Shift Of Cohesion In The Translation Of Tempo Magazine
SHIFT OF COHESION IN THE TRANSLATION
OF TEMPO MAGAZINE
DISERTASI
Oleh
YULIA ARFANTI
NIM 098107022
Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik
.
FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2015
SHIFT OF COHESION IN THE TRANSLATION
OF TEMPO MAGAZINE
Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Doktor dalam Program
Doktor Linguistik pada Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara di bawah
pimpinan Pejabat Rektor Universitas Sumatera Utara Prof. Subhilhar, Ph.D.
untuk dipertahankan di hadapan Sidang Terbuka Senat
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Oleh
YULIA ARFANTI
NIM 098107022
Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik
.
FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2015
Judul Disertasi
: SHIFT OF COHESION IN THE TRANSLATION OF TEMPO
MAGAZINE
Nama Mahasiswa
: Yulia Arfanti
Nomor Pokok
: 098107022
Program Studi
: Doktor (S3) Linguistik
Menyetujui
Komisi Pembimbing
(Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D)
Promotor
(Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell, Ph.D)
Ko-Promotor
(Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.)
Ko-Promotor
Ketua Program Studi,
Dekan,
(Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D)
(Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A)
HASIL PENELITIAN DISERTASI INI TELAH DISETUJUI
UNTUK DI UJI DALAM SIDANG TERBUKA DAN DITERIMA OLEH
PROGRAM STUDI LINGUISTIK FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
Oleh
Promotor
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
Ko-Promotor
Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell, Ph.D
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
Mengetahui,
Ketua Program Studi Linguistik
Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 195409161980032003
Diuji pada Ujian Disertasi Terbuka (Promosi)
Tanggal : 24 Agustus 2015
PANITIA PENGUJI DISERTASI
Ketua
: Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
USU Medan
Anggota
: Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell, Ph.D
University of Malaya
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A
USU Medan
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.
UNIMED Medan
Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP
USU Medan
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
USU Medan
Dr. Roswita Silalahi, M.Hum.
USU Medan
Dengan Surat Keputusan Pejabat Rektor Universitas Sumatera Utara
Nomor
:
Tanggal
:
TIM PROMOTOR
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell, Ph.D
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A
TIM PENGUJI LUAR KOMISI
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.
Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
Dr. Roswita Silalahi, M.Hum.
PERNYATAAN
Judul Disertasi
SHIFT OF COHESION IN THE TRANSLATION
OF TEMPO MAGAZINE
Dengan ini Penulis menyatakan bahwa disertasi ini disusun sebagai syarat untuk
memperoleh gelar Doktor dari Program Studi Linguistik Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas
Sumatera Utara adalah benar merupakan hasil karya penulis sendiri.
Adapun pengutipan-pengutipan yang penulis lakukan pada bagian-bagian tertentu dari
hasil karya orang lain dalam penulisan disertasi ini, telah penulis cantumkan sumbernya
secara jelas sesuai dengan norma, kaidah dan etika penulisan ilmiah.
Apabila dikemudian hari ternyata ditemukan seluruh atau sebahagian disertasi ini
bukan hasil karya penulis sendiri atau adanya plagiat dalam bagian-bagian tertentu, penulis
bersedia menerima sanksi pencabutan gelar akademik yang penulis sandang dan sanksisanksi lainnya sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
Medan,
Agustus 2015
Penulis,
Yulia Arfanti
ABSTRAK
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji tingkat eksplisit dan implicit
dari Pergeresan kohesi dalam penerjemahan majalah Tempo dari edisi bahasa
Indonesia (teks sumnber) dan edisi bahasa Inggris (teks target), apakah pergeseran
kohesi tersebut mempengaruhi makna penerjemahan dari bahasa Indonesia ke
bahasa Inggeris dan apakah budaya dapat merubah pergeseran kohesi dalam
penerjemahan dari bahasa Indonesia ke bahasa Inggeris pada majalah Tempo.
