Shift Of Cohesion In The Translation Of Tempo Magazine Chapter III VI

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
This chapter gives an account of the methodology of the research which is
adopted in this study, and a description of the procedures that have been followed.
It is organised around five main headings: Research Approach; Research Design;
Procedures and Preparation; Data Source and Data Gathering; Method of Analysis;
Presentation of Data Analysis. It is appropriate at this point to be reminded of the
research questions presented in Chapter One; to discover if (1) the explicit and
implicit meaning potential change in the translation from Indonesian text to the
English one in Tempo magazine (2) shifts of cohesion in influence the meaning of
the translation from Indonesian text to the English one in Tempo magazine and (3)
if culture changes the shifts of cohesion in the translation from Indonesian text to
the English one in Tempo magazine.
3.2 Research Approach: Qualitative
Basically, there are two types of research method: qualitative and
quantitative. Quantitative method used to be considered as one which fulfils the
requirements of a qualified research method since it advocates the use of
instruments in order to measure certain phenomena and is processed statistically.
However, it is a known fact that data comprising of figures and systematic

processes are not necessarily able to explain the truth.
The approach in the present research is essentially qualitative. The
researcher’s key concepts are on meaning, understanding and context. In
41

quantitative research, the researcher wishes to test a hypothesis, establishes facts or
statistically describes a phenomenon, but the qualitative research on the other hand,
strive to develop understanding, to interpret and describe natural realities or capture
naturally occurring behaviour. In a qualitative research approach, the data may
consist of interviews, narratives or texts, documents or artifacts.
Qualitative research emphasizes on observatory method in the field, and the
data are analyzed non-statistically even though it does not mean that there will not
be any figures in it. Qualitative research emphasizes more on the use of the
researcher himself as the instrument. He has to be able to reveal the social
phenomena in the field by exerting all his five senses. Therefore, he has to be able
to be accepted by his respondents and his environment so that he is able to disclose
the hidden data through utterances, gestures, attitude, or idiomatic expression which
are developing in the respondents’ world and environment.
This study can therefore be categorized as a qualitative descriptive
analytical research performed within a research framework in which the concepts

are investigated using documents which in this case, is a set of articles from an
independently published magazine. Analysis is focused on the occurrence of shifts
in cohesion in a translated version of the documents, to discover if there is a change
in meaning and message in the target text.
3.3 Research Design
The theory guiding this research is that proposed by Shosana Blum-Kulka
in Venuti (2000: 288-314 ) on the concepts of shifts of cohesion (and coherence) in
translation. Specifically, the shifts of cohesion from the meaning point of view
which could be considered as an overt relationship that combined parts of a text and

42

are expressed by using language specific markers. The argument was developed by
adopting a discoursal and communicative approach to the study of translation.
The shifts of cohesion proposed by Kulka in Venuti is an approach which is
viewed as an act of communication related at least to linguistic, discoursal, and
social system found in two different languages in which there were, of course,
cultural elements. In addition, the researcher also adopts Larson’s theory of
meaning-based translation. Larson points out that translation is the presentation of
the same meaning in the second language as what is intended in the first language.

Larson further states that searching for the translated text meaning would include
searching for the explicit and the implicit information. A translator is normally
aware of the implicit and explicit information meant. In order to rewrite a text
semantically, there most probably be numerous implicit concepts which should be
made explicit.
Beckman and Callow in Larson (1984: 494) pointed out that there are three
types of implicit information which is obtained from (a) the closest context in the
document, (b) the farther context in the document, and (c) cultural context.
Whereas, implicit information could be made explicit if it is (a) required by the
grammar of the target language, (b) required to expose the meaning of the source
text correctly and clearly, (c) needed for natural style or for creating the same
emotive effect as the source language, and (d) implicitly expressed in the source
text. It could be concluded that implicit information in a source text should be made
explicit in a translation, and vice versa. The target of a translation was to transfer
the meaning in the source text correctly to the target text.

43

The model for the analysis of data in this study emulates that proposed by
Miles and Huberman,1994 depicted below, and following the model is the

description

of

the

procedures

that

the

researcher

undertakes.

Figure 3.1 Component of Data Analysis: Interactive model Matthew Miles
and Huberman,(1994 : 26)

It needs to be stated that the components of data analysis include the

following:
1. Data reduction, which refers to the process of selecting, focusing, and
simplifying the “raw” data which occur in the researcher’s field research.
2. Data display, defined as the amount of information which is arranged in an
orderly manner so that it allows the conclusion to be described and action to
be taken.
3. The third stage of analyzing the data is interpreting the findings. From the
beginning of the data collection, the qualitative researcher searches from

44

every phenomenon s/he has obtained, take notes on the regularity or pattern
of explanation and, the existing configuration, linear of causality, and
proposition. During the study, each conclusion which has been drawn would
be verified so that the researcher would obtain valid conclusion.
3.4 Procedures and Preparation
The first step is to be clear on the key concepts involved in this study. Thus
the researcher needs to gather enough information to have an in-depth
understanding of what is translation, cohesion, shifts in cohesion and impact on the
target text.

