Proses Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) dan Dimethyl Carbonate dengan Reaktor Packed Bed Menggunakan Katalis Novozym® 435
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
The World Bank (2014). Population (Total). www. http://data.worldbank.org.
Diakses pada 4 Oktober 2014.
Joni Jupesta. Impact of the Introduction of Biofuel in the Transportation Sector in
Indonesia, Sustainability, 2 (6), 2010, 1831-1848.
Man Kee Lam, Keat Teong Lee dan Abdul Rahman Mohamed. Homogeneous,
Heterogeneous and Enzymatic Catalysis for Transesterification of High Free Fatty
Acid Oil (Waste Cooking Oil) to Biodiesel : A review, Biotechnology Advances,
28 (4), 2010, 500-518.
International Energy Agency I (2208). Key World Energy Statistic.
Atu A. Ayuk, Emeka C. Umunakwe dan Akunna E. Ejele. Optimum
Requirements for the Synthesis of Biodiesel Using Fatty Acid Distillates. Journal
of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2 (6), 2011, 897-900.
Jei-Fu Shaw, Shu-Wei Chang, S.-C. Lin, T.-T. Wu, H.-Y. Ju, C.C. Akoh, R.-H.
Chang dan C.-J. Shieh. Continuous Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel with
Novozym 435, Energy & Fuels, 22 (2), 2008, 840-844.
Hsiao-Ching Chen, Hen-Yi Ju, Tsung-Ta Wu, Yung-Chuan Liu, Chih-Chen Lee,
Cheng Chang, Yi-Lin Chung dan Chwen-Jen Shieh. Continuous Production of
Lipase Catalyzed Biodiesel in a Packed-Bed Reactor: Optimization and Enzyme
Reuse Study, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2011, 1-6.
S. Chongkong, C. Tongurai dan P. Chetpattananondh. Continuous Esterification
for Biodiesel Production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Using Economical
Process, Renewable Energy, 34(4), 2009, 1059-1063.
Ameya Vilas Malvade dan Sanjay T. Satpute. Production of Palm Fatty Acid
Distillate Biodiesel and Effects of Its Blends on Performance of Single Cylinder
Diesel Engine, Procedia Engineering, 64, 2013, 1485-1494.
Ja Hyun Lee, Sung Bong Kim, Hah Young Yoo, Young Joon Suh, Gyung Bo
Kang, Woo In Jang, Jongwon Kang, Chulhwan Park dan Seung Wook Kim.
Biodiesel Production by Enzymatic Process Using Jatropha Oil and Waste
Soybean Oil, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 18(4), 2013, 703-708.
Hyun Jun Cho, Jin-Kuk Kim, Hyun-Jea Cho danYeong-Koo Yeo. TechnoEconomic Study of a Biodiesel Production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate,
American Chemical Society, 52(1), 2012, 462-468.
K.Y. Cheah, T.S. Toh dan P.M. Koh. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Biodiesel : NextGeneration Palm Biodiesel. Your Global Fats and Oil Connection. 2010.
Igor Nascentes dos Santos Corrêa, Susana Lorena de Souza, Marly Catran, Otávio
Luiz Bernardes, Márcio Figueiredo Portilho and Marta Antunes Pereira
Langone.Enzymatic Biodiesel Synthesis Using a Byproduct Obtained from Palm
Oil Refining, Enzyme Research, 2011, 1-8.
Dean M. Chesterfield, Peter L. Rogers., Essam O. Al-Zaini dan Adesoji A.
Adesina. A Novel Continuous Extractive Reactor for Biodiesel Production Using
Lipolytic Enzyme, Procedia Engineering, 49, 2012, 373 – 383.
37
[15] Xia Wang, Xueying Liu, Chuanming Zhao, Yi Ding dan Ping Xu. Biodiesel
Production in Packed-Bed Reactors Using Lipase–Nanoparticle Biocomposite,
Bioresource Technology, 102(10), 2011, 6352-6355.
[16] Lilin Li, Wei Du, Dehua Liu, Li Wang dan Zebo Li. Lipase-Catalyzed
Transesterification of Rapeseed Oils For Biodiesel Production With A Novel
Organic Solvent As the Reaction Medium, Journal of Molecular Catalysis B:
Enzymatic, 43(1-4), 2006, 58-62.