Pendekatan kualitatif akan digunakan sebagai payung penelitian dan teori
linguistik fungsional sistemik yaitu yang berhubungan dengan pergeseran kohesi
pada Kulka. Sumber data penelitian yaitu teks yang terdapat pada Berita Utama
dan Cover Story pada majalah Tempo dari tahun 2010, 2011, dan 2012, dalam
versi bahasa Indonesia dan versi bahasa Inggris yang berhubungan dengan
permasalahan pokok penelitian. Data-data dikumpulkan, dipilah, dianalisis untuk
dijadikan sampel data, dan ditampilkan dalam bentuk tabel. Data-data tersebut
kemudian diferifikasi dengan menyesuaikan dengan tujuan penelitian. Hasil
penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) tingkat umum eksplisit tekstual teks target lebih
panjang dari yang terdapat pada teks sumber (23,67%) yang berarti bahwa makna
yang terdapat pada teks target menjadi eksplisit atau transparan dan tidak bersifat
ambigu; tingkat eksplisit ini terdiri dari kategori kata, frase dan klausa yang
didominasi oleh kategori kata diikuti dengan frase dan yang paling kecil adalah
klausa, 2) tingkat umum implisit tekstual teks target lebih pendek dari yang
terdapat pada teks sumber dengan kategori yang sama yaitu tingkat kata, frase dan
klausa (7,23%), yang berarti bahwa makna yang terdapat pada TT pada level
implisit ini menghasilkan makna yang kurang jelas, 3) terdapat pula makna
potensial dari bentuk eksplisit dan implisit pada teks sumber yang berubah melalui
penerjemahan (69,10%), yang berarti bahwa makna yang dihasilkan sesuai yang
dimaksudkan dan diinginkan oleh ST, 4) pergeseran kohesi pada level text meaning
potential didominasi oleh pergeseran kohesi pada level eksplisit sedangkan pada
level implisit pergeseran kohesi yang terjadi tidak signifikan, dan 5) terdapat
pengaruh budaya dalam pergeseran kohesi pada penggunaan alat pemarkah kohesi
leksikal yang terdapat pada teks sumber yang berubah menjadi alat pemarkah
kohesi gramatikal pada teks target yang berarti bahwa makna implisit (budaya)
pada teks sumber tidak bisa dicerna secara langsung oleh pembaca target.
Diharapkan agar para peneliti yang berminat mengkaji pergeseran kohesi untuk
memadukannya dengan pergeseran koheren, baik pada proses maupun pada
produk suatu penerjemahan agar mendapatkan hasil yang lebih sempurna lagi.
kata kunci: penerjemahan, pergeseran kohesi, eksplisit, implisit.
i
ABSTRACT
The objectives of the research were to analyze the explicitness and
implicitness of the shift of cohesion in the translation of Tempo magazine in
Indonesian version (source text) and English version (target text), whether the shifts
of cohesion affected the meaning of the translation from Indonesian to English, and
whether culture can change the shift of cohesion in the translation from Indonesian
to English in Tempo magazines. Qualitative research would be applied as an
umbrella of this research and Systemic Functional Linguistics was used to analyze
the shift of cohesion. Blum-Kulka’s theory of cohesion was also applied in this
research. The sources of the data were the texts in the Berita Utama in the
Indonesian version and the Cover Story in the English version of Tempo Magazine
in the period of 2010-2012 (2010, 2011, and 2012) since they were related to the
subject matter of the research. The data were gathered, selected, analyzed for being
used as the samples, and presented in the form of tables. The data were then
verified by matching them with the objectives of the research. The result of the
research showed that 1) there were the general levels of target text’s textual
explicitness higher than that of the ST (23.67%), which indicated that the meaning
found in TT became more explicit or transparent and not ambiguous; this level of
explicitness consisted of the category of words, phrases, and clauses which were
dominated by the category of words, followed by the category of phrase, and the
category of clause as the smallest one, 2) there were the general levels of target
text’s textual explicitness lower than that of the ST with the same category of
words, phrases, and clauses (7.23%) which indicated that the meaning found in TT
in this level of implicitness produced vague meaning ,3) there were the explicit and
implicit meaning potentials of the ST which change through translations (69.10%)
which indicated that the produced meaning was in line with what had been intended
by the ST, 4) the shifts of cohesion were mostly dominated by the shifts of
cohesion in the level of explicitness, and 5) the influence of culture was seen in the
shifts of cohesion in the use of lexical cohesive device in the ST which was
changed to grammatical cohesive device in the TT which indicated that the implicit
(cultural) meaning in the ST could not be understood clearly by the target reader. It
is recommended that the next researchers who are interested in analyzing the shifts
of cohesion and the coherence in the process or the product of translation should
find other different columns in the same magazines to find more accurate results.
