WOMEN’S LANGUAGE FEATURES USED BY INDONESIAN FEMALE BLOGGERS.
Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers
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Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian
Female Bloggers
A Research Paper
Submitted to the English Education Department of the Faculty of Languages and Arts Education of the Indonesia University of Education as Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
By:
ANNISA AGA PEBRIANTI (0807540)
English Education Department
Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
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Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu93 PAGE OF APPROVAL
Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers
A Research Paper By
Annisa Aga Pebrianti 0807540
Approved by
Main Supervisor
Dra. Sri Setyarini, Dra., M.A. NIP. 196312291990022001
Co-Supervisor
Ernie Diyakusumaning Ayu I, S.S., M.Ed. NIP. 197809222010122001
Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Languages and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001
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WOMEN’S LANGUAGE FEATURES USED
BY INDONESIAN FEMALE BLOGGERS
Oleh
Annisa Aga Pebrianti
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Annisa Aga Pebrianti 2013 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Februari 2013
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhnya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu93 ABSTRACT
The study entitled Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers aims to investigate women’s language features, the frequency of the features, and the possible reasons of using the features by female bloggers. The data were in the form of written text of
Blogspot.com, published from October 2011 to September 2012, which consists of several bloggers’ activities such as their routines, business, fashion, and special events. The main theory of Robin Lakoff (1975) was used to analyze the data. Lakoff (1975) proposed ten women’s language features but this study only adopted nine features in the form of written text namely lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, empty adjectives, precise color terms,
intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, superpolite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and
emphatic stress. The findings reveal that there were ninety-seven postings which can be categorized into eight features. However, intensifiers tend to be the most frequent feature used by the female bloggers (34.92%), followed by empty ajectives (5.71%), and the least is
avoidance of strong swear words (0.27%). Moreover, regarding the reasons by using the features is most respondents claimed that they use those features because they tend to reflect uncertainty and reflect women’s lack of confidence in conversation. In contrast, only few of respondents who stated that they use those features because women have higher level of vocabularies than men.
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Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu93 ABSTRAK
Studi yang berjudul Women’s Language Features Used By Indonesian Female Bloggers ini bertujuan untuk meneliti fitur-fitur bahasa wanita, frekuensi penggunaan fitur, dan alasan-alasan yang mendorong blogger perempuan untuk menggunakan fitur-fitur dalam bahasa wanita. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa teks tertulis dari Blogspot.com yang dipublikasikan dari Oktober 2011 sampai September 2012, yang mencakup beberapa aktivitas para blogger, seperti kegiatan sehari-hari, bisnis, fesyen, dan acara-acara khusus. Teori utama mengenai fitur bahasa menurut Robin Lakoff (1975) digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Lakoff (1975) mengemukakan sepuluh fitur bahasa wanita tetapi studi ini hanya fokus pada sembilan fitur yang berkaitan erat dengan teks tertulis, yaitu lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, empty adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, superpolite forms,
avoidance of strong swear words, dan emphatic stress. Hasil dari studi ini mengungkapkan bahwa ada sembilan puluh tujuh penembusan yang dapat dikategorikan ke dalam delapan fitur. Dikemukakan pula bahwa intensifier menjadi fitur yang paling banyak digunakan oleh
blogger perempuan (34.92%), disusul oleh empty adjectives (5.71%) di posisi menengah, dan fitur yang paling sedikit digunakan adalah avoidance of strong swear words (0.27%). Selain itu, bertalian dengan alasan dalam penggunaan fitur-fitur bahasa wanita ini, sebagian besar responden menyatakan bahwa wanita menggunakan fitur tersebut karena ingin menggambarkan rasa ketidakyakinan dan kurangnya rasa percaya diri wanita saat berkomunikasi. Sebaliknya, hanya beberapa responden saja yang mengungkapkan bahwa penggunaan fitur tersebut dikarenakan wanita memiliki perbendaharaan kata yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan pria.
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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu93 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL...i
STATEMENT...ii
PREFACE...iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...iv
ABSTRACT...vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS...vii
LIST OF TABLES...x
LIST OF FIGURES...xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Statement of Problems ... 6
1.3 The Aims of the Study ... 6
1.4 Scope of the Study ... 7
1.5 Significance of the Study ... 7
1.6 Research Methods ... 8
1.7 Clarification of Terms ... 9
1.8 Organization of the Paper... 10
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 12
2.1. Language and Gender ... 12
2.2. Lakoff’s Theory of Women’s Language Features ... 14
2.3. Women’s Language Features ... 14
2.3.1. Lexical Hedges or Fillers ... 15
2.3.1.1. Language used in Hedging ... 15
2.3.2. Tag Questions ... 18
2.3.3.‘Empty’ Adjectives ... 20
2.3.4. Precise Color Terms ... 21
2.3.5. Intensifiers ... 22
2.3.6. ‘Hypercorrect’ Grammar ... 24
2.3.7. ‘Superpolite Forms ... 24
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2.3.9. Emphatic Stress ... 27
2.4. Possible Reasons of Using Women’s Language Features ... 28
2.4.1. Reason of Using Hedges or Fillers ... 28
2.4.2. Reasons of Using Tag Question ... 30
2.4.3. Reasons of Using Empty Adjectives ... 31
2.4.4. Reasons of Using Precise Color Terms ... 32
2.4.5. Reasons of Using Intensifiers ... 32
2.4.6. Reasons of Using Hypercorrect Grammar ... 33
2.4.7. Reasons of Using of Superpolite Forms ... 33
2.4.8. Reasons of Using Avoidance of Strong Swear Words ... 34
2.4.9. Reasons of Using Emphatic Stress ... 36
2.5 The History of Weblog... 36
2.5.1. The History of Blogger ... 38
