An Analysis on Modalities in Hillary Clinton's Speech
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY
This thesis focuses on modalities found in expressed by Hillary Clinton in a
speech that deals with the concepts of Discourse Analysis, the concepts of Systemic
Functional Linguistic (SFL), and the concept of Modalities of functional grammar.
The explanation of each field of study is as follows:
2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1.1 An overview of Discourse Analysis
A discourse is not simply an organized collection of words, it is the
distillation in verbal form of the thoughts and outlook of the communicator (Mann
and Thompson, 1992:5). In understanding of a discourse does not tell about the
structure of the text or language system only, but primarily know about the meaning
which is the meaning mostly use verbal form. Man and Thompson state that verbal
forms are signals, signals of the meaning which the speaker or writer wishes to
convey.
In discourse studies, the focus has been solely on the written or spoken forms
for too long (Renkema, 2009:2). In this case of description, the writer will be
analyzing a text such a speech as an object description which is produced as spoken
discourse. The text is often seen as unproblematically given but this is misleading, as
a spoken discourse shows particularly well: one has to produce a ‘text’ by
transcribing speech, but there are all sorts of ways found in one might transcribe any
stretch of speech, and the way one interprets the text is bound to influence how one
7
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transcribes it (Fairclough, 1989:26). Halliday as cited in Webster (2002:4) states that
a text as an instance of social meaning in a particular context of situation.
Trapes and Lomax: state that the discourse analyst’s particular contribution to
this otherwise mundane activity is to do the noticing consciously, deliberately,
systemactially, and as far as possible, objectively, and to produce accounts
(descriptions, interpretations, explanations) of what their investigations have
revealed.
Discourse analysis is concerned with the study of the relationship between
language and the contexts found in it uses written texts of all kinds and spoken data,
from conversation to highly institutionalized forms of talk such as newspaper
articles, letters, stories, recipes, instructions, notices, comics, billboards, leaflets
pushed through the door, speech, debate, and so on (McCarthy, 1991:5).
Renkema (2004:282-285) as cited in Renkema (2009:277) states that the
method of discourse analysis is developed into context of critical discourse analysis.
Moreover, the term of discourse is central to critical discourse analysis.
Critical discourse analysis as a framework to explain how discourse is
influenced by the social, economic and political world (Van Leeuwen as cited in
Renkema, 2009:8).
In critical discourse analysis (CDA), the broader ideas communicated by a
text are referred to as discourses and the process of doing CDA involves looking at
choices of words and grammar in texts in order to discover the underlying discourses
and ideologies (Machin and Mayr, 2012:20).
8
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Van Dijk (1993:252) as cited in Renkema (2009:277) states that critical
discourse analysis is methodologically electic: it chooses and elaborates theories,
methods and empirical work as a function of their relevance for the realization of
socio-political goals.
2.1.2 Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL)
Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) is very useful descriptive and
interpretive framework for viewing language as a strategic, meaning making resource
(Halliday as cited in Eggins, 2004:2). Obviously, in learning about language refers to
know about what the system. Language is as one of the semiotic system that
represents a resource to create meaning. A language is a resource for making
meaning, and meaning resides in systemic patterns of choice (Halliday and
Matthiessen, 2004:23).
SFL is that the ways in which we can create meaning through language are
organized through patterns of use (Fontaine, 2013:5). Halliday (1994:xxix) as cited
in Eggins (2004:2) states that SFL is the one which will provide the framework to
understand the quality of texts; why a text means what it does, and why it is valued
as it is.
Therefore SFL can be determined through the meaning potentials of
language as emphasize the code of language, utterances of the language and specify
of all the text which have all the meaning potentials.
2.1.3 Metafunction
In analyzing of Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) is the notion of
metafunction. Metafunction can be generalized into three terms of metafunctions:
ideational function, interpersonal function, and textual function. Based on the three
9
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terms of metafunctions, it concludes that the one of metafunction term consist as
modality and mood. The term of metafunction is interpersonal function. The
interpersonal function is called as clause exchange. For interpersonal function
embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations. In
interpersonal options, those in the systems of mood, modality, person, key, intensity,
evaluation, comment and the like, tends to be determined by the role relationships in
the situation (Halliday, 2002:56). So this is quite different from the expression of
content mainly in language, such as both interactional and personal: there is, in other
words, a component in language which serves at one and the same time to express
both the inner and the outer surfaces of the individual, as a single undifferentiated
area of meaning potential that is personal in the broadest sense (Halliday, 2002:92).