keywords: translation, cohesion shift, explicitness, implicitness
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to express my deep gratitude to those who have provided their
assistance and advice in the course of my study:
1. Acting Rector of the University of Sumatera Utara, Prof. Subhilhar, Ph.D and
former Rector of the University of Sumatera Utara, Prof.Dr.Syahril Pasaribu
DTM & H, M.Sc (CTM).Sp.A(K) who had given me the opportunity and moral
support to continue my study at the Linguistics Study Program.
2. Dr.Syahron Lubis, M.A., the Dean of the Faculty of Cultural Science, University
of Sumatra Utara, for his guidance both in academic and administrative matters.
3. Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, MA, PhD. as the Head of Linguistics Program, Post
Graduate School of University of Sumatera Utara and as the Promotor for
providing me the opportunity and access to study via the Sandwich Program in
Hongkong. She also has helped obtain the scholarship during my study.
Moreover, she has guided me in completing the dissertation by correcting,
giving a lot of input, criticizing, and suggesting constructively.
4. My Co-Promoters, Dr. Syahron Lubis M.A and in particular Prof. Zubaidah
Ibrahim Bell, Phd. who have guided and helped me to complete this dissertation.
5. Prof. Roger.T.Bell, for all his advice on translation matters.
6. All the lecturers who have taught me knowledge in Linguistics and translation
studies.
7. I am also indebted to all my friends in the Linguistics Program who were always
harmonious and work together with me during my study, and my family for their
support and affection given to me.
iii
I hope that this dissertation will be beneficial to those who are interested in
researching areas in translation study.
Medan, August, 2015
Yulia Arfanti
iv
CURRICULUM VITAE
Yulia Arfanti was born in Bukit Tinggi on 12th July, 1958. She is the second
daughter of her late father, H. A .Rakhim Batubara and her late mother Hj. Farida
Siregar. She is a lecturer at STIE IBBI, Medan and regular visiting lecturer for
translation at UMN, Medan and she teaches English Literature at Darma Agung
University.
She did her BA, and MA at the University of Sumatera Utara, Medan. She is
also a PhD student at University of Sumatera Utara concentrating on translation.
She used to be a staff of directorat General for Culture in Jakarta from 1983
to 1996. In 1990 she took Cultural for Administration Course in Tokyo, Japan
held by National Secretariat ASEAN and in 1991 she was sent as delegation to the
ASEAN Cultural Studies in Philipines. In 2004 She becomes a lecturer of Kopertis
Wilayah I until the present.
She attended Sanwich Program 2011 in Hong Kong Polytechnic University,
Hong Kong. She has just finish her research “Penelitian Disertasi Doktor, 2014”
supported by Dikti. Its title is “ The Translation of Cohesion in Tempo Magazine”.
Her husband, Syahri Saja, works at Pusat Bahasa USU, as an English
Translator. She has two children, her eldest daughter, Yurida Takina is an
Engineer and her son Ondo Tobesakti is a staff in one of the biggest Syariah Bank
in Indonesia.
