MODALITIES IN BARACK OBAMAS SPEECH IN PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION OF 2013.
MODALITIESINBARACK OBAMA’S SPEECHINPRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATIONOF2013
AThesis
SubmittedtotheEnglishAppliedLinguisticsStudyProgramIn
PartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsforTheDegreeof
MagisterHumaniora
By
:
SYAFRINAPRIHATINI RegistrationNumber:8106112049
ENGLISHAPPLIEDLINGUISTICSSTUDYPROGRAM POSTGRADUATESCHOOL
STATEUNIVERSITYOFMEDAN MEDAN
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MODALITIESINBARACK OBAMA’S SPEECHINPRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATIONOF2013
AThesis
SubmittedtotheEnglishAppliedLinguisticsStudyProgramIn
PartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsforTheDegreeof
MagisterHumaniora
By
:
SYAFRINAPRIHATINI RegistrationNumber:8106112049
ENGLISHAPPLIEDLINGUISTICSSTUDYPROGRAM POSTGRADUATESCHOOL
STATEUNIVERSITYOFMEDAN MEDAN
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
ABSTRACT
Syafrina Prihatini. Registration number : 8106112049, Modalities in Barack
Obama’sSpeechinPresidentialInaugurationof2013.AThesis.EnglishApplied
StudyProgram.PostgraduateSchool.StateUniversityofMedan.2014.
This
study
used
the
modalities
which
were
applied
in
Barack
Obama’s
Speech
in
Presidential
Inauguration
of
2013
focused
on
types
of
modalities
and
value
of
modalities.
This
study
has
answered
the
problems
of
the
types
of
modality
in
Barack
Obama’s
Speech
in
Presidential
Inauguration
in
2013,
the
dominant
types
of
modality,
the
dominant
categories
of
value
of
modality
and
the
context
of
the
modality
used.
The
sources
of
data
are
modalities
and
values
of
modalities
used
in
Barack
Obama’s
Speech
in
Presidential
Inauguration
in
2013.
This
study
showed
that:
(i)
there
are
two
types
of
modality
namely:
modalisation
and
modulation.
The
modalisation
was
6
(11.3%)
and
the
modulation
was
47
(88.7%).
The
dominant
type
of
modality
was
modulation.(ii)
There
are
three
points
of
the
scale
of
modalisation
and
modulation,
namely:
high,
median,
and
low.
Modalisation
has
been
divided
into
two
subcategories,
namely:
probability
and
usuality.
Modulation
has
been
divided
into
two
subcategories
too,
namely:
obligation
and
inclination.
The
most
frequent
type
of
modality
were
modulation
and
the
most
frequent
value
of
modality
was
medium
obligation.
The
use
of
modality
and
value
used
in
Barack
Obama’s
Speech
in
Presidential
Inauguration
in
2013
was
statement.
It
occurred
because
in
Barack
Obama’s
Speech
in
Presidential
Inauguration
of
2013,
there
are
many
propositions,
the
meaning
of
positive
and
negative
poles
is
prescribing
and
proscribing.
In
terms
of
the
scale
of
modulation,
the
dominant
one
is
medium
obligation.
It
is
just
because
Barack
Obama’s
Speech
in
Presidential
Inauguration
of
2013
showed
the
expansion
or
man
as
a
predicator.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.
First and foremost, the writer would like to direct her very special
expressiontoAllahSWTthealmightyandmostmercifulforthecontinuous
blessinggoodhealthandluckuntilthispieceofacademicachievementappears
initspresentforms.Thesincerestshalawatandgreetingsarealsogiventothe
great prophet Muhammad SAW for his invaluable struggle in making the people’slifebetter.
ThewriterwouldliketoexpresshersinceregratitudetoProf.Dr.Lince
Sihombing,M.Pd.,herfirstadviserandDr.DidikSantoso,M.Pd.,hersecond
adviser,fortheirvaluableadvice,guidance,constructivecommentsandprecious
timespentonsupervisingandcommentingtheprocessoffinishingthispieceof
academicwriting.
Second,sheisalsoindebtedtoProf.AmrinSaragih,M.A.,Ph.D.,Prof.
