LANDASAN TEORI DAN PROGRAM PUSAT PENGRAJIN DAN PENGEMBANGAN BATIK DI KOTA SEMARANG
PROJEK AKHIR ARSITEKTUR
Periode LXXIII, Semester Genap, Tahun 2017/2018
LANDASAN TEORI DAN PROGRAM
PUSAT PENGRAJIN DAN
PENGEMBANGAN BATIK DI KOTA
SEMARANG
Tema Desain
Arsitektur Neo-Vernakular
Fokus Kajian
Kenyamanan Ruangan bagi Pengguna Bangunan pada Area Produksi
Diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan
memperoleh gelar Sarjana Arsitektur
Disusun oleh :
Kent Nurcahyo Dewantoro
NIM : 13.11.0121
Dosen Pembimbing :
Ir. Ign. Dono Sayoso., MSR.
NIDN : 0608075601
PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR
FAKULTAS ARSITEKTUR DAN DESAIN
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK SOEGIJAPRANATA SEMARANG
Maret 2018
i
ii
iii
PRAKATA
Puji dan syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, atas karunia dan
rahmat yang telah diberikan-Nya. atas terselesaikanya Landasan Teori
dan Program Projek Akhir Arsitektur ( PAA ).
Landasan Teori dan Program yang disajikan berjudul “ Pusat
Pengrajin dan Pengembangan Batik di Kota Semarang” dengan tujuan
sebuah fasilitas untuk memproduksi, mengembangkan dan mengedukasi
batik dengan corak Semarangan.
Dalam penyusunan Landasan Teori dan Program ini memperoleh
banyak bantuan dan dukungan dari pembimbing di Program Arsitektur,
Fakultas Arsitektur dan Desain Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata
Semarang.
1. Dra. B. Tyas Susanti, MA, PhD. Selaku dekan Fakultas Arsitektur
dan Desain.
2. Md. Nestri Kiswari, S.Mc Selaku ketua jurusan Program Studi
Arsitektur.
3. Ign, Dono Sayoso, Ir, MSR selaku dosen pembimbing PAA 73
4. Serta semua pihak yang telah membantu sehingga dapat tersusun
proposal ini.
iv
Atas segala bimbingan, saran, arahan dan doa saya ucapkan
terimakasih. semoga Landasan Teori dan Program ini dapat membantu
dan bermanfaat bagi semua pihak.
Semarang, 29 Maret 2018
Kent Nurcahyo Dewantoro
NIM : 13.11.0121
v
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN ..................................................... ii
PRAKATA ................................................................................................. iv
DAFTAR ISI................................................................................................v
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................... xviii
DAFTAR DIAGRAM ................................................................................ xxi
A. BAB I PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................ 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................. 1
1.1.1 Gagasan Awal ............................................................................ 1
1.1.2 Alasan Pemilihan Judul .............................................................. 3
1.2 Tujuan dan Sasaran Pembahasan ................................................... 5
1.2.1 Tujuan ........................................................................................ 5
1.2.2 Sasaran ...................................................................................... 5
1.3 Lingkup Pembahasan ....................................................................... 6
1.4 Metode Pembahasan........................................................................ 6
1.4.1 Metode Pengumpulan Data ........................................................ 6
1.4.2 Metode Penyusunan dan Analisa ............................................... 8
vi
1.4.3 Metode Pemrograman ................................................................ 8
1.4.4 Metode Perancangan Arsitektur ................................................. 9
1.4.5 Alur Pikir Pembahasan ............................................................. 10
1.5 Sistematika Pembahasan ............................................................... 11
1.5.1 BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................ 11
1.5.2 BAB II TINJAUAN PROJEK ..................................................... 11
1.5.3 BAB III ANALISIS PENDEKATAN PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR . 11
1.5.4 BAB IV PROGRAM ARSITEKTURAL ...................................... 12
1.5.5 BAB V KAJIAN TEORI ............................................................. 12
1.5.6 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................. 12
1.5.7 LAMPIRAN ............................................................................... 12
B. BAB II TINJAUAN PROJEK ............................................................... 13
2.1 Tinjauan Umum .............................................................................. 13
2.1.1 Gambaran Umum ..................................................................... 13
2.1.2 Latar Belakang-Perkembangan-Tren ....................................... 14
2.1.3 Sasaran yang Akan Dicapai ..................................................... 17
2.2 Tinjauan Khusus ............................................................................. 18
2.2.1 Terminologi Proyek................................................................... 18
2.2.2 Batik Semarangan .................................................................... 19
2.2.3 Bahan Baku dan Peralatan ....................................................... 20
vii
2.2.4 Proses Membatik ...................................................................... 28
2.2.5 Corak Batik Semarangan ......................................................... 30
2.2.5 Kegiatan, Pelaku dan Fasilitas ................................................. 32
2.2.6 Spesifikasi Persyaratan dan Desain ......................................... 43
2.2.7 Deskripsi Konteks Kota ............................................................ 45
2.2.8 Studi Banding Projek Sejenis ................................................... 49
2.2.9 Permasalahan Desain .............................................................. 66
2.3 Kesimpulan, Batasan dan Anggapan.............................................. 68
2.3.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................... 68
2.3.2 Batasan .................................................................................... 68
2.3.3 Anggapan ................................................................................. 69
C. BAB III ANALISIS PENDEKATAN PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ......... 70
3.1 Analisis Pendekatan Arsitektur ....................................................... 70
3.1.1 Studi Aktivitas- Pola Kegiatan- Sifat Kegiatan .......................... 70
3.1.2 Studi Fasilitas ........................................................................... 81
3.1.3 Program Ruang ........................................................................ 86
3.1.4 Organisasi Ruang ..................................................................... 90
3.1.5 Studi Ruang Khusus ................................................................. 94
3.1.6 Studi Kebutuhan Luas Bangunan ........................................... 101
3.1.6 Studi Kebutuhan Luas Lahan ................................................. 111
viii
3.1.7 Citra Arsitektural ..................................................................... 113
3.2 Analisis Pendekatan Sistem Bangunan ........................................ 114
3.2.1 Studi Sistem Struktur dan Enclosure ...................................... 114
3.2.2 Studi Sistem Utilitas................................................................ 125
3.2.3 Studi Pemanfaatan Teknologi ................................................ 135
3.3 Analisis Pendekatan Konteks Lingkungan .................................... 137
3.3.1 Analisa Pemilihan Lokasi........................................................ 137
