POLITENESS STRATEGIES AMONG GAYO STUDENTS IN GAYO COMMUNITY.
ABSTRAK
Sarnila. NIM: 8136111052. Politeness Strategies among Gayo Students in Gayo
Community. Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris,
Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan 2016
Tesis ini berkaitan dengan studi strategi kesantunan kalangan para siswa Gayo di
masyarakat Gayo. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui strategi kesantunan
kalangan para siswa Gayo di masyarakat Gayo. Strategi kesantunan memiliki empat
jenis bald on record, positive politeness strategies, negative politeness strategies and
off record strategy. Dalam melaksanakan penelitian penulis menerapkan metode
deskriptif kualitatif dan subjek dari penelitian ini adalah empat laki-laki dari siswa
Gayo dan empat perempuan dari siswa dan objek penelitian Gayo yaitu ucapan para
siswa Gayo di masyarakat Gayo. Ucapan diambil dari tiga pertemuan dari tanggal
yang berbeda. Peneliti adalah instrumen kunci penelitian kualitatif ini dan peneliti
membutuhkan alat dalam penelitian seperti tape recorder untuk merekam ucapan
para siswa Gayo dan lembar wawancara. Teknik pengumpulan data, peneliti
menggunakan pengamatan seluruh kegiatan siswa Gayo di masyarakat, merekam
semua ucapan-ucapan siswa Gayo yang sebagai subjek dalam penelitian ini,
wawancara siswa Gayo sebagai subyek dalam penelitian ini dan menyalin data.
Dalam menganalisis data, peneliti memilih ucapan Gayo berdasarkan strategi
kesopanan dan wawancara sebagai subyek dalam penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan
jawaban yang valid. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa laki-laki dari siswa Gayo dominan
menggunakan kesopanan positif dan perempuan dari mahasiswa Gayo dominan
menggunakan kesopanan negatif. Pria yang menggunakan kesopanan positif untuk
membangun keluarga atau kekerabatan, sehingga mereka tidak merasa canggung.
Dan perempuan menggunakan bald of record dan kesopanan negatif karena mereka
ingin dihargai satu sama lain. Dalam menyikapi seseorang, laki-laki sering
menggunakan kata kekerabatan dalam menangani seseorang misalnya menggunakan
kata "KAM, SINEN" siswa laki-laki Gayo mengungkapkan bahwa kata-kata tidak
hanya untuk orang-orang yang tidak dikenal, untuk menunjukkan kedekatan antara
pembicara dan pendengar baik sebagai pembicara dan pendengar memiliki hubungan
dekat. Berbeda dengan perempuan dari siswa Gayo, mereka mengungkapkan
kesantunan mereka dengan menggunakan nama, nama yakin, ganti ko, adik, kakak,
abang dll, mereka sebut berdasarkan usia dan status. Perempuan dari siswa Gayo juga
mengungkapkan kesantunan mereka dalam menangani beberapa dengan berbagai
kata ganti "akak, abang", ketika mereka berbicara dengan muda mereka
menggunakan "dik". Ini secara otomatis menganggap bahwa mungkin ada jarak sosial
atau kecanggungan dalam situasi tersebut.
ABSTRACT
Sarnila. Registration Number: 8136111052. Politeness Strategies among Gayo
Students in Gayo Community. Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan
Bahasa Inggris, Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan 2016
This thesis deal with study of politeness strategies among Gayo students in Gayo
community. This research was conducted to find out the politeness strategies among
Gayo students in Gayo community. Politeness strategies has four kinds are bald on
record, positive politeness strategies, negative politeness strategies and off record
strategy. In carrying out the study the writer applied the descriptive qualitative
method and subjects of the study are four male of Gayo students and four female of
Gayo students and objects of the study were Gayo student utterances in Gayo
community. The utterances took from three meeting from different date. The
researcher was the key instrument of this qualitative research and the researcher need
tools in her research as tape recorder to record the Gayo student utterances and
interview sheet. The technique of data collection, the researcher used observing all
activities of Gayo students in community, recording all the utterances of Gayo
students who as subject in this research, interviewing of Gayo students as subject in
this study and transcribing data. In analyzing the data the researcher selected the
Gayo utterances based on politeness strategies and interviewing as subjects in this
research to get the valid answering. The findings showed that male of Gayo students
dominantly used positive politeness and female of Gayo students dominantly used
negative politeness. Male used positive politeness to build relatives or kinship, so that
they do not feel awkward. And female used bald on record and negative politeness
because they want appreciated each other. In addressing someone, male often used
kinship word in addressing someone for example used word “KAM, SINEN” the
male Gayo students express that words not only to the people who are not known, to
show the closeness between speaker and the hearer as both speaker and hearer have
close relationship. Different with the female of Gayo students, they express their
politeness by using the name, sure name, pronoun ko, adik, kakak, abang etc, they
call based on aged and status. Female of Gayo students also express their politeness
in addressing some with different pronoun “akak, abang”, when they speak to the
younger they used “dik”. These automatically assume that there might be some social
distance or awkwardness in the situation.
