An Analysis on Modalities in Hillary Clinton's Speech
AN ANALYSIS ON
CLINTON’S SPEECH
MODALITIES
IN
HILLARY
A THESIS
BY
GRACE NATALIA TAMPUBOLON
REG. NO. 120705063
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2017
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AN ANALYSIS ON MODALITIES IN HILLARY CLINTON’S
SPEECH
A THESIS
BY
GRACE NATALIA TAMPUBOLON
REG. NO. 120705063
SUPERVISOR
CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum
NIP. 195904191981022 001
Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum
NIP.19570626 198303 2 001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera
Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2017
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. Deliana, M.Hum.
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D
NIP. 19571117 198303 2 002
NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara on May 23rd , 2017
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S.
NIP.19600805 198703 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. Deliana, M.Hum.
___________________
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D
___________________
Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum
___________________
Dr. Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans, M.Hum.
___________________
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, GRACE NATALIA TAMPUBOLON, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE
AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN
THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL
PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART
FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR A WARDED
ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED
WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS
THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD
OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
Date : May 23rd, 2017
v
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: GRACE NATALIA TAMPUBOLON
TITLE OF THESIS
: AN
ANALYSIS
ON
MODALITIES
IN
HILLARY CLINTON’S SPEECH
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
:
Date
: May 23rd, 2017
vi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In the name of the Holy Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, Amen. My
gratitude for God for the blessing He gives to me in writing this thesis. It is not my
power to finish my study, but it is Jesus Grace. Jesus, You are my everything …
First, I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies,
University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S, who has supported and
helped my study during the period of study in this faculty.
Secondly, I would like to thank to the Head of English Department, Dr.
Deliana, M.Hum, and the Secretary of English Department Rahmadsyah Rangkuti,
M.A. Ph.D and the Lecturers who shared many knowledge as long as study in this
faculty. My special thank goes to Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum as my supervisor and Dr.
Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum as my co-supervisor for their kindness, patience, support to
me toward face the exam, guidance, times, valuable ideas and advices in writing my
thesis. May God is always blessing you. I would like to thank to Sir Rusdi Noor
Rosa, S.S., M.Hum for his support to me to study linguistics and his valuable ideas in
giving suggestions for this thesis. And also I would like to thank to Sir Kirno who
helps me in administration process.
Third, My very special gratitude is for my beloved parents, my Father
Mr. Serma (Purn.) T. Tampubolon and my Mother Mrs. L. Manurung who always
there for me, pray for me in order I could finish my study, takes care of me, support
me to motivated to study, remind me to pray to God, advise me if I made mistakes,
and help me to do anything. Thank you so much Dad and Mom for your
unconditional love for me. Dad, Mom, you are my inspiration. I am nothing without
you. May God is always blessing you. I really do love you Dad and Mom.
vii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Then, my big thank goes to my beloved one sister, Dede Yulia Tampubolon
who takes care of me and always help me to do something if I feel so hard. I hope
you could finish your study well and get the best job for your future.
My big thank goes to the both of my beloved brothers, Serka Valentino Tampubolon
and Pratu Jhon Harry Tampubolon who support to me in payment tuition fee as long
as more four years, advise me to study well and never give up to reach the goal. I
hope you get more blessed. I love you my siblings. And also thank you to my cousin,
Jonathan Ralito Saragih who helps me and supports to me. I hope you will finish
your study well and reach your dream.
My special thank goes to my best friend Betaria Silaban, Ervika Yanti Sinaga
and Kristin Theresia Siregar, Martin Marbun, Nia Sri Wahyuni Tarigan, Debora
Indriani Butar-butar, Dame Diarnita Sianipar, Tondi Namora, Heleri Sinabutar,
Fandu Kokoh, Samuel Siagian who help me to finish my thesis, for their pray, and
their support in attending my final exam. I do love you guys. I would to thank to
someone in there who cares of me and pray for me. And also thank you to all my
friends in English Literature 2012 Class-A as long as four years.
Finally, I am really grateful to have everyone supporting me in the process of
writing this thesis. Thank you so much. I realize that this thesis is far from being
perfect. Hopefully, this thesis is advantageous for the readers. May God is always
blessing us, Amen.