[17] Yingming Chen, Bo Xiao, Jie Chang, Yan Fu, Pengmei Lv dan Xuewei Wang.
Synthesis of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil Using Immobilized Lipase in
Fixed Bed Reactor, Energy Conversion and Management, 50(3), 2009, 668-673.
[18] Harumi Veny, Mohammed Kheiriddine Aroua dan Nik Meriam Nik Sulaiman.
Solvent Free Enzymatic Transesterification of Crude Jatropha Oil in Packed Bed
Reactor. International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental
Engineering. 2010, 251-253.
[19] L.L. Woodcock, C. Wiles, G. M. Greenway, P. Watts, A. Wells dan S. Eyley.
Enzymatic Synthesis of A Series of Alkyl Esters Using Novozyme 435 in A
Packed-Bed, Miniaturized, Continuous Flow Reactor, Biocatalysis and
Biotransformation, 26(6), 2008, 501-507.
[20] Er-Zheng Su, Min-Jie Zhang, Jian-Guo Zhang, Jian-Feng Gao dan Dong-Zhi Wei.
Lipase-Catalyzed Irreversible Transesterification of Vegetable Oils for Fatty Acid
Methyl Esters Production With Dimethyl Carbonate As The Acyl Acceptor,
Biochemical Engineering Journal, 36(2), 2007, 167-173.
[21] Tjahjono Herawan dan Rüsch Gen. Klaas. Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification of
Palm Kernel Oil with Dialkylcarbonates. American Journal of Applied Sciences .
11(8), 2014, 1212-1223.
[22] Sun Shuzhen, Zhang Liping, Men Xin, Ma Cong dan Xin Zhong. Biodiesel
Production by Transesterification of Corn Oil with Dimethyl Carbonate Under
Heterogeneous Base Catalysis Conditions Using Potassium Hydroxide, Chemistry
and Technology of Fuels and Oils, 50(2), 2014, 99-107.
[23] Romano, Silvia Daniela dan Patricio Anibal Sorichetti. Dielectric Spectroscopy in
Biodiesel Production and Characterization. Green Energy and Technology.
Springer. 2011.
[24] Gerhard Knothe, Robert O. Dunn dan Marvin O. Bagby. Biodiesel: The Use of
Vegetable Oils and Their Derivatives As Alternative Diesel Fuels. Fuels and
Chemicals From Biomass. American Chemical Society. 1997.
[25] J. Van Gerpen, B. Shanks, R. Pruszko, D. Clements dan G. Knothe. Biodiesel
Analytical Methods. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2004a.
[26] J. Van Gerpen, B. Shanks, R. Pruszko, D. Clements dan G. Knothe. Biodiesel
Production Technology. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2004b.
[27] Silvia Daniela Romano, Erenio Gonzalez Suarez dan Miguel Angel Laborde.
Biodiesel In: Combustibles Alternativos. 2006.
[28] Sevil Yücel, Pinar Terzioğlu dan Didem Özҫimen. Lipase Applications In
Biodiesel Production. Chapter 8, INTECH, 2013, 209-250.
[29] ASTM D 6751. Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for
Middle Distillate fuels. 2009.
38
[30] EN 14214. Automotive Fuels-Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) for Diesel
Engines-Requirements and Test Methods. 2003.
[31] Pr EN 14214. Automotive Fuels-Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) for Diesel
Engines-Requirements and Test Methods. 2009.
[32] Pandey, Ashok. Handbook Plant-Based Biofuels. ISSN 13: 978-1-56022-175-3.
Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. 2009.
[33] Folasegun A. Dawodu, Olubunmi O. Ayodele., Jiayu Xin dan Suojiang Zhang.
Dimethyl Carbonate Mediated Production of Biodiesel at Different Reaction
Temperatures. Renewable Energy. 68, 2014, 581-587.
[34] Hongsub Jung, Youngrak Lee, Daeheum Kim, Sun Ok Han, Seung Wook Kim,
Jinwon Lee., Yong Hwan Kim dan Chulhwan Park. Enzymatic Production of
Glycerol Carbonate from by-Product After Biodiesel Manufacturing Process,
Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 51(3), 2012, 143-147.