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 2.1 Larson’s (1984) diagram of the translation process ........................... 14
Figure 2.2 How to express the same meaning between SL and TL ...................... 14
Figure 2.3 Larson’s (1984) literal and idiomatic translation ................................ 15
Figure 2.4 Meaning wording and writing ............................................................. 24
Figure 3.1 Component of data analysis: interactive model Matthew Miles
and Huberman,(1994 : 26) ............................................................... 44
Figure 3.2 Representation/diagram of the finding of a segment ........................... 49
Figure 4.1 Representation/diagram of the finding of a segment .......................... 78
Figure 4.2 Percentage of the general level of the target text’s textual
explicitness lower than that of the source text .................................... 87
Figure 4.3 Percentage of the level of text meaning potential explicit and
implicit of the text meaning potential of the ST changes
through translations ............................................................................. 148
Figure 4.4 Percentage of shifts of cohesion in text changes through the
translation viewed from culture .......................................................... 169
Figure 4.5 Shifts of Cohesion in the Translation of Tempo Magazine ................ 171
vi
LIST OF TABLE
Page
Table 3.1 Shift of cohesion: the general level of the target text’s textual
explicitnes higher than that of the ST ................................................... 49
Table 4.1 Shift of cohesion : the general level of the target text’s
textual explicitness higher than that of the ST .................................... 77
Table 4.2 Shift of cohesion : the general level of the target text’s
textual explicitness lower than that of the ST ..................................... 86
Table 4.3 Explicit and Implicit Meaning Potential of SL changes through
Translation ............................................................................................ 147
Table 4.4 Shifts of Cohesion in Text changes through the Translation
viewed from Culture ............................................................................ 168
Table 4.5 Percentage of Shifts in Cohesion in the Translation of Tempo
Magazine .............................................................................................. 170
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Text of data ........................................................................................................... 1
Scans of Tempo magazine ................................................................................... 54
viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
HL
LIT
LL
MP
SL
SLT
TLT
ST
TL
TT
: Higher Level
: Literal Translation
: Lower Level
: Meaning Potential
: Source Language
: Source Language Text
: Target Language Text
: Source Text
: Target Language
: Target Text
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................
CURRICULUM VITAE ...................................................................................
LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................
LIST OF APPENDICES ...................................................................................
LIST OF ABBREVIATION .............................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................
i
ii
iii
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION .....................................................................
1.1 Background of the Study ....................................................
1.2 Translation Shifts ................................................................
1.3 Statement of the Problems ..................................................
1.4 Objectives of the Study .......................................................
1.5 Scope of the Study ..............................................................
1.6 Significance of the Study ....................................................
1.7 Organization of the Dissertation .........................................
1
1
3
9
9
9
10
11
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...........................................
2.1 Concepts of Translation ......................................................
2.2 Concepts of Shift .................................................................
2.3 Concepts of Cohesion .........................................................
2.4 Shifts of Cohesion in Translation ........................................
2.5 Concepts of Culture in Translation .....................................
2.6 Previous Studies on the Shift of Cohesion in the
Translation of some Texts ..................................................
12
12
16
23
28
34
CHAPTER III : METHOD OF RESEARCH ...................................................
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................
3.2 Research Approach : Qualitative ........................................
3.3 Research Design .................................................................
3.4 Procedures and Preparation ................................................
3.5 Data Source and Data Gathering ........................................
3.6 Method of Data Analysis ....................................................
3.7 Presenting the Data Analysis ..............................................
41
41
41
42
45
45
47
48
37
CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................ 50
4.1 Data Analysis ...................................................................... 50
4.1.1 Shifts of Cohesion: the General Level Target Text’s
Textual Explicitness higher than that of Source Text . 51
4.1.2 Shifts of Cohesion: the General Level Target Text’s
Textual Explicitness lower than that of Source Text .. 78
4.1.3 Explicit and Implicit Meaning Potential of the Source
Text Changes through the Translation ...................... 88
x
4.1.4 Shifts of Cohesion in Text Changes through the
Translation viewed from Culture ............................... 149
4.2 Conclusion .......................................................................... 169
CHAPTER V : FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ............................................ 172
5.1 Findings ............................................................................... 172
5.1.1 Shift in Cohesion......................................................... 173
5.1 .1.1 The General Level of Target Text’s Textual
Explicitness: higher or lower than that of Source
Text ................................................................ 173
5.1.1.2 Shift in Text Meaning: Implicit and Explicit
Meaning Potential .......................................... 174
5.1.1.3 Shift of Cohesion in the Translation viewed
from Culture ................................................... 175
5.2 Discussion ........................................................................... 176
5.2.1 Shift of Cohesion Influences the Meaning of the
Translation ........................................................ 178
5.2.2 Shift of Cohesion in Text Meaning Potential
Changes through the Translation ...................... 182
CHAPTER VI : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ................................ 184
6.1 Conclusion .......................................................................... 184
6.2 Suggestions ......................................................................... 187
REFERRENCES ...............................................................................................
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................
Appendix 1 Text of Data ..................................................................................