3.3.2 Pemilihan BWK ...................................................................... 139
3.3.3 Analisa Pemilihan Tapak ........................................................ 143
D. BAB IV PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR .................................................. 151
4.1 Konsep Program ........................................................................... 151
4.1.1 Aspek Citra Arsitektural .......................................................... 151
4.1.2 Aspek Performance Arsitektural ............................................. 151
4.1.3 Aspek Fungsi .......................................................................... 152
4.1.4 Aspek Teknologi ..................................................................... 152
4.1.5 Aspek Ramah Lingkungan ..................................................... 152
4.2 Tujuan Perancangan, Faktor Penentu Perancangan, Faktor
Persyaratan Perancangan .................................................................. 153
4.2.1 Tujuan Perancangan .............................................................. 153
4.2.2 Faktor Penentu Perancangan ................................................. 153
ix
4.2.3 Faktor Persyaratan Perancangan ........................................... 154
4.3 Program Arsitektur ........................................................................ 156
4.3.1 Program Kegiatan dan Fasilitas ............................................. 156
4.3.2 Program Sistem Struktur dan Bahan Bangunan ..................... 159
4.3.3 Studi Sistem Utilitas................................................................ 169
4.3.4 Program Lokasi dan Tapak .................................................... 177
E. BAB V KAJIAN TEORI ..................................................................... 182
5.1 Kajian Teori Penekanan Tema / Tema Desain ............................. 182
5.1.1 Uraian Interpretasi dan Elaborasi Teori Penekanan Desain ... 182
5.1.2 Sutdi Preseden ....................................................................... 186
5.1.3 Kemungkinan Penerapan Teori Tema Desain ........................ 190
5.2 Kajian Teori Penekanan Dominan ................................................ 190
5.2.1 Uraian Interpretasi dan Elaborasi Teori Permasalahan Dominan190
5.2.2 Studi Preseden ....................................................................... 201
5.2.3 Kemungkinan Penerapan Teori Permasalahan Desain Dominan205
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............................................................................. xviii
LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................... xx
x
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2. 1 : Kain Batik .......................................................................... 21
Gambar 2. 2 : Malam/Lilin Batik ............................................................... 21
Gambar 2. 3 : Pewarna Alami .................................................................. 22
Gambar 2. 4 : Pewarna Buatan................................................................ 23
Gambar 2. 5 : Canting Batik ..................................................................... 24
Gambar 2. 6 : Wajan Batik Cap ............................................................... 25
Gambar 2. 7 : Gawangan ......................................................................... 25
Gambar 2. 8 : Kenjeng ............................................................................. 26
Gambar 2. 9 : Kayu Pemukul ................................................................... 26
Gambar 2. 10 : Anglo ............................................................................... 27
Gambar 2. 11 : Dingklik ........................................................................... 27
Gambar 2. 12 : Canting Cap .................................................................... 28
Gambar 2. 13 : Corak Tugu Muda Kekiteran Asem ................................. 30
Gambar 2. 14 : Motif Lawang Sewu Ngawang ......................................... 31
Gambar 2. 15 : Motif Warak ..................................................................... 31
Gambar 2. 16 : Motif Gambang Semarangan .......................................... 32
Gambar 2. 17 : Ruang Gerak Individu ..................................................... 40
Gambar 2. 18 : Ruang Gerak Kelompok .................................................. 40
Gambar 2. 19 : Ruang Galeri Pamer Batik .............................................. 41
Gambar 2. 20 : Lampu Sorot Ruang Galeri ............................................. 41
Gambar 2. 21 : Standar Lorong Perpustakaan ........................................ 42
Gambar 2. 22: Meja Foodcourt ................................................................ 43
xi
Gambar 2. 23 : Peta Provinsi Jawa Tengah ............................................ 45
Gambar 2. 24 : Peta Kota Semarang ....................................................... 47
Gambar 2. 25 : Batik 16 Semarang.......................................................... 50
Gambar 2. 26 : Denah Fasilitas Batik 16 ................................................. 51
Gambar 2. 27 : Ruang Galeri Batik 16 ..................................................... 52
Gambar 2. 28 : Fasilitas Ruang Galeri Batik 16 ....................................... 52
Gambar 2. 29 : Ruang Produksi Batik 16 ................................................. 53
Gambar 2. 30 : Ruang produksi Batik 16 ................................................. 53
Gambar 2. 31: Rest Area Batik 16 ........................................................... 54
Gambar 2. 32: Taman Batik 16 ................................................................ 55
Gambar 2. 33 : Toilet Batik 16 ................................................................. 55
Gambar 2. 34: Denah Museum Batik Pekalongan ................................... 57
Gambar 2. 35 : Ruang Galeri 1 Museum Batik Pekalongan .................... 58
Gambar 2. 36 : Ruang Galeri 2 Museum Batik Pekalongan .................... 58
Gambar 2. 37 : Ruang Galeri 3 Museum Batik Pekalongan .................... 59
Gambar 2. 38 : Ruang Belajar Membatik ................................................. 60
Gambar 2. 39 : Kantin Museum Batik Pekalongan .................................. 60
Gambar 2. 40 : Ruang Audio Visual......................................................... 61
Gambar 2. 41 : Perpustakaan Museum Batik Pekalongan ...................... 61
Gambar 2. 42 : Auditorium Museum Batik Pekalongan ........................... 62
Gambar 2. 43 : Taman Museum Batik Pekalongan ................................. 62
Gambar 2. 44 : International Batik Center Pekalongan ............................ 64
Gambar 2. 45 : Foodcourt IBC Pekalongan ............................................. 64
xii
Gambar 2. 46 : Gerai Toko IBC Pekalongan ........................................... 65
Gambar 2. 47 : Area Workshop IBC ........................................................ 65
Gambar 3. 1: Jarak Pandang Efektif Ruang Koleksi ................................ 94
Gambar 3. 2: Denah Galeri Pamer .......................................................... 96
Gambar 3. 3 : Denah Toko Batik.............................................................. 98
Gambar 3. 4 : Denah Ruang Membatik ................................................. 100
Gambar 3. 5 : Pondasi Batu Belah......................................................... 116
Gambar 3. 6 : Pondasi Footplat ............................................................. 116
Gambar 3. 7 : Plat Lantai Beton Bertulang ............................................ 117
Gambar 3. 8 : Kolom Struktur ................................................................ 118