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
Thanks to ALLAH, the most Gracious and Beneficents, for giving the
writer strength to accomplish her thesis which made her devote all her time and
effort to do her best, she has to admire that this thesis would be imposibble
without sugestions, inputs, and critisms from them.
Blessing and peace be upon the prophet Muhammad SAW who has
brought human beings from the darkness into brightness. The researcher never
forgets to thank her beloved parents for their support, and teaching related to the
researcher.
This thesis is entitled “Politeness Strategies among Gayo Students in Gayo
Community”. In writing this thesis, there were many dificulties and problems
faced by the research and without any helps from the following people, it may
imposibble for the to finish this thesis.
There, the writer would like to deliver her thanks to H.Syarif and Hj.
Rahmah, her beloved parents who always give her more support, material and
their prayer during before and after her academic year in completing her study in
UNIMED and people mentioned below.
1. Prof.Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd and Dr.Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd as
writer’s first supervisor for countless valuable time spent in giving the
guidance, comments, criticism to quality the content of the thesis draft.
2. Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D, Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S and Dr.Anni
Holila Pulungan, M.Hum, as writer’s examiner, she is so indebted for their
sugesstion and constructive critics for this thesis.
3. Gayo students in Gayo Community for giving the time this in research.
4. All students of LTBI UNIMED, who have given the valuable thought and
intruction well.
5. Sarah rahhayu, S.P., Khairuddin, ST., Sartika Maya Susanti, S.Kom.
Bribka Muhammad Ali dan Octavia Rahsa as her beloved sister and
brother who given support, helped, and sugesstion.
All her friends LTBI who have cared and supported each other in finishing
this thesis. May ALLAH SWT bless them all, and all people that could not
metioned in this thesis, thanks for everyting and helping.
May ALLAH SWT bless them all, Amin.
Medan
The rescreacher
SARNILA
8136111053
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................
i
ABSTRAK
.......................................................................................
iii
ABSTRACT
.......................................................................................
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................
v
LIST OF APPENDICES .........................................................................
vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................
1
1.1. Background of Study ..........................................................................
1
1.2. Problems of the Study ……………………… … .................................
6
1.3. Objective of the Study.........................................................................
7
1.4. Scope of the Study ………………………………… ...........................
7
1.5. Significance of the Study………………………………… ..................
7
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................
8
2.1. Theoretical Description............................. ...........................................
8
2.1.1. Politeness............................. .............................................................
8
2.1.2. Politeness Strategies............................. .............................................
9
2.1.3. Types of Politeness Strategy..............................................................
11
2.1.4. Language and Gender........................................................................
18
2.1.5. Gayo Leus............................. ............................................................
19
2.1.6. Gayo Language............................. ....................................................
20
2.1.7. Community............................. ..........................................................
22
2.1.8. The Relevant Studies............................. ............................................
23
2.1.9. Conceptual Framework............................. ........................................
24
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................
26
3.1. Research Design ................................................................................
26
3.2. The Subject and Object of the Study ...................................................
27
3.3. The Instrument of Data Collection ......................................................
27
3.4. The Technique of Data Collection …………………………………………...
27
3.5. Technique of Data Analysis…………………………………… ..........
28
3.6. The Trustworthiness of the Study............................................................
28
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDING AND DISCUSSION ....
30
4.1 Data Analysis ......................................................................................
30
4.2 Finding ................................................................................................
37
4.3. Discussion............................................................................................
38
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGESSTION ............................
40
5.1 Conclusion ...........................................................................................
40
5.2 Suggestion ...........................................................................................
40
REFERENCES ........................................................................................
42
APPENDICES..........................................................................................
44
LIST OF APPENDIX
Pages
APPENDIX 1
44
APPENDIX 2
49
APPENDIX 3
51
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1.The Background of the Study
Long time ago in Gayo tribe, the politeness between male and female in
communication was similar or no differences both of them. But, now days the
communication between male and female among Gayo student has been changed
especially in addressing someone, giving and asking, for example when the
female addressing someone who is older then she is and also to all people, female
often use by using the standard language “ko (you)” in addressing someone, when
people uses word “ko” this word makes the people feel uncomfortable in
communication, not only in addressing someone female also used bald strategy in
asking and giving something, this strategy making the people shock or
embarrasses in communication.