Appendix 2 Scan of Tempo Magazines ............................................................
xi
188
1
1
54
OF TEMPO MAGAZINE
DISERTASI
Oleh
YULIA ARFANTI
NIM 098107022
Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik
.
FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2015
SHIFT OF COHESION IN THE TRANSLATION
OF TEMPO MAGAZINE
Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Doktor dalam Program
Doktor Linguistik pada Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara di bawah
pimpinan Pejabat Rektor Universitas Sumatera Utara Prof. Subhilhar, Ph.D.
untuk dipertahankan di hadapan Sidang Terbuka Senat
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Oleh
YULIA ARFANTI
NIM 098107022
Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik
.
FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2015
Judul Disertasi
: SHIFT OF COHESION IN THE TRANSLATION OF TEMPO
MAGAZINE
Nama Mahasiswa
: Yulia Arfanti
Nomor Pokok
: 098107022
Program Studi
: Doktor (S3) Linguistik
Menyetujui
Komisi Pembimbing
(Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D)
Promotor
(Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell, Ph.D)
Ko-Promotor
(Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.)
Ko-Promotor
Ketua Program Studi,
Dekan,
(Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D)
(Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A)
HASIL PENELITIAN DISERTASI INI TELAH DISETUJUI
UNTUK DI UJI DALAM SIDANG TERBUKA DAN DITERIMA OLEH
PROGRAM STUDI LINGUISTIK FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
Oleh
Promotor
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
Ko-Promotor
Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell, Ph.D
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
Mengetahui,
Ketua Program Studi Linguistik
Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 195409161980032003
Diuji pada Ujian Disertasi Terbuka (Promosi)
Tanggal : 24 Agustus 2015
PANITIA PENGUJI DISERTASI
Ketua
: Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
USU Medan
Anggota
: Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell, Ph.D
University of Malaya
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A
USU Medan
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.
UNIMED Medan
Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP
USU Medan
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
USU Medan
Dr. Roswita Silalahi, M.Hum.
USU Medan
Dengan Surat Keputusan Pejabat Rektor Universitas Sumatera Utara
Nomor
:
Tanggal
:
TIM PROMOTOR
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell, Ph.D
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A
TIM PENGUJI LUAR KOMISI
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.
Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
Dr. Roswita Silalahi, M.Hum.
PERNYATAAN
Judul Disertasi
SHIFT OF COHESION IN THE TRANSLATION
OF TEMPO MAGAZINE
Dengan ini Penulis menyatakan bahwa disertasi ini disusun sebagai syarat untuk
memperoleh gelar Doktor dari Program Studi Linguistik Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas
Sumatera Utara adalah benar merupakan hasil karya penulis sendiri.
Adapun pengutipan-pengutipan yang penulis lakukan pada bagian-bagian tertentu dari
hasil karya orang lain dalam penulisan disertasi ini, telah penulis cantumkan sumbernya
secara jelas sesuai dengan norma, kaidah dan etika penulisan ilmiah.
Apabila dikemudian hari ternyata ditemukan seluruh atau sebahagian disertasi ini
bukan hasil karya penulis sendiri atau adanya plagiat dalam bagian-bagian tertentu, penulis
bersedia menerima sanksi pencabutan gelar akademik yang penulis sandang dan sanksisanksi lainnya sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
Medan,
Agustus 2015
Penulis,
Yulia Arfanti
ABSTRAK
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji tingkat eksplisit dan implicit
dari Pergeresan kohesi dalam penerjemahan majalah Tempo dari edisi bahasa
Indonesia (teks sumnber) dan edisi bahasa Inggris (teks target), apakah pergeseran
kohesi tersebut mempengaruhi makna penerjemahan dari bahasa Indonesia ke
bahasa Inggeris dan apakah budaya dapat merubah pergeseran kohesi dalam
penerjemahan dari bahasa Indonesia ke bahasa Inggeris pada majalah Tempo.