Gambar 3. 9 : Balok Kolom .................................................................... 119
Gambar 3. 10 : Atap Baja Ringan .......................................................... 119
Gambar 3. 11 : Atap Rangka Kayu ........................................................ 120
Gambar 3. 12 : Atap Baja Konvensional ................................................ 120
Gambar 3. 13 : Lantai keramik .............................................................. 121
Gambar 3. 14 : Lantai Granit.................................................................. 121
Gambar 3. 15 : Lantai Parquet ............................................................... 121
Gambar 3. 16 : Grass Block ................................................................... 122
Gambar 3. 17 : Batu Bata ...................................................................... 122
Gambar 3. 18 : Dinding Batu Alam ........................................................ 123
Gambar 3. 19 : Dinding Kalsi Board....................................................... 123
Gambar 3. 20 : Plafond Gypsum............................................................ 123
xiii
Gambar 3. 21 : Plafond GRC ................................................................. 123
Gambar 3. 22 : Plafond Akustik ............................................................. 124
Gambar 3. 23 : Genteng Tanah Liat ...................................................... 124
Gambar 3. 24 : Atap Tajuk ..................................................................... 125
Gambar 3. 25 : Atap Dak Beton ............................................................. 125
Gambar 3. 26 : Penghawaan Alami ....................................................... 127
Gambar 3. 27 : System Downfeed ......................................................... 128
Gambar 3. 28 : System Upfeed.............................................................. 128
Gambar 3. 29 : Sistem Jaringan Listrik .................................................. 130
Gambar 3. 30 : Tangga .......................................................................... 131
Gambar 3. 31 : Ramp ............................................................................ 132
Gambar 3. 32 : Pilar Hydrant ................................................................. 133
Gambar 3. 33 : Fire Extinguisher ........................................................... 133
Gambar 3. 34 : Springkler ...................................................................... 134
Gambar 3. 35 : CCTV ............................................................................ 135
Gambar 3. 36 : Rain Water Harvesting .................................................. 136
Gambar 3. 37 : Light Shelve .................................................................. 136
Gambar 3. 38 : Canting Otomatis .......................................................... 137
Gambar 3. 39 : Peta Provinsi Jawa Tengah .......................................... 137
Gambar 3. 40 : Peta Kota Semarang ..................................................... 138
Gambar 3. 41 : Peta BWK III Kota Semarang ........................................ 139
Gambar 3. 42 : Peta BWK I Kota Semarang .......................................... 141
Gambar 3. 43 : Peta Lokasi Alternatif Tapak 1 ...................................... 146
xiv
Gambar 3. 44 : Suasana Jalan Tapak 1 ................................................ 148
Gambar 3. 45 : Peta Lokasi Alternatif 2 ................................................. 148
Gambar 3. 46 : Siasana Jalan Tapak 2 .................................................. 150
Gambar 4. 1 : Pondasi Batu Belah......................................................... 160
Gambar 4. 2 : Pondasi Footplat ............................................................. 160
Gambar 4. 3 : Plat Lantai Beton Bertulang ............................................ 161
Gambar 4. 4 : Kolom Struktur ................................................................ 162
Gambar 4. 5 : Balok Kolom .................................................................... 163
Gambar 4. 6 : Atap Baja Ringan ............................................................ 164
Gambar 4. 7 : Atap Rangka Kayu .......................................................... 164
Gambar 4. 8 : Atap Baja Konvensional .................................................. 164
Gambar 4. 9 : Lantai Keramik ................................................................ 165
Gambar 4. 10 : Lantai Granit.................................................................. 165
Gambar 4. 11 : Lantai Parquet ............................................................... 166
Gambar 4. 12 : Grass Block ................................................................... 166
Gambar 4. 13 : Batu Bata ...................................................................... 167
Gambar 4. 14 : Dinding Batu Alam ........................................................ 167
Gambar 4. 15 : Dinding Kalsi Board....................................................... 167
Gambar 4. 16 : Plafond Gypsum............................................................ 167
Gambar 4. 17 : Plafond GRC ................................................................. 168
Gambar 4. 18 : Plafond Akustik ............................................................. 168
Gambar 4. 19 : Gentang Tanah Liat ...................................................... 168
xv
Gambar 4. 20 : Atap Ijuk ........................................................................ 169
Gambar 4. 21 : Atap Dak Beton ............................................................. 169
Gambar 4. 22 : Peta BWK III Kota Semarang ........................................ 177
Gambar 4. 23 : Peta Lokasi Alternatif 1 ................................................. 179
Gambar 4. 24 : Suasana Jalan Tapak 1 ................................................ 181
Gambar 5. 1 : Arsitektur Semarangan di Kauman ................................. 185
Gambar 5. 2 : Gereja Blenduk Semarang .............................................. 186
Gambar 5. 3 : Bangunan Gubernur Sumatera Barat.............................. 186
Gambar 5. 4 : Rumah Bagonjong .......................................................... 187
Gambar 5. 5 Gedung Pusat UGM. ......................................................... 188
Gambar 5. 6: Entrance Gedung Pusat UGM. ........................................ 189
Gambar 5. 7: Maket Gedung Pusat UGM .............................................. 189
Gambar 5. 8 Lubang Pencahayaan Alami ............................................. 193
Gambar 5. 9 : Lampu Pijar ..................................................................... 194
Gambar 5. 10 : Lampu Florensi. ............................................................ 195
Gambar 5. 11: Lampu Halogen .............................................................. 195
Gambar 5. 12: Lampu Tekanan Tinggi .................................................. 196
Gambar 5. 13 : Pergerakan Angin di Dalam Ruangan ........................... 197
Gambar 5. 14 : Ventilasi Silang.............................................................. 198
Gambar 5. 15 : Ventilasi Vertikal............................................................ 199
Gambar 5. 16 : Batik 16 Semarang........................................................ 201
Gambar 5. 17 : Ruang Memola .............................................................. 202
xvi
Gambar 5. 18 : Area Membatik .............................................................. 203
Gambar 5. 19 : Area Membatik Cap ...................................................... 203
Gambar 5. 20 : Museum Ronggowarsito ....Error! Bookmark not defined.