Next it is necessary to explicate and interpret the overall theoretical
framework, which is the approach taken by Kulka in Venuti with regards to shifts
in cohesion and the resulting explicitness or implicitness in the target text.
The third step is to decide on the source of data and the amount needed to
produce a sufficient and reasonable set of findings.
3.5 Data Source and Data Gathering
As referred to in Chapter One, the source of data for this study is Tempo, a
weekly Indonesian magazine that covers news on politics and economics. It was
founded by Goenawan Mohamad and Yusril Djalinus and, with the first edition
published on March 6, 1971.
Under the New Order of President Suharto, Information Minister Harmoko
banned the publishing of Tempo magazine, along with two others, citing them as a
threat to national stability. Its publication however resumed following Suharto's
departure from office. In response to the ban, a number of journalists established
the Alliance of Independent Journalists. The English version began to be published

45

on September 20, 2000. It adopted 80 percent of the content of the Indonesian
version and 20 percent from other countries. However, the content of the cover

story was adopted 100% from the Indonesian version: Berita Utama
The data source of the research consisted of the main source from Tempo
magazine, both in Indonesian version and in the English version. The data were
obtained the texts found in the column of “Berita Utama” and the text found in the
Cover Story of Tempo magazine in the Indonesaian version and the English version
respectively. The data were the texts above – Tempo magazines of the 24th of
January, the 31st of January, the 14th of March, 2010, the 24th of March, the 27th of
March, the 24th of April, the 16th of May, the 3rd of July, the 24th of july, the 28 of
August, 2011, and the 15th of June, 2012 editions. Therefore, all of the texts
consisted of 11 articles which consisted of 363 paragraphs. The samples were taken
by using random sampling technique: the 14th of March, 2010 and the 28 of August,
2011 editions which consisted of 54 paragraphs both same in Indonesian and
English text in which words, phrases, and clauses were analyzed according to their
analytical problems.
Apart

from

the

weekly magazine, Tempo also

publishes

a

daily

newspaper, Koran Tempo. It provides semi-investigative news about political and
economic issues in Indonesia. The newspaper is only published in Indonesian but
foreign readers can read the English version at Tempo.co. It has a unique style of
journalism and quite different from other Indonesian daily newspapers. It is what
they call 'the story behind the story’ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo 2015).

46

It can be seen therefore that Tempo is very influential, sufficient for the
Indonesian government to label it a threat to national stability and ban it. It means
that the authority considers it to have the power to influence the masses.
This study selected texts randomly from 11 articles of the published

magazine from January 2010 to July 2012. These samples are thus purposive, the
researcher reduces the number of data to be analyzed and interpreted them
according to the categories discussed in the research questions.

3.6 Method of Data Analysis
In a qualitative research, the analysis commences since the beginning of the
study. The data obtained is directly analyzed. This continues until the adequate
results are obtained and completed. This is particularly a characteristic aspect of
qualitative research, the emphasis is on the process rather than the result. It means
that the gathering of the data is concerned with the result and the consequence of
various affected variables.
Analyzing the data is actually doing the interpretation, and there was a valid
reason for this. Scientific knowledge is a creation or development rather than an
imitation, a concept, or hypothesis, of the theories which have not been found yet in
reality but they have to be developed.
Miles and Huberman (1994: 21-23) point out that there are three stages in
the activities of analyzing the data. The process of analysis flows from the first
stage until the stage of drawing the conclusion. Miles & Huberman (1994) called
the analysis of qualitative data the ‘flow’ model. The components of the data

47

analysis include data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and
verification.

3.7 Presenting the Data Analysis
The analysis begins by presenting the product of the translation, that is the
cover stories in Tempo magazines, the Indonesian version as well as the English
version. The process of shift of cohesion in translation is examined in each
paragraph that make up each of the 11 selected articles. The shifts that the
researcher looks for are the linguistic and lexical forms which would occur in the
process of translating the source text in Indonesian to the target text in English.
The occurrence of shifts is indicated by underlining the phrases and
expressions in the original text and presenting them separately as Source Text (ST)
and Target Text (TT).
The result of the analysis will be represented in the form of description,
tables, and diagrams for each of the segment that has been analyzed. The following
is an example of each type of analysis and presentation.
ST : di ruangan lain
TT : taking place in another room

LIT: in another room
The phrase, di ruangan lain literally means ‘in another room’, but here
it is translated to ‘taking place in another room’. Here, the translator again
adds some words in order to make the phrase clearly understood by the
target text reader. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness
higher than that of the source text.

48

Table 3.1 Shift of cohesion : the general level of the target text’s textual
explicitness higher than that of the ST
No.

ST

TT

Occurrence

Percentage

1

word

Phrase

6

17 %

2

word

clause

2

5,5 %

3

phrase

phrase

12

33 %

4

phrase

Clause

5

14 %

4

clause

Clause

11

30,5 %

36

100 %

TOTAL

Percentage of the general level of the target text’s textual
explicitness is higher than that of the source text
14
33%

12

30,5%

10
8
6

17%
11%

4
5,5%
2
0
words - phrases

words - clauses

phrases - phrases

words - phrases

words - clauses

phrases - clause

clauses - clauses

phrases - clause

clauses - clauses

phrases - phrases

Figure 3.2 Representation/diagram of the finding of a segment

In conclusion, this chapter has detailed the procedures taken to obtain the
data for a research of this nature. The next two chapters present the complete
analysis of the data and discussion of the major findings.