In addition, interpersonal function is concerned with enacting interpersonal relations
through language, with the adoption and assignment of speech roles, with the
negotiation of attitudes, and so on - it is language in the praxis of intersubjectivity, as
a resource for interacting with others (Halliday and Matthiessen, 1999:7).
2.1.4 Modality
These intermediate degrees, between the positive and negative poles, are
known collectively as modality (Halliday, 1994:88). In a statement the modality is an
expression of the speaker’s opinion (Halliday, 1994:89). The way to obtain ‘yes’ and
‘no’ expressed in order account refer to distinction between proposition and
proposals. It is represented into modalization and modulation. It is as follows:
10
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.1.4.1 Functional Account of Modality
2.1.4.1.1 Modalization
Modality may be categorized as the area of meaning that lies between yes and
no (Halliday, 1994:356). In determining the intermediate ground between positive
and negative polarity can be found into category of modality such as modalization
and modulation. Modalization refers to the modality of propositions as information,
for instance: statements and questions.
In the proposition, the meaning of the positive and negative poles are
asserting and denying. There are two kinds of intermediate possibilities in
proposition such as degree of probability and degree of usuality. It is as follows:
2.1.4.1.1.1 Probability
Probability is degree of intermediate possibilities. The degrees of possibilities
in probability are possibly, probably, and certainly (Halliday, 1994:89). So the
degree of probability can be determiner to analyse modality. Probability can be
expressed through three ways (Halliday, 2004:147), as follows:
1. By a finite modal operator in the verbal group.
2. By a modal adjunct.
3. By both together.
2.1.4.1.1.2 Usuality
Usuality is degree of intermediate possibilities in modality. The degrees of
possibilities in usuality are sometimes, usually, and always (Halliday, 1994:89).
11
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The degree of possibilities began from low up to high. Usuality can be expressed in
the three ways, as follows:
1. By a finite modal operator in the verbal group.
2. By a modal adjunct.
3. By both together.
2.1.4.1.2 Modulation
In while, in proposals (goods-&-services), for instance: offers and commands.
In the proposals the meaning of positive and negative poles are prescribing and
proscribing. There are two kinds of intermediate possibilities in proposals depend on
the case of speech function such as command (the intermediate points represent
degrees of obligation) and offer (that represents degrees of inclination). It refers to
categorized as modulation (Halliday, 1994:222). It is as follows:
2.1.4.1.2.1 Obligation
Obligation is the kind of intermediate possibilities. In proposal, the
intermediate degree of command represents as obligation. The kind of intermediate
degrees of obligation are allowed to, supposed to, and required to (Halliday, 1994:
89). Obligation can be expressed in either of two ways, as follows:
1. By a finite modal operator
2. By an expansion of the predicator: (i) typically by a passive verb and
(ii) typically by an adjective.
12
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2.1.4.1.2.2 Inclination
The intermediate points of offer in proposal represent degrees of inclination
in modulation. The kind of intermediate degrees of inclination are willing to, anxious
to, and determined to (Halliday, 1994:89). To analyse modality through intermediate
degrees of inclination can be expressed in two ways, as follows:
1. By a finite modal operator
2. By an expansion of the predicator: (i) typically by a passive verb and
(ii) typically by an adjective.
Based on the explanation above, the modality has four kinds of intermediate
possibilities found in modalization and modulation. It is as representative the
meaning of the positive and negative poles in proposition and proposal. To
summarize Halliday’s categories of modality, we can look at the following table:
13
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Table 2.1: Modalization and Modulation (Halliday, 1994:91)
Commodity
Speech Function
Type of Intermediacy
Exchanged
Typical
Realization
Probability
Finite modal
operator
Modal
(possible
adjunct
/probable
(Both the
above)
Information
Proposition:
Statement,
Modalization:
/certain)
Question
Usuality
Finite modal
operator
M
Modal
O
(sometimes
adjunct
/usually
(Both the
D
A
above)
/always)
L
Obligation
Finite modal
operator
I
T
Command
Passive verb
(allowed
Y
predicator
/supposed
Goods-&-
Proposal:
Modulation:
/required)
Services
Inclination
Finite modal
operator
Offer
Adjective
(willing
predicator
/keen
/determined)
14
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In modalization, the speaker is making opinion about information through
statement or question for the listener. In the statement, the modality is an expression
of speaker’s opinion, whereas in the question it is a request for listener’s opinion
(Halliday, 1994:89). In modulation, the speaker is making command or offer for the
listener such as offering to do something, requesting the listener to do something, and
suggesting that they both do something. Modulation regularly implicates third
person; it is a statement of obligation and inclination in respect of others. In this case
they function as propositions, since to the person addressed they convey information
rather than goods and services. But they do not thereby lose their rhetorical force to
the third person (Halliday, 1994:89).
