Laporan Praktikum Jembatan Wheastone (1)
REPORT OF BASIC PHYSICS EXPERIMENT 2
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Yuanita Sri Respati
K2312080
Physics Education 2012 A
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
2013
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Allah, then I thanks very much to my parent for their support. My assistent Didik
for his help so I have been finished the experiment of Wheatstone Bridge last year. Thanks a
lot to our supervisor Basic Physics Mrs. Lita Rahmasari. My friends for their critic and
suggest so I could write this report well.
1
List of contents
1. Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………...1
2. List of contents………………………………………………………………………..2
3. List of figures/tables……………………………………………………………….....2
4. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..3
1. The abstract………………………………………………………………………..3
2. Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………….3
5. Main body…………………………………………………………………………….4
1. Review of literature…………………………………………………………….…4
2. Design of the investigation…………………………………………………….…6
3. Measurement techniques used……………………………………………………6
4. Results……………………………………………………………………………7
6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………9
1. Discusion and conclusion…………………………………………………………9
2. Sumary of conclusion…………………………………………………………….10
7. Reference……………………………………………………………………………11
List of figures/tables
1. Table of resistivities of various materials……………………………………………(5)
2. Table magnitude of resistance……………………………………………………….(7)
3. Table the magnitude of copper wire resistivity……………………………………...(7)
4. Table the magnitude of nicel wire resistivity…………………………….………….(8)
5. Picture of wheatstone bridge circuit…………………………………………………(5)
2
Introduction
1. The abstract
The purpose experiment were to measure value of resistance and value of resistivity
nicel wire and copper wire. The method to measure value of resistance was move of
move contact in wheatstone bridge circuit and to measure value of resistivity replaced
Rx with nicel wire and copper wire, galvanometer used to detect electrict current.
This experiment used standart deviation. The result value of resistance was (5.21 ±
0.39)Ω, value of resistivity copper wire was (8.78 ± 2.70)10−8 Ω𝑚 and value of
resistivity nicel wire was (9.40 ± 1.40)10−8 Ω𝑚.
Key word: resistance, resistivity.
2. Statement of the Problem
A Wheatstone bridge was an electrical circuit used to measure an unknown electrical
resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which included the
unknown component. Its operation was similar to the original potentiometer. It was
invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by
Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843. One of the Wheatstone bridge's initial uses was for
the purpose of soils analysis and comparison.
The Wheatstone bridge illustrated the concept of a difference measurement, which
can be extremely accurate. Variations on the Wheatstone bridge can be used to
measure capacitance,inductance, impedance and other quantities, such as the amount
of combustible gases in a sample, with an explosimeter. The Kelvin bridge was
specially adapted from the Wheatstone bridge for measuring very low resistances. In
many cases, the significance of measuring the unknown resistance is related to
measuring the impact of some physical phenomenon (such as force, temperature,
pressure, etc.) which thereby allows the use of Wheatstone bridge in measuring those
elements indirectly.
The concept was extended to alternating current measurements by James Clerk
Maxwell in 1865 and further improved by Alan Blumlein in about 1926.
3
Main body
1. Review of literature
Resistance (R) is defined as the ratio of the voltage (V) applied cross a piece of
material to the current (I) through the material, or 𝑅 =
The resistance is a constant and the relation 𝑅 =
𝑉
𝐼
𝑉
𝐼
is refered to as Ohm’s Law.
(John. D. Cutnell & Kenneth W John, 1989, 520)
A single-loop circuit is a circuit with a single path for the current. the net potential
change in traversing the complete circuit is zero simply due to the conservation of
energy. If we had followed the circuit in the opposite direction againts the current-the
changes would all be of the opposite sign, but the end result would remain: the
potential change in a complete circuit is zero. In the context of circuit this simple law
is given a special name , Kirchhoff’s loop rule.
𝛴∆ 𝑉 = 0
I steady-state operation, the current moving along a wire in an electric circuit ia
constant. If it were not, charge would build up at some point and change the electric
field-in disagreement with our assumption of a steady state. This conservation of
current also holds at a circuit junction where three or more wires come together. We
know that charge is conserved, so at any given time, the rate at which charge enters a
junction is equal to the rate at which charge leaves the junction. Kirchhoff’s junction
rule (also know as kirchhoff’s first law) states that the sum of the current that enter a
junction equals the sum of the current that leave the junction. We can state this
another way: if we interpret a current that leaves a junction as the negative of a
current of the same magnitude that enters the junction, then
The algebraic sum of the current that enter a junction equals zero, or
𝛴𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 0
(Fishbane, Gasiorowicz, and Thorton.1996.754)
4
To measure resistance is to use a circuit called a wheatstone brigde. The circuit
illustrates a method of measurement know as the null method. In addition, to the
unknown resistance R, a wheatstone bridge includes three otheer resistance 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑠
From the figure above, we get the equation:
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅
𝑅1
𝐿1
=𝑅
𝑅2
𝐿2
(Raymond A. Serway.2004.1120)
In a water pipe, the leght and cross-sectional area of pipe determine the resistance the
pipe offen to the flow of water. Longer pipes with smaler sross-sectional areas offer
greater resistance. Anologous effects are found in the electrical case. For a wide range
of material, the resistance of a piece of material of length (L) and cross-sectional area
(A) is 𝑅 = 𝜌
𝐿
𝐴
Where 𝜌 is a proportionality constant known as the “resistivity” of the material. The
unit of 𝜌 is Ωm. All the conductor are metal have small resistivities.