[35] Ji Young Min dan Eun Yeol Lee. Lipase-Catalyzed Simultaneous Biosynthesis of
Biodiesel and Glycerol Carbonate from Corn Oil in Dimethyl Carbonate,
Biotechnol Letters, 33(9), 2011, 1789–1796.
[36] Shandong Wells Chemicals Co., Ltd. Dimethyl Carbonate Material Safety Data
Sheet. www.cnwells.cn. 2010. Diakses pada 10 Oktober 2014.
[37] M.M. Rahman Talukder, J. C. Wu, S.K. Lau, L.C. Cui, G. Shimin dan A. Lim.
Comparison of Novozym 435 and Amberlyst 15 as Heterogeneous Catalyst for
Production of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate, Energy&Fuels, 23(1),
2009, 1-4.
[38] Per Munk Nielsen, Jesper Brask dan Lene Fjerbaek. Enzymatic Biodiesel
Production: Technical and Economical Considerations. Europe Journal of Lipid
Science and Technology, 110(8), 2008, 692-700.
[39] Fangrui Ma dan Milford A. Hanna. Biodiesel Production: A Review. Bioresource
Technology. 70(1), 1999, 1-15.
[40] A.S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj dan C. Muraleedharan. Biodiesel Production from
High FFA Rubber Seed Oil, Fuel, 84(4), 2005, 335-340.
[41] Y. Zhang, M.A. Dubé, D.D. McLean dan M. Kates. Biodiesel Production from
Waste Cooking Oil: 1. Process Design and Technological Assessment,
Bioresource Technology, 89(1), 2003, 1-16.
[42] B. Freedman, E.H. Pryde dan T.L. Mounts. Variables Affecting the Yields of
Fatty Esters From Transesterified Vegetable Oils, Journal American Oil Chemists
Society, 61(10), 1984, 1636-1643.
[43] Alok Kumar Tiwari, Akhilesh Kumar dan Hifjur Raheman. Biodiesel Production
from Jatropha Oil (Jatropha curcas) with High Free Fatty Acids: An Optimized
Process, Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(8), 2007, 569-575.
[44] P.K. Sahoo, L.M. Das, M.K.G. Babu dan S.N. Naik. Biodiesel Development from
High Acid Value Polanga Seed Oil and Performance Evaluation in A CI Engine,
Fuel, 86(3), 2007, 448-454.
[45] Tianwei Tan, Jike Lu, Kaili Nie, Li Deng dan Fang Wang. Biodiesel Production
with Immobilized Lipase: A Review, Biotechnology Advances, 28(5), 2010, 628634.
39
[46] Srivathsan Vembanur Ranganathan, Srinivasam Lakshmi Narasimhan dan
Karuppan Muthukumar. An Overview of Enzymatic Production of Biodiesel.
Bioresource Technology. 99(10), 2008, 3975-3981.
[47] Sergey N. Fedosov dan Xuebing Xu. Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Fatty
Acids. Kinetics of The Reaction Measured by Fluorescent Response of Nile Red.
Biochemical Engineering Journal. 56(3), 2011, 172-183.
[48] Minodora Leca, Luminita Tcacenco, Marin Micutz dan Teodora Staicu.
Optimization of Biodiesel Production by Transesterification of Vegetable Oils
Using Lipases, Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 15(5), 2010, 5618-5630.
[49] Sulaiman Al-Zuhair. Production of Biodiesel: Possibilities and Challenges,
Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 1(1), 2007, 57-66.
[50] Nevena Lucović, Zorica Knežvić-Jugović dan Dejan Bezbradica. Biodiesel Fuel
Production by Enzymatic Transesterification of Oils: Recent Trends, Challenges
and Future Perspectives. INTECH. 2011.
[51] Miroslawa Szczęsna Antczak, Aneta Kubiak, Tadeusz Antczak dan Stanislaw
Bielecki. Enzymatic Biodiesel Synthesis-Key Factors Affecting Efficiency of the
Process, Renewable Energy, 34(5), 2009, 1185-1194.