Dr.BusminGurning,M.Pd.,andProf.Dr.BerlinSibarani,M.Pd.as her
reviewersandexaminersfortheirconstructivecommentsandsuggestionsfor
thisresearch.
HerappreciationisaddressedtoProf.Dr.BusminGurning,M.Pd.,and
Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S, Head and Secretary of the English Applied
LinguisticsStudy andFaridMa’rufwhohaveassistedherintheprocessof
administrationrequirementduringtheprocessofherstudyinthepostgraduate
program.SpecialthankstoalllecturersoftheEnglishAppliedLinguisticsStudy
Program,StateUniversityofMedanwhohavegiventheirvaluableknowledgeto
herintheirlectures.
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AveryspecialgratitudeisforwardedtoherbelovedparentsM.Zainuddin (Alm)andDwiSukinitogetherwithherbelovedhusbandDwiPodoWinarto,
ST.fortheirattentioningivingandsupportthebesteducationandcontinuous
loveandprayincompletingheracademicyears,andherlovelychildren,Rafi
AriMuharramshahandKalilaCitraFahiraalsomylovelybrotherandlittle brother and her amazing sisters Nina Mastuti, S.Pd. and R. Endang
Zastriyani,S.Pd.,fortheirfulllove,support,careandprayers.Thankyouso much.
Thanksaloveforherunforgetablefriends,thewriterfellsveryblessedfor
havingthefriendship.
MayGodblessus.
Medan,August2014
Thewriter
SYAFRINAPRIHATINI
RegisterNumber.8106112049
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...i
ABSTRACT...iii
TABLEOFCONTENTS ...iv
CHAPTER I:INTRODUCTION 1.1 BackgroundoftheStudy ...1
1.2 ProblemsoftheStudy...4
1.3 ObjectivesoftheStudy...4
1.4 ScopeoftheStudy...5
1.5 SignificanceoftheStudy...5
CHAPTER II:REVIEWOFLITERATURE 2.1 Modality...6
2.2 TypesofModality...22
2.3 ValuesofModality ...26
2.4ContextofModality...27
2.5ProcessoftheTypeofModality...29
2.6BarackObama’sSpeechViewedfromtheModalityPerspective...30
2.7RelevantStudies...33
CHAPTERIII:RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY 3.1 ResearchMethod ...36
3.2 DataandSourceofData...36
3.3 TechniqueofCollectingData...36
3.4 TechniqueofAnalysingData...37
3.5 TrustworthinessofStudy...38
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CHAPTER IV:DATAANALYSISANDFINDINGS
4.1 TheDescriptionofData...41
4.1.1ModalitiesandValueofModalities...41
4.2 DataAnalysis...41
4.3 ResearchFindings...45
4.4 Discussion...45
CHAPTERV:CONCLUSIONSABDSUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions...47
5.2 Suggestions...48
REFERENCES...49
APPENDIX...51
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1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The user of language is representing experience by using a clause. The clause itself represents experience in various aspects in order to be easily understood by the reader or listener. One of the aspects commonly used by the writer or speaker in the clause is the use of modality. The purpose is to give flavor or stress to the clause. This case is always found in the written text or spoken text especially in the speech.
Language is the means of self – expression. It is through language the
humans express their thoughts, desires, emotions and feeling. It is through it they store knowledge, transmit message, transfer knowledge and experience from one person to another. Most of the activities in the world are carried by language. It is through it that humans interact or relate to each other.
In this interaction, a means of communication allows people to say things to each other and expresses communicate their needs. During the communication, it is important to analyze word uttered by speaker. In the way the listener can understand the idea she wants to convey. In communicating or interacting with others one must use a language that is understood by the speaker and the listener.
Writing is a means to convey one‟s ideas to others; it should be simple and
unambiguous. The readers must comprehend the meaning readily and precisely. To comprehend the English language especially in speech, readers should prepare
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their knowledge and definitely be direct so that they will not waste their time trying to guess the meaning of the English speech text.
Many people get some problems when they read and write English. They find difficulties in comprehending many texts such as; newspaper, tabloids, magazines, books, letters, speech, etc. The difficulties will be clear for the readers when they try to understand the content of the English text.