Gambar 5. 21 : Pencahayaan dan Penghawaan Alami ......................... 204
Gambar 5. 22 : Penghawaan Alami Pada Museum Ronggowarsito ...... 204
Gambar 5. 23 : Pencahayaan Buatan Museum Ronggowarsito ............ 205
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 3.1 : Studi Aktivitas dan Kebutuhan Ruang ..............................................75
Tabel 3.2 : Kebutuhan Tenaga Kerja .................................................................83
Tabel 3.3 : Analisis Sifat Ruang .........................................................................86
Tabel 3.4 : Analisis Persyaratan Ruang .............................................................89
Tabel 3.5 : Analisis Denah Ruang Galeri ...........................................................96
Tabel 3.6 : Luasan Ruang Galeri Pamer ............................................................97
Tabel 3.7 : Analisis Denah Ruang Toko Batik ....................................................98
Tabel 3.8 : Luasan Toko Batik ...........................................................................99
Tabel 3.9 : Analisis Ruang Membatik .............................................................. 100
Tabel 3.10 : Luasan Ruang Membatik ............................................................ 101
Tabel 3.11 : Besaran Ruang Galeri Pamer ..................................................... 102
Tabel 3.12 : Besaran Ruang Toko Batik ......................................................... 102
Tabel 3.13 : Besaran Ruang Produksi Batik.................................................... 103
Tabel 3.14 : Besaran Ruang Studio Edukasi Batik .......................................... 105
Tabel 3.15 : Besaran Ruang Penelitian dan Riset ........................................... 106
Tabel 3.16 : Besaran Ruang Perpustakaan .................................................... 106
Tabel 3.17 : Besaran Ruang Seminar ............................................................. 107
Tabel 3.18 : Besaran Ruang Pengelola .......................................................... 107
Tabel 3.19 : Besaran Ruang Foodcourt .......................................................... 109
xviii
Tabel 3.20 : Besaran Ruang ATM Centre ....................................................... 110
Tabel 3.21 : Besaran Ruang MEE .................................................................. 110
Tabel 3.22 : Rekapitulasi Besaran Ruang ....................................................... 111
Tabel 3.23 : Jumlang Pengunjung Projek Sejenis ........................................... 111
Tabel 3.24 : Prediksi Kebutuhan Lahan Parkir ................................................ 112
Tabel 3.25 : Perhitungan Lahan Parkir............................................................ 113
Tabel 3.26 : Jenis Struktur Bawah .................................................................. 116
Tabel 3.27 : Konstruksi Atap ........................................................................... 119
Tabel 3.28 : Alternati Lantai ............................................................................ 121
Tabel 3.29 : Alternatif Dinding dan Plafonf Bangunan .................................... 122
Tabel 3.30 : Alternatif Penutup Atap ............................................................... 124
Tabel 3.31 : Kriteria Penilaian Tapak .............................................................. 142
Tabel 3.32 : Kriteria Pemilihan Tapak ............................................................. 144
Tabel 3.33 : Analisis Tapak 1 .......................................................................... 146
Tabel 3.34 : Analisis Tapak 2 .......................................................................... 149
Tabel 3.35 : Penilaian Pemilihan Tapak .......................................................... 150
Tabel 4.1 : Program Ruang ............................................................................. 156
Tabel 4.2 : Besaran Ruang Indoor .................................................................. 158
Tabel 4.3 : Besaran Ruang Outdoor ............................................................... 158
xix
Tabel 4.4 : Jenis Struktur Bawah .................................................................... 160
Tabel 4.5 : Konstruksi Atap ............................................................................. 164
Tabel 4.6 : Alternatif Lantai ............................................................................. 165
Tabel 4.7 : Alternatif Dinding Bangunan.......................................................... 167
Tabel 4.8 : Alternatif Penutup Atap ................................................................. 168
Tabel 4.9 : Standar Kebutuhan Air .................................................................. 173
Tabel 4.9 : Analisis Tapak 1 ............................................................................ 180
Tabel 5.1 : Syarat Kenyamanan Ruang Memola ............................................. 205
Tabel 5.2 : Syarat Kenyamanan Ruang Mencanting ....................................... 206
Tabel 5.3 : Syarat Kenyamanan Ruang Mengecap ......................................... 206
Tabel 5.4 : Syarat Kenyamanan Ruang Pewarnaan ....................................... 207
Tabel 5.5 : Syarat Kenyamanan Ruang Pencucian ......................................... 207
Tabel 5.6 : Syarat Kenyamanan Ruang Ngelorod ........................................... 208
Tabel 5.7 : Syarat Kenyamanan Ruang Penjemuran ...................................... 209
xx
DAFTAR DIAGRAM
Diagram 1.1 : Alur Pikir Pembahasan ................................................................10
Diagram 2.1 : Struktur Organisasi Pengelola .....................................................36
Diagram 3.1 : Pengelompokan Aktivitas ............................................................70
Diagram 3.2 : Pola Kegiatan Pengunjung ..........................................................77
Diagram 3.3 : Pola Kegiatan Pengrajin Batik .....................................................77
Diagram 3.4 : Pola Kegiatan Penjaga Toko .......................................................78
Diagram 3.5 : Pola Kegiatan Peneliti dan Pengembangan .................................78
Diagram 3.6 : Pola Kegiatan Pengelola .............................................................79
Diagram 3.7 : Pola Kegiatan Petugas Informasi .................................................79
Diagram 3.8 : Pola Kegiatan Petugas Foodcourt ...............................................79
Diagram 3.9 : Pola Kegiatan Petugas Keamanan ..............................................80
Diagram 3.10 : Pola Kegiatan Petugas Kebersian .............................................80
Diagram 3.11 : Pola Kegiatan Petugas Teknisi ..................................................81
Diagram 3.12 : Struktur Organisasi Pengelola ...................................................84
Diagram 3.13 : Hubungan Ruang Makro ............................................................90
Diagram 3.14 : Pola Ruang Area Utama ............................................................91
Diagram 3.15 : Pola Ruang Area Pengelola.......................................................91
Diagram 3.16 : Pola Ruang Area Penunjang .....................................................92
Diagram 3.17 : Pora Ruang Area Servis ............................................................92
xxi
Diagram 3.18 : Pola Ruang Area Produksi.........................................................93
Diagram 3.19 : Limbah Cari ............................................................................ 129
Diagram 3.20 : Limbah Padat ......................................................................... 129
Diagram 4.1 : Limbah Cair ............................................................................. 173
Diagram 4.2 : Limbah Padat ........................................................................... 173
xxii
Periode LXXIII, Semester Genap, Tahun 2017/2018
LANDASAN TEORI DAN PROGRAM
PUSAT PENGRAJIN DAN
PENGEMBANGAN BATIK DI KOTA
SEMARANG
Tema Desain
Arsitektur Neo-Vernakular
Fokus Kajian
Kenyamanan Ruangan bagi Pengguna Bangunan pada Area Produksi
Diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan
memperoleh gelar Sarjana Arsitektur
Disusun oleh :
Kent Nurcahyo Dewantoro
NIM : 13.11.0121
Dosen Pembimbing :
Ir. Ign. Dono Sayoso., MSR.