Medan, May 23rd, 2017
Grace Natalia Tampubolon
Reg. No. 120705063
viii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
This thesis is study about modalities in Hillary Clinton’s speech. It aims to describe
how Hillary Clinton express her attitude and thought through her speech. The theory
supporting this thesis is a theory proposed by M.A.K Halliday (1994) and Amrin
Saragih (2006). This thesis is qualitative descriptive research by Miles, Huberman
and Saldana (2014). The findings are showed 333 clauses used modalities from 942
clauses. In this thesis, there are four types of modalities (54.34% probability, 2.4%
usuality, 33.92% obligation, 9.3% inclination). And also, there are three degree
values of modalities divided to: (1) 14.71% high-probability, 36.93% medianprobability, 2.70% low-probability, (2) 0.30 % high-usuality, 0% median-usuality,
2.10% low-usuality, (3) 8.70% high-obligation, 15.01% median-obligation, 10.21%
low-obligation, and (4) 0% high-inclination, 9% median-inclination, 0.30% lowinclination. The most dominant type and value of modalities found in Hillary
Clinton’s speech is probability (54.34%) with median degree (36.93%).
Keywords: Systemic Functional Linguistics, Modalities, Types of Modalities,
Values of Modalities
ix
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini adalah kajian tentang modalitas dalam bahasa Hillary Clinton. Itu
bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana Hillary Clinton mengekspresikan sikap dan
pikirannya melalui pidatonya. Teori yang mendukung skripsi ini adalah teori yang
dikemukakan oleh M.A.K Halliday (1994) dan Amrin Saragih (2006). Skripsi ini
adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif oleh Miles, Huberman dan Saldana (2014).
Temuan tersebut menunjukkan 333 klausa yang menggunakan modalitas dari 942
klausa. Dalam skripsi ini, ada empat tipe modalitas (54.34% probabilitas, 2.4%
keseringan, 33.92% keharusan, 9.3% kecenderungan). Dan juga, ada tiga tingkatan
nilai modalitas dibagi menjadi: (1) 14.71% probabilitas-tinggi, 36.93% probabilitasmenengah, 2.70% probabilitas-rendah, (2) 0.30 % keseringan-tinggi, 0% keseringanmenengah, 2.10% keseringan-rendah, (3) 8.70% keharusan-tinggi, 15.01%
keharusan-menengah, 10.21% keharusan-rendah, and (4) 0% kecenderungan-tinggi,
9% kecenderungan-menengah, 0.30% kecenderungan-rendah. Tipe dan nilai
modalitas yang paling dominan yang ditemukan dalam pidato Hillary Clinton adalah
probabilitas (54.34%) dengan tingkat menengah (36.93%).
Kata Kunci: Linguistik Fungsional Sistemik, Modalitas, Tipe - tipe Modalitas,
Nilai - nilai Modalitas
x
Universitas Sumatera Utara
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Modalization and Modulation .................................................................... 14
Table 2.2: Finite Modal Operator ................................................................................ 15
Table 2.3: Three Values of Modality ........................................................................... 16
Table 2.4: Modality Expressed by Modals and Semi-Modals ...................................... 17
Table 4.1: Mood Adjuncts in Hillary Clinton’s Speech................................................ 27
Table 4.2: Clauses in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ........................................................... 30
Table 4.3: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................... 31
Table 4.4: Modal Adjuncts in Hillary Clinton’s Speech............................................... 33
Table 4.5: Finite Non-Modal Tense in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................. 35
Table 4.6: Adverbs Serving as Comment Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............ 36
Table 4.7: Clauses in Hillary Clinton’s Speech............................................................ 38
Table 4.8: Finite Non-Modal Tense in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................. 41
Table 4.9: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................... 41
Table 4.10: Adverb of Modality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ....................................... 43
Table 4.11: Modal Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .............................................. 44
Table 4.12: Mood Adjunct of Temporality Time in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .............. 45
Table 4.13: Phase as an Appearance Meaning in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .................. 45
Table 4.14: Modal Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .............................................. 47
Table 4.15: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................. 48
Table 4.16: Clauses in Hillary Clinton’s Speech.......................................................... 49
Table 4.17: Modal Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .............................................. 51
Table 4.18: Mood Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............................................... 52
Table 4.19: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................. 54
xi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Table 4.20: Clauses in Hillary Clinton’s Speech.......................................................... 56
Table 4.21: Typically by an Adjective in Hillary Clinton’s Speech.............................. 57
Table 4.22: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................. 58
Table 4.23: Projection type as Manner: Quality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech................ 60
Table 4.24: Mood Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............................................... 61
Table 4.25: Finite Non-Modal Tense in Hillary Clinton’s Speech................................ 62
Table 4.26: Projection type as an Idea in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .............................. 63
Table 4.27: Clauses in Hillary Clinton’s Speech.......................................................... 64
Table 4.28: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................. 65
Table 4.29: Causative in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ...................................................... 67
Table 4.30: Term of Conation in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .......................................... 68
Table 4.31: Projection type as an Idea in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .............................. 69
Table 4.32: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................. 70
Table 4.33: Mood Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............................................... 72