2.6 Previous Study Relating to Women’s Language Features: Robin Lakoff’s Framework ... 38
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS ... 43
3.1. Research Design ... 43
3.2. Data Collection... 44
3.2.1. Data Sources... 44
3.2.2. Data Collection Procedures ... 45
3.3. Data Analysis ... 46
3.3.1 Identification of W omen’s Language Features ... 46
3.3.2 Classification of Women’s Language Features... 47
3.3.3 Quantification of Women’s Language Features ... 50
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 52
4.1. Women’s Language Features in Indonesian Female Bloggers ... 52
4.1.1. Lexical Hedges or Fillers ... 53
4.1.2. Tag Questions ... 57
4.1.3. ‘Empty’ Adjectives ... 60
4.1.4. Precise Color Terms ... 63
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4.1.6. ‘Superpolite’ Forms ... 69
4.1.7. Avoidance of Strong Swear Words ... 70
4.1.8. Emphatic Stress ... 71
4.2. The Frequency of Women’s Language Features Used By Indonesian Female Bloggers... 74
4.3. The Reasons of Using Women’s Language Features in Indonesian Female Bloggers ... 76
4.3.1. Lexical Hedges or Fillers ... 76
4.3.2. Tag Questions ... 78
4.3.3. ‘Empty’ Adjectives ... 78
4.3.4. Precise Color Terms ... 79
4.3.5. Intensifiers ... 80
4.3.6. Hypercorrect Grammar ... 81
4.3.7. ‘Superpolite’ Forms ... 82
4.3.7. Avoidance of Strong Swear Words ... 82
4.3.8. Emphatic Stress ... 83
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 85
5.1 Conclusions ... 85
5.2 Suggestions ... 87
REFERENCES 87 APPENDICES
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
In this introductory chapter, the background to the present study is provided along with an outline of the principal theoritical prepositions. This chapter also presents the statement of problems that this study seeks to answer, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, research methods, the clarification of key terms, and the organization of the paper.
1.1 Background of the Study
Woman as described by Hornby (1989) in Oxford Advanced Learner‟s
Dictionary, is an adult female human being or female sex. While man is an adult male human being or male person under the authority of somebody else and with the qualities or strength courage, etc. (Hornby, 1989).
From the definition above, it can be said that woman and man are two different human kinds who have different characteristics. It is believed that women are like gossiping and it seems that any kind of topic would be an interesting topic to be told and shared, for example women spend a chunk of their day discussing who is dating who, their weight, sex, shopping, TV shows, diets,
dress size, and so on (Shaadilive, 2013). As stated by Coates (2004, p.9) that “If
three women gather together, it will become clamorous”. This implies that many
people stereotypically think women are more talkative than men. In addition, according to Brizendine (2006, cited in Macrae, 2006), women devote more brain cells to talking than men because women have an eight-lane superhighway (which means that they devote more brain cells for communication, emotion and
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memory), while men have a small country road (which means that they have smaller areas responsible for communication, emotion, and memory).
However, in a certain situation, women are also claimed to have less confidence to talk than men because women are powerless. Lakoff (1975, cited in Holmes, 2011) asserts that women are generally lacking status in society. Therefore, it is argued that women are more subordinate than men. Moreover, they are more aware of the fact that their social status can be seen from the way they speak. Women were indicated hedging and boosting their utterance to attract
the addressee‟s attention. In fact, suggests that “Hedging devices explicitly signal lack of confidence, while boosting devices reflect the speaker‟s anticipation
that the addressee may remain unconvinced and therefore supply extra
reassurance”.
Besides hedging and boosting, women as a guardian of society‟s values are
also expected to be polite and should speak with standard forms (Holmes, 2001). By using more standard speech forms, women can protect her „face‟. In this case,
„face‟ is the sense of reputation or good name (Thomas, 1995), central to Brown
and Levinson‟s theory of politeness (1978 and revised in 1987, cited in Thomas, 1995). Holmes (2001, p. 159) also believes that “women‟s greater use of standard forms may relate not only to their own face-protection needs, but also to those of
the people they are talking to.”
In contrast, men and boys are generally more tolerated, more freedom, rude, and mischievous than women and girls in conversation. As described by Lakoff
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showing temper: „high spirits‟ are expected and tolerated in little boys.” (p. 51).
Hence, society tends to excuse a show of temper by men but not excuse it for women. They are allowed to fuss and complain, but only men can bellow in rage. To conclude, it could be argued that some characteristics that differ women from men are the way they talk and their language use. In a book entitled Language and
Women’s Place, conducted by Robin Lakoff (1975), she claims that certain
features are typical women‟s language based on her observation and intuition. Lakoff (1975) also adds that women‟s styles as a reflex of their powerlessness and men‟s power over them. It reveals by the fact than women are forced to learn weak, trivial, and deferential style as a part of socialization. Regarding the general
stereotypes of women, this study intends to investigate women‟s language
features particularly in social media, such as blog.
Nowadays, as reported in the article Technologies Influence Over Societies
(“Hub Pages”, 2010) social media such as facebook, twitter, blog, youtube, and
etc. cannot be separated from our daily life. The changes of information technology and communication formats have influenced the way people talk and share about their life and the way of advertising products (Mahoney, 2010). In other words, now people have digital-diary as personal journal (Beal, 2007) and digital media advertising to share their personal stories and their products by writing posts in blog everytime and everywhere. As suggested by Tyler (2002) that this phenomenon happens due to the rapid growing of internet in the globalization era. Moreover, he adds that internet can change the social life, for example people who live in two different areas can communicate easily because
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of the internet. In other words, the distance is no longer problem in communication because of the internet.