Pendekatan kualitatif akan digunakan sebagai payung penelitian dan teori
linguistik fungsional sistemik yaitu yang berhubungan dengan pergeseran kohesi
pada Kulka. Sumber data penelitian yaitu teks yang terdapat pada Berita Utama
dan Cover Story pada majalah Tempo dari tahun 2010, 2011, dan 2012, dalam
versi bahasa Indonesia dan versi bahasa Inggris yang berhubungan dengan
permasalahan pokok penelitian. Data-data dikumpulkan, dipilah, dianalisis untuk
dijadikan sampel data, dan ditampilkan dalam bentuk tabel. Data-data tersebut
kemudian diferifikasi dengan menyesuaikan dengan tujuan penelitian. Hasil
penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) tingkat umum eksplisit tekstual teks target lebih
panjang dari yang terdapat pada teks sumber (23,67%) yang berarti bahwa makna
yang terdapat pada teks target menjadi eksplisit atau transparan dan tidak bersifat
ambigu; tingkat eksplisit ini terdiri dari kategori kata, frase dan klausa yang
didominasi oleh kategori kata diikuti dengan frase dan yang paling kecil adalah
klausa, 2) tingkat umum implisit tekstual teks target lebih pendek dari yang
terdapat pada teks sumber dengan kategori yang sama yaitu tingkat kata, frase dan
klausa (7,23%), yang berarti bahwa makna yang terdapat pada TT pada level
implisit ini menghasilkan makna yang kurang jelas, 3) terdapat pula makna
potensial dari bentuk eksplisit dan implisit pada teks sumber yang berubah melalui
penerjemahan (69,10%), yang berarti bahwa makna yang dihasilkan sesuai yang
dimaksudkan dan diinginkan oleh ST, 4) pergeseran kohesi pada level text meaning
potential didominasi oleh pergeseran kohesi pada level eksplisit sedangkan pada
level implisit pergeseran kohesi yang terjadi tidak signifikan, dan 5) terdapat
pengaruh budaya dalam pergeseran kohesi pada penggunaan alat pemarkah kohesi
leksikal yang terdapat pada teks sumber yang berubah menjadi alat pemarkah
kohesi gramatikal pada teks target yang berarti bahwa makna implisit (budaya)
pada teks sumber tidak bisa dicerna secara langsung oleh pembaca target.
Diharapkan agar para peneliti yang berminat mengkaji pergeseran kohesi untuk
memadukannya dengan pergeseran koheren, baik pada proses maupun pada
produk suatu penerjemahan agar mendapatkan hasil yang lebih sempurna lagi.
kata kunci: penerjemahan, pergeseran kohesi, eksplisit, implisit.
i
ABSTRACT
The objectives of the research were to analyze the explicitness and
implicitness of the shift of cohesion in the translation of Tempo magazine in
Indonesian version (source text) and English version (target text), whether the shifts
of cohesion affected the meaning of the translation from Indonesian to English, and
whether culture can change the shift of cohesion in the translation from Indonesian
to English in Tempo magazines. Qualitative research would be applied as an
umbrella of this research and Systemic Functional Linguistics was used to analyze
the shift of cohesion. Blum-Kulka’s theory of cohesion was also applied in this
research. The sources of the data were the texts in the Berita Utama in the
Indonesian version and the Cover Story in the English version of Tempo Magazine
in the period of 2010-2012 (2010, 2011, and 2012) since they were related to the
subject matter of the research. The data were gathered, selected, analyzed for being
used as the samples, and presented in the form of tables. The data were then
verified by matching them with the objectives of the research. The result of the
research showed that 1) there were the general levels of target text’s textual
explicitness higher than that of the ST (23.67%), which indicated that the meaning
found in TT became more explicit or transparent and not ambiguous; this level of
explicitness consisted of the category of words, phrases, and clauses which were
dominated by the category of words, followed by the category of phrase, and the
category of clause as the smallest one, 2) there were the general levels of target
text’s textual explicitness lower than that of the ST with the same category of
words, phrases, and clauses (7.23%) which indicated that the meaning found in TT
in this level of implicitness produced vague meaning ,3) there were the explicit and
implicit meaning potentials of the ST which change through translations (69.10%)
which indicated that the produced meaning was in line with what had been intended
by the ST, 4) the shifts of cohesion were mostly dominated by the shifts of
cohesion in the level of explicitness, and 5) the influence of culture was seen in the
shifts of cohesion in the use of lexical cohesive device in the ST which was
changed to grammatical cohesive device in the TT which indicated that the implicit
(cultural) meaning in the ST could not be understood clearly by the target reader. It
is recommended that the next researchers who are interested in analyzing the shifts
of cohesion and the coherence in the process or the product of translation should
find other different columns in the same magazines to find more accurate results.