49

CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS

This chapter consisted of two parts: data and data analysis. The main data
were obtained from Tempo magazines randomly, either from the Indonesian
version as the ST or from the English version as the TT. The data were taken
specifically from the text of Berita Utama as the ST and of the ‘Cover Story’ as the
TT. The raw data were presented in columns and classified based on the types,
according to the subject matter of the research which was related to the shifts of
meaning in cohesion found in the source text and in the target text explicitly and
implicitly.
4.1 Data Analysis
Data analysis was obtained from the two types of text, ST (Indonesian
version) and TT (English version). The analysis dealt with words, phrases, clauses
which were found in the ST and then classified and analyzed the two texts in order
to find out and to determine whether there were the shifts in meaning from the ST
to the TT.
The classified shifts which were related to the problems of the research
were then extended. The extension could be divided into
-

Shifts in the level of explicitness; namely, the general levels of the target text’s
textual explicitness is higher or lower than that of the source text;

-

Shifts in text meaning(s); namely, the explicit and implicit meaning potential
of the source changes through translation.

50

4.1.1

Shifts of Cohesion: the General Level of Target Text’s Textual
Explicitness higher than that of Source Text
The overt cohesive relationships between part of the texts are necessarily

linked to a language‘s grammatical system (Halliday and Hasan 1976). Kulka in
Venuti further points out that the difference between languages will be expressed
with the changes in the types of cohesive ties from the source languages to the
target languages. These changes will make a shift in the text in the level of
explicitness which is higher or lower than that of the ST (Kulka in Venuti in
Venuti: 2000). The following is shifts in the level of explicitness which are higher
than those of the ST.
ST: Lobi intensif hingga detik akhir (March 7, 2010)
TT: Intensive lobbying is being done up to the final moments (March 9, 2010)
LIT: Intensive lobbying until the last second
In the paragraphs below, the shift in the level of explicitness; namely, the
general level of the target texts’ textual explicitness is higher than that of the ST.
ST: Wakil presiden Boediono dan Menteri Keuangan Sri Mulyani Indrawati
kemungkinan besar lolos dari jerat panitia angket Bank Century. Lobi intensif
hingga detik terakhir (1),

TT: ‘Vice president Boediono and Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati
are likely to fare well in the final decision of the Bank Century inquiry special
committee. Intensive lobbying is being done up to the final moments’ (1).
1.

ST: Lobi intensif hingga detik terakhir
TT: Intensive lobbying is being done up to the final moments
LIT: intensive lobbying up to the last moment

51

The change occurs in the level of explicitness, the general level of the
target text’s textual explicitness is higher than that of the ST (Kulka in
Venuti in Venuti, 2000:299). The shift is caused by the grammatical
distinction which is indicated by the change in the cohesion; that is, the
phrase becomes a clause which is explicitly shifted. In ST, the verb is
omitted while in TT it appears: ‘is being done’. Therefore, the shift occurs
in the higher level: the verb ‘is being done’ is inserted, ‘lobby’ becomes
‘lobbying’ and ‘moment’ becomes ‘moments’.
It is worth noted that this is the Heading which is usually a short
statement. In this case, Tempo seems translates it to a long sentence. It is
much better if it is translated to a phrase, ‘Intensive lobbying up to the final
moments’.
ST: TIDAK mudah menyamakan isi kepala (2) sembilan orang. Apalagi jika
mereka mewakili sembilan kepentingan politik yang berbeda. Kamis pekan lalu,
rapat tim kecil (3) panitia khusus penyelidikan bailout Bank Century, di Hotel
Santika, Slipi, Jakarta Barat, tak bisa menemukan kata sepakat Padahal, dua jam
lebih mereka berembuk, merumuskan laporan final Panitia Angket yang akan
dibacakan dalam Rapat Paripurna Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Selasa pekan ini.

TT: ‘It is not easy to get nine people to think along the same lines (2),
especially if they represent nine different political interests. On Thursday last week,
at a meeting of a team of representatives (3) of the special committee to investigate
the Bank Century bailout case, at Santika Hotel, in West Jakarta, no agreement was
reached. They met for more than two hours, formulating the final report of the
DPR's Bank Century Special Inquiry Committee, which was to be read at the DPR

52

Plenary Session on Tuesday this week’.
2. ST: menyamakan isi kepala
TT: get to think along the same line
LIT: treat as equal [the] content [of] head
In the clause, menyamakan isi kepala , there are two types of shift in
cohesion: the shift in the implicit and explicit potential of the ST which
changes through translation and the general level of TT is higher than that
of the ST. menyamakan isi kepala is literally translated as

‘treat as equal

[the] content [of] head’. Here, it is translated into ‘get to think along the
same line’ so that the TT reader will clearly understand which has been
intended by the writer of the ST which will automatically indicates the
general level explicitness of TL is in a higher level.
3.

ST : tim kecil
TT : team of representatives
LIT: small team
The phrase tim kecil has the shift of cohesion in the general level of

target text which is higher than the SL. The word kecil/small is omitted
because the word. kecil in the context above will cause the TT reader to be
confused with the question, how small? Therefore, in TT it is replaced to the
word, ‘representatives’, or in other words, the translator uses the shift of the
text meaning; and there is also another shift of cohesion that is a meaning
potential of the SL changes through the translation: ‘small team’ becomes
‘team of representatives’.

53

ST: “Dibolak-balik (4), tetap saja tidak ketemu," kata politikus (5) Fraksi Partai
Persatuan Pembangunan, Muhammad Romahurmuziy, saat dihubungi akhir pekan
lalu. Mereka baru bubar (6) setengah jam lepas tengah malam.