Blog, as one of the social media, provides the source for this study in
searching for some clues of the use of women‟s language features. Weblog or
known as blog serves an alternative for communication as a publicycly accessible personal journal for an individual or company. The term weblog was first used by Jom Barger on his website in 1997 (Beal, 2007). Blog often represents the personality of the author individually of the company and as a vehicle for self expression and self empowerment (Beal, 2007). It can also be in the form of diary-posts, bulletin post, chronological squence post, or to advertise products as
free marketing media. Beal (2007) also stated that “to this end the most accurate and fitting evolution of today's blog comes from online diaries where the diarist would keep an online journal of themselves” (p.1). There are basically three types of blogs namely, filters, personal journals, and notebooks.
For those reasons, this study is interested in analyzing blog‟s postings using women‟s language features, proposed by Robin Lakoff framework (1975) as a tool of analysis. There have been some studies which applying this framework such as Kurihara (2009) and Permatasari (2010).
Firts, the study entitled A Study on Women’s Language in English and
Japanese Societies, was conducted by Kurihara (2009). It focused on the change of female language, especially the study of female features in English and Japanese societies referring to the references. Kurihara (2009) was interested in comparing between features of women‟s language in English society and features
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of women‟s language in Japanese society phonology, gossip: a language of female
secret, and the last is conclusion. He further examined wheather Robin Lakoff‟s
framework (1975) of women‟s language features were applicable in Japanese
society in the recent time. Even, in 21st century the results showed women tend to speak softly, correctly, uncertainly, and with HRT intonation, ‘onna-rashiku’
which identify feminism and indicated that Lakoff‟s framework was applicable.
Another study related to women‟s language features conducted by Permatasari
(2010) who observed Women’s Speech Features Used by the Characters Sex and
the City Movie. This study focused on how the four characters of Sex and The City movie namely Carrie, Miranda, Charlotte, and Samantha use women‟s speech features in several setting, such as restaurant, library, apartment Mexican resort, and streets.
In analysing the data, she used descriptive qualitative method. Moreover, Permatasari (2010) proved that the characters of Sex and City movie used
women‟s speech features which reflect uncertainty and lack of confidence because
women tend to have trouble in starting conversation and avoiding saying definite things in their statatement. Permatasari (2010) also stated that there were eight
types of women‟s speech features used by the characters: lexical hedges or fillers,
tag question, rising intonation on declaratives, ‘empty’ adjectives, intensifiers,
superpolite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress.
Although Kurihara (2009) and Permatasari (2010) have discovered women‟s
language features within the same framework by Robbin Lakoff (1975), they had different aspects in investigating their studies. Permatasari (2010) tried to seek the
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phenomenon of women‟s language features only in English society which figured out by the actress in the movie. However, Kurihara (2009) tried to examine how
the phenomenon of women‟s language features in Western Countries occurs in
Japanese society.
Different from those two previous studies which observed women‟s language
features proposed by Lakoff‟s framework (1975) in oral text, this present study applies the features in written text. Moreover, these are ten women‟s language
features stated by Lakoff (1975); lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, rising
intonation on declaratives, ‘empty adjectives, precise colour terms, intensifiers such as just and so, ‘hypercorrect’ grammar, ‘superpolite’ forms, avoidance of
strong swear words, and emphatic stress (cited in Holmes, 2001, p. 286).
1.2 Statement of Problems
This study formulates the statement of problems as follows:
1. What features of women‟s language are observed in Indonesian female bloggers?
2. What is the most frequent feature of women‟s language used by Indonesian female bloggers?
3. What are the possible reasons that may affect the use of women‟s language features done by Indonesian female bloggers?
1.3 The Aims of the Study
Relevant to the statement of problems above, this study aims:
1. To examine women‟s language features that are observed in Indonesian female bloggers.
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2. To find out the most frequent feature of women‟s language that are used by Indonesian female bloggers.
3. To investigate the possible reasons of using of woman‟s language features done by Indonesian female bloggers.
1.4 Scope of the Study
In line with the aims of the study above, this study focused on the women‟s language features done by Indonesian female bloggers, particularly those who have a passion in fashion and business. This study employed Blogspot.com from October 2011 to September 2012 as the data to be observed. The postings are about bloggers activities (routines, businness, fashion, and special events). The
phenomenon of women‟s language features were achieved through Robin Tolmach Lakoff‟s framework (1975) in representing women‟s language features. Although Lakoff‟s framework of women‟s language includes ten features, this study only focuses on nine features that relate to written text, there are lexical
hedges or fillers, tag question, ‘empty adjectives, precise colour terms, intensifiers, ‘hypercorrect’ grammar, ‘superpolite’ forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This research is expected to give contributions as follows:
This research study is worth doing because this kind of study will give contributions to the practitioners for developing their knowledge about linguistics subject, especially about women‟s language features by Lakoff.
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Through this study, it is hoped that this study will boost the linguistics learners to pay more attention in analysing a text by linguistics features. Then, this study will attract the linguitics students because they can explore
some advantages and knowledges about woman‟s language features in blog‟s
postings.
The results of this study are also expected to give contributions for linguistics lecturers to be a source and data in teaching, especially in Sociolinguistics
subject of women‟s language features in blog‟s postings.
Through this study, it is hoped that this study will give contributions and foundation for future studies in sociolinguistics, escpecially for the people who are interested in women‟s language features that will investigate deeply and specifically. Moreover, this study can be a source and a comparison for
future studies in investigating women‟s language features by Robin Lakoff
(1973).
1.6 Research Methods
To follow the aims of the study, a descriptive qualitative method was used in gaining and analyzing data. However, this study also needed quantification in the form of percentage of women‟s language features used by Indonesian female bloggers in order to support qualitative findings. As proposed by Benz & Newman (1998) and Denzin & Lincoln (1984), qualitative is an study about interpretative knowledge by someone about something through an interpretation
and needs numerical methods, such as to calculate the percentage of women‟s
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description and analysis.” (p. 17). It mainly discussed in describing, interpreting, and analyzing the use woman‟s language features. This research study was also completed by selecting data and textual evidence to support the interpretation in answering the research questions. Thus, interview instrument was conducted in collecting the data.