Table 4.34: Percentages of Types and Values of Modalities in Hillary Clinton’s
Speech ...................................................................................................... 74
Table 4.35: Category of Modalities in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .................................. 75
xii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ................................................................................... v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ............................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ vii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... ix
ABSTRAK................................................................................................................... x
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study .................................................................. 1
1.2 Problems of the Study ....................................................................... 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study ..................................................................... 5
1.4 Scope of the Study ............................................................................ 5
1.5 Significance of the Study .................................................................. 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY
2.1 Theoretical Framework..................................................................... 7
2.1.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis .............................................. 7
2.1.2 Systemic Functional Linguistic ...................................................... 9
2.1.3 Metafunction ................................................................................. 9
2.1.4 Modality ...................................................................................... 10
2.1.4.1 Functional Account of Modality ............................................... 11
2.1.4.1.1 Modalization ......................................................................... 11
2.1.4.1.1.1 Probability ......................................................................... 11
2.1.4.1.1.2 Usuality ............................................................................. 11
2.1.4.1.2 Modulation ........................................................................... 12
xiii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.1.4.1.2.1 Obligation .......................................................................... 12
2.1.4.1.2.2 Inclination........................................................................... 13
2.2 Relevant Studies ............................................................................ 19
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Method ............................................................................ 20
3.2 Data and Source of Data ................................................................ 20
3.3 Data Collecting Method ................................................................. 21
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis Method .............................................. 22
Data Collecting Method ................................................................ 23
Data Display ................................................................................. 24
Conclusion and Drawing Verification ........................................... 25
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 26
4.2 Types and Values of Modalities in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ....... 26
4.2.1 Probability Type in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............................ 27
4.2.1.1 High Degree of Probability in Hillary Clinton’s Speech.......... 27
4.2.1.2 Median Degree of Probability in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ..... 38
4.2.1.3 Low Degree of Probability in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ......... 47
4.2.2 Usuality Type in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................ 51
4.2.2.1 High Degree of Usuality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............. 51
4.2.2.2 Low Degree of Usuality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .............. 52
4.2.3 Obligation Type in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............................ 54
4.2.3.1 High Degree of Obligation in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ......... 54
4.2.3.2 Median Degree of Obligation in Hillary Clinton’s .................. 58
4.2.3.3 Low Degree of Obligation in Hillary Clinton’s ....................... 65
4.2.4 Inclination Type in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............................ 69
xiv
Universitas Sumatera Utara
4.2.4.1 Median Degree of Inclination in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ...... 69
4.2.4.2 Low Degree of Inclination in Hillary Clinton’s Speech........... 72
4.3 The Dominant of Type and Value of Modalities in Hillary
Clinton’s Speech ........................................................................ 73
4.3.1 The Percentages of Probability in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ...... 73
4.3.2 The Percentages of Usuality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ........... 73
4.3.3 The Percentages of Obligation in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ....... 73
4.3.4 The Percentages of Inclination in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ....... 74
4.4 Discussion.................................................................................... 76
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion .................................................................................. 78
5.2 Suggestion .................................................................................. 79
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 80
APPENDICES I
APPENDICES II
xv
Universitas Sumatera Utara
CLINTON’S SPEECH
MODALITIES
IN
HILLARY
A THESIS
BY
GRACE NATALIA TAMPUBOLON
REG. NO. 120705063
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2017
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AN ANALYSIS ON MODALITIES IN HILLARY CLINTON’S
SPEECH
A THESIS
BY
GRACE NATALIA TAMPUBOLON
REG. NO. 120705063
SUPERVISOR
CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum
NIP. 195904191981022 001
Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum
NIP.19570626 198303 2 001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera
Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2017
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. Deliana, M.Hum.