TT: “We kept going over it, but(4) we still failed to reach an agreement,”
said Muhammad Romahurmuziy, a member (5) of the United Development Party
(PPP) faction, at the end of last week. The meeting had just broken up (6) a half
hour after midnight.
4. ST : dibolak balik
TT: we kept going over it
LIT: turned over and over
The clause, dibolak balik, which literally means ‘turned over and over’,
is translated as ‘we kept going over it’ in the target text. In this case, the
translator changes the clause dibolak balik which is a collocation in the ST
might bewilder the TT. To avoid this, the translator has to find its explicit
form in his translation and change it to a clause which indicates that there is
a shift in the grammatical level ST is in passive but in TT active. Besides
that, there is also the shift in higher level explicitly by using grammatical
cohesion of reference ‘we’. The conjunction in the target text from the
source text is disguised. This indicates that there is a shift of cohesion in the
target text to a higher level.
5. ST : politikus
TT : as a member of PPP’s party
LIT: politician

54

The word, politikus in the source text literally means ‘politician’.
This literal translation is, of course, does not match with the context of the
source text, and the translator also believe that the reader of the target text
will be confused since the word does not go anywhere. The translator then
tries to find the right translation (in this case, the correct phrase), and
finally translates it ‘as a member of PPP’s party’ in the target text. Here,
the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of
the source text

(reiteration at super-ordinate cohesion device/lexical

cohesion).
6.

ST: bubar
TT: had just broken up
LIT: [to] disperse
The same is true to the word, ‘bubar’ in the source text literally

means ‘[to] disperse’, but the translator might think that this word is not
appropriate to be used in the target text; therefore the translator has to find
the right word or phrase which in part with the intention of the context in
the source text; therefore, the translator finally choose the clause, ‘had just
broken up’ from word in ST becomes clause in TT. In this case, the shift
occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text
(reiteration/lexical cohesion).
ST: Agenda rapat malam itu memang bukan soal sederhana. Mereka ha rus
menyatukan sedikitnva empat kubu pendapat menjadi satu laporan tunggal untuk
disikapi 560.anggota parlemen dalam rapat paripurna pada (7) Rabu, 3 Maret.
Semula mereka berusaha berkompromi agar Panitia Angket bulat bersikap. Tapi

55

gradasinya terlalu lebar, tidak mungkin disamakan (8)." kata Romahurmuziy lagi.

TT: The meeting's agenda that night was no simple matter. They had to
bring together at least four viewpoints into one single report to be read out to 560
members of the legislalure at a plenary session scheduled for March 3. They
initially tried to compromise so that the Special Committee could come up with a
unanimous stance. "However, the differences were too great. We could not unify
them," stressed Romahurmuziy.
7.

ST : pada
TT : [be] scheduled for
LIT: on
The same is true to the word, pada which literally means ‘on’, as the

preposition of indicating days and dates, but in the target text the translator
translates it to the phrase, ‘[be] scheduled for’ which is called reiteration
(synonym). Here, the translator, of course, intends to let the reader in TT
know in more detailed as the result of the shift in the level of explicitness in
the higher level. Therefore, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of
explicitness higher than that of the source text.
8.

ST : tidak mungkin disamakan
TT : we could not unify them
LIT: impossible to be equalized
The clause, tidak mungkin disamakan in the source text is in the

passive form which literally means ‘impossible to be equalized’. In the
target text the translator translates it to active clause, ‘we could not unify
them’. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness

56

higher than that of the source text. Here, there is a mistranslation since one
cannot ‘unify differences’; therefore, the translator should find anothe word
to replace the word, unify. It is better to change it to ‘settle’ differences or to
‘reconciliate’.

ST: Wakil Sekjen Partai Ka'bah ini benar belaka. Persepsi sebagian (9) fraksi atas
proses penyelamatan Bank Century memang berbeda bak langit dan bumi. Meski
sudah hampir empat bulan bersama-sama menguliti dokumen dan kesaksian dari
berbagai pihak yang diduga terlibat, kesepahaman tampaknya mustahil (10)
dicapai (11).

TT: This PPP Deputy Secretary-General was entirely correct. The differences of opinion among some of the factions regarding the Bank Century bailout
process were like night and day. Even though they spent almost four months
together going through documents and the testimonies of various parties suspected
of involvement, it was impossible (10)to reach some kind of an agreement (11).
9.

ST : sebagian
TT : among some of
LIT: a part
The word, sebagian in the source text literally means ‘a part’. In the

target text the translator translates it to the phrase ‘among some of’ which
causes the occurrence of shift of cohesion in the level of explicitness to be
higher than that in source target.
10. ST : dicapai
TT : to reach some kind of

57

LIT: [be] achieved
The word dicapai in the source text literally means ‘[be] achieved’ but
in the target text the translator translates it into the phrase, ‘to reach some
kind of’. In this case, basically the translator only adds or develops a word
which comes from the source text in order to be adjusted to the grammar of
the source text which has the existing pattern. In consequence, there is the
shift of cohesion in general level of explicitness which is higher than that of
the source text.
11. ST : mustahil
TT : it was impossible
LIT: impossible
The word mustahil in the source text literally means ‘impossible’, but
in the target text the translator translates it to a clause, ‘it was impossible’.
In this case, a word in ST is changed to a clause in TT because in TT this
word is grammatically conveyed in the form of clause which is in TL there
are some expressions which are I n clauses so that the shift of cohesion
occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source language.
ST: Perbedaan itu tercermin jelas (12) dari sesi pemandangan akhir fraksi-fraksi
(13), yang digelar di Senayan, Selasa pekan lalu. Fraksi Partai Demokrasi
Indonesia Perjuangan, Partai Golkar, Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, dan Hanura
tegas-tegas menilai telah terjadi kesalahan pengambilan kebijakan. Keempat fraksi
menuding Wakil Presiders Boediono yang saat itu menjabat Guburnur Bank
Indonesia dan Menteri Keuangan Sri Mulyani selaku Ketua Komite Stabilitas
Sistem Keuangan harus bertanggungjawab (14).