[52] Sembiring, Meilita Tryana., Sukardi., Suryani, Ani dan Romli ,M., Biodisel
Production Cost Assessment from Different Palm Oil Raw Material as Feedstock,
Industrial Engineering Letters, Vol. 5, No. 2, p. 13-19, 2015.
[53] Andalas Kemika Jayatama PT (2015), Bahan Kimia. Medan
[54] Kurs Dollar (2015), Kurs Dollar Hari Ini. Diakses pada tanggal 6 Agustus 2015
dari www.kurs.dollar.web.id
[55] L. Fjerbaek, K. V. Christensen, dan B. Norddahl, A Review of The Current State
of Biodiesel Production Using Enzymatic Transesterification, Biotechnology and
Bioengineering, Vol. 102, No. 5, p. 1298-1315, 2009.
[56] Menteri ESDM, (2015), “Biaya Pemakaian Listrik”, Diakses pada tanggal 6
Agustus 2015 dari www.esdm.go.id.
[57] Toko Sehat Sejahtera Sentosa, “Katalog Produk”, 2015. Diakses pada tanggal 5
Agustus 2015 dari www.tokominyaknabati.indonetwork.co.id.
[58] Andrea Salis, Macella Pinna, Maura Monduzzi, Vincenzo Solinas. Biodiesel
Production from Trioleon and Short Chain Alcohols Through Biocatalysis,
Journal of Biotechnology, 119(3), 2005, 291-299.
[59] Sang Cheol Kim, Yong Hwan Kim, Hyuk Lee, Do Young Yoon, Bong Keun
Song. Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate from Renewable
Glycerol and Dimethyl Carbonate Through Transesterification, Journal of
Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 49(1-4), 2007, 75-78.
[60] José R. Ochoa-Gómez, Olga Gómez-Jiménez-Aberasturi, Belén MaestroMadurga, Amaia Pesquera-Rodríguez, Camilo Ramírez-López, Leire LorenzoIbarreta, Jesús Torrecilla-Soria, María C. Villarán-Velasco. Synthesis of Glycerol
Carbonate from Glycerol and Dimethyl Carbonate by Transesterification: Catalyst
Screening and Reaction Optimization, Applied Catalysis A: General, 366(2),
2009, 315-324.
[61] Giovana Ceni, Lindomar A. Lerin, uliana Faccin de Contoo, Cristiane
Vendrusculo Brancher, Patrícia Costa da Silvia, Geciane Toniazzo, Helen
Treichel, Débora de Oliveira, J. Vladimir Oliveira, Enrique Guillermo
40
Oestreicherm Octavio Augusto Ceva Antunes. Optimization of 1-Glyceryl
Benzoate Production by Enzymatic Transesterification in Organic Solvents,
Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 46(2), 2010, 107-112.
[62] Wu Miao Xin, Wu Guo Ying, Xuan Hui, Wang Da, Zhong Chang Zhen and Wang
Jun De. Influencing Factors of Low-temperature Flowing Properties of Soybean
Oil, Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 33(6), 2005, 698-702.
[63] Xu Ge and Wu Guo Ying. The Investigation of Blending Properties of Biodiesel
and No. 0 Diesel Fuel, Journal of Jiangsu Polytechnic University, 5(2), 2003, 1618.
[64] Mustafa E. Tat and John H. Van Gerpen. The Spesific Gravity of Biodiesel and Its
Blend with Diesel Fuel, Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society, 77(2), 2000,
115-119.
41
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
The World Bank (2014). Population (Total). www. http://data.worldbank.org.
Diakses pada 4 Oktober 2014.
Joni Jupesta. Impact of the Introduction of Biofuel in the Transportation Sector in
Indonesia, Sustainability, 2 (6), 2010, 1831-1848.
Man Kee Lam, Keat Teong Lee dan Abdul Rahman Mohamed. Homogeneous,
Heterogeneous and Enzymatic Catalysis for Transesterification of High Free Fatty
Acid Oil (Waste Cooking Oil) to Biodiesel : A review, Biotechnology Advances,
28 (4), 2010, 500-518.
International Energy Agency I (2208). Key World Energy Statistic.