For example:
F1. ko hana keber kak? ( How are you )
F2. Sehat we (Pretty well)
F1. Ngeh lang, kah ku acara Gayo (Come to Gayo community tomorrow)
F2. Ike sempat aq ngeh (If I have time, I go there)
F1. Makasih ta kak (Thank you sister)
F2. A (Ok)
(F1) female1, (F2) female2, F2 is older than F1, properly, when someone
speak to the older, she/ he has to speak with good politeness or has to appreciate
the older, in order the older feel the younger are appreciated him/her. The value
politeness of female in Gayo students has been shifted this time, actually the Gayo
female has to maintain their politeness in communication, because when people
speak something with other, and they come out from the rule, they will be judge
as impolite person, so that the utterances we produce are our action to show the
politeness, The Gayo female must select the polite word to avoid negative face in
communication between speakers and hearers, this fact female habit in using
impolite word not only happen in community in Gayo.
For example:
M1. Hana keber sinen (How are you friend)
M2. Alhamdulilah sehat sinen (Well friend)
In the first and the second line of the example above, the word “ sinen”, the use of
word “ sinen” here is considered as showing positive politeness. As Yule (1996)
says that positive politeness is the requester to appeal to a common goal and even
friendship. It means that positive politeness is needed to make a relationship
between one to another person. So M1 and m2 used the positive politeness in the
dialogue to avoid distance between one another or to make relationship one
another. The reason for M1 and M2 used the word “ sinen” because they do not
want to make distance between one another, they want to make relationship
between one another, event M1 and M2 are not intimate or family but they just
making good relationship.
When the person speak without use word “ sinen” it can make different politeness
for example
M1: Hana Keber?
M2: Alhamdulilah sehat
In the first and the second line of the example, M1 and M2 do not used word
“sinen” it show the speaker and the hear do not make good relationship and it
makes distance between one another. It is different when the person used word “
sinen”.
M2. Keber sehat we sinen (Pretty well friend)
M1. Kune keber kuliah me sinen (How about your study friend)
M2. Alhamduliah aman we sinen (It is good)
This conversation between M1 and M2 are the same age, but they always
maintain their polite wherever, whoever in making good communication.
Different country has different politeness as Gayo tribe, the phenomenon
in Gayo community in communication, male are more polite and talk more than
female, but some of ethnic female are more polite than male, as what Lakoff
(1999:165) says that females are more polite, hesitant, complain, cooperative and
talk more in private context than men, women talk more than men, they are polite,
hesitant, complain and ask more questions. (Keith, 1990). Being polite in Gayo
language can be expressed through the use of words, addressing, asking, giving
and greeting, for example when someone speaks to other he/she must chose the
polite word in making the positive face of the hearer, then by using pronoun “we”
making the speaker and hearer are intimate both of them. Therefore, this study is
very interesting to discuss because it can help the male and female especially
Gayo students to improve or make good communication in the society and to find
out the politeness strategies of gender differences among Gayo students in
community.
Misunderstanding can be avoided in interaction inter-ethnic culture if the
people express their politeness through their own way and utterances, because
different ethic has different way in expressing the politeness (Lakoff, 1999).
Culture is the characteristic of a particular group of people, defined by everything
from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts and culture refer to
cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, value, meanings,
hierarchies, religion, attitude, behavior, nation of time, roles, spatial relations,
concept of universe and material and objects and possession acquired by a group
of people in the course of generation through individual, culture also collective
programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category
of people from another. For example, in Gayo tribe, event one ethnic, Gayo
people have different politeness between male and female in addressing someone
as what Basow & Rubenfeld (2003:34) state that male and female conduct the
communication in different culture. Sometime the people can be impolite when
they can’t identify the context or situation of the speaker. In communication the
people have to choose the polite language, because different culture has own
language and politeness. According to Brown (1999:165) language is a part of a
culture and a culture is part of language; the two are intricately interwoven so that
one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or
culture. Culture and language are inseparable because Language is a system of
communication and interaction by members of society one to another such as
getting and giving information and it is very important element in human’s life in
order to create relationship among theme, so that politeness in speaking is not the
same in every person, it based on their culture and habit.