58

TT: These differences were clearly reflected (12) during the session of the
factions, at which they submitted their final viewpoints (13), which was held on
Tuesday last week. The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) faction,
Golkar Party, the Justice Prosperity Party (PKS), and Hanura emphatically
concluded that an error in policy was made. Four factions charged that Vice
President Boediono–who at that time was Governor of Bank Indonesia –and
Finance Minister Sri Mulyani, acting as head of the Financial System Stability
Committee (KSSK), should take responsibility for the error (14).
12. ST : tercermin jelas
TT : were clearly reflected
LIT: [be] reflected
The clause, tercermin jelas in the target is translated according to its
meaning in SL: tercermin literally means ‘[were] reflected’ and jelas
literally means ‘clear’, and the clause is translated to ‘[were] clearly
reflected’. Here, the word class is changed from adjective (clear) to adverb
(clearly) since it modifies the adjective, ‘reflected’. In this case, the shift
occurs in the arrangement of words only.
13. ST : dari sesi pemandangan akhir fraksi-fraksi
TT : during the session of the factions, at which they submitted their
final viewpoints.
LIT: the final to from the session of viewpoint of factions
The phrase, dari sesi pemandangan akhir fraksi-fraksi /from session
viewpoint last factions/ - is literally translated ‘the final from the session of
viewpoint of factions’ is shifted to ‘during the session of the factions, at

59

which they submitted their final viewpoints’. Here, clearer information
about the meaning in ST is highly needed in order that the TT reader will
clearly understand what is intended by the writer of the ST; in consequence,
there is the shift in the level of explicitness higher than that of SL.
14. ST : bertanggung jawab
TT : take the responsibility for the error
LIT: responsible [for]
The phrase, bertanggung jawab in the source text literally means ‘[be]
responsible [for]’, but in the target text it is translated to the verb + noun +
preposition + object: ‘take the responsibility for the error’. Here, the
translator thinks that the adjective, ‘responsible itself’’ is not enough to
make the reader of the target text understand the context because the word
above has specific meaning which has its own grammatical form in TT.
Besides that, the translator needs to add some information for the TL reader.
Therefore, he needs to add the object of the preposition in order that it will
match with the context in the target text. In this case, there is the shift in the
general level explicitness of TL is higher than that of SL.
ST: Pandangan lima fraksi lain lebih moderat, meski juga tak sepenuhnya seragam
(15). Partai Persatuan Pembangunan dan Partai Grerindra menilai kebijakan
penyelamatan krisis perbankan sudah tepat, namun formulasi kebijakan dan
implementasinya bermasalah. Partai Amanat Nasional hanya menyoroti penerapan
kebijakan penyelamatan yang bolong di sana-sini. Sedangkan Partai Demokrat dan
Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa bersikap lebih tegas: tak ada yang salah dalam bailout
Century.

60

TT: The views given by the other five factions were more moderate, even
though they were not in complete agreement. The PPP and Gerindra party felt that
the policy to aid a bank in crisis was appropriate, but that there were mistakes in
the way the policy was formulated and implemented. The National Mandate Party
(PAN) pointed to the various shortcomings in the application of the policy.
Meanwhile, the Democrat Party and the National Awakening Party (PKB)
emphatically stated there was nothing wrong with the Bank Century bailout.
15. ST : tak sepenuhnya seragam
TT : they were not in complete agreement
LIT: completely uniformed
The phrase, tak sepenuhnya seragam literally means ‘not completely
uniformed’, but the translator translates it to ‘they were not in complete
agreement’. It seems that he changed the phrase to the clause so as to make
it clear for the reader in TL. The reference ‘they were not and in complete
agreement’ has caused the shift in the level of explicitness higher than that
of SL text.
ST: Menurut Achsanul, semua partai koalisi sepakat adanya enam temuan itu, tapi
berbeda sikap soal penafsiran temuan itu. Fraksi Demokrat, misalnya, menilai
tidak ada indikasi korupsi atau pelanggaran hukum di enam temuan int. "Lain
ceritanya (16) kalau Panitia Angket menemukan aliran dana sekian puluh miliar ke
Boediono dan Sri Mulyani. Tapi ini kan tidak ada?" kata Achsanul keras.

TT: According to Achsanul, all of the coalition parties agreed on these six
findings, however they took different positions on what the findings implied. The
Democrat Party faction, for instance, felt that there were no indications of

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corruption or crime in these six findings. "It would be a different story(16) if the
Special Committee found tens of billions of rupiah going to Boediono and Sri
Mulyani. However, nothing like this happened," stressed Achsanul.
16. ST : lain ceritanya
TT : It would be a different way [if…]
LIT: its different story.
The phrase, lain ceritanya in the source text literally means ‘its
different story’, but in the target text it is translated to a clause, ‘It would be
a different way [if…]’. In this case, the translator attempts to provide more
explicit information for the TL reader what it means by the word, ceritanya
which can be accepteds in TL. The result is that the shift of cohesion occurs
in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text.
ST: Ketika satu jurnalis bertanya apakah keceriannya hari itu berkaitan dengan
dukungan politik Partai Demokrat dan kualisinva (17) di DPR, Sri Mulyani

tertawa. "Tidak ada hubungannya,” katanya. "Kalau proses hukum, politik, dan
administrasi dievaluasi secara obyektif, saya tenang (18). Saya tahu saya sudah
menjalankan semuanya sesuai undang-undang."