Atu A. Ayuk, Emeka C. Umunakwe dan Akunna E. Ejele. Optimum
Requirements for the Synthesis of Biodiesel Using Fatty Acid Distillates. Journal
of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2 (6), 2011, 897-900.
Jei-Fu Shaw, Shu-Wei Chang, S.-C. Lin, T.-T. Wu, H.-Y. Ju, C.C. Akoh, R.-H.
Chang dan C.-J. Shieh. Continuous Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel with
Novozym 435, Energy & Fuels, 22 (2), 2008, 840-844.
Hsiao-Ching Chen, Hen-Yi Ju, Tsung-Ta Wu, Yung-Chuan Liu, Chih-Chen Lee,
Cheng Chang, Yi-Lin Chung dan Chwen-Jen Shieh. Continuous Production of
Lipase Catalyzed Biodiesel in a Packed-Bed Reactor: Optimization and Enzyme
Reuse Study, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2011, 1-6.
S. Chongkong, C. Tongurai dan P. Chetpattananondh. Continuous Esterification
for Biodiesel Production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Using Economical
Process, Renewable Energy, 34(4), 2009, 1059-1063.
Ameya Vilas Malvade dan Sanjay T. Satpute. Production of Palm Fatty Acid
Distillate Biodiesel and Effects of Its Blends on Performance of Single Cylinder
Diesel Engine, Procedia Engineering, 64, 2013, 1485-1494.
Ja Hyun Lee, Sung Bong Kim, Hah Young Yoo, Young Joon Suh, Gyung Bo
Kang, Woo In Jang, Jongwon Kang, Chulhwan Park dan Seung Wook Kim.
Biodiesel Production by Enzymatic Process Using Jatropha Oil and Waste
Soybean Oil, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 18(4), 2013, 703-708.
Hyun Jun Cho, Jin-Kuk Kim, Hyun-Jea Cho danYeong-Koo Yeo. TechnoEconomic Study of a Biodiesel Production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate,
American Chemical Society, 52(1), 2012, 462-468.
K.Y. Cheah, T.S. Toh dan P.M. Koh. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Biodiesel : NextGeneration Palm Biodiesel. Your Global Fats and Oil Connection. 2010.
Igor Nascentes dos Santos Corrêa, Susana Lorena de Souza, Marly Catran, Otávio
Luiz Bernardes, Márcio Figueiredo Portilho and Marta Antunes Pereira
Langone.Enzymatic Biodiesel Synthesis Using a Byproduct Obtained from Palm
Oil Refining, Enzyme Research, 2011, 1-8.
Dean M. Chesterfield, Peter L. Rogers., Essam O. Al-Zaini dan Adesoji A.
Adesina. A Novel Continuous Extractive Reactor for Biodiesel Production Using
Lipolytic Enzyme, Procedia Engineering, 49, 2012, 373 – 383.
37
[15] Xia Wang, Xueying Liu, Chuanming Zhao, Yi Ding dan Ping Xu. Biodiesel
Production in Packed-Bed Reactors Using Lipase–Nanoparticle Biocomposite,
Bioresource Technology, 102(10), 2011, 6352-6355.
[16] Lilin Li, Wei Du, Dehua Liu, Li Wang dan Zebo Li. Lipase-Catalyzed
Transesterification of Rapeseed Oils For Biodiesel Production With A Novel
Organic Solvent As the Reaction Medium, Journal of Molecular Catalysis B:
Enzymatic, 43(1-4), 2006, 58-62.
[17] Yingming Chen, Bo Xiao, Jie Chang, Yan Fu, Pengmei Lv dan Xuewei Wang.
Synthesis of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil Using Immobilized Lipase in
Fixed Bed Reactor, Energy Conversion and Management, 50(3), 2009, 668-673.
[18] Harumi Veny, Mohammed Kheiriddine Aroua dan Nik Meriam Nik Sulaiman.
Solvent Free Enzymatic Transesterification of Crude Jatropha Oil in Packed Bed
Reactor. International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental
Engineering. 2010, 251-253.
[19] L.L. Woodcock, C. Wiles, G. M. Greenway, P. Watts, A. Wells dan S. Eyley.