As presented of Halliday’s table of modalization and modulation above the
typical realizations of the four of degrees in modalization and modulation will be
described in value of modal as modal operators and in degree of assertiveness are
high, median, and low. It is explained based on modalities theory by M.A.K Halliday
(1994), as follows:
Table 2.2: Finite Modal Operator (Halliday, 1994:76)
Finite Modal Operators
Positive
Negative
Low
Median
High
can, may, could, might
will, would, should,
must, ought to, need,
(dare)
is/was to
has/had to
needn’t, doesn’t/didn’t +
won’t, wouldn’t,
musn’t, oughtn’t to,
need to, have to
shouldn’t, (isn’t/wasn’t
can’t, couldn’t,
to)
(mayn’t, mighn’t,
hasn’t/hadn’t to)
15
Universitas Sumatera Utara
In other explanations modality particularly in type and value of modality in
which presented above also classifies as modal adjunct. To determine type of
modality found in look out for what kinds of value are used in modality. They are as
follows:
Table 2.3: Three Values of Modality (Halliday, 1994:358)
Type
Probability
Usuality
Obligation
Inclination
High
Certain
Always
Required
Determined
Median
Probable
Usually
Supposed
Keen
Low
Possible
Sometimes
Allowed
Willing
Value
The type of modality above is classified in four kinds of types in modality
(probability, usuality, obligation, and inclination). The value of modality is not
classified into modal only but can be classified into semi-modal. Dixon (2005:173)
states that the value of modality classifies modal and semi-modal in certain central
meaning. It is shown in the table below:
16
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Table 2.4: Modality Expressed by Modals and Semi-modals (Dixon, 2005:173)
Modal
Semi-modal
Central Meaning
Will/would
Be going to
Prediction
-
Obligation
Have to
Necessity
Shall
Should
Ought to
Must
Have got to
Can/could
Be able to
Ability
-
Be about to
Imminent activity
Be to
-
Scheduled activity
May/might
-
Possibility
-
Get to
Achievement
-
Be bound to
Inevitability
In analyzing about modality does not analyse by modal adjunct or semimodal only but modality can be analyzed by uses the category of mood adjuncts,
mood adjunct of temporality time, clauses, semi – modal (finite non-modal tense),
finite verbal operators, modal adjunct, adverb of modality, adverb serving as
comment adjunct, typically by an adjective, projection type as manner (as an idea),
phase as an appearance meaning, causative, and term of conation asserted depend on
degree of the values in modality, and typical realization in modalization/ modulation.
17
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Because Halliday (1994) states that clause is used to exchange information and
modality involved in clause as exchange. In the below is the schema of system of
modality in clause as exchange in Halliday’s theory as follows:
Figure 2.1: Sytems Network of Modality
(Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004:150)
probability
Modalization
usuality
Modality
TYPE
obligation
Modulation
inclination
subjective
objective
Modality
Orientation
explicit
implicit
median
Value
high
outer
low
positive
Polarity
negative
direct
transferred
18
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2.2 RELEVANT STUDIES
There are some relevant studies in analyse modalities in speech or in debate
as the object of study to support this thesis. It is analysis on modalities in political
debate mainly in language of politics as the object of study. The analysis on
modalities is used by Rabiatul Adawiyah (2014) has investigated modalities used in
political debate discourse. She was analyse the two debate as the purpose to know the
modalities used by speakers. The study is analyse the presidential debate from U.S
and Indonesia. The U.S presidential debate was between Obama and Romney.
In whilst, Indonesia presidential debate was between Mega and SBY. So the
Indonesia presidential debate knew as “Beda Mega Beda SBY”. Temporary in other
relevant studies find out in thesis of Santi Siti Aisyah (2012) was analyse the
expression of modality and evaluation in Hillary Clinton’s speech. Because she
wants to proof what the modalities is frequently used in Hillary Clinton’s speech.