Politeness is the term used to describe the extent to which actions, such the
way to say something, (Brown and Levinson, 1987). Politeness is not something
people are born with, but something they have to learn and be socialized into
(Watts, 2003:9). When the person speaks to the people, the utterances that she/he
produces are actions to show their politeness. The utterances should be able to
save the hearer’s and feeling enjoyable. The utterance through the language users
will be judged with the hearer’s. Brown and Levinson (1987) formulate that
politeness strategies has four types are bald on record strategy is a direct
politeness strategy which contains no redress particle the face threatening act
(FTA), positive politeness strategies is redress directed to the addresses positive
face. His perennial desire that his wants or the action/ acquisition/values resulting
from them should thought of as desirable, negative politeness strategies is redress
action addressed to the addresses negative face, his want to have his freedom of
action unhindered and his attention unimpeded. It is the heart of respect behavior
and off record strategy is communicative act, not possible only one clear
communication intention to the act. It means that is a speaker wants to do an FTA
but wants to avoid the responsibility for doing it, he can do off record and leave it
up to the addresses to decide how to interpret it. Politeness can be applied by the
utterances with consider the hearer’s or speaker’s culture.
Gayo is one of several numbers of ethnic groups in Indonesia which
known as ethnic group that uses politeness in communication and will happen also
in Indonesia. Not only different culture different politeness but different gender
also can making different politenes . According to Basow & Rubenfeld (2003:34)
states that male and female conduct the communication in different culture. The
communication between male and female are also available in Gayo tribe,
especially for Gayo students in their community. Male and female can be
distinguished from two terms: sex and gender role. Sex refers to the biological
differences that exist between female and male. Male and female have distinctive
gender roles, (Croanbach, 1954). It means that gender roles are not innate
differences but learned behaviors. In this case male and female have
characteristics differences. For example, woman is known talk more active then
men. Some of linguists believe that female are known of their low status in
society and as the result, use more standard speech form, in their attempt to claim
equality or achieve high social status. Female use more standard forms than male
related to the ways in which society treats female. Female are designated the role
of modeling correct behavior in the community, (Holmes, 1992:173). In view of
this, female are accepted to speak more correctly. Gender and language are very
interesting to be discussed because male and female acclaimed as having
differences in cultures, power and status. Gender differences can make different
mode of communication, especially in male and female differences in expressing
politeness.
1.2. The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study are formulated as in the following:
1. What are the types of politeness strategies that used by male and female of
Gayo students in Gayo community?
2. Why do male and female of Gayo students have some different strategies
in expressing politeness in Gayo community?
1.3. Objective of the Study
1. To describe the types of politeness strategies that expressed by male and
female of Gayo students.
2. To explain the reasons why do male and female of Gayo students have
some different strategies in expressing politeness.
1.4. Scope of the Study
This study is attempted to investigate the politeness strategies used by
Gayo students, especially in community who are university students in Medan and
this study will be taken from two meeting from different date.
1.5. Significance of the Study
The finding of the study are expected to be significantly relevant
theoretically and practically in some aspects. Theoretically, the research findings
are expected to enrich the theories of linguistic politeness strategies, especially the
spoken language in spoken medium by certain community in certain event.
Practically, since the research focuses on Gayo native speakers in
expressing politeness, hopefully it is useful for lectures of sociolinguistic to apply
the politeness to the sociolinguistic students in university and daily conversation
and also practice the patterns of politeness which are used by the native Gayo.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
1.1. Conclusions
This thesis is about politeness strategies among Gayo students in Gayo
community, they are three analysis used by Gayo students in Gayo community.
The researcher just found the differences in express strategy politeness between
male and female only in addressing someone. And the types of politeness strategy
are male dominant express positive politeness, and female are dominant used bald
on record strategy and negative politeness strategy. They are some point to be
exposed in relation to the types of politeness strategies.
1. Male of Gayo students dominantly used positive politeness in
addressing someone. And female of Gayo students dominantly used
bald on record and negative politeness strategy.
2. Male used positive politeness to build relatives or kinship, so that
they do not feel awkward. And female used bald on record and
negative politeness because they want appreciated each other.
1.2.Suggestions
It is suggestion to those who concerned with people, especially for Gayo
students in Gayo community.
1. It is suggested to male and female Gayo students in Gayo community
to keep or improve the politeness in addressing someone. Because
politeness strategies help people to build the communication
comfortable or good communication.
2. It is also suggested to all of us as the writer and the reader who read
this thesis in order to understand that being polite is very important.
The use of the strategies is different between culture to other cultures.