NIDN : 0608075601
PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR
FAKULTAS ARSITEKTUR DAN DESAIN
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK SOEGIJAPRANATA SEMARANG
Maret 2018
i
ii
iii
PRAKATA
Puji dan syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, atas karunia dan
rahmat yang telah diberikan-Nya. atas terselesaikanya Landasan Teori
dan Program Projek Akhir Arsitektur ( PAA ).
Landasan Teori dan Program yang disajikan berjudul “ Pusat
Pengrajin dan Pengembangan Batik di Kota Semarang” dengan tujuan
sebuah fasilitas untuk memproduksi, mengembangkan dan mengedukasi
batik dengan corak Semarangan.
Dalam penyusunan Landasan Teori dan Program ini memperoleh
banyak bantuan dan dukungan dari pembimbing di Program Arsitektur,
Fakultas Arsitektur dan Desain Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata
Semarang.
1. Dra. B. Tyas Susanti, MA, PhD. Selaku dekan Fakultas Arsitektur
dan Desain.
2. Md. Nestri Kiswari, S.Mc Selaku ketua jurusan Program Studi
Arsitektur.
3. Ign, Dono Sayoso, Ir, MSR selaku dosen pembimbing PAA 73
4. Serta semua pihak yang telah membantu sehingga dapat tersusun
proposal ini.
iv
Atas segala bimbingan, saran, arahan dan doa saya ucapkan
terimakasih. semoga Landasan Teori dan Program ini dapat membantu
dan bermanfaat bagi semua pihak.
Semarang, 29 Maret 2018
Kent Nurcahyo Dewantoro
NIM : 13.11.0121
v
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN ..................................................... ii
PRAKATA ................................................................................................. iv
DAFTAR ISI................................................................................................v
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................... xviii
DAFTAR DIAGRAM ................................................................................ xxi
A. BAB I PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................ 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................. 1
1.1.1 Gagasan Awal ............................................................................ 1
1.1.2 Alasan Pemilihan Judul .............................................................. 3
1.2 Tujuan dan Sasaran Pembahasan ................................................... 5
1.2.1 Tujuan ........................................................................................ 5
1.2.2 Sasaran ...................................................................................... 5
1.3 Lingkup Pembahasan ....................................................................... 6
1.4 Metode Pembahasan........................................................................ 6
1.4.1 Metode Pengumpulan Data ........................................................ 6
1.4.2 Metode Penyusunan dan Analisa ............................................... 8
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1.4.3 Metode Pemrograman ................................................................ 8
1.4.4 Metode Perancangan Arsitektur ................................................. 9
1.4.5 Alur Pikir Pembahasan ............................................................. 10
1.5 Sistematika Pembahasan ............................................................... 11
1.5.1 BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................ 11
1.5.2 BAB II TINJAUAN PROJEK ..................................................... 11
1.5.3 BAB III ANALISIS PENDEKATAN PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR . 11
1.5.4 BAB IV PROGRAM ARSITEKTURAL ...................................... 12
1.5.5 BAB V KAJIAN TEORI ............................................................. 12
1.5.6 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................. 12
1.5.7 LAMPIRAN ............................................................................... 12
B. BAB II TINJAUAN PROJEK ............................................................... 13
2.1 Tinjauan Umum .............................................................................. 13
2.1.1 Gambaran Umum ..................................................................... 13
2.1.2 Latar Belakang-Perkembangan-Tren ....................................... 14
2.1.3 Sasaran yang Akan Dicapai ..................................................... 17
2.2 Tinjauan Khusus ............................................................................. 18
2.2.1 Terminologi Proyek................................................................... 18
2.2.2 Batik Semarangan .................................................................... 19
2.2.3 Bahan Baku dan Peralatan ....................................................... 20
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2.2.4 Proses Membatik ...................................................................... 28
2.2.5 Corak Batik Semarangan ......................................................... 30
2.2.5 Kegiatan, Pelaku dan Fasilitas ................................................. 32
2.2.6 Spesifikasi Persyaratan dan Desain ......................................... 43
2.2.7 Deskripsi Konteks Kota ............................................................ 45
2.2.8 Studi Banding Projek Sejenis ................................................... 49
2.2.9 Permasalahan Desain .............................................................. 66
2.3 Kesimpulan, Batasan dan Anggapan.............................................. 68
2.3.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................... 68
2.3.2 Batasan .................................................................................... 68
2.3.3 Anggapan ................................................................................. 69
C. BAB III ANALISIS PENDEKATAN PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ......... 70
3.1 Analisis Pendekatan Arsitektur ....................................................... 70
3.1.1 Studi Aktivitas- Pola Kegiatan- Sifat Kegiatan .......................... 70
3.1.2 Studi Fasilitas ........................................................................... 81
3.1.3 Program Ruang ........................................................................ 86
3.1.4 Organisasi Ruang ..................................................................... 90
3.1.5 Studi Ruang Khusus ................................................................. 94
3.1.6 Studi Kebutuhan Luas Bangunan ........................................... 101
3.1.6 Studi Kebutuhan Luas Lahan ................................................. 111
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3.1.7 Citra Arsitektural ..................................................................... 113
3.2 Analisis Pendekatan Sistem Bangunan ........................................ 114
3.2.1 Studi Sistem Struktur dan Enclosure ...................................... 114
3.2.2 Studi Sistem Utilitas................................................................ 125
3.2.3 Studi Pemanfaatan Teknologi ................................................ 135
3.3 Analisis Pendekatan Konteks Lingkungan .................................... 137
3.3.1 Analisa Pemilihan Lokasi........................................................ 137
3.3.2 Pemilihan BWK ...................................................................... 139
3.3.3 Analisa Pemilihan Tapak ........................................................ 143
D. BAB IV PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR .................................................. 151
4.1 Konsep Program ........................................................................... 151