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D
NIP. 19571117 198303 2 002
NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara on May 23rd , 2017
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S.
NIP.19600805 198703 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. Deliana, M.Hum.
___________________
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D
___________________
Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum
___________________
Dr. Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans, M.Hum.
___________________
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, GRACE NATALIA TAMPUBOLON, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE
AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN
THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL
PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART
FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR A WARDED
ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED
WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS
THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD
OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
Date : May 23rd, 2017
v
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: GRACE NATALIA TAMPUBOLON
TITLE OF THESIS
: AN
ANALYSIS
ON
MODALITIES
IN
HILLARY CLINTON’S SPEECH
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
:
Date
: May 23rd, 2017
vi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In the name of the Holy Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, Amen. My
gratitude for God for the blessing He gives to me in writing this thesis. It is not my
power to finish my study, but it is Jesus Grace. Jesus, You are my everything …
First, I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies,
University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S, who has supported and
helped my study during the period of study in this faculty.
Secondly, I would like to thank to the Head of English Department, Dr.
Deliana, M.Hum, and the Secretary of English Department Rahmadsyah Rangkuti,
M.A. Ph.D and the Lecturers who shared many knowledge as long as study in this
faculty. My special thank goes to Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum as my supervisor and Dr.
Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum as my co-supervisor for their kindness, patience, support to
me toward face the exam, guidance, times, valuable ideas and advices in writing my
thesis. May God is always blessing you. I would like to thank to Sir Rusdi Noor
Rosa, S.S., M.Hum for his support to me to study linguistics and his valuable ideas in
giving suggestions for this thesis. And also I would like to thank to Sir Kirno who
helps me in administration process.
Third, My very special gratitude is for my beloved parents, my Father
Mr. Serma (Purn.) T. Tampubolon and my Mother Mrs. L. Manurung who always
there for me, pray for me in order I could finish my study, takes care of me, support
me to motivated to study, remind me to pray to God, advise me if I made mistakes,
and help me to do anything. Thank you so much Dad and Mom for your
unconditional love for me. Dad, Mom, you are my inspiration. I am nothing without
you. May God is always blessing you. I really do love you Dad and Mom.
vii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Then, my big thank goes to my beloved one sister, Dede Yulia Tampubolon
who takes care of me and always help me to do something if I feel so hard. I hope
you could finish your study well and get the best job for your future.
My big thank goes to the both of my beloved brothers, Serka Valentino Tampubolon
and Pratu Jhon Harry Tampubolon who support to me in payment tuition fee as long
as more four years, advise me to study well and never give up to reach the goal. I
hope you get more blessed. I love you my siblings. And also thank you to my cousin,
Jonathan Ralito Saragih who helps me and supports to me. I hope you will finish
your study well and reach your dream.
My special thank goes to my best friend Betaria Silaban, Ervika Yanti Sinaga
and Kristin Theresia Siregar, Martin Marbun, Nia Sri Wahyuni Tarigan, Debora
Indriani Butar-butar, Dame Diarnita Sianipar, Tondi Namora, Heleri Sinabutar,
Fandu Kokoh, Samuel Siagian who help me to finish my thesis, for their pray, and
their support in attending my final exam. I do love you guys. I would to thank to
someone in there who cares of me and pray for me. And also thank you to all my
friends in English Literature 2012 Class-A as long as four years.
Finally, I am really grateful to have everyone supporting me in the process of
writing this thesis. Thank you so much. I realize that this thesis is far from being
perfect. Hopefully, this thesis is advantageous for the readers. May God is always
blessing us, Amen.