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REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY
This thesis focuses on modalities found in expressed by Hillary Clinton in a
speech that deals with the concepts of Discourse Analysis, the concepts of Systemic
Functional Linguistic (SFL), and the concept of Modalities of functional grammar.
The explanation of each field of study is as follows:
2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1.1 An overview of Discourse Analysis
A discourse is not simply an organized collection of words, it is the
distillation in verbal form of the thoughts and outlook of the communicator (Mann
and Thompson, 1992:5). In understanding of a discourse does not tell about the
structure of the text or language system only, but primarily know about the meaning
which is the meaning mostly use verbal form. Man and Thompson state that verbal
forms are signals, signals of the meaning which the speaker or writer wishes to
convey.
In discourse studies, the focus has been solely on the written or spoken forms
for too long (Renkema, 2009:2). In this case of description, the writer will be
analyzing a text such a speech as an object description which is produced as spoken
discourse. The text is often seen as unproblematically given but this is misleading, as
a spoken discourse shows particularly well: one has to produce a ‘text’ by
transcribing speech, but there are all sorts of ways found in one might transcribe any
stretch of speech, and the way one interprets the text is bound to influence how one
7
Universitas Sumatera Utara
transcribes it (Fairclough, 1989:26). Halliday as cited in Webster (2002:4) states that
a text as an instance of social meaning in a particular context of situation.
Trapes and Lomax: state that the discourse analyst’s particular contribution to
this otherwise mundane activity is to do the noticing consciously, deliberately,
systemactially, and as far as possible, objectively, and to produce accounts
(descriptions, interpretations, explanations) of what their investigations have
revealed.
Discourse analysis is concerned with the study of the relationship between
language and the contexts found in it uses written texts of all kinds and spoken data,
from conversation to highly institutionalized forms of talk such as newspaper
articles, letters, stories, recipes, instructions, notices, comics, billboards, leaflets
pushed through the door, speech, debate, and so on (McCarthy, 1991:5).
Renkema (2004:282-285) as cited in Renkema (2009:277) states that the
method of discourse analysis is developed into context of critical discourse analysis.
Moreover, the term of discourse is central to critical discourse analysis.
Critical discourse analysis as a framework to explain how discourse is
influenced by the social, economic and political world (Van Leeuwen as cited in
Renkema, 2009:8).
In critical discourse analysis (CDA), the broader ideas communicated by a
text are referred to as discourses and the process of doing CDA involves looking at
choices of words and grammar in texts in order to discover the underlying discourses
and ideologies (Machin and Mayr, 2012:20).
8
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Van Dijk (1993:252) as cited in Renkema (2009:277) states that critical
discourse analysis is methodologically electic: it chooses and elaborates theories,
methods and empirical work as a function of their relevance for the realization of
socio-political goals.
2.1.2 Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL)
Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) is very useful descriptive and
interpretive framework for viewing language as a strategic, meaning making resource
(Halliday as cited in Eggins, 2004:2). Obviously, in learning about language refers to
know about what the system. Language is as one of the semiotic system that
represents a resource to create meaning. A language is a resource for making
meaning, and meaning resides in systemic patterns of choice (Halliday and
Matthiessen, 2004:23).
SFL is that the ways in which we can create meaning through language are
organized through patterns of use (Fontaine, 2013:5). Halliday (1994:xxix) as cited
in Eggins (2004:2) states that SFL is the one which will provide the framework to
understand the quality of texts; why a text means what it does, and why it is valued
as it is.
Therefore SFL can be determined through the meaning potentials of
language as emphasize the code of language, utterances of the language and specify
of all the text which have all the meaning potentials.
2.1.3 Metafunction
In analyzing of Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) is the notion of
metafunction. Metafunction can be generalized into three terms of metafunctions:
ideational function, interpersonal function, and textual function. Based on the three
9
Universitas Sumatera Utara
terms of metafunctions, it concludes that the one of metafunction term consist as
modality and mood. The term of metafunction is interpersonal function. The
interpersonal function is called as clause exchange. For interpersonal function
embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations. In
interpersonal options, those in the systems of mood, modality, person, key, intensity,
evaluation, comment and the like, tends to be determined by the role relationships in
the situation (Halliday, 2002:56). So this is quite different from the expression of
content mainly in language, such as both interactional and personal: there is, in other
words, a component in language which serves at one and the same time to express
both the inner and the outer surfaces of the individual, as a single undifferentiated
area of meaning potential that is personal in the broadest sense (Halliday, 2002:92).