4.1.1 Aspek Citra Arsitektural .......................................................... 151
4.1.2 Aspek Performance Arsitektural ............................................. 151
4.1.3 Aspek Fungsi .......................................................................... 152
4.1.4 Aspek Teknologi ..................................................................... 152
4.1.5 Aspek Ramah Lingkungan ..................................................... 152
4.2 Tujuan Perancangan, Faktor Penentu Perancangan, Faktor
Persyaratan Perancangan .................................................................. 153
4.2.1 Tujuan Perancangan .............................................................. 153
4.2.2 Faktor Penentu Perancangan ................................................. 153
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4.2.3 Faktor Persyaratan Perancangan ........................................... 154
4.3 Program Arsitektur ........................................................................ 156
4.3.1 Program Kegiatan dan Fasilitas ............................................. 156
4.3.2 Program Sistem Struktur dan Bahan Bangunan ..................... 159
4.3.3 Studi Sistem Utilitas................................................................ 169
4.3.4 Program Lokasi dan Tapak .................................................... 177
E. BAB V KAJIAN TEORI ..................................................................... 182
5.1 Kajian Teori Penekanan Tema / Tema Desain ............................. 182
5.1.1 Uraian Interpretasi dan Elaborasi Teori Penekanan Desain ... 182
5.1.2 Sutdi Preseden ....................................................................... 186
5.1.3 Kemungkinan Penerapan Teori Tema Desain ........................ 190
5.2 Kajian Teori Penekanan Dominan ................................................ 190
5.2.1 Uraian Interpretasi dan Elaborasi Teori Permasalahan Dominan190
5.2.2 Studi Preseden ....................................................................... 201
5.2.3 Kemungkinan Penerapan Teori Permasalahan Desain Dominan205
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............................................................................. xviii
LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................... xx
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2. 1 : Kain Batik .......................................................................... 21
Gambar 2. 2 : Malam/Lilin Batik ............................................................... 21
Gambar 2. 3 : Pewarna Alami .................................................................. 22
Gambar 2. 4 : Pewarna Buatan................................................................ 23
Gambar 2. 5 : Canting Batik ..................................................................... 24
Gambar 2. 6 : Wajan Batik Cap ............................................................... 25
Gambar 2. 7 : Gawangan ......................................................................... 25
Gambar 2. 8 : Kenjeng ............................................................................. 26
Gambar 2. 9 : Kayu Pemukul ................................................................... 26
Gambar 2. 10 : Anglo ............................................................................... 27
Gambar 2. 11 : Dingklik ........................................................................... 27
Gambar 2. 12 : Canting Cap .................................................................... 28
Gambar 2. 13 : Corak Tugu Muda Kekiteran Asem ................................. 30
Gambar 2. 14 : Motif Lawang Sewu Ngawang ......................................... 31
Gambar 2. 15 : Motif Warak ..................................................................... 31
Gambar 2. 16 : Motif Gambang Semarangan .......................................... 32
Gambar 2. 17 : Ruang Gerak Individu ..................................................... 40
Gambar 2. 18 : Ruang Gerak Kelompok .................................................. 40
Gambar 2. 19 : Ruang Galeri Pamer Batik .............................................. 41
Gambar 2. 20 : Lampu Sorot Ruang Galeri ............................................. 41
Gambar 2. 21 : Standar Lorong Perpustakaan ........................................ 42
Gambar 2. 22: Meja Foodcourt ................................................................ 43
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Gambar 2. 23 : Peta Provinsi Jawa Tengah ............................................ 45
Gambar 2. 24 : Peta Kota Semarang ....................................................... 47
Gambar 2. 25 : Batik 16 Semarang.......................................................... 50
Gambar 2. 26 : Denah Fasilitas Batik 16 ................................................. 51
Gambar 2. 27 : Ruang Galeri Batik 16 ..................................................... 52
Gambar 2. 28 : Fasilitas Ruang Galeri Batik 16 ....................................... 52
Gambar 2. 29 : Ruang Produksi Batik 16 ................................................. 53
Gambar 2. 30 : Ruang produksi Batik 16 ................................................. 53
Gambar 2. 31: Rest Area Batik 16 ........................................................... 54
Gambar 2. 32: Taman Batik 16 ................................................................ 55
Gambar 2. 33 : Toilet Batik 16 ................................................................. 55
Gambar 2. 34: Denah Museum Batik Pekalongan ................................... 57
Gambar 2. 35 : Ruang Galeri 1 Museum Batik Pekalongan .................... 58
Gambar 2. 36 : Ruang Galeri 2 Museum Batik Pekalongan .................... 58
Gambar 2. 37 : Ruang Galeri 3 Museum Batik Pekalongan .................... 59
Gambar 2. 38 : Ruang Belajar Membatik ................................................. 60
Gambar 2. 39 : Kantin Museum Batik Pekalongan .................................. 60
Gambar 2. 40 : Ruang Audio Visual......................................................... 61
Gambar 2. 41 : Perpustakaan Museum Batik Pekalongan ...................... 61
Gambar 2. 42 : Auditorium Museum Batik Pekalongan ........................... 62
Gambar 2. 43 : Taman Museum Batik Pekalongan ................................. 62
Gambar 2. 44 : International Batik Center Pekalongan ............................ 64
Gambar 2. 45 : Foodcourt IBC Pekalongan ............................................. 64
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Gambar 2. 46 : Gerai Toko IBC Pekalongan ........................................... 65
Gambar 2. 47 : Area Workshop IBC ........................................................ 65
Gambar 3. 1: Jarak Pandang Efektif Ruang Koleksi ................................ 94
Gambar 3. 2: Denah Galeri Pamer .......................................................... 96
Gambar 3. 3 : Denah Toko Batik.............................................................. 98
Gambar 3. 4 : Denah Ruang Membatik ................................................. 100
Gambar 3. 5 : Pondasi Batu Belah......................................................... 116
Gambar 3. 6 : Pondasi Footplat ............................................................. 116
Gambar 3. 7 : Plat Lantai Beton Bertulang ............................................ 117
Gambar 3. 8 : Kolom Struktur ................................................................ 118
Gambar 3. 9 : Balok Kolom .................................................................... 119
Gambar 3. 10 : Atap Baja Ringan .......................................................... 119