Enzymatic Synthesis of A Series of Alkyl Esters Using Novozyme 435 in A
Packed-Bed, Miniaturized, Continuous Flow Reactor, Biocatalysis and
Biotransformation, 26(6), 2008, 501-507.
[20] Er-Zheng Su, Min-Jie Zhang, Jian-Guo Zhang, Jian-Feng Gao dan Dong-Zhi Wei.
Lipase-Catalyzed Irreversible Transesterification of Vegetable Oils for Fatty Acid
Methyl Esters Production With Dimethyl Carbonate As The Acyl Acceptor,
Biochemical Engineering Journal, 36(2), 2007, 167-173.
[21] Tjahjono Herawan dan Rüsch Gen. Klaas. Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification of
Palm Kernel Oil with Dialkylcarbonates. American Journal of Applied Sciences .
11(8), 2014, 1212-1223.
[22] Sun Shuzhen, Zhang Liping, Men Xin, Ma Cong dan Xin Zhong. Biodiesel
Production by Transesterification of Corn Oil with Dimethyl Carbonate Under
Heterogeneous Base Catalysis Conditions Using Potassium Hydroxide, Chemistry
and Technology of Fuels and Oils, 50(2), 2014, 99-107.
[23] Romano, Silvia Daniela dan Patricio Anibal Sorichetti. Dielectric Spectroscopy in
Biodiesel Production and Characterization. Green Energy and Technology.
Springer. 2011.
[24] Gerhard Knothe, Robert O. Dunn dan Marvin O. Bagby. Biodiesel: The Use of
Vegetable Oils and Their Derivatives As Alternative Diesel Fuels. Fuels and
Chemicals From Biomass. American Chemical Society. 1997.
[25] J. Van Gerpen, B. Shanks, R. Pruszko, D. Clements dan G. Knothe. Biodiesel
Analytical Methods. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2004a.
[26] J. Van Gerpen, B. Shanks, R. Pruszko, D. Clements dan G. Knothe. Biodiesel
Production Technology. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2004b.
[27] Silvia Daniela Romano, Erenio Gonzalez Suarez dan Miguel Angel Laborde.
Biodiesel In: Combustibles Alternativos. 2006.
[28] Sevil Yücel, Pinar Terzioğlu dan Didem Özҫimen. Lipase Applications In
Biodiesel Production. Chapter 8, INTECH, 2013, 209-250.
[29] ASTM D 6751. Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for
Middle Distillate fuels. 2009.
38
[30] EN 14214. Automotive Fuels-Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) for Diesel
Engines-Requirements and Test Methods. 2003.
[31] Pr EN 14214. Automotive Fuels-Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) for Diesel
Engines-Requirements and Test Methods. 2009.
[32] Pandey, Ashok. Handbook Plant-Based Biofuels. ISSN 13: 978-1-56022-175-3.
Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. 2009.
[33] Folasegun A. Dawodu, Olubunmi O. Ayodele., Jiayu Xin dan Suojiang Zhang.
Dimethyl Carbonate Mediated Production of Biodiesel at Different Reaction
Temperatures. Renewable Energy. 68, 2014, 581-587.
[34] Hongsub Jung, Youngrak Lee, Daeheum Kim, Sun Ok Han, Seung Wook Kim,
Jinwon Lee., Yong Hwan Kim dan Chulhwan Park. Enzymatic Production of
Glycerol Carbonate from by-Product After Biodiesel Manufacturing Process,
Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 51(3), 2012, 143-147.
[35] Ji Young Min dan Eun Yeol Lee. Lipase-Catalyzed Simultaneous Biosynthesis of
Biodiesel and Glycerol Carbonate from Corn Oil in Dimethyl Carbonate,
Biotechnol Letters, 33(9), 2011, 1789–1796.
[36] Shandong Wells Chemicals Co., Ltd. Dimethyl Carbonate Material Safety Data
Sheet. www.cnwells.cn. 2010. Diakses pada 10 Oktober 2014.
[37] M.M. Rahman Talukder, J. C. Wu, S.K. Lau, L.C. Cui, G. Shimin dan A. Lim.
Comparison of Novozym 435 and Amberlyst 15 as Heterogeneous Catalyst for
Production of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate, Energy&Fuels, 23(1),
2009, 1-4.