TT: When one journalist asked if her good mood that day was connected
with the political support of the Democrat Party and its coalition (17) partners in
the DPR, Sri Mulyani laughed. "That has nothing to do with it." she said. "If the
legal, political, and administrative processes are evaluated objectively, I should be
nothing but calm (18). I know that I have implemented everything according to
law."
17. ST : kualisinya

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TT : its coalition partner
LIT: its coalition
The phrase kualisinya in the source text literally translated into ‘its
coalition’, but in the target text the translator translates it into ‘its coalition
partner’. In this case, there is no difference in meaning; the translator only
needs to add words explicitly in order that the target text reader will
understand clearly in receiving information which has been intended by the
writer in the source text. Therefore, the shift of cohesion occurs in the
general level of explicitness which is higher than that of the source text.
18. ST : saya tenang
TT : I should be nothing but calm
LIT: I am calm
The clause, saya tenang in the source text literally means ‘I am calm’,
but here it is translated to the clause, ‘I should be nothing but calm’. Here,
the translator attempts to provide clearer information according the
condition. He attempts to avoid vague information; therefore, he adjusts it to
the accepted form and style for the TL reader whici in line with what has
been pointed out by Larson (1988-24) that in creating idiomatic translation,
a translator should avoid ambiguity like this; he should translate the
meaning which has been intended by the writer of the ST. In this case, the
shift occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text.
(Wahyu Dhyatmika)
ST: Nazaruddin sempat menolak didampingi Kaligis. Akibat kesal ditagih (19)
pendampingan hukum (20).

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TT: Rarily refused to be legally represented by Kaligis. He was upset at

being billed for(19) supposedly free legal assistance (20).

19. ST : Akibat kesal ditagih duit
TT : He was upset at being billed for

LIT: annoyed to be dunned or requested [a payment of a debt]
The clause, akibat kesal ditagih which literally means ‘annoyed to be
dunned or requested [a payment of a debt]’ is translated to the clause ‘He
was upset at being billed for’. In this case, the clause in ST has explicit
meaning. It is similar to TT which changes its form to clause; it still not
only has its explicit meaning but also has the different form and grammar
from that of ST. Here, the shift of cohesion occurs in a higher level of
explicitness.

20. ST : pendampingan hukum
TT : supposedly free legal assistance
LIT: legal assistance
The phrase, pendampingan hukum literally means ‘legal assistance’,
but here it is translated to ‘supposedly free legal assistance’. In this case, its
shifts of cohesion are in general level explicitness higher than that of the
source text.
ST: PENGACARA Otto Cornels Kaligis menyodorkan pulpen ke tangan
Muhammad Nazaruddin. Tersangka perkara suap proyek wisma atlet SEA Games
(21) itu diam saja, mengabaikan sodoran sang pengacara. Ia menolak
menandatangani kertas di depannya. Hanya dua orang itu yang terlihat di ruang
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pertemuan rumah tahanan Markas Komando Brigade Mobil Kepolisian RI di
Kelapa Dua, Depok, Jawa Barat, Senin pekan Ialu.

TT: LAWYER Otto Cornelis Kaligis held out a pen for Muhammad
Nazaruddin to sign. Nazaruddin, a suspect in a bribery case regarding an athletes'
accommodation project for the upcoming SEA Games (21) just sat still, ignoring
the offer made by the lawyer. He refused to sign the paper in front of him. Only
these two were in the meeting room located inside the detention facility of the
police's Mobile Brigade (Brimob) Command Headquarters in Kelapa Dua, Depok,
West Java, on Monday last week.
21. ST : perkara suap proyek wisma atlet SEA Games
TT : a bribery case regarding an athlete’s accommodation project for
the upcoming Sea Games
LIT: bribery case of SEA Games Athlete guesthouse project
Here, the phrase perkara suap proyek wisma atlet SEA Games literally
means ‘bribery case of SEA Games athlete guesthouse project’, but the
translator has to lengthen the translation by adding some words since he has
to make it clear to the target text reader since the latter will not quite
understand the real condition of the case. Here, the shift occurs in the
general level of explicitness higher than that of the source text.
ST: Alat perekam Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, yang sengaja dipasang di ruangan itu, kemudian menangkap adegan di ruangan lain (22). Muhammad Nasir,
anggota Komisi Hukum Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, kakak kandung Nazaruddin,
menemui mantan Bendahara Umum Partai Demokrat itu. Bertemu seperempat
jam, tak banyak yang dibicarakan anak-anak pasangan M. Latif dan Aminah ini.

65

"Nazar lebih banvak diam." kata Ajun Komisaris Besar K. Budinian, juru bicara
rumah tahanan Brimob.

TT: A camera installed by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK),
captured the scene taking place in another room (22). Muhammad Nasir, a member
of the Law Commission of the House of Representatives (DPR), Nazaruddin's older
brother, met with this former Democrat Party treasurer. Lasting for about 15
minutes, not much was said between the two siblings. "Nazaruddin mostly kept
quiet.” said Senior Adjunct Commissioner IC Budiman, spokesman for Brimob's
detention facility.
22. ST : di ruangan lain
TT : taking place in another room
LIT: in another room
The phrase, di ruangan lain literally means ‘in another room’, but here
it is translated to ‘taking place in another room’. Here, the translator again
adds some words in order to make the phrase clearly understood by the
target text reader. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness
higher than that of the source text.
ST: Berdasarkan rekaman di rumah tahanan Brimob dan keterangan saksi, para
anggota legislatif itu merangsek (23) masuk meski dihalangi petugas. Mereka
berkukuh hendak menemui Nazaruddin yang sebenarnya ogah menemui mereka.
Para anggota Dewan beralasan kunjungan ke rumah tahanan merupakan bagian
dari tugas mereka. Saya kan menjalankan tugas konstitusi. Kami mau melihat
saja," ujar Nudirman dengan nada tinggi (24).