Gambar 3. 11 : Atap Rangka Kayu ........................................................ 120
Gambar 3. 12 : Atap Baja Konvensional ................................................ 120
Gambar 3. 13 : Lantai keramik .............................................................. 121
Gambar 3. 14 : Lantai Granit.................................................................. 121
Gambar 3. 15 : Lantai Parquet ............................................................... 121
Gambar 3. 16 : Grass Block ................................................................... 122
Gambar 3. 17 : Batu Bata ...................................................................... 122
Gambar 3. 18 : Dinding Batu Alam ........................................................ 123
Gambar 3. 19 : Dinding Kalsi Board....................................................... 123
Gambar 3. 20 : Plafond Gypsum............................................................ 123
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Gambar 3. 21 : Plafond GRC ................................................................. 123
Gambar 3. 22 : Plafond Akustik ............................................................. 124
Gambar 3. 23 : Genteng Tanah Liat ...................................................... 124
Gambar 3. 24 : Atap Tajuk ..................................................................... 125
Gambar 3. 25 : Atap Dak Beton ............................................................. 125
Gambar 3. 26 : Penghawaan Alami ....................................................... 127
Gambar 3. 27 : System Downfeed ......................................................... 128
Gambar 3. 28 : System Upfeed.............................................................. 128
Gambar 3. 29 : Sistem Jaringan Listrik .................................................. 130
Gambar 3. 30 : Tangga .......................................................................... 131
Gambar 3. 31 : Ramp ............................................................................ 132
Gambar 3. 32 : Pilar Hydrant ................................................................. 133
Gambar 3. 33 : Fire Extinguisher ........................................................... 133
Gambar 3. 34 : Springkler ...................................................................... 134
Gambar 3. 35 : CCTV ............................................................................ 135
Gambar 3. 36 : Rain Water Harvesting .................................................. 136
Gambar 3. 37 : Light Shelve .................................................................. 136
Gambar 3. 38 : Canting Otomatis .......................................................... 137
Gambar 3. 39 : Peta Provinsi Jawa Tengah .......................................... 137
Gambar 3. 40 : Peta Kota Semarang ..................................................... 138
Gambar 3. 41 : Peta BWK III Kota Semarang ........................................ 139
Gambar 3. 42 : Peta BWK I Kota Semarang .......................................... 141
Gambar 3. 43 : Peta Lokasi Alternatif Tapak 1 ...................................... 146
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Gambar 3. 44 : Suasana Jalan Tapak 1 ................................................ 148
Gambar 3. 45 : Peta Lokasi Alternatif 2 ................................................. 148
Gambar 3. 46 : Siasana Jalan Tapak 2 .................................................. 150
Gambar 4. 1 : Pondasi Batu Belah......................................................... 160
Gambar 4. 2 : Pondasi Footplat ............................................................. 160
Gambar 4. 3 : Plat Lantai Beton Bertulang ............................................ 161
Gambar 4. 4 : Kolom Struktur ................................................................ 162
Gambar 4. 5 : Balok Kolom .................................................................... 163
Gambar 4. 6 : Atap Baja Ringan ............................................................ 164
Gambar 4. 7 : Atap Rangka Kayu .......................................................... 164
Gambar 4. 8 : Atap Baja Konvensional .................................................. 164
Gambar 4. 9 : Lantai Keramik ................................................................ 165
Gambar 4. 10 : Lantai Granit.................................................................. 165
Gambar 4. 11 : Lantai Parquet ............................................................... 166
Gambar 4. 12 : Grass Block ................................................................... 166
Gambar 4. 13 : Batu Bata ...................................................................... 167
Gambar 4. 14 : Dinding Batu Alam ........................................................ 167
Gambar 4. 15 : Dinding Kalsi Board....................................................... 167
Gambar 4. 16 : Plafond Gypsum............................................................ 167
Gambar 4. 17 : Plafond GRC ................................................................. 168
Gambar 4. 18 : Plafond Akustik ............................................................. 168
Gambar 4. 19 : Gentang Tanah Liat ...................................................... 168
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Gambar 4. 20 : Atap Ijuk ........................................................................ 169
Gambar 4. 21 : Atap Dak Beton ............................................................. 169
Gambar 4. 22 : Peta BWK III Kota Semarang ........................................ 177
Gambar 4. 23 : Peta Lokasi Alternatif 1 ................................................. 179
Gambar 4. 24 : Suasana Jalan Tapak 1 ................................................ 181
Gambar 5. 1 : Arsitektur Semarangan di Kauman ................................. 185
Gambar 5. 2 : Gereja Blenduk Semarang .............................................. 186
Gambar 5. 3 : Bangunan Gubernur Sumatera Barat.............................. 186
Gambar 5. 4 : Rumah Bagonjong .......................................................... 187
Gambar 5. 5 Gedung Pusat UGM. ......................................................... 188
Gambar 5. 6: Entrance Gedung Pusat UGM. ........................................ 189
Gambar 5. 7: Maket Gedung Pusat UGM .............................................. 189
Gambar 5. 8 Lubang Pencahayaan Alami ............................................. 193
Gambar 5. 9 : Lampu Pijar ..................................................................... 194
Gambar 5. 10 : Lampu Florensi. ............................................................ 195
Gambar 5. 11: Lampu Halogen .............................................................. 195
Gambar 5. 12: Lampu Tekanan Tinggi .................................................. 196
Gambar 5. 13 : Pergerakan Angin di Dalam Ruangan ........................... 197
Gambar 5. 14 : Ventilasi Silang.............................................................. 198
Gambar 5. 15 : Ventilasi Vertikal............................................................ 199
Gambar 5. 16 : Batik 16 Semarang........................................................ 201
Gambar 5. 17 : Ruang Memola .............................................................. 202
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Gambar 5. 18 : Area Membatik .............................................................. 203
Gambar 5. 19 : Area Membatik Cap ...................................................... 203
Gambar 5. 20 : Museum Ronggowarsito ....Error! Bookmark not defined.