The source of data of this study was taken from Blogspot.com which contains three Indonesian female bloggers range from 20 to 30 years old and has a passion in fashion and business. The study selected their postings about their activities (routines, businness, fashion, and special events) range from October 2011 to September 2012 purposely. After collecting the data, this study conducted the analysis to gain the aims of study. Then, identifying the data by underlining every word, phrase, clause, and sentence in every posts, and classifying the data
according to the relevant features of women‟s language. While classifying it,
interviewing is also done. After that, discussing and quantifying the data to make further interpretation. Finally, conclusions can be drawn to provide the answers
belong to the problems‟ statements.
1.7 Clarification of Terms
Several terms need to be clarified in order to avoid misconception and to comprehend the same notion in investigating the statement of the problems as follows:
1. Women‟s language features: several aspects of language used by women to
differentiate between women and men‟s language characteristics. It includes
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‘empty adjectives, precise colour terms, intensifiers such as just and so, ‘hypercorrect’ grammar, ‘superpolite’ forms, avoidance of strong swear
words, and emphatic stress. (Lakoff, 1975 cited in Holmes, 2001, p. 286). 2. Blog: One of social media in globalization era as digital-diary or free digital
advertising. Weblog or known as blog serves an alternative for communication as a publicycly accessible personal journal for an individual or company, (Beal, 2007).
1.8 Organization of the Paper
This study is presented in five chapters as follows: CHAPTER I
This chapter contains background of the study, statement of problems, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, research methods, clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper.
CHAPTER II
This chapter focuses on theoretical framework that provides relevant theories and concepts for conducting the study. The related previous studies are also discussed in this chapter.
CHAPTER III
It discusses the research methods, including the steps and procedures of the study, the data sources of the study, and data anlysis.
CHAPTER IV
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CHAPTER V
The last chapter of the study reveals all the interpretation toward the results of the study. It includes conclusions and provides some suggestions for future studies in the same areas.
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RESEARCH METHODS
This chapter provides the methods of this study by which the present study
was conducted to examine the women’s language features, the frequency of the features and the possible reasons of the use of women’s language features. It
includes the research design which covers the theoretical framework of the present study. In addition, this chapter also presents data collection which includes data sources and data collection procedures, and data analysis.
3.1. Research Design
Descriptive qualitative method was used as the research design. Qualitative method attempts to obtain deeper understanding of a target statement of problems and to make findings more valid. As suggested by Key (1997) in his module entitled Research Design in Occupational Education, one of the characteristics of qualitative method is to find out the valid results, which means the focus is on
design and procedures to gain “real”, “rich”, and “deep” data. In addition, Key (1997) also explains that qualitative study also centered in describing, interpreting, analyzing and criticizing the phenomenon found out in the data, then
continued with drawing general conclusion. Alwasilah (2002) states “qualitative research provides an understanding by scrutinizing certain phenomenon in detail
which context vitally influences meanings of the phenomenon” (p. 54). Thus,
qualitative method is relevant to this study, focuses on women’s language features phenomenon which is obvious in human beings’ daily, especially information
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about personal experiences, introspection, and life story of people (Denzin and Lincoln, 1994).
However, although this study is qualitative in nature, quantifications were also needed in order to support the qualitative findings in revealing the percentage of
women’s language features used by Indonesian female bloggers. As proposed by
(Benz, & Newman, 1998; Denzin & Lincoln, 1984) that qualitative research also focuses on the products, the figures collected when a test, scale or questionnaire, and numbers are used (with the help of statistics) to explain phenomena.
3.2. Data Collection
The whole data of this study were taken from both text analysis and interview. This section discusses the participants involved in this study. It also covers the data sources and data collection procedures.
3.2.1. Data Sources
The data on this study were collected from three Indonesian female bloggers, ranging from 20 to 30 years old, who have passion in fashion and business. This study employed Blogspot.com from October 2011 to September 2012 as the data to be observed. Then, the postings that have been selected
were bloggers’ activities such as daily life, business, fashion, and special
events. To make it more specific, this study only focused on one blog hosting service named Blogspot.com sheltered by Pyra Labs Company, which was found by Williams in 1999 and was bought by Google in 2002.
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The postings were chosen as the data because they present all aspects that
were needed and had more possibilities to find women’s language features in
this data. Meanwhile, Blogspot.com was chosen because it has large number of users and easy to be accessed by many people around the world.
Moreover, the data were also collected by interviewing the respondents (three Indonesian female bloggers) as the samples.
3.2.2. Data Collection Procedures
In analyzing the women’s speech features used by Indonesian female
bloggers, there were some steps to be taken such as asking permission in copying the data by sending an email or tweet to each bloggers to avoid copy right violation and collecting the data by copying several posts purposely in each selected blog. The data were copied which includes some elements, such as date of posting, title, story, and pictures (if available). Next step was identifying the data by underlining every word, phrase, clause, and sentence in every post that has been selected randomly.
The fourth step was classifying the data into the relevance features of
women’s language, they were lexical hedges or fillers, tag questions, empty adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, super polite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress.
Furthermore, making a guiding interview which contains nine questions of the
reasons that may affect the use of those nine women’s language feature above
was another step. The sixth was interviewing each blogger directly by using voice note recorder then transcribing it into written form or indirectly through
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email. In addition to that, this study analyzed the data to make further
interpretation about woman’s features language that used by Indonesian female bloggers. This study also quantified the data by using percentage formula for making an interpretation of the most appearance of women’s language features by Indonesian female bloggers. Finally, drawing a conclusion from the analysis that provides the answer of the problems’ statement was the final step.