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TT: Based on the recordings at the Brimob detention facility and eyewitness
testimony, these legislators their way (23) inside, despite being obstructed by officers. They insisted on meeting Nazaruddin, who was actually not interested in
meeting them. These legislators said that their visit to the detention facility was a
part of their job. “I am carrying out constitutional duties. We just want to take a
look,” said Nudirman in a high-pitched voice (24).
23. ST : merangsek
TT : inched their way
LIT: [to] attack.
The word, ‘merangsek’, according to Echols’ Kamus IndonesiaInggeris, means [to] attack. However, here it is translated to the clause

‘inched their way’. It seems that the translator feels that using an idiomatic
expression which is, he believes, more explicitly understood by the target
text reader. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness higher
than that of the source text.
24. ST : nada tinggi
TT : high pitched voice
LIT: high pitch
The phrase, nada tinggi literally means ‘high pitch’, but here it is
translated to ‘high pitched voice’. The translator decides to add the word
voice in order to give the impression to the target language reader that what
it is meant by the phrase nada tinggi here is something which is related to
the ‘voice’ of a person who is irritated. In this case, the shift occurs in
general level of explicitness higher than that of the source text.

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ST: Sebelum ke tahanan Brimob, Nasir dan Kaligis menemui pemimpin DPR:
Marzuki Alie (Demokrat), Pramono Anung (PDI Perjuangan), dan Anis Matta
(PKS), Nasir mengeluhkan susahnya menemui Nazaruddin dan kekhawatiran akan
kondisi kesehatannya. "Sangat mungkin Nazaruddin mengalami pencucian otak
(25),” kata Kaligis di DPR sebelum bertolak ke tahanan Brimob.

TT: Before going to the Brimob detention, Nasir and Kaligis met with DPR
leaders: Marzuki Alie (Democrat Party), Pramono Anung (Indonesian Democratic
Party of Struggle—PDIP), and Anis Matta (Justice and Prosperity Party-PKS).
Nasir complained about the difficulty of meeting Nazaruddin and his concern for
his health. “It is very possible that Nazaruddin was undergoing some kind of
brainwashing (25),” said Kaligis in the DPR before going to the Brimob facility.
25. ST : pencucian otak
TT : some kind of brainwashing
LIT: brain washing
The phrase pencucian otak which literally means ‘brain washing’, is
translated into ‘some kind of brain washing’. In this case, there is no
significant changing in meaning; the translator only adds the words ‘some
kind’ to make it clearer to the target language reader. Here, the shift of
cohesion occurs in the general level explicitness higher than that of the
source text.
ST: NAZARUDDIN dibawa ke Indonesia dari Kolumbia pada 13 Agustus lalu.
Sejak Nazaruddin tiba di Tanan Air kasusnya menciptakan berbagai kisah (26).
Drama pertama tersaji (27) ketika turun dari pesawat carteran Guifstreaum,
dengan tangan diborgolkan ke seorang penyidik KPK Nazaruddin dikawal ketat

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(28) pasukan bersenjata lengkap. la diboyong ke Markas Brimob, baru kemudian
diserahterimakan ke komisi antikorupsi pada malam harinva.

TT: NAZARUDDIN was brought back to Indonesia from Colombia on
August 13. Nazaruddin’s return home created a number of dramatic stories (26).
The first took place (27) when he debarked the chartered Gulfstream airplane.
Handcuffed to a KPK investigator, Nazaruddin was escorted under heavy guard
(28) of a fully armed police detail. He was taken to the Brimob, HQ and was turned
over to the KPK later that night.
26. ST : kisah
TT : dramatic stories
LIT: a story or a tale
The word, kisah in the source text tends to refer to ‘a story’ or ‘a tale’,
or something which is unfavorable. Therefore, the translator translates it in
the target text to the phrase, ‘dramatic stories’ so that the target language
reader can understand that what it is meant by kisah here is an unfavorable
condition; therefore, the translator needs to add the word ‘dramatic’ in his
translation. Here, the shift of cohesion occurs in general level explicitness
higher than that of the source text.
27. ST : tersaji
TT : took place
LIT: has been served
The word, tersaji in the sentence ‘Makanan telah tersaji’ in the source
text can literally be translated into ‘[The food] has been served’. Since this
clause can be wrongly interpreted by the target text reader. Therefore, the

69

translator should find the appropriate phrase for the translation which is
relevant to or equivalent with the real intention by the writer in the source
text. However, in the target text the word which has the same meaning is in
the active form, ‘took place’. Therefore, the translator uses the shift of
cohesion in the general level explicitness higher than that of the source text.
28. ST : ketat
TT : under heavy guard
LIT: tight
The word, ketat in the source text literally means ‘tight’ as in the
phrase, ‘tight shoes/shirt/pants’. Here, the translator translates it to the
phrase, ‘under heavy guard’. In this case, the translator translates it
explicitly because the word ketat here has the meaning which is related to
the word kawal; therefore, the translater uses lexial cohesive marker
(collocation) in order that the translation in the target text becomes clear. In
this case, the translator uses the shift of cohesion in general level of
explicitness higher than that of the source text.
ST: Pemeriksaan perdana Nazaruddin soal biodatanva berlangsung hingga pukul
01.00 WIB. Dalam rekaman video KPK, terlihat Nazaruddin berbincang santai
dengan dua penyidik diruang pemeriksaan berukuran sekitar 3 x 3 meter di lantai
7 gedung KPK. Ia ditawari rokok, kopi, hingga makanan dalam kotak berlauk
rending (29). “Sudah lama saya tidak makan nasi Padang (30),” ujar Nazaruddin
sembari tersenyum kepada penyidik.