In addition, interpersonal function is concerned with enacting interpersonal relations
through language, with the adoption and assignment of speech roles, with the
negotiation of attitudes, and so on - it is language in the praxis of intersubjectivity, as
a resource for interacting with others (Halliday and Matthiessen, 1999:7).
2.1.4 Modality
These intermediate degrees, between the positive and negative poles, are
known collectively as modality (Halliday, 1994:88). In a statement the modality is an
expression of the speaker’s opinion (Halliday, 1994:89). The way to obtain ‘yes’ and
‘no’ expressed in order account refer to distinction between proposition and
proposals. It is represented into modalization and modulation. It is as follows:
10
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.1.4.1 Functional Account of Modality
2.1.4.1.1 Modalization
Modality may be categorized as the area of meaning that lies between yes and
no (Halliday, 1994:356). In determining the intermediate ground between positive
and negative polarity can be found into category of modality such as modalization
and modulation. Modalization refers to the modality of propositions as information,
for instance: statements and questions.
In the proposition, the meaning of the positive and negative poles are
asserting and denying. There are two kinds of intermediate possibilities in
proposition such as degree of probability and degree of usuality. It is as follows:
2.1.4.1.1.1 Probability
Probability is degree of intermediate possibilities. The degrees of possibilities
in probability are possibly, probably, and certainly (Halliday, 1994:89). So the
degree of probability can be determiner to analyse modality. Probability can be
expressed through three ways (Halliday, 2004:147), as follows:
1. By a finite modal operator in the verbal group.
2. By a modal adjunct.
3. By both together.
2.1.4.1.1.2 Usuality
Usuality is degree of intermediate possibilities in modality. The degrees of
possibilities in usuality are sometimes, usually, and always (Halliday, 1994:89).
11
Universitas Sumatera Utara
The degree of possibilities began from low up to high. Usuality can be expressed in
the three ways, as follows:
1. By a finite modal operator in the verbal group.
2. By a modal adjunct.
3. By both together.
2.1.4.1.2 Modulation
In while, in proposals (goods-&-services), for instance: offers and commands.
In the proposals the meaning of positive and negative poles are prescribing and
proscribing. There are two kinds of intermediate possibilities in proposals depend on
the case of speech function such as command (the intermediate points represent
degrees of obligation) and offer (that represents degrees of inclination). It refers to
categorized as modulation (Halliday, 1994:222). It is as follows:
2.1.4.1.2.1 Obligation
Obligation is the kind of intermediate possibilities. In proposal, the
intermediate degree of command represents as obligation. The kind of intermediate
degrees of obligation are allowed to, supposed to, and required to (Halliday, 1994:
89). Obligation can be expressed in either of two ways, as follows:
1. By a finite modal operator
2. By an expansion of the predicator: (i) typically by a passive verb and
(ii) typically by an adjective.
12
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.1.4.1.2.2 Inclination
The intermediate points of offer in proposal represent degrees of inclination
in modulation. The kind of intermediate degrees of inclination are willing to, anxious
to, and determined to (Halliday, 1994:89). To analyse modality through intermediate
degrees of inclination can be expressed in two ways, as follows:
1. By a finite modal operator
2. By an expansion of the predicator: (i) typically by a passive verb and
(ii) typically by an adjective.
Based on the explanation above, the modality has four kinds of intermediate
possibilities found in modalization and modulation. It is as representative the
meaning of the positive and negative poles in proposition and proposal. To
summarize Halliday’s categories of modality, we can look at the following table:
13
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Table 2.1: Modalization and Modulation (Halliday, 1994:91)
Commodity
Speech Function
Type of Intermediacy
Exchanged
Typical
Realization
Probability
Finite modal
operator
Modal
(possible
adjunct
/probable
(Both the
above)
Information
Proposition:
Statement,
Modalization:
/certain)
Question
Usuality
Finite modal
operator
M
Modal
O
(sometimes
adjunct
/usually
(Both the
D
A
above)
/always)
L
Obligation
Finite modal
operator
I
T
Command
Passive verb
(allowed
Y
predicator
/supposed
Goods-&-
Proposal:
Modulation:
/required)
Services
Inclination
Finite modal
operator
Offer
Adjective
(willing
predicator
/keen
/determined)
14
Universitas Sumatera Utara
In modalization, the speaker is making opinion about information through
statement or question for the listener. In the statement, the modality is an expression
of speaker’s opinion, whereas in the question it is a request for listener’s opinion
(Halliday, 1994:89). In modulation, the speaker is making command or offer for the
listener such as offering to do something, requesting the listener to do something, and
suggesting that they both do something. Modulation regularly implicates third
person; it is a statement of obligation and inclination in respect of others. In this case
they function as propositions, since to the person addressed they convey information
rather than goods and services. But they do not thereby lose their rhetorical force to
the third person (Halliday, 1994:89).