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Watts, Richard J. 2003. Politeness. Key Topics in Sociolinguistic. Cambridge:
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Sarnila. NIM: 8136111052. Politeness Strategies among Gayo Students in Gayo
Community. Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris,
Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan 2016
Tesis ini berkaitan dengan studi strategi kesantunan kalangan para siswa Gayo di
masyarakat Gayo. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui strategi kesantunan
kalangan para siswa Gayo di masyarakat Gayo. Strategi kesantunan memiliki empat
jenis bald on record, positive politeness strategies, negative politeness strategies and
off record strategy. Dalam melaksanakan penelitian penulis menerapkan metode
deskriptif kualitatif dan subjek dari penelitian ini adalah empat laki-laki dari siswa
Gayo dan empat perempuan dari siswa dan objek penelitian Gayo yaitu ucapan para
siswa Gayo di masyarakat Gayo. Ucapan diambil dari tiga pertemuan dari tanggal
yang berbeda. Peneliti adalah instrumen kunci penelitian kualitatif ini dan peneliti
membutuhkan alat dalam penelitian seperti tape recorder untuk merekam ucapan
para siswa Gayo dan lembar wawancara. Teknik pengumpulan data, peneliti
menggunakan pengamatan seluruh kegiatan siswa Gayo di masyarakat, merekam
semua ucapan-ucapan siswa Gayo yang sebagai subjek dalam penelitian ini,
wawancara siswa Gayo sebagai subyek dalam penelitian ini dan menyalin data.
Dalam menganalisis data, peneliti memilih ucapan Gayo berdasarkan strategi
kesopanan dan wawancara sebagai subyek dalam penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan
jawaban yang valid. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa laki-laki dari siswa Gayo dominan
menggunakan kesopanan positif dan perempuan dari mahasiswa Gayo dominan
menggunakan kesopanan negatif. Pria yang menggunakan kesopanan positif untuk
membangun keluarga atau kekerabatan, sehingga mereka tidak merasa canggung.
Dan perempuan menggunakan bald of record dan kesopanan negatif karena mereka
ingin dihargai satu sama lain. Dalam menyikapi seseorang, laki-laki sering
menggunakan kata kekerabatan dalam menangani seseorang misalnya menggunakan
kata "KAM, SINEN" siswa laki-laki Gayo mengungkapkan bahwa kata-kata tidak
hanya untuk orang-orang yang tidak dikenal, untuk menunjukkan kedekatan antara
pembicara dan pendengar baik sebagai pembicara dan pendengar memiliki hubungan
dekat. Berbeda dengan perempuan dari siswa Gayo, mereka mengungkapkan
kesantunan mereka dengan menggunakan nama, nama yakin, ganti ko, adik, kakak,
abang dll, mereka sebut berdasarkan usia dan status. Perempuan dari siswa Gayo juga
mengungkapkan kesantunan mereka dalam menangani beberapa dengan berbagai
kata ganti "akak, abang", ketika mereka berbicara dengan muda mereka
menggunakan "dik". Ini secara otomatis menganggap bahwa mungkin ada jarak sosial
atau kecanggungan dalam situasi tersebut.
ABSTRACT
Sarnila. Registration Number: 8136111052. Politeness Strategies among Gayo
Students in Gayo Community. Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan
Bahasa Inggris, Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan 2016
This thesis deal with study of politeness strategies among Gayo students in Gayo
community. This research was conducted to find out the politeness strategies among
Gayo students in Gayo community. Politeness strategies has four kinds are bald on
record, positive politeness strategies, negative politeness strategies and off record
strategy. In carrying out the study the writer applied the descriptive qualitative
method and subjects of the study are four male of Gayo students and four female of
Gayo students and objects of the study were Gayo student utterances in Gayo
community. The utterances took from three meeting from different date. The
researcher was the key instrument of this qualitative research and the researcher need
tools in her research as tape recorder to record the Gayo student utterances and
interview sheet. The technique of data collection, the researcher used observing all
activities of Gayo students in community, recording all the utterances of Gayo
students who as subject in this research, interviewing of Gayo students as subject in
this study and transcribing data. In analyzing the data the researcher selected the
Gayo utterances based on politeness strategies and interviewing as subjects in this
research to get the valid answering. The findings showed that male of Gayo students
dominantly used positive politeness and female of Gayo students dominantly used
negative politeness. Male used positive politeness to build relatives or kinship, so that
they do not feel awkward. And female used bald on record and negative politeness
because they want appreciated each other. In addressing someone, male often used
kinship word in addressing someone for example used word “KAM, SINEN” the
male Gayo students express that words not only to the people who are not known, to
show the closeness between speaker and the hearer as both speaker and hearer have
close relationship. Different with the female of Gayo students, they express their
politeness by using the name, sure name, pronoun ko, adik, kakak, abang etc, they
call based on aged and status. Female of Gayo students also express their politeness
in addressing some with different pronoun “akak, abang”, when they speak to the
younger they used “dik”. These automatically assume that there might be some social
distance or awkwardness in the situation.