3.3. Data Analysis
The data of this study were analyzed in several stages, i.e. identifying
women’s language features occurrences, classifying the features of women’s
language based on the relevant theory, quantifying every feature of women’s
language, interpreting and discussing the results of data analysis, and drawing conclusions and proposing suggestions for future studies in the same areas.
3.3.1 Identification of W omen’s Language Features
After collecting and reading the postings from three bloggers used as the main source, this study identified the occurrences of women’s language features in all postings from October 2011 to September 2012. To identify the occurrences of women’s language features, this study highlighted the postings for every word, clause, phrase, or sentence that contain the features. Here, the examples of the posting which contain women’s language features among others are:
(3.3.1 a) So please welcome, Hijabist book - Confessions of Hijab Fashion Blogger. Congrats lovely Siti Juwariyah, dear mom-to-be Suci Utami and adorable Restu Anggraini. I love totally your novel, cant hardly wait for batch II. (Blogger 1, datum 5)
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47 Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu93
(3.3.1 b) As you know, I usually give hijab tutorial through video that I uploaded to
Youtube.. However, I was so happy that the participants were so excited and also the committee were humble, cheerful and fun to be with.. I had so much fun that time.. Really wish that I can meet all of them again. (Blogger 2, datum 20)
Postings (3.3.1 a) and (3.3.1 b) contain several women’s language features Then, this study categorized those words into several features. In (3.3.1 a), for example, the blogger 2 used please, lovely, totally, and hardly which were classified into women’s language features. Meanwhile, blogger 2 in (3.3.1 b) used women’s language features such as you know, so, and really.
3.3.2 Classification of Women’s Language Features
The next step in analyzing the data was classifying the features of
women’s language based on the relevant theory. This study applied Robin Lakoff’s framework (1975) as the main theory. There are ten elements of speech features that mostly used by women, as stated by Robin Lakoff (1975). However, to focus on written text, there are only nine features to be discussed in this study namely, lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, ‘empty
adjectives, precise colour terms, intensifiers such as just and so,
‘hypercorrect’ grammar, ‘superpolite’ forms, avoidance of strong swear
words, and emphatic stress (cited in Holmes, 2001, p. 286).
In this section, this study classified those words into the suitable features. (3.3.2 a) So please welcome, Hijabist book - Confessions of Hijab Fashion Blogger. Congrats
lovely Siti Juwariyah, dear mom-to-be Suci Utami and adorable Restu Anggraini. I love totally your novel, cant hardly wait for batch II. (Blogger 1, datum 5)
(3.3.2 b) As you know, I usually give hijab tutorial through video that I uploaded to
Youtube.. However, I was so happy that the participants were so excited and also the committee were humble, cheerful and fun to be with.. I had so much fun that time.. Really wish that I can meet all of them again. (Blogger 2, datum 20)
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48 Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu93
In terms of women’s language features, the word please was classified into superpolite forms because pleasewas used in asking and giving a request to the readers indirectly and politely. The words lovely and adorable were classified into empty adjectives which show speaker’s admiration for something and those words reflected emotional reaction rather than specific information of something. Next, so and really were categorized as intensifiers
because they were used to emphasize or strengthen the meaning after those words such as adjective or adverb. Then, you know had a function as hedges or fillers because it was used to fill the gap or to begin the conversation well.
The results of identification and classification were revealed in the form of table. The table 3.1 and 3.2 presents every words, clauses, and sentences of the features that were used by blogger 1 and 2. The complete presentations of the data are available in appendices.
Table 3.1 The Classification of Women’s Language Features by Blogger 1
No. Occurrences Datum L
H T Q E A P C
I H
G S F S W E S
1. So please welcome,
Hijabist book - Confessions of Hijab Fashion Blogger.
5 v
2. Congrats lovely Siti Juwariyah, dear mom-to-be Suci Utami and adorable Restu Anggraini
5 v
3. Congrats lovely Siti Juwariyah, dear mom-to-be Suci Utami and
adorable Restu
Anggraini
5 v
4. I love totally your novel, 5 v 5. cant hardly wait for
batch II.
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49 Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers
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Table 3.2 The Classification of Women’s Language Features by Blogger 2
No. Occurrences Datum L
H T Q E A P C
I H
G S F S W E S
1. As you know, I usually give hijab tutorial through video that I uploaded to Youtube.
20 v
2. However, I was so
happy.
20 v
3. The participants were so
excited and also the committee were humble, cheerful and fun
20 v
3. I had so much fun that time.
20 v
4. Really wish that I can meet all of them again.
20 v
Notes: LH : Lexical hedge TQ : Tag question EA : Empty adjectives PC : Precise colors
I : Intensifiers HG : Hypercorrect grammar SF : Superpolite forms SW : Swear words
ES : Empathic stress
Moreover, this study also revealed the possible reasons of the use of
women’s language features. In the table 3.3 presents the example of the reasons for using women’s language feature.
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50 Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
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Table 3.3 The Reasons of Using Women's Language Features by Indonesian Bloggers
Women’s Language
Features Blogger 1 Blogger 2 Blogger 3
1. Lexixal Hedges / Fillers
Ada kata-kata dalam bahasa Inggris yang sulit diterjemahkan dalam bahasa ibu Untuk membedakan topik yang satu dengan topik yang
lain dan sebagai jeda.