keywords: translation, cohesion shift, explicitness, implicitness
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to express my deep gratitude to those who have provided their
assistance and advice in the course of my study:
1. Acting Rector of the University of Sumatera Utara, Prof. Subhilhar, Ph.D and
former Rector of the University of Sumatera Utara, Prof.Dr.Syahril Pasaribu
DTM & H, M.Sc (CTM).Sp.A(K) who had given me the opportunity and moral
support to continue my study at the Linguistics Study Program.
2. Dr.Syahron Lubis, M.A., the Dean of the Faculty of Cultural Science, University
of Sumatra Utara, for his guidance both in academic and administrative matters.
3. Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, MA, PhD. as the Head of Linguistics Program, Post
Graduate School of University of Sumatera Utara and as the Promotor for
providing me the opportunity and access to study via the Sandwich Program in
Hongkong. She also has helped obtain the scholarship during my study.
Moreover, she has guided me in completing the dissertation by correcting,
giving a lot of input, criticizing, and suggesting constructively.
4. My Co-Promoters, Dr. Syahron Lubis M.A and in particular Prof. Zubaidah
Ibrahim Bell, Phd. who have guided and helped me to complete this dissertation.
5. Prof. Roger.T.Bell, for all his advice on translation matters.
6. All the lecturers who have taught me knowledge in Linguistics and translation
studies.
7. I am also indebted to all my friends in the Linguistics Program who were always
harmonious and work together with me during my study, and my family for their
support and affection given to me.
iii
I hope that this dissertation will be beneficial to those who are interested in
researching areas in translation study.
Medan, August, 2015
Yulia Arfanti
iv
CURRICULUM VITAE
Yulia Arfanti was born in Bukit Tinggi on 12th July, 1958. She is the second
daughter of her late father, H. A .Rakhim Batubara and her late mother Hj. Farida
Siregar. She is a lecturer at STIE IBBI, Medan and regular visiting lecturer for
translation at UMN, Medan and she teaches English Literature at Darma Agung
University.
She did her BA, and MA at the University of Sumatera Utara, Medan. She is
also a PhD student at University of Sumatera Utara concentrating on translation.
She used to be a staff of directorat General for Culture in Jakarta from 1983
to 1996. In 1990 she took Cultural for Administration Course in Tokyo, Japan
held by National Secretariat ASEAN and in 1991 she was sent as delegation to the
ASEAN Cultural Studies in Philipines. In 2004 She becomes a lecturer of Kopertis
Wilayah I until the present.
She attended Sanwich Program 2011 in Hong Kong Polytechnic University,
Hong Kong. She has just finish her research “Penelitian Disertasi Doktor, 2014”
supported by Dikti. Its title is “ The Translation of Cohesion in Tempo Magazine”.
Her husband, Syahri Saja, works at Pusat Bahasa USU, as an English
Translator. She has two children, her eldest daughter, Yurida Takina is an
Engineer and her son Ondo Tobesakti is a staff in one of the biggest Syariah Bank
in Indonesia.