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
Thanks to ALLAH, the most Gracious and Beneficents, for giving the
writer strength to accomplish her thesis which made her devote all her time and
effort to do her best, she has to admire that this thesis would be imposibble
without sugestions, inputs, and critisms from them.
Blessing and peace be upon the prophet Muhammad SAW who has
brought human beings from the darkness into brightness. The researcher never
forgets to thank her beloved parents for their support, and teaching related to the
researcher.
This thesis is entitled “Politeness Strategies among Gayo Students in Gayo
Community”. In writing this thesis, there were many dificulties and problems
faced by the research and without any helps from the following people, it may
imposibble for the to finish this thesis.
There, the writer would like to deliver her thanks to H.Syarif and Hj.
Rahmah, her beloved parents who always give her more support, material and
their prayer during before and after her academic year in completing her study in
UNIMED and people mentioned below.
1. Prof.Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd and Dr.Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd as
writer’s first supervisor for countless valuable time spent in giving the
guidance, comments, criticism to quality the content of the thesis draft.
2. Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D, Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S and Dr.Anni
Holila Pulungan, M.Hum, as writer’s examiner, she is so indebted for their
sugesstion and constructive critics for this thesis.
3. Gayo students in Gayo Community for giving the time this in research.
4. All students of LTBI UNIMED, who have given the valuable thought and
intruction well.
5. Sarah rahhayu, S.P., Khairuddin, ST., Sartika Maya Susanti, S.Kom.
Bribka Muhammad Ali dan Octavia Rahsa as her beloved sister and
brother who given support, helped, and sugesstion.
All her friends LTBI who have cared and supported each other in finishing
this thesis. May ALLAH SWT bless them all, and all people that could not
metioned in this thesis, thanks for everyting and helping.
May ALLAH SWT bless them all, Amin.
Medan
The rescreacher
SARNILA
8136111053
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................
i
ABSTRAK
.......................................................................................
iii
ABSTRACT
.......................................................................................
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................
v
LIST OF APPENDICES .........................................................................
vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................
1
1.1. Background of Study ..........................................................................
1
1.2. Problems of the Study ……………………… … .................................
6
1.3. Objective of the Study.........................................................................
7
1.4. Scope of the Study ………………………………… ...........................
7
1.5. Significance of the Study………………………………… ..................
7
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................
8
2.1. Theoretical Description............................. ...........................................
8
2.1.1. Politeness............................. .............................................................
8
2.1.2. Politeness Strategies............................. .............................................
9
2.1.3. Types of Politeness Strategy..............................................................
11
2.1.4. Language and Gender........................................................................
18
2.1.5. Gayo Leus............................. ............................................................
19
2.1.6. Gayo Language............................. ....................................................
20
2.1.7. Community............................. ..........................................................
22
2.1.8. The Relevant Studies............................. ............................................
23
2.1.9. Conceptual Framework............................. ........................................
24
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................
26
3.1. Research Design ................................................................................
26
3.2. The Subject and Object of the Study ...................................................
27
3.3. The Instrument of Data Collection ......................................................
27
3.4. The Technique of Data Collection …………………………………………...
27
3.5. Technique of Data Analysis…………………………………… ..........
28
3.6. The Trustworthiness of the Study............................................................
28
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDING AND DISCUSSION ....
30
4.1 Data Analysis ......................................................................................
30
4.2 Finding ................................................................................................
37
4.3. Discussion............................................................................................
38
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGESSTION ............................
40
5.1 Conclusion ...........................................................................................
40
5.2 Suggestion ...........................................................................................
40
REFERENCES ........................................................................................
42
APPENDICES..........................................................................................
44
LIST OF APPENDIX
Pages
APPENDIX 1
44
APPENDIX 2
49
APPENDIX 3
51
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1.The Background of the Study
Long time ago in Gayo tribe, the politeness between male and female in
communication was similar or no differences both of them. But, now days the
communication between male and female among Gayo student has been changed
especially in addressing someone, giving and asking, for example when the
female addressing someone who is older then she is and also to all people, female
often use by using the standard language “ko (you)” in addressing someone, when
people uses word “ko” this word makes the people feel uncomfortable in
communication, not only in addressing someone female also used bald strategy in
asking and giving something, this strategy making the people shock or
embarrasses in communication.