Untuk permulaan, seolah-olah kata
sapaan
2. Tag Questions
Penekanan terhadap suatu 'statement' yang sudah diutarakan sebelumnya Untuk meyakinkan pembaca untuk setuju dengan pendapat kita, misalnya saat posting hijab
tutorial
Untuk penekanan dan
meyakinkan suatu hal yang
ditulis di blog benar atau tidak
3. 'Empty' Adjectives
Kata-kata itu sulit diterjemahkan dalam
bahasa ibu atau karena lebih nyaman diutarakan
dalam bahasa Inggris
Untuk penekanan suatu hal atau kejadian yang
benar-benar ingin diceritakan di blog
Untuk penekanan
makna
3.3.3 Quantification of Women’s Language Features
The next step after idenifying and classifying is quantification the features. It was needed to discover the frequency and the percentage of each feature. To count up the percentage of each feature, this study applied the formula:
P = nf x 100%
Notes: f: Frequency of the occurrency (of the information or a level of features)
n: Total number of occurency (of the information or a level of features)
P: Percentage (of the information or a level of features)
Then, the frequency distributions of the percentage were shown by the graph of the data using columns as in the figure 3.1.
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51 Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
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Figure 3.1 The Example of The Frequency Distributon
After analyzing the data, this study interpreted and discussed the results of data analysis. At the final stage, this study drew conclusions and proposed some suggestions for future studies in the same areas.
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
LH TQ EA PC I HG SF SW ES
Blogger 1 Blogger 2 Blogger 3 Blogger 4 Blogger 5
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Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu93 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter discusses the conclusions that were drawn from the findings and discussions in the previous chapter. This chapter also gives some suggestions with regard to the future studies in the same areas.
5.1 Conclusions
The analysis of three female bloggers’ posting reported how and why
Indonesian female bloggers used women’s language features in their blog.
Ninety-seven postings from October 2011 to September 2012 were collected and can be concluded that there are eight women’s language features used by Indonesian female bloggers. Those features are Lexical Hedges or Fillers, Tag
Questions, ‘Empty’ adjectives, Precise Color Terms, ‘Superpolite’ Forms, Intensifiers, Emphatic Stress, and Avoidance of Strong Swear Words. Meanwhile,
one feature of women’s language which did not occur in Indonesian female
bloggers is ‘Hypercorrect’ grammar. It seems that this feature did not occur because the female bloggers mostly used informal language in their blog. This conducts to shorten the gap between the blogger and the readers. As stated by Beal (2007) that the way bloggers write some postings in their blog the same as the way they write in the diary book.
Furthermore, intensifiers tend to be the most frequent feature of women’s language used by Indonesian female blogger with the percentage of 34.92%. It appears two hundreds and fifty-seven times and those numbers of intensifiers are classified into sixteen types of language used. So is the most type of intensifier
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Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu93
that mostly used by female bloggers. It reflects that female bloggers tend to use complex or compound sentences in their postings as shown by the occurrency of conjunction so. Moreover, it indicates that female bloggers want to emphasize or strengthen their utterance deeply to attract addressee’s attention using intensifier. As said by Lakoff (1975, cited in Homes 2001) that women “use intensifying devices to persuade their addressee to take them seriously” (p. 287) because they are lacking status in society.
In addition, there are some possible reasons of the use of women’s language features by Indonesian female features. First, to express uncertainty and lack confidence in the conversation. Second, to fill the gap or as the filler in the conversation. Third, to start a conversation as grettings. Forth, to emphasize what have been talking and invite the readers or addressees in believing of what speakers said. Fifth, to convey emotional reaction rather than convey specific
information about the speaker’s opinion. Sixth, to prove that women have higher
vocabularies than men. Eighth, to attract the addressees’ attention. Ninth, to protect the speaker’s face or politeness. These possible reasons are influenced by the female bloggers themselves and their status in society.
To sum up, Indonesian female bloggers mostly used women’s language
features in their postings because they tend to reflect uncertainty and they are lacking confidence in conversation by doing some efforts to keep the conversation still on the track.
(31)
Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu93 5.2 Suggestions
After conducting this study, there are some suggestions for future studies
about women’s language features. First, future study should choose another data
in the form of written text, such as magazine, novels, or comics that can explore all features of women’s language. In this case, future studies can find out ten features completely.
Second, future studies are suggested explore the data more deeply and accurately by selecting more respondents. In choosing the more respondents, the more data and findings will also find out. So, it can enrich more knowledge about
(32)
Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu93 REFERENCES
Alwasilah, C. (2002). Pokoknya Kualitatif. Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka.
Anna. (2013). 7 Reasons NOT to Use Curse Words. Retrieved January 4, 2013, from http://en.amerikanki.com/7-reasons-not-use-curse-words/
Beal, V. (2007, July). The History of Blogging. Retrieved April 2012, from http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/history_of_blogging.asp
Benz, C., & Newman, I. (1998). The Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology: Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Sage Publications.
BirkBeck. (2010, October 15). Hedges in Academic Writing. Retrieved December 4, 2012, from www.bbk.ac.uk/mybirkbeck/services/facilities/support/essay-writing/Hedging-in-AcademicWriting.doc - 2010-10-15
By Michael A. Pyle, M., & Mary Ellen Munoz Page, M. (2005). TOEFL Preparation Guide. New Delhi: Wiley Dreamtech.
Cameron, D. (1990). The Feminist Critique of Language. USA: Routledge. Coates, J. (2004). Women, Men and Language. London: Longman.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. (1984). Handbook of Qualitative . Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Elgin, S. H. (1993). Gender Speak: Men, Women and the Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Emilia, E. (2009). Menulis Tesis dan Disertasi. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Gillmor, D. (2003, February 15). Google Buys Pyra: Blogging Goes Big-Time.