There are some important functions of language, the first, language is the purposes of communication and social cooperation. This function of language enables the language users to influence people‟s behavior in detail, makes communication and social cooperation possible. Second, language can also function as an instrument of thought. A philosopher, for example, uses language to clarify and develop her ideas on subject, so here language is used as an instrument of thought. The third, language can be used for an expressive purpose. Halliday (1994: 10) asserts there are three functions of language in human life: ideational, interpersonal, and textual function. These are known as meta-function. The experiential function that is the use of language as the representation of experience.
This study addresses to the use of modality and values in Barack Obama‟s speech of inauguration of 2013. There are some reasons for selecting the topic as the subject matters. The first, modality is one of important points to be discussed because through studying modality and values one knows a personal judgment on,
opinion, „flavor‟ or „seasoning‟ to an experiential content or a speech function by
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3
spoken and written texts. But without doing research, no one knows how the modality and value are used in texts.
Modal can be found in text of speech or it can be found in many written and spoken languages. Such as short stories, lyrics, advertisement, plays, journal, film script, etc. Every language has modality. In Indonesia, for example, the modality is needed as in Budi harus menyelesaikan tugas nya besok. In this case, the modal “harus” or in English “must” is used to indicate a strong obligation to be done and punishment if it is not done. Besides that, that modal also implies that the activity will be done in the future time.
The readers or listeners always have some problems in understanding a text on modality. This occurs because they do not know the meaning stated in the modality itself. Consequently, they do not get the idea of the text delivered. For example : low finite modal operator, low modal adjunct, and median finite modal operator are used when Obama delivers his defensive statements. E.g: I may be wrong. The high finite modal operators and high modal adjuncts are used when Obama delivers his offensive statements. Eg: You must do that well.
In this case, the writer chooses Barack Obama‟s speech on presidential
inauguration of 2013 as the object of this research because it contains the use of modality. In this study the writer selects one of Barack Obama‟speech, it is the speech on presidential inauguration of 2013. Because by learning this speech she can get many experiences and knowledge especially the power of language used by Barack Obama to convince the American people to choose him again to be the president for the second term.
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For examples:
1. It must be secured by his people here on earth.
2. A great nation must care for the vulnerable and protect its people from
life‟s worst hazards and misfortune.
3. Equality could survive half slave, and half free.
In addition, the writer learns how modality and values are used in Barack
Obama‟s speech on presidential inauguration of 2013.
1.2 The Problems of Study
In relation to the background of the study, the research problems are formulated as the following:
1. What types of modality are used in Barack Obama‟s speech in presidential
inauguration of 2013?
2. What values of modality are used in Barack Obama‟s speech in
presidential inauguration of 2013?
3. In what context are those types of modality used in Barack Obama‟s
speech in presidential inauguration of 2013?
1.3 The Objectives of Study
In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are:
1. To describe the types of Modality used in Barack Obama‟s speech on
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5
2. To describe the value of modality used in Barack Obama‟s speech on
presidential inauguration of 2013.
3. To explain the reason for the contexts of Barack Obama‟s speech on
presidential inauguration of 2013 are described in the way they are.
1.4 The Scope of Study
The study is focused on finding out the modalization and modulation
and value of modalization and modulation which occur in Barack Obama‟s
speech on presidential inauguration of 2013. The source of data is limited
to the text of Barack Obama‟s speech on presidential inauguration of 2013.
1.5 The Significance of Study
The findings of the study are expected to give some relevant contribution to
the following:
1. Theoretically, the findings not only add more horizons on the use of
English outside the English speaking community but also more
comprehend the modalization in Barack Obama‟s speech on presidential
inauguration of 2013.
2. Practically, the findings are expected to be useful for students of English and linguists. By reading the findings of this research, they are expected to know how to use the modality of probability, usuality, obligation and inclination in sentence especially in a speech.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After analyzing the use of modality and value of modality in Barack Obama’s speech in presidential inauguration of 2013, conclusions are drawn as the followings.
1. In this research, the researcher found two types of modality, namely:
modalization and modulation. The sub-categories of modulation is probability and usuality. Probability found was 6 (11.3%), consisting low probability 2 (3.77%), medium was 2 (3.77%), and high probability found was 2 (3.77%). Modulation was 47 or 88.7%. In other words it was dominantly used by the speaker in delivering a speech. Modulation which has sub-categories namely: obligation and inclination. In this research is found obligation was 47 or 88.7%.