For example:
F1. ko hana keber kak? ( How are you )
F2. Sehat we (Pretty well)
F1. Ngeh lang, kah ku acara Gayo (Come to Gayo community tomorrow)
F2. Ike sempat aq ngeh (If I have time, I go there)
F1. Makasih ta kak (Thank you sister)
F2. A (Ok)
(F1) female1, (F2) female2, F2 is older than F1, properly, when someone
speak to the older, she/ he has to speak with good politeness or has to appreciate
the older, in order the older feel the younger are appreciated him/her. The value
politeness of female in Gayo students has been shifted this time, actually the Gayo
female has to maintain their politeness in communication, because when people
speak something with other, and they come out from the rule, they will be judge
as impolite person, so that the utterances we produce are our action to show the
politeness, The Gayo female must select the polite word to avoid negative face in
communication between speakers and hearers, this fact female habit in using
impolite word not only happen in community in Gayo.
For example:
M1. Hana keber sinen (How are you friend)
M2. Alhamdulilah sehat sinen (Well friend)
In the first and the second line of the example above, the word “ sinen”, the use of
word “ sinen” here is considered as showing positive politeness. As Yule (1996)
says that positive politeness is the requester to appeal to a common goal and even
friendship. It means that positive politeness is needed to make a relationship
between one to another person. So M1 and m2 used the positive politeness in the
dialogue to avoid distance between one another or to make relationship one
another. The reason for M1 and M2 used the word “ sinen” because they do not
want to make distance between one another, they want to make relationship
between one another, event M1 and M2 are not intimate or family but they just
making good relationship.
When the person speak without use word “ sinen” it can make different politeness
for example
M1: Hana Keber?
M2: Alhamdulilah sehat
In the first and the second line of the example, M1 and M2 do not used word
“sinen” it show the speaker and the hear do not make good relationship and it
makes distance between one another. It is different when the person used word “
sinen”.
M2. Keber sehat we sinen (Pretty well friend)
M1. Kune keber kuliah me sinen (How about your study friend)
M2. Alhamduliah aman we sinen (It is good)
This conversation between M1 and M2 are the same age, but they always
maintain their polite wherever, whoever in making good communication.
Different country has different politeness as Gayo tribe, the phenomenon
in Gayo community in communication, male are more polite and talk more than
female, but some of ethnic female are more polite than male, as what Lakoff
(1999:165) says that females are more polite, hesitant, complain, cooperative and
talk more in private context than men, women talk more than men, they are polite,
hesitant, complain and ask more questions. (Keith, 1990). Being polite in Gayo
language can be expressed through the use of words, addressing, asking, giving
and greeting, for example when someone speaks to other he/she must chose the
polite word in making the positive face of the hearer, then by using pronoun “we”
making the speaker and hearer are intimate both of them. Therefore, this study is
very interesting to discuss because it can help the male and female especially
Gayo students to improve or make good communication in the society and to find
out the politeness strategies of gender differences among Gayo students in
community.
Misunderstanding can be avoided in interaction inter-ethnic culture if the
people express their politeness through their own way and utterances, because
different ethic has different way in expressing the politeness (Lakoff, 1999).
Culture is the characteristic of a particular group of people, defined by everything
from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts and culture refer to
cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, value, meanings,
hierarchies, religion, attitude, behavior, nation of time, roles, spatial relations,
concept of universe and material and objects and possession acquired by a group
of people in the course of generation through individual, culture also collective
programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category
of people from another. For example, in Gayo tribe, event one ethnic, Gayo
people have different politeness between male and female in addressing someone
as what Basow & Rubenfeld (2003:34) state that male and female conduct the
communication in different culture. Sometime the people can be impolite when
they can’t identify the context or situation of the speaker. In communication the
people have to choose the polite language, because different culture has own
language and politeness. According to Brown (1999:165) language is a part of a
culture and a culture is part of language; the two are intricately interwoven so that
one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or
culture. Culture and language are inseparable because Language is a system of
communication and interaction by members of society one to another such as
getting and giving information and it is very important element in human’s life in
order to create relationship among theme, so that politeness in speaking is not the
same in every person, it based on their culture and habit.