Retrieved November 2, 2012, from
http://web.archive.org/web/20031008161432/http://weblog.siliconvalley.com/colu mn/dangillmor/archives/000802.shtml
Githens, S. (1991, May). Deborah Tannen: Men and Women in Conversation is Cross-Cultural Communication. Retrieved September 2012, from http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/bassr/githens/tannen.htm
Heng, C. S., & Tan, H. (2012). Maybe, Perhaps, I Believe, You Could - Making Claims and The Use of Hedges. Retrieved December 2, 2012, from http://www.melta.org.my/ET/2002/wp09.htm
(33)
Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu93
Hornby, A. S. (1989). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hub Pages. (2010, November 17). Retrieved November 15, 2012, from
Technologies Influence over Society:
http://thespecialist1.hubpages.com/hub/Technologies-Influence-over-Society Kennedy, P. (2008). Business Writing Service EU, Italic and Bold. Retrieved December 12, 2012, from http://www.writingservices.eu/Italics-When-Use-Them.htm
Key, J. P. (1997). Research Design in Occupational Education: Module R 14 Qualitative Research. Retrieved February 14, 2013, from http://www.okstate.edu/ag/agedcm4h/academic/aged5980a/5980/newpage21.htm Kurihara, M. (2009). A Study on Women's Language in English and Japanese
Societies. Retrieved January 2013, from
http://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/detail.php?koara_id=AN1003 0060-20091218-0015
Labotka, L. (2009). Language and Woman's Place in Drag: Power, Feminity, and
Gay Speech. Retrieved 1 8, 2013, from
studentorgs.utexas.edu/salsa/proceedings/.../03_TLS53_Labotka.pdf
Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and Woman's Place. In Language in Society (Vol. 2, pp. 55-80). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Macrae, F. (2006, November). Women Talk Three Tmes as Much as Men, Says Study. Retrieved October 2012, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-419040/Women-talk-times-men-says-study.html
Mahoney, A. (2010, December 23). The Influence of Technology in Business.
Retrieved November 14, 2012, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Influence-Of-Technology-In-Business-554091.html
Meriam Webster Online Dictionary. (2013). Retrieved January 8, 2013, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sweet
Nordquist, R. (2012). About.com Guide. Retrieved November 6, 2012, from Intensifier: http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/intensifierterm.html
Oliver, D. (2012). Other Unsual Tag Endings. Retrieved December 28, 2012, from http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar/tag_questions05.html
(34)
Anisa Aga Pebrianti,2013
Women’s Language Features Used by Indonesian Female Bloggers
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu93
Permatasari, F. (2010). Women's Speech Featus Used by The Characters of Sex and The City Movie . Retrieved September 2012, from http://lib.uin-malang.ac.id/thesis/fullchapter/05320105-futika-permatasari.ps
Rosen, R. J. (2012, March 8). The QWERTY Effect: The Keyboards Are Changing
Our Language! Retrieved December 14, 2012, from
http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/the-qwerty-effect-the-keyboards-are-changing-our-language/254211/
Rosita, D. (2001). A Sociolinguistics Study on Speech Features of Female Students of Petra Christian University while Gossiping in Campus. Retrieved
2012 20, September, from
http://dewey.petra.ac.id/dts_directory_subdir.php?kode.
Shaadilive. (2013, January 18). Women Gossip Five Hours a Day, Finds Study.
Retrieved January 28, 2013, from http://blog.shaadi.com/women-gossip-five-hours-a-day-finds-study/
Spring Summer Fashion - Top 10 Fashion Color Trends 2012. (2012). Retrieved
January 4, 2013, from www.northman.com:
http://ksha001.hubpages.com/hub/Spring-2012-Fashion-Color-Trends
Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatik.
London: Longman.
Tyler, T. R. (2002). Is the Internet Changing Social Life? It Seems the More Things Change, the More Stay the Same. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 199-205.
Women Gossip Five Hours a Day, Finds Study. (2013, January 18). Retrieved January 30, 2013, from http://blog.shaadi.com/women-gossip-five-hours-a-day-finds-study/
(1)
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter discusses the conclusions that were drawn from the findings and discussions in the previous chapter. This chapter also gives some suggestions with regard to the future studies in the same areas.
5.1 Conclusions
The analysis of three female bloggers’ posting reported how and why Indonesian female bloggers used women’s language features in their blog.
Ninety-seven postings from October 2011 to September 2012 were collected and can be concluded that there are eight women’s language features used by Indonesian female bloggers. Those features are Lexical Hedges or Fillers, Tag
Questions, ‘Empty’ adjectives, Precise Color Terms, ‘Superpolite’ Forms,
Intensifiers, Emphatic Stress, and Avoidance of Strong Swear Words. Meanwhile,
one feature of women’s language which did not occur in Indonesian female bloggers is ‘Hypercorrect’ grammar. It seems that this feature did not occur because the female bloggers mostly used informal language in their blog. This conducts to shorten the gap between the blogger and the readers. As stated by Beal (2007) that the way bloggers write some postings in their blog the same as the way they write in the diary book.
Furthermore, intensifiers tend to be the most frequent feature of women’s language used by Indonesian female blogger with the percentage of 34.92%. It appears two hundreds and fifty-seven times and those numbers of intensifiers are classified into sixteen types of language used. So is the most type of intensifier
(2)
that mostly used by female bloggers. It reflects that female bloggers tend to use complex or compound sentences in their postings as shown by the occurrency of conjunction so. Moreover, it indicates that female bloggers want to emphasize or
strengthen their utterance deeply to attract addressee’s attention using intensifier.
As said by Lakoff (1975, cited in Homes 2001) that women “use intensifying
devices to persuade their addressee to take them seriously” (p. 287) because they
are lacking status in society.
In addition, there are some possible reasons of the use of women’s language features by Indonesian female features. First, to express uncertainty and lack confidence in the conversation. Second, to fill the gap or as the filler in the conversation. Third, to start a conversation as grettings. Forth, to emphasize what have been talking and invite the readers or addressees in believing of what speakers said. Fifth, to convey emotional reaction rather than convey specific
information about the speaker’s opinion. Sixth, to prove that women have higher vocabularies than men. Eighth, to attract the addressees’ attention. Ninth, to protect the speaker’s face or politeness. These possible reasons are influenced by the female bloggers themselves and their status in society.