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 2.1 Larson’s (1984) diagram of the translation process ........................... 14
Figure 2.2 How to express the same meaning between SL and TL ...................... 14
Figure 2.3 Larson’s (1984) literal and idiomatic translation ................................ 15
Figure 2.4 Meaning wording and writing ............................................................. 24
Figure 3.1 Component of data analysis: interactive model Matthew Miles
and Huberman,(1994 : 26) ............................................................... 44
Figure 3.2 Representation/diagram of the finding of a segment ........................... 49
Figure 4.1 Representation/diagram of the finding of a segment .......................... 78
Figure 4.2 Percentage of the general level of the target text’s textual
explicitness lower than that of the source text .................................... 87
Figure 4.3 Percentage of the level of text meaning potential explicit and
implicit of the text meaning potential of the ST changes
through translations ............................................................................. 148
Figure 4.4 Percentage of shifts of cohesion in text changes through the
translation viewed from culture .......................................................... 169
Figure 4.5 Shifts of Cohesion in the Translation of Tempo Magazine ................ 171
vi
LIST OF TABLE
Page
Table 3.1 Shift of cohesion: the general level of the target text’s textual
explicitnes higher than that of the ST ................................................... 49
Table 4.1 Shift of cohesion : the general level of the target text’s
textual explicitness higher than that of the ST .................................... 77
Table 4.2 Shift of cohesion : the general level of the target text’s
textual explicitness lower than that of the ST ..................................... 86
Table 4.3 Explicit and Implicit Meaning Potential of SL changes through
Translation ............................................................................................ 147
Table 4.4 Shifts of Cohesion in Text changes through the Translation
viewed from Culture ............................................................................ 168
Table 4.5 Percentage of Shifts in Cohesion in the Translation of Tempo
Magazine .............................................................................................. 170
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Text of data ........................................................................................................... 1
Scans of Tempo magazine ................................................................................... 54
viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
HL
LIT
LL
MP
SL
SLT
TLT
ST
TL
TT
: Higher Level
: Literal Translation
: Lower Level
: Meaning Potential
: Source Language
: Source Language Text
: Target Language Text
: Source Text
: Target Language
: Target Text
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................
CURRICULUM VITAE ...................................................................................
LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................
LIST OF APPENDICES ...................................................................................
LIST OF ABBREVIATION .............................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................
i
ii
iii
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION .....................................................................
1.1 Background of the Study ....................................................
1.2 Translation Shifts ................................................................
1.3 Statement of the Problems ..................................................
1.4 Objectives of the Study .......................................................
1.5 Scope of the Study ..............................................................
1.6 Significance of the Study ....................................................
1.7 Organization of the Dissertation .........................................
1
1
3
9
9
9
10
11
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...........................................
2.1 Concepts of Translation ......................................................
2.2 Concepts of Shift .................................................................
2.3 Concepts of Cohesion .........................................................
2.4 Shifts of Cohesion in Translation ........................................
2.5 Concepts of Culture in Translation .....................................
2.6 Previous Studies on the Shift of Cohesion in the
Translation of some Texts ..................................................
12
12
16
23
28
34
CHAPTER III : METHOD OF RESEARCH ...................................................
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................
3.2 Research Approach : Qualitative ........................................
3.3 Research Design .................................................................
3.4 Procedures and Preparation ................................................
3.5 Data Source and Data Gathering ........................................
3.6 Method of Data Analysis ....................................................
3.7 Presenting the Data Analysis ..............................................
41
41
41
42
45
45
47
48
37
CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................ 50
4.1 Data Analysis ...................................................................... 50
4.1.1 Shifts of Cohesion: the General Level Target Text’s
Textual Explicitness higher than that of Source Text . 51
4.1.2 Shifts of Cohesion: the General Level Target Text’s
Textual Explicitness lower than that of Source Text .. 78
4.1.3 Explicit and Implicit Meaning Potential of the Source
Text Changes through the Translation ...................... 88
x
4.1.4 Shifts of Cohesion in Text Changes through the
Translation viewed from Culture ............................... 149
4.2 Conclusion .......................................................................... 169
CHAPTER V : FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ............................................ 172
5.1 Findings ............................................................................... 172
5.1.1 Shift in Cohesion......................................................... 173
5.1 .1.1 The General Level of Target Text’s Textual
Explicitness: higher or lower than that of Source
Text ................................................................ 173
5.1.1.2 Shift in Text Meaning: Implicit and Explicit
Meaning Potential .......................................... 174
5.1.1.3 Shift of Cohesion in the Translation viewed
from Culture ................................................... 175
5.2 Discussion ........................................................................... 176
5.2.1 Shift of Cohesion Influences the Meaning of the
Translation ........................................................ 178
5.2.2 Shift of Cohesion in Text Meaning Potential
Changes through the Translation ...................... 182
CHAPTER VI : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ................................ 184
6.1 Conclusion .......................................................................... 184
6.2 Suggestions ......................................................................... 187
REFERRENCES ...............................................................................................
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................
Appendix 1 Text of Data ..................................................................................
Appendix 2 Scan of Tempo Magazines ............................................................
xi
188
1
1
54