[38] Per Munk Nielsen, Jesper Brask dan Lene Fjerbaek. Enzymatic Biodiesel
Production: Technical and Economical Considerations. Europe Journal of Lipid
Science and Technology, 110(8), 2008, 692-700.
[39] Fangrui Ma dan Milford A. Hanna. Biodiesel Production: A Review. Bioresource
Technology. 70(1), 1999, 1-15.
[40] A.S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj dan C. Muraleedharan. Biodiesel Production from
High FFA Rubber Seed Oil, Fuel, 84(4), 2005, 335-340.
[41] Y. Zhang, M.A. Dubé, D.D. McLean dan M. Kates. Biodiesel Production from
Waste Cooking Oil: 1. Process Design and Technological Assessment,
Bioresource Technology, 89(1), 2003, 1-16.
[42] B. Freedman, E.H. Pryde dan T.L. Mounts. Variables Affecting the Yields of
Fatty Esters From Transesterified Vegetable Oils, Journal American Oil Chemists
Society, 61(10), 1984, 1636-1643.
[43] Alok Kumar Tiwari, Akhilesh Kumar dan Hifjur Raheman. Biodiesel Production
from Jatropha Oil (Jatropha curcas) with High Free Fatty Acids: An Optimized
Process, Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(8), 2007, 569-575.
[44] P.K. Sahoo, L.M. Das, M.K.G. Babu dan S.N. Naik. Biodiesel Development from
High Acid Value Polanga Seed Oil and Performance Evaluation in A CI Engine,
Fuel, 86(3), 2007, 448-454.
[45] Tianwei Tan, Jike Lu, Kaili Nie, Li Deng dan Fang Wang. Biodiesel Production
with Immobilized Lipase: A Review, Biotechnology Advances, 28(5), 2010, 628634.
39
[46] Srivathsan Vembanur Ranganathan, Srinivasam Lakshmi Narasimhan dan
Karuppan Muthukumar. An Overview of Enzymatic Production of Biodiesel.
Bioresource Technology. 99(10), 2008, 3975-3981.
[47] Sergey N. Fedosov dan Xuebing Xu. Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Fatty
Acids. Kinetics of The Reaction Measured by Fluorescent Response of Nile Red.
Biochemical Engineering Journal. 56(3), 2011, 172-183.
[48] Minodora Leca, Luminita Tcacenco, Marin Micutz dan Teodora Staicu.
Optimization of Biodiesel Production by Transesterification of Vegetable Oils
Using Lipases, Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 15(5), 2010, 5618-5630.
[49] Sulaiman Al-Zuhair. Production of Biodiesel: Possibilities and Challenges,
Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 1(1), 2007, 57-66.
[50] Nevena Lucović, Zorica Knežvić-Jugović dan Dejan Bezbradica. Biodiesel Fuel
Production by Enzymatic Transesterification of Oils: Recent Trends, Challenges
and Future Perspectives. INTECH. 2011.
[51] Miroslawa Szczęsna Antczak, Aneta Kubiak, Tadeusz Antczak dan Stanislaw
Bielecki. Enzymatic Biodiesel Synthesis-Key Factors Affecting Efficiency of the
Process, Renewable Energy, 34(5), 2009, 1185-1194.
[52] Sembiring, Meilita Tryana., Sukardi., Suryani, Ani dan Romli ,M., Biodisel
Production Cost Assessment from Different Palm Oil Raw Material as Feedstock,
Industrial Engineering Letters, Vol. 5, No. 2, p. 13-19, 2015.
[53] Andalas Kemika Jayatama PT (2015), Bahan Kimia. Medan
[54] Kurs Dollar (2015), Kurs Dollar Hari Ini. Diakses pada tanggal 6 Agustus 2015
dari www.kurs.dollar.web.id
[55] L. Fjerbaek, K. V. Christensen, dan B. Norddahl, A Review of The Current State
of Biodiesel Production Using Enzymatic Transesterification, Biotechnology and
Bioengineering, Vol. 102, No. 5, p. 1298-1315, 2009.
[56] Menteri ESDM, (2015), “Biaya Pemakaian Listrik”, Diakses pada tanggal 6
Agustus 2015 dari www.esdm.go.id.
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