It means obligation was used dominantly. In Barack Obama’s speech in
presidential inauguration of 2013, obligation was expressed by English modal verbs such as: must, have to, need, might, should.
2. In terms of its value, the researcher found low Probability, medium
probability, high probability, low probability, low obligation, medium obligation, high obligation, low inclination, and medium inclination which are used in Barack Obama’s Speech on Presidential Inauguration of 2013.
3. The context of modaliy in Barack Obama’s Speech on Presidential
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56
may, might, can, could. It can be seen from the following sentence in a medical context: We must make the hard choices to reduce the cost of health care and the size of our deficit.
5.2 Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions above, the suggestions are stated as the following.
1) It is advisable that the teachers or lecturers should develop the whole
categories or types of modality to their students and introduce the the advantage of comprehending the value of modality in speech.
2) It is advisable that the audience or readers should learn English for specific
purpose so they know some language varieties and find specific terms.
3) It is advisable that the audience or readers who are interested in English
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REFERENCES
Ary, D. 1979. Introduction to Research in Education. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Bayanthi, N.M.U. 2011. Retorika dan Sistem Transitivitas dalam Pidato Pelantikan Presiden Amerika Serikat Barack Obama. Surabaya: Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Surabaya. (Thesis).
Charles W. Kreidler. 1998. Introducing English Semantics. London and New York: Routledge.
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y.S. (1994). Handbook of Qualitative Research ( 2nd
ed). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage Publications.
Ellis, M. 2003. An Introduction to General Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University.
Fajariah, Lely. 2006. An analysis on the Text of SBY’s Speech of Modality.
Medan: Skripsi. UMSU. Unpublished.
Gall, M., Gall, J., & Borg, W. (1993). Educational Research. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
Gerot, Linda. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney: Australia.
Gunawan, S. 2012. The Power of Persuasive Text Building in Barack Obama’s
Presidential Compaign Speeches. Surabaya: Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Surabaya. (Thesis).
Halliday, M.A.K, & Hasan, R. 1999. Language, Context and Text : Aspect of Language in a Social Semiotic Perspective. Geelong: Deakin University. Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Second Edition.
London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1990). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Melbourne: Hodder & Stoughton.
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58
Khairil. 2010.The Use of Modality in Business Column of the Jakarta Post. Medan.Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Graduated Program. The State University of Medan.
Kress.1985. Ideological Structure in Discourse, In Van Dijk T.A (ed) Hand Book of Discourse Analysis Volume.
Lincoln YS, Guba EG. 1985. Naturalistic Enquiry. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Mulyana, Y.G.H. 1995. A Practical Guide for Speaking. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc.
Martin, J.R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1992). Qualitative Data Analysis.Thousand Oaks.
Saragih, Amrin. 2004. Introducing Functional Grammar. Medan : Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Muhammadyah Sumatera Utara. Unpublished.
Shenton, A. & Hayter, S. (2004) Strategies for gaining access to organizations and informants in qualitative studies. Education for Information, 22, 223-231.
(1)
For examples:
1. It must be secured by his people here on earth.
2. A great nation must care for the vulnerable and protect its people from life‟s worst hazards and misfortune.
3. Equality could survive half slave, and half free.
In addition, the writer learns how modality and values are used in Barack Obama‟s speech on presidential inauguration of 2013.
1.2 The Problems of Study
In relation to the background of the study, the research problems are formulated as the following:
1. What types of modality are used in Barack Obama‟s speech in presidential inauguration of 2013?
2. What values of modality are used in Barack Obama‟s speech in presidential inauguration of 2013?
3. In what context are those types of modality used in Barack Obama‟s speech in presidential inauguration of 2013?
1.3 The Objectives of Study
In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are:
1. To describe the types of Modality used in Barack Obama‟s speech on presidential inauguration of 2013.
(2)
2. To describe the value of modality used in Barack Obama‟s speech on presidential inauguration of 2013.
3. To explain the reason for the contexts of Barack Obama‟s speech on presidential inauguration of 2013 are described in the way they are.
1.4 The Scope of Study
The study is focused on finding out the modalization and modulation and value of modalization and modulation which occur in Barack Obama‟s speech on presidential inauguration of 2013. The source of data is limited to the text of Barack Obama‟s speech on presidential inauguration of 2013.