TT: Nazaruddin’s first session regarding his personal data lasted until l am.
In the KPK’s video recording, Nazaruddin can be seen talking casually with two

70

investigators in an interrogation room measuring about 3 x 3 meters on the seventh
floor of the KPK Building. He was offered cigarettes, coffee, and a boxed lunch
with an Indonesian dried beef dish (29). “I haven't eaten this kind of food (30) for a
long time,” said Nazaruddin smiling to investigators.
29. ST : makanan dalam kotak berlauk rendang
TT : boxed lunch with an Indonesian dried beef dish
LIT: [The] food in the box of rice with side dishes of rendang
The phrase makanan dalam kotak berlauk rendang does not have the
exact translation in English since it is a specific Indonesian ‘kind of food’; it
is a dish made of beef (or other ingredients) cooked in chilies and coconut
milk until dry. Therefore, it is not necessarily translated into a target
language since there is no equivalency of the word rendang in the target
language. But here the translator wants to explain the word rendang to the
target language reader. He then translates it to the phrase ‘a dried beef dish’.
In this case, the translator uses the shift of cohesion in general level of
explicitness higher than that of the source text.
30. ST : nasi padang
TT : the kind of food
LIT: Padang dish
The phrase nasi padang in the source language is usually related to
rendang which is a specific dish in Indonesia. Again, there is no equivalent

translation in the target language. Therefore, the translator uses the
reference which has been appeared with ‘this kind of food’. In this case, the

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shift of cohesion used by the translator is on general level of explicitness
higher than that of the source text.
ST: Drama lain seputar Nazaruddin adalah perebutan hak pembelaan (31) dua
kubu pengacara, yakni Elza Syarief dan OC. Kaligis. Elza mengaku mendapat
mandat dari adik bungsu Nazaruddin, Mujahidin Nur Hasyim. Ia juga hadir ketika
Nazaruddin pertama kali dibawa ke KPK. Selasa pekan lalu, ia mengunjungi
Nazaruddin di tahanan Brimob, dan mendampingi pemeriksaan Nazaruddin.

“Kalau Nazar mau ringan hukumannya, harus terbuka,” kata Elza (32).
TT: Another drama involving Nazaruddin had to do with two camps
fighting over who was his rightful legal counsel (31), namely Elza Syarief or O.C.
Kaligis. Elza claimed he obtained a mandate from Nazaruddin's youngest brother,
Mujahidin Nur Hasyim. He was present the first time Nazaruddin was taken to the
KPK. On Tuesday last week, he visited Nazaruddin in the Brimob jail and was
present for Nazaruddin's questioning by the KPK two days later. Elza said she only
wanted to help Nazaraddin (32)- “If Nazar wants to get a lenient sentence, he has to
be open,” said Elza.
31. ST : hak pembelaan
TT : rightful legal counsel
LIT: the right of sacrificing one’s self for
The phrase, ‘hak pembelaan’ literally means ‘the right of sacrificing
one’s self for’, but in the target text it is translated to the phrase, ‘rightful
legal counsel’. Here, the translator uses collocation for the word pembelaan
in order that the reader in the target text can understand that the word
pembelaan is related to the action against law. In this case, the shift of

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cohesion occurs in general level of explicitness higher than that of the
source text.
32. ST : kata Elza
TT : Elza said she only wanted to help Nazaruddin
LIT: said Elza
The clause kata Elza literally means ‘said Elza’, but the translator
changes the simple clause in the source text into the complex clause in the
target text, ‘Elza said she only wanted to help Nazaruddin’. It seems that the
translator adds some information in the target text which is longer than that
of the source text, so that there is the shift in meaning which seems
superfluous. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in general level
explicitness higher than that of the source text.
ST: Pernyataan Kaligis tentang upaya menghalanginya menemui Nazaruddin
terbantahkan. Dalam rekaman video yang dilansir KPK, pada malam ketika
Nazaruddin diperiksa KPK, perwakilan Kaligis, Afrian Bonjol, diperbolehkan
penyidik menemuinya. Afrian menyodorkan surat kuasa untuk ditandatangani, tapi

Nazaruddin menolak. “Nanti (33) pemeriksaan kedua,” kata nya.
TT: Kaligis's statement about efforts being made to prevent him from
meeting Nazaruddin is debatable. In a video recording released by the KPK, on the
night when Nazaruddin was questioned by the KPK, Kaligis's representative,
Afrian Bonjol, was allowed to meet him by investigators. Afrian presented him a
power of attorney letter to be signed, but he refused. “It happened later (33) during
the second questioning,” he said.
33. ST : nanti

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TT : it happened later
LIT: later or next
The word, nanti literally means ‘later’ or ‘next’, but it is translated in
the target text to the clause, ‘it happened later’. Here, there is no difference
in meaning, but the translator uses a clause instead of a word or a phrase in
order to make it clearer. In this case, the shift of cohesion oc