Medan, May 23rd, 2017
Grace Natalia Tampubolon
Reg. No. 120705063
viii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
This thesis is study about modalities in Hillary Clinton’s speech. It aims to describe
how Hillary Clinton express her attitude and thought through her speech. The theory
supporting this thesis is a theory proposed by M.A.K Halliday (1994) and Amrin
Saragih (2006). This thesis is qualitative descriptive research by Miles, Huberman
and Saldana (2014). The findings are showed 333 clauses used modalities from 942
clauses. In this thesis, there are four types of modalities (54.34% probability, 2.4%
usuality, 33.92% obligation, 9.3% inclination). And also, there are three degree
values of modalities divided to: (1) 14.71% high-probability, 36.93% medianprobability, 2.70% low-probability, (2) 0.30 % high-usuality, 0% median-usuality,
2.10% low-usuality, (3) 8.70% high-obligation, 15.01% median-obligation, 10.21%
low-obligation, and (4) 0% high-inclination, 9% median-inclination, 0.30% lowinclination. The most dominant type and value of modalities found in Hillary
Clinton’s speech is probability (54.34%) with median degree (36.93%).
Keywords: Systemic Functional Linguistics, Modalities, Types of Modalities,
Values of Modalities
ix
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini adalah kajian tentang modalitas dalam bahasa Hillary Clinton. Itu
bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana Hillary Clinton mengekspresikan sikap dan
pikirannya melalui pidatonya. Teori yang mendukung skripsi ini adalah teori yang
dikemukakan oleh M.A.K Halliday (1994) dan Amrin Saragih (2006). Skripsi ini
adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif oleh Miles, Huberman dan Saldana (2014).
Temuan tersebut menunjukkan 333 klausa yang menggunakan modalitas dari 942
klausa. Dalam skripsi ini, ada empat tipe modalitas (54.34% probabilitas, 2.4%
keseringan, 33.92% keharusan, 9.3% kecenderungan). Dan juga, ada tiga tingkatan
nilai modalitas dibagi menjadi: (1) 14.71% probabilitas-tinggi, 36.93% probabilitasmenengah, 2.70% probabilitas-rendah, (2) 0.30 % keseringan-tinggi, 0% keseringanmenengah, 2.10% keseringan-rendah, (3) 8.70% keharusan-tinggi, 15.01%
keharusan-menengah, 10.21% keharusan-rendah, and (4) 0% kecenderungan-tinggi,
9% kecenderungan-menengah, 0.30% kecenderungan-rendah. Tipe dan nilai
modalitas yang paling dominan yang ditemukan dalam pidato Hillary Clinton adalah
probabilitas (54.34%) dengan tingkat menengah (36.93%).
Kata Kunci: Linguistik Fungsional Sistemik, Modalitas, Tipe - tipe Modalitas,
Nilai - nilai Modalitas
x
Universitas Sumatera Utara
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Modalization and Modulation .................................................................... 14
Table 2.2: Finite Modal Operator ................................................................................ 15
Table 2.3: Three Values of Modality ........................................................................... 16
Table 2.4: Modality Expressed by Modals and Semi-Modals ...................................... 17
Table 4.1: Mood Adjuncts in Hillary Clinton’s Speech................................................ 27
Table 4.2: Clauses in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ........................................................... 30
Table 4.3: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................... 31
Table 4.4: Modal Adjuncts in Hillary Clinton’s Speech............................................... 33
Table 4.5: Finite Non-Modal Tense in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................. 35
Table 4.6: Adverbs Serving as Comment Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............ 36
Table 4.7: Clauses in Hillary Clinton’s Speech............................................................ 38
Table 4.8: Finite Non-Modal Tense in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................. 41
Table 4.9: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................... 41
Table 4.10: Adverb of Modality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ....................................... 43
Table 4.11: Modal Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .............................................. 44
Table 4.12: Mood Adjunct of Temporality Time in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .............. 45
Table 4.13: Phase as an Appearance Meaning in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .................. 45
Table 4.14: Modal Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .............................................. 47
Table 4.15: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................. 48
Table 4.16: Clauses in Hillary Clinton’s Speech.......................................................... 49
Table 4.17: Modal Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .............................................. 51
Table 4.18: Mood Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............................................... 52
Table 4.19: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................. 54
xi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Table 4.20: Clauses in Hillary Clinton’s Speech.......................................................... 56
Table 4.21: Typically by an Adjective in Hillary Clinton’s Speech.............................. 57
Table 4.22: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................. 58
Table 4.23: Projection type as Manner: Quality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech................ 60
Table 4.24: Mood Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............................................... 61
Table 4.25: Finite Non-Modal Tense in Hillary Clinton’s Speech................................ 62
Table 4.26: Projection type as an Idea in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .............................. 63
Table 4.27: Clauses in Hillary Clinton’s Speech.......................................................... 64
Table 4.28: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................. 65
Table 4.29: Causative in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ...................................................... 67
Table 4.30: Term of Conation in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .......................................... 68