As presented of Halliday’s table of modalization and modulation above the
typical realizations of the four of degrees in modalization and modulation will be
described in value of modal as modal operators and in degree of assertiveness are
high, median, and low. It is explained based on modalities theory by M.A.K Halliday
(1994), as follows:
Table 2.2: Finite Modal Operator (Halliday, 1994:76)
Finite Modal Operators
Positive
Negative
Low
Median
High
can, may, could, might
will, would, should,
must, ought to, need,
(dare)
is/was to
has/had to
needn’t, doesn’t/didn’t +
won’t, wouldn’t,
musn’t, oughtn’t to,
need to, have to
shouldn’t, (isn’t/wasn’t
can’t, couldn’t,
to)
(mayn’t, mighn’t,
hasn’t/hadn’t to)
15
Universitas Sumatera Utara
In other explanations modality particularly in type and value of modality in
which presented above also classifies as modal adjunct. To determine type of
modality found in look out for what kinds of value are used in modality. They are as
follows:
Table 2.3: Three Values of Modality (Halliday, 1994:358)
Type
Probability
Usuality
Obligation
Inclination
High
Certain
Always
Required
Determined
Median
Probable
Usually
Supposed
Keen
Low
Possible
Sometimes
Allowed
Willing
Value
The type of modality above is classified in four kinds of types in modality
(probability, usuality, obligation, and inclination). The value of modality is not
classified into modal only but can be classified into semi-modal. Dixon (2005:173)
states that the value of modality classifies modal and semi-modal in certain central
meaning. It is shown in the table below:
16
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Table 2.4: Modality Expressed by Modals and Semi-modals (Dixon, 2005:173)
Modal
Semi-modal
Central Meaning
Will/would
Be going to
Prediction
-
Obligation
Have to
Necessity
Shall
Should
Ought to
Must
Have got to
Can/could
Be able to
Ability
-
Be about to
Imminent activity
Be to
-
Scheduled activity
May/might
-
Possibility
-
Get to
Achievement
-
Be bound to
Inevitability
In analyzing about modality does not analyse by modal adjunct or semimodal only but modality can be analyzed by uses the category of mood adjuncts,
mood adjunct of temporality time, clauses, semi – modal (finite non-modal tense),
finite verbal operators, modal adjunct, adverb of modality, adverb serving as
comment adjunct, typically by an adjective, projection type as manner (as an idea),
phase as an appearance meaning, causative, and term of conation asserted depend on
degree of the values in modality, and typical realization in modalization/ modulation.
17
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Because Halliday (1994) states that clause is used to exchange information and
modality involved in clause as exchange. In the below is the schema of system of
modality in clause as exchange in Halliday’s theory as follows:
Figure 2.1: Sytems Network of Modality
(Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004:150)
probability
Modalization
usuality
Modality
TYPE
obligation
Modulation
inclination
subjective
objective
Modality
Orientation
explicit
implicit
median
Value
high
outer
low
positive
Polarity
negative
direct
transferred
18
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.2 RELEVANT STUDIES
There are some relevant studies in analyse modalities in speech or in debate
as the object of study to support this thesis. It is analysis on modalities in political
debate mainly in language of politics as the object of study. The analysis on
modalities is used by Rabiatul Adawiyah (2014) has investigated modalities used in
political debate discourse. She was analyse the two debate as the purpose to know the
modalities used by speakers. The study is analyse the presidential debate from U.S
and Indonesia. The U.S presidential debate was between Obama and Romney.
In whilst, Indonesia presidential debate was between Mega and SBY. So the
Indonesia presidential debate knew as “Beda Mega Beda SBY”. Temporary in other
relevant studies find out in thesis of Santi Siti Aisyah (2012) was analyse the
expression of modality and evaluation in Hillary Clinton’s speech. Because she
wants to proof what the modalities is frequently used in Hillary Clinton’s speech.
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Universitas Sumatera Utara