1.5 The Significance of Study
The findings of the study are expected to give some relevant contribution to the following:
1. Theoretically, the findings not only add more horizons on the use of English outside the English speaking community but also more comprehend the modalization in Barack Obama‟s speech on presidential inauguration of 2013.
2. Practically, the findings are expected to be useful for students of English and linguists. By reading the findings of this research, they are expected to know how to use the modality of probability, usuality, obligation and inclination in sentence especially in a speech.
(3)
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After analyzing the use of modality and value of modality in Barack Obama’s speech in presidential inauguration of 2013, conclusions are drawn as the followings.
1. In this research, the researcher found two types of modality, namely: modalization and modulation. The sub-categories of modulation is probability and usuality. Probability found was 6 (11.3%), consisting low probability 2 (3.77%), medium was 2 (3.77%), and high probability found was 2 (3.77%). Modulation was 47 or 88.7%. In other words it was dominantly used by the speaker in delivering a speech. Modulation which has sub-categories namely: obligation and inclination. In this research is found obligation was 47 or 88.7%. It means obligation was used dominantly. In Barack Obama’s speech in presidential inauguration of 2013, obligation was expressed by English modal verbs such as: must, have to, need, might, should.
2. In terms of its value, the researcher found low Probability, medium probability, high probability, low probability, low obligation, medium obligation, high obligation, low inclination, and medium inclination which are used in Barack Obama’s Speech on Presidential Inauguration of 2013.
3. The context of modaliy in Barack Obama’s Speech on Presidential Inauguration of 2013 is indicated by modal value such as: would, shall, should,
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may, might, can, could. It can be seen from the following sentence in a medical context: We must make the hard choices to reduce the cost of health care and the size of our deficit.
5.2 Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions above, the suggestions are stated as the following.
1) It is advisable that the teachers or lecturers should develop the whole categories or types of modality to their students and introduce the the advantage of comprehending the value of modality in speech.
2) It is advisable that the audience or readers should learn English for specific purpose so they know some language varieties and find specific terms. 3) It is advisable that the audience or readers who are interested in English
(5)
REFERENCES
Ary, D. 1979. Introduction to Research in Education. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Bayanthi, N.M.U. 2011. Retorika dan Sistem Transitivitas dalam Pidato
Pelantikan Presiden Amerika Serikat Barack Obama. Surabaya: Program
Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Surabaya. (Thesis).
Charles W. Kreidler. 1998. Introducing English Semantics. London and New York: Routledge.
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y.S. (1994). Handbook of Qualitative Research ( 2nd
ed). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage Publications.
Ellis, M. 2003. An Introduction to General Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University.
Fajariah, Lely. 2006. An analysis on the Text of SBY’s Speech of Modality. Medan: Skripsi. UMSU. Unpublished.
Gall, M., Gall, J., & Borg, W. (1993). Educational Research. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
Gerot, Linda. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney: Australia. Gunawan, S. 2012. The Power of Persuasive Text Building in Barack Obama’s
Presidential Compaign Speeches. Surabaya: Program Pasca Sarjana
Universitas Negeri Surabaya. (Thesis).
Halliday, M.A.K, & Hasan, R. 1999. Language, Context and Text : Aspect of
Language in a Social Semiotic Perspective. Geelong: Deakin University.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Second Edition. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1990). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Melbourne: Hodder & Stoughton.
(6)
Khairil. 2010.The Use of Modality in Business Column of the Jakarta Post. Medan.Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Graduated Program. The State University of Medan.
Kress.1985. Ideological Structure in Discourse, In Van Dijk T.A (ed) Hand Book
of Discourse Analysis Volume.
Lincoln YS, Guba EG. 1985. Naturalistic Enquiry. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Mulyana, Y.G.H. 1995. A Practical Guide for Speaking. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc.
Martin, J.R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1992). Qualitative Data Analysis.Thousand Oaks.
Saragih, Amrin. 2004. Introducing Functional Grammar. Medan : Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Muhammadyah Sumatera Utara. Unpublished.
Shenton, A. & Hayter, S. (2004) Strategies for gaining access to organizations
and informants in qualitative studies. Education for Information, 22,
223-231.