Table 4.31: Projection type as an Idea in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .............................. 69
Table 4.32: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................. 70
Table 4.33: Mood Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............................................... 72
Table 4.34: Percentages of Types and Values of Modalities in Hillary Clinton’s
Speech ...................................................................................................... 74
Table 4.35: Category of Modalities in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .................................. 75
xii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ................................................................................... v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ............................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ vii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... ix
ABSTRAK................................................................................................................... x
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study .................................................................. 1
1.2 Problems of the Study ....................................................................... 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study ..................................................................... 5
1.4 Scope of the Study ............................................................................ 5
1.5 Significance of the Study .................................................................. 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY
2.1 Theoretical Framework..................................................................... 7
2.1.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis .............................................. 7
2.1.2 Systemic Functional Linguistic ...................................................... 9
2.1.3 Metafunction ................................................................................. 9
2.1.4 Modality ...................................................................................... 10
2.1.4.1 Functional Account of Modality ............................................... 11
2.1.4.1.1 Modalization ......................................................................... 11
2.1.4.1.1.1 Probability ......................................................................... 11
2.1.4.1.1.2 Usuality ............................................................................. 11
2.1.4.1.2 Modulation ........................................................................... 12
xiii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.1.4.1.2.1 Obligation .......................................................................... 12
2.1.4.1.2.2 Inclination........................................................................... 13
2.2 Relevant Studies ............................................................................ 19
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Method ............................................................................ 20
3.2 Data and Source of Data ................................................................ 20
3.3 Data Collecting Method ................................................................. 21
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis Method .............................................. 22
Data Collecting Method ................................................................ 23
Data Display ................................................................................. 24
Conclusion and Drawing Verification ........................................... 25
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 26
4.2 Types and Values of Modalities in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ....... 26
4.2.1 Probability Type in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............................ 27
4.2.1.1 High Degree of Probability in Hillary Clinton’s Speech.......... 27
4.2.1.2 Median Degree of Probability in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ..... 38
4.2.1.3 Low Degree of Probability in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ......... 47
4.2.2 Usuality Type in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ................................ 51
4.2.2.1 High Degree of Usuality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............. 51
4.2.2.2 Low Degree of Usuality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech .............. 52
4.2.3 Obligation Type in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............................ 54
4.2.3.1 High Degree of Obligation in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ......... 54
4.2.3.2 Median Degree of Obligation in Hillary Clinton’s .................. 58
4.2.3.3 Low Degree of Obligation in Hillary Clinton’s ....................... 65
4.2.4 Inclination Type in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ............................ 69
xiv
Universitas Sumatera Utara
4.2.4.1 Median Degree of Inclination in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ...... 69
4.2.4.2 Low Degree of Inclination in Hillary Clinton’s Speech........... 72
4.3 The Dominant of Type and Value of Modalities in Hillary
Clinton’s Speech ........................................................................ 73
4.3.1 The Percentages of Probability in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ...... 73
4.3.2 The Percentages of Usuality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ........... 73
4.3.3 The Percentages of Obligation in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ....... 73
4.3.4 The Percentages of Inclination in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ....... 74
4.4 Discussion.................................................................................... 76
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion .................................................................................. 78
5.2 Suggestion .................................................................................. 79
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 80
APPENDICES I
APPENDICES II
xv
Universitas Sumatera Utara