Politeness is the term used to describe the extent to which actions, such the
way to say something, (Brown and Levinson, 1987). Politeness is not something
people are born with, but something they have to learn and be socialized into
(Watts, 2003:9). When the person speaks to the people, the utterances that she/he
produces are actions to show their politeness. The utterances should be able to
save the hearer’s and feeling enjoyable. The utterance through the language users
will be judged with the hearer’s. Brown and Levinson (1987) formulate that
politeness strategies has four types are bald on record strategy is a direct
politeness strategy which contains no redress particle the face threatening act
(FTA), positive politeness strategies is redress directed to the addresses positive
face. His perennial desire that his wants or the action/ acquisition/values resulting
from them should thought of as desirable, negative politeness strategies is redress
action addressed to the addresses negative face, his want to have his freedom of
action unhindered and his attention unimpeded. It is the heart of respect behavior
and off record strategy is communicative act, not possible only one clear
communication intention to the act. It means that is a speaker wants to do an FTA
but wants to avoid the responsibility for doing it, he can do off record and leave it
up to the addresses to decide how to interpret it. Politeness can be applied by the
utterances with consider the hearer’s or speaker’s culture.
Gayo is one of several numbers of ethnic groups in Indonesia which
known as ethnic group that uses politeness in communication and will happen also
in Indonesia. Not only different culture different politeness but different gender
also can making different politenes . According to Basow & Rubenfeld (2003:34)
states that male and female conduct the communication in different culture. The
communication between male and female are also available in Gayo tribe,
especially for Gayo students in their community. Male and female can be
distinguished from two terms: sex and gender role. Sex refers to the biological
differences that exist between female and male. Male and female have distinctive
gender roles, (Croanbach, 1954). It means that gender roles are not innate
differences but learned behaviors. In this case male and female have
characteristics differences. For example, woman is known talk more active then
men. Some of linguists believe that female are known of their low status in
society and as the result, use more standard speech form, in their attempt to claim
equality or achieve high social status. Female use more standard forms than male
related to the ways in which society treats female. Female are designated the role
of modeling correct behavior in the community, (Holmes, 1992:173). In view of
this, female are accepted to speak more correctly. Gender and language are very
interesting to be discussed because male and female acclaimed as having
differences in cultures, power and status. Gender differences can make different
mode of communication, especially in male and female differences in expressing
politeness.
1.2. The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study are formulated as in the following:
1. What are the types of politeness strategies that used by male and female of
Gayo students in Gayo community?
2. Why do male and female of Gayo students have some different strategies
in expressing politeness in Gayo community?
1.3. Objective of the Study
1. To describe the types of politeness strategies that expressed by male and
female of Gayo students.
2. To explain the reasons why do male and female of Gayo students have
some different strategies in expressing politeness.
1.4. Scope of the Study
This study is attempted to investigate the politeness strategies used by
Gayo students, especially in community who are university students in Medan and
this study will be taken from two meeting from different date.
1.5. Significance of the Study
The finding of the study are expected to be significantly relevant
theoretically and practically in some aspects. Theoretically, the research findings
are expected to enrich the theories of linguistic politeness strategies, especially the
spoken language in spoken medium by certain community in certain event.
Practically, since the research focuses on Gayo native speakers in
expressing politeness, hopefully it is useful for lectures of sociolinguistic to apply
the politeness to the sociolinguistic students in university and daily conversation
and also practice the patterns of politeness which are used by the native Gayo.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
1.1. Conclusions
This thesis is about politeness strategies among Gayo students in Gayo
community, they are three analysis used by Gayo students in Gayo community.
The researcher just found the differences in express strategy politeness between
male and female only in addressing someone. And the types of politeness strategy
are male dominant express positive politeness, and female are dominant used bald
on record strategy and negative politeness strategy. They are some point to be
exposed in relation to the types of politeness strategies.
1. Male of Gayo students dominantly used positive politeness in
addressing someone. And female of Gayo students dominantly used
bald on record and negative politeness strategy.
2. Male used positive politeness to build relatives or kinship, so that
they do not feel awkward. And female used bald on record and
negative politeness because they want appreciated each other.
1.2.Suggestions
It is suggestion to those who concerned with people, especially for Gayo
students in Gayo community.
1. It is suggested to male and female Gayo students in Gayo community
to keep or improve the politeness in addressing someone. Because
politeness strategies help people to build the communication
comfortable or good communication.
2. It is also suggested to all of us as the writer and the reader who read
this thesis in order to understand that being polite is very important.
The use of the strategies is different between culture to other cultures.
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