meet
their own needs (World Commission on Environment and
Development, 1987)
6/9/18
Sustainable Development
8
• Balancing the fulfillment of human needs with the protection
of the natural environment so that these needs can be met
not only in the present, but in the indefinite future
6/9/18
Sustainable Development
9
6/9/18
5 Aspects of
Sustainable
Development
“Meeting the needs of the present”
means satisfying:
10
a. Must be able to produce goods and services on a continuing
basis
a. adequate livelihood or productive assets
b. economic security when unemployed, ill, disabled or
otherwise unable to secure a livelihood
6/9/18
Economical
11
c. gender equity
d. political accountability
e. participation
6/9/18
Social
• Freedom to participate in national and local politics
• Participation in decisions regarding the management and
development of one’s home and neighborhood, with respect
for civil and political rights and in the implementation of
environmental legislation
6/9/18
Political
13
• Must maintain a stable resource base avoiding overexploitation
of renewable resource systems and depleting non-renewable
resources
6/9/18
Environmental
14
• A means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional,
moral, and spiritual existence
6/9/18
Cultural
15
6/9/18
Meeting such needs “without
undermining the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”
means:
16
• Minimizing use or waste of non-renewable resources (by
minimizing the consumption of fossil fuels and substituting with
renewable sources where feasible)
• Minimizing the waste (by reducing use, reusing, and recycling).
6/9/18
What to do?
17
• Sustainable use of renewable resources (by using freshwater,
soils, and forests in ways that ensure a natural rate of recharge)
6/9/18
What to do?
18
• Keeping within the absorptive capacity of local and global sinks
of wastes --- including the capacity of rivers to break down
biodegradable wastes as well as the capacity of global
environmental systems, such as climate, to absorb greenhouse
gases.
6/9/18
What to do?
19
• part of the country's response to fulfill its
commitments in the historic Earth Summit in
1992 where government and key sectors of
society agreed to implement an action agenda
for sustainable development, known as the
Agenda 21
• The sustainable development program of the
country
• Conceptualized during the time of President
Fidel Ramos
6/9/18
Philippine Agenda 21
20
6/9/18
Key Actors in Sustainable Development
Civil Society
Sustainable
Development
Government
Business
21
• Key actor in the realm of economy
• The central social concern and process is the mutually beneficial
production and distribution of goods and services to meet the
physical needs of human beings
6/9/18
Business
22
• Key actor in the realm of polity
• The central social concern and process is participatory,
democratic governance and rule making to secure the
human rights of all citizens including justice and equity
6/9/18
Government
23
Civil Society
6/9/18
• Key actor in the realm of culture
• The central social concern and process is the development of the
social and spiritual capacities of human beings in order, among
others, to advance the frontiers of knowledge, to achieve clarity
and coherence of values and to advocate the public interest
24
6/9/18
7 Dimensions of Sustainable Development
25
Principles of Sustainable Development
1. Primacy of Developing Full Human Potential –
2. Holistic Science and Appropriate Technology –
6/9/18
people are at the core of development initiatives
the search for solutions to the complex milieu of
development problems has to be undertaken with the
perspective that situates specific problems in the
larger social and ecological context.
26
Principles of Sustainable Development
Cultural, Moral and Spiritual Sensitivity – nurturing the
inherent strengths of local and indigenous
knowledge, practices and beliefs while
respecting the cultural diversity, moral norms
and spiritual essence of society
6/9/18
3.
27
Principles of Sustainable Development
Self-determination – Respecting the right and
relying on the inherent capacity of the
country and its people to decide on the course
of their own development
6/9/18
4.
28
Principles of Sustainable Development
National Sovereignty – self-determination at the
national level where the norms of society and
the specifics of the local ecology inform
national governance. Includes human and
environmental security as well as achieving
and ensuring security and self-reliance in
basic staple foods.
6/9/18
5.
29
Principles of Sustainable Development
Gender Sensitivity – recognizing the important
and complementary roles and the
empowerment of both men and women in
development
7.
6/9/18
6.
Peace, Order and National Unity – securing the right
of all to a peaceful and secure existence
30
Principles of Sustainable Development
Social Justice, Inter-, Intra-Generational and Spatial Equity
– ensuring social cohesion and harmony
through equitable distribution of resources
and providing the various sectors of society
with equal access to development
opportunities and benefits today and in the
future
6/9/18
8.
31
Principles of Sustainable Development
Participatory Democracy – ensuring the
participation and empowerment of all sectors
of society in development decision-making
and processes and to operationalize intersectoral and multi-sectoral consensus
6/9/18
9.
32
Principles of Sustainable Development
Institutional Viability – recognizing that
sustainable development is a shared,
collective and indivisible responsibility which
calls for institutional structures that are built
around the spirit of solidarity, convergence
and partnership between and among different
stakeholders.
6/9/18
10.
33
Principles of Sustainable Development
development founded on a stable economy
where the benefits of economic progress are
equitably shared across ages, communities,
gender, social classes, ethnicities,
geographical units and across generations.
6/9/18
11. Viable, sound and broad-based economic development –
34
http://www.oknation.net/blog/home/blog_dat
a/635/21635/images/GF11.JPG
Principles of Sustainable Development
Sustainable Population – achieving a sustainable
population level, structure and distribution
while taking cognizance of the limited
carrying capacity of nature and the
interweaving forces of population, culture,
resources, environment and development.
6/9/18
12.
35
Principles of Sustainable Development
Ecological Soundness – recognizing nature as our
common heritage and thus respecting the
limited carrying capacity and integrity of
nature in the development process to ensure
the right of present and future generations
to this heritage.
6/9/18
13.
36
14.
Biographical Equity and Community-Based Resource
Management – recognizing that since communities
residing within or most proximate to an
ecosystem of a bio-geographic region will be the
ones to most directly and immediately feel the
positive and negative impacts on that
ecosystem, they should be given prior claim to
the development decisions affecting that
ecosystem including management of the
resources.
6/9/18
Principles of Sustainable Development
37
Principles of Sustainable Development
contributing to the diverse capacities of
individual nations
6/9/18
15. Global Cooperation – building upon and
38
• Sustainable Development is a relevant concept
in the process of socio-economic and political
growth in the modern society.
6/9/18
Conclusion:
39
Conclusion:
6/9/18
• The idea of SD and the different programs and principles
under the Agenda 21 is not an instant magic formula.
40
References:
•
•
•
•
•
•
http://www.asiaisgreen.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/fishapo.jpg
http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1597/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1597-20837.jpg
http://i255.photobucket.com/albums/hh124/mir_doch_egal_xD/nature.jpg
http://www.3planesoft.com/img/nature_screen01.jpg
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http://photos.paulschedler.net/Photos/5/d/4/5d433554ff044bc98c5424d073fcf184-md-Ormoc-Leyte-Philippines-Bay-Beauti
ful-Breathtaking-Calm-Coast-Coastline-Colorful-Dusk-Evening-Fluid-Interesting-Landscape-Nature-Nightfall-OutdoorsPicturesque.jpg
http://www.cebu-beaches.com/wp-content/themes/default/images/bantay.jpg
http://www.new7wonders.com/file/inline/id/1767/art/290x218/
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http://beta.lomography.com/attachments/7421/5575ad3c3ce542061043ca1694064eab2e9dd3bf.jpg
http://www.richard-seaman.com/Wallpaper/Nature/Mammals/PalmCivet.jpg
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6/9/18
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