Gambar 5. 21 : Pencahayaan dan Penghawaan Alami ......................... 204
Gambar 5. 22 : Penghawaan Alami Pada Museum Ronggowarsito ...... 204
Gambar 5. 23 : Pencahayaan Buatan Museum Ronggowarsito ............ 205
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 3.1 : Studi Aktivitas dan Kebutuhan Ruang ..............................................75
Tabel 3.2 : Kebutuhan Tenaga Kerja .................................................................83
Tabel 3.3 : Analisis Sifat Ruang .........................................................................86
Tabel 3.4 : Analisis Persyaratan Ruang .............................................................89
Tabel 3.5 : Analisis Denah Ruang Galeri ...........................................................96
Tabel 3.6 : Luasan Ruang Galeri Pamer ............................................................97
Tabel 3.7 : Analisis Denah Ruang Toko Batik ....................................................98
Tabel 3.8 : Luasan Toko Batik ...........................................................................99
Tabel 3.9 : Analisis Ruang Membatik .............................................................. 100
Tabel 3.10 : Luasan Ruang Membatik ............................................................ 101
Tabel 3.11 : Besaran Ruang Galeri Pamer ..................................................... 102
Tabel 3.12 : Besaran Ruang Toko Batik ......................................................... 102
Tabel 3.13 : Besaran Ruang Produksi Batik.................................................... 103
Tabel 3.14 : Besaran Ruang Studio Edukasi Batik .......................................... 105
Tabel 3.15 : Besaran Ruang Penelitian dan Riset ........................................... 106
Tabel 3.16 : Besaran Ruang Perpustakaan .................................................... 106
Tabel 3.17 : Besaran Ruang Seminar ............................................................. 107
Tabel 3.18 : Besaran Ruang Pengelola .......................................................... 107
Tabel 3.19 : Besaran Ruang Foodcourt .......................................................... 109
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Tabel 3.20 : Besaran Ruang ATM Centre ....................................................... 110
Tabel 3.21 : Besaran Ruang MEE .................................................................. 110
Tabel 3.22 : Rekapitulasi Besaran Ruang ....................................................... 111
Tabel 3.23 : Jumlang Pengunjung Projek Sejenis ........................................... 111
Tabel 3.24 : Prediksi Kebutuhan Lahan Parkir ................................................ 112
Tabel 3.25 : Perhitungan Lahan Parkir............................................................ 113
Tabel 3.26 : Jenis Struktur Bawah .................................................................. 116
Tabel 3.27 : Konstruksi Atap ........................................................................... 119
Tabel 3.28 : Alternati Lantai ............................................................................ 121
Tabel 3.29 : Alternatif Dinding dan Plafonf Bangunan .................................... 122
Tabel 3.30 : Alternatif Penutup Atap ............................................................... 124
Tabel 3.31 : Kriteria Penilaian Tapak .............................................................. 142
Tabel 3.32 : Kriteria Pemilihan Tapak ............................................................. 144
Tabel 3.33 : Analisis Tapak 1 .......................................................................... 146
Tabel 3.34 : Analisis Tapak 2 .......................................................................... 149
Tabel 3.35 : Penilaian Pemilihan Tapak .......................................................... 150
Tabel 4.1 : Program Ruang ............................................................................. 156
Tabel 4.2 : Besaran Ruang Indoor .................................................................. 158
Tabel 4.3 : Besaran Ruang Outdoor ............................................................... 158
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Tabel 4.4 : Jenis Struktur Bawah .................................................................... 160
Tabel 4.5 : Konstruksi Atap ............................................................................. 164
Tabel 4.6 : Alternatif Lantai ............................................................................. 165
Tabel 4.7 : Alternatif Dinding Bangunan.......................................................... 167
Tabel 4.8 : Alternatif Penutup Atap ................................................................. 168
Tabel 4.9 : Standar Kebutuhan Air .................................................................. 173
Tabel 4.9 : Analisis Tapak 1 ............................................................................ 180
Tabel 5.1 : Syarat Kenyamanan Ruang Memola ............................................. 205
Tabel 5.2 : Syarat Kenyamanan Ruang Mencanting ....................................... 206
Tabel 5.3 : Syarat Kenyamanan Ruang Mengecap ......................................... 206
Tabel 5.4 : Syarat Kenyamanan Ruang Pewarnaan ....................................... 207
Tabel 5.5 : Syarat Kenyamanan Ruang Pencucian ......................................... 207
Tabel 5.6 : Syarat Kenyamanan Ruang Ngelorod ........................................... 208
Tabel 5.7 : Syarat Kenyamanan Ruang Penjemuran ...................................... 209
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DAFTAR DIAGRAM
Diagram 1.1 : Alur Pikir Pembahasan ................................................................10
Diagram 2.1 : Struktur Organisasi Pengelola .....................................................36
Diagram 3.1 : Pengelompokan Aktivitas ............................................................70
Diagram 3.2 : Pola Kegiatan Pengunjung ..........................................................77
Diagram 3.3 : Pola Kegiatan Pengrajin Batik .....................................................77
Diagram 3.4 : Pola Kegiatan Penjaga Toko .......................................................78
Diagram 3.5 : Pola Kegiatan Peneliti dan Pengembangan .................................78
Diagram 3.6 : Pola Kegiatan Pengelola .............................................................79
Diagram 3.7 : Pola Kegiatan Petugas Informasi .................................................79
Diagram 3.8 : Pola Kegiatan Petugas Foodcourt ...............................................79
Diagram 3.9 : Pola Kegiatan Petugas Keamanan ..............................................80
Diagram 3.10 : Pola Kegiatan Petugas Kebersian .............................................80
Diagram 3.11 : Pola Kegiatan Petugas Teknisi ..................................................81
Diagram 3.12 : Struktur Organisasi Pengelola ...................................................84
Diagram 3.13 : Hubungan Ruang Makro ............................................................90
Diagram 3.14 : Pola Ruang Area Utama ............................................................91
Diagram 3.15 : Pola Ruang Area Pengelola.......................................................91
Diagram 3.16 : Pola Ruang Area Penunjang .....................................................92
Diagram 3.17 : Pora Ruang Area Servis ............................................................92
xxi
Diagram 3.18 : Pola Ruang Area Produksi.........................................................93
Diagram 3.19 : Limbah Cari ............................................................................ 129
Diagram 3.20 : Limbah Padat ......................................................................... 129
Diagram 4.1 : Limbah Cair ............................................................................. 173
Diagram 4.2 : Limbah Padat ........................................................................... 173
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