To sum up, Indonesian female bloggers mostly used women’s language features in their postings because they tend to reflect uncertainty and they are lacking confidence in conversation by doing some efforts to keep the conversation still on the track.
(3)
5.2 Suggestions
After conducting this study, there are some suggestions for future studies
about women’s language features. First, future study should choose another data in the form of written text, such as magazine, novels, or comics that can explore
all features of women’s language. In this case, future studies can find out ten
features completely.
Second, future studies are suggested explore the data more deeply and accurately by selecting more respondents. In choosing the more respondents, the more data and findings will also find out. So, it can enrich more knowledge about
(4)
REFERENCES
Alwasilah, C. (2002). Pokoknya Kualitatif. Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka.
Anna. (2013). 7 Reasons NOT to Use Curse Words. Retrieved January 4, 2013, from http://en.amerikanki.com/7-reasons-not-use-curse-words/
Beal, V. (2007, July). The History of Blogging. Retrieved April 2012, from http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/history_of_blogging.asp
Benz, C., & Newman, I. (1998). The Qualitative-Quantitative Research
Methodology: Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Sage Publications.
BirkBeck. (2010, October 15). Hedges in Academic Writing. Retrieved December 4, 2012, from www.bbk.ac.uk/mybirkbeck/services/facilities/support/essay-writing/Hedging-in-AcademicWriting.doc - 2010-10-15
By Michael A. Pyle, M., & Mary Ellen Munoz Page, M. (2005). TOEFL
Preparation Guide. New Delhi: Wiley Dreamtech.
Cameron, D. (1990). The Feminist Critique of Language. USA: Routledge. Coates, J. (2004). Women, Men and Language. London: Longman.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. (1984). Handbook of Qualitative . Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Elgin, S. H. (1993). Gender Speak: Men, Women and the Gentle Art of Verbal
Self-Defense. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Emilia, E. (2009). Menulis Tesis dan Disertasi. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Gillmor, D. (2003, February 15). Google Buys Pyra: Blogging Goes Big-Time.
Retrieved November 2, 2012, from
http://web.archive.org/web/20031008161432/http://weblog.siliconvalley.com/colu mn/dangillmor/archives/000802.shtml
Githens, S. (1991, May). Deborah Tannen: Men and Women in Conversation is
Cross-Cultural Communication. Retrieved September 2012, from
http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/bassr/githens/tannen.htm
Heng, C. S., & Tan, H. (2012). Maybe, Perhaps, I Believe, You Could - Making
Claims and The Use of Hedges. Retrieved December 2, 2012, from
(5)
Hornby, A. S. (1989). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hub Pages. (2010, November 17). Retrieved November 15, 2012, from
Technologies Influence over Society:
http://thespecialist1.hubpages.com/hub/Technologies-Influence-over-Society Kennedy, P. (2008). Business Writing Service EU, Italic and Bold. Retrieved December 12, 2012, from http://www.writingservices.eu/Italics-When-Use-Them.htm
Key, J. P. (1997). Research Design in Occupational Education: Module R 14
Qualitative Research. Retrieved February 14, 2013, from
http://www.okstate.edu/ag/agedcm4h/academic/aged5980a/5980/newpage21.htm Kurihara, M. (2009). A Study on Women's Language in English and Japanese
Societies. Retrieved January 2013, from
http://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/detail.php?koara_id=AN1003 0060-20091218-0015
Labotka, L. (2009). Language and Woman's Place in Drag: Power, Feminity, and
Gay Speech. Retrieved 1 8, 2013, from
studentorgs.utexas.edu/salsa/proceedings/.../03_TLS53_Labotka.pdf
Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and Woman's Place. In Language in Society (Vol. 2, pp. 55-80). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Macrae, F. (2006, November). Women Talk Three Tmes as Much as Men, Says
Study. Retrieved October 2012, from
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-419040/Women-talk-times-men-says-study.html
Mahoney, A. (2010, December 23). The Influence of Technology in Business.
Retrieved November 14, 2012, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Influence-Of-Technology-In-Business-554091.html
Meriam Webster Online Dictionary. (2013). Retrieved January 8, 2013, from
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sweet
Nordquist, R. (2012). About.com Guide. Retrieved November 6, 2012, from Intensifier: http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/intensifierterm.html
Oliver, D. (2012). Other Unsual Tag Endings. Retrieved December 28, 2012, from http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar/tag_questions05.html
(6)
Permatasari, F. (2010). Women's Speech Featus Used by The Characters of Sex
and The City Movie . Retrieved September 2012, from
http://lib.uin-malang.ac.id/thesis/fullchapter/05320105-futika-permatasari.ps
Rosen, R. J. (2012, March 8). The QWERTY Effect: The Keyboards Are Changing
Our Language! Retrieved December 14, 2012, from
http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/the-qwerty-effect-the-keyboards-are-changing-our-language/254211/
Rosita, D. (2001). A Sociolinguistics Study on Speech Features of Female
Students of Petra Christian University while Gossiping in Campus. Retrieved
2012 20, September, from
http://dewey.petra.ac.id/dts_directory_subdir.php?kode.
Shaadilive. (2013, January 18). Women Gossip Five Hours a Day, Finds Study.
Retrieved January 28, 2013, from http://blog.shaadi.com/women-gossip-five-hours-a-day-finds-study/
Spring Summer Fashion - Top 10 Fashion Color Trends 2012. (2012). Retrieved
January 4, 2013, from www.northman.com:
http://ksha001.hubpages.com/hub/Spring-2012-Fashion-Color-Trends
Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatik.
London: Longman.
Tyler, T. R. (2002). Is the Internet Changing Social Life? It Seems the More Things Change, the More Stay the Same. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 199-205.
Women Gossip Five Hours a Day, Finds Study. (2013, January 18). Retrieved
January 30, 2013, from http://blog.shaadi.com/women-gossip-five-hours-a-day-finds-study/