( John D, Cutnell and Kennent W. Johson.1989.522)
The table of resistivities of various materials:
Material
Alumunium
Coper
Gold
Mercury
Nicel
Carbon
Resistivity
2,82 𝑥 10−8
1,72 𝑥 10−8
2,44 𝑥 10−8
95,8 𝑥 10−8
40,0 𝑥 10−8
3,50 𝑥 10−8
5
1011 𝑥 1015
Mica
1016
Teflon
9,7 𝑥 10−8
Iron
(Paul M Fisbane.1996.710)
2. Design of the investigation
Measure the magnitude of resistance. Firts, tools and materials were prepared and
were arranged.Second, resistor that has value 5.6 Ω as the 𝑅𝑥 was arranged on the
circuit on the right side.Then resistor that has value 2.7 Ω was arranged on the left
side and then observe the move contact until the galvanometer is in zero or null
current. Next long of 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 was writen. Step were repeated again but the resistor
replace 3.3 Ω, 3.9 Ω, 6.8 Ω, 8.2 Ω.
So that, to measure the magnitude of copper wire resistivity. First, tools and materials
were prepared and were arranged. Second, copper wire was arranged on the right side
of circuit. Then, resistor that has value 2.7 Ω was arranged on the left side and then
observed the move contact until the galvanometer is in zero or null current. Next, long
of 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 was writen. Step were repeated again but the resistor is 3.3 Ω, 3.9 Ω, 6.8
Ω, 8.2 Ω. Measure the magnitude of nicel wire resistivity same as the step measure
magnitude of copper wire, but the nicel wire replace witg copper wire.
3. Measurement techniques used
𝐿2 𝑅𝑥
=
𝐿1 𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅𝑠
𝐿1
𝐿2
a. Measure value of resistance
𝑅𝑥 theory = 5,6 Ω
𝐿2 = 𝐿 − 𝐿1 = 100 𝑐𝑚 − 𝐿1
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝑥 =
𝐿1
𝐿2
𝛴𝑅𝑥
𝑛
6
𝛴(𝑅𝑥 − 𝑅𝑥 )2
𝑛−1
∆𝑅𝑥 =
b. Measure magnitude of copper wire and nicel wire resistivity
𝑅𝑘 = 𝑅𝑠
𝐿1
𝐿2
∆𝑅𝑘 =
𝛴(𝑅𝑘 − 𝑅𝑘 )2
𝑛−1
𝑅𝑘 =
𝛴𝑅𝑥
𝑛
𝜌 = 𝑅𝑘
∆𝜌 =
𝐴
𝐿
𝐴
∆𝑅
𝐿 𝑘
∆𝑟 =
2
+(
∆𝑑
∆𝐴 =
2
2𝜋𝑟. ∆𝑟 2
𝐴
𝑅𝑘
∆𝐴)2 + (𝑅𝑘 2 ∆𝐿)2
𝐿
𝐿
4. Results
Determine the magnitude of resistance
1
𝑅𝑠 (Ω)
2.7
𝐿1 (cm)
37
𝐿2 (cm)
2
3.3
37
63
3
3.9
43
57
4
6.8
55.5
44,5
5
8.2
61
39
No
63
Result : (𝑅𝑥 ± ∆𝑅𝑠 ) = (5.21 ± 0.39)Ω
Determine the magnitude of copper wire resistivity
L = (200.00 ± 0.05) cm
d = (0.600 ± 0.005) mm
1
𝑅𝑠 (Ω)
2.7
𝐿1 (cm)
89
𝐿2 (cm)
2
3.3
91
9
3
3.9
92
8
4
6.8
95
5
5
8.2
98
2
No
Result :
7
11
(𝑅𝑘 ± ∆𝑅𝑘 ) = (3.10 ± 0.80)10−1 Ω
(𝜌𝑥 ± ∆𝜌𝑠 ) = (8.78 ± 2.70)10−8 Ω𝑚
Determine the magnitude of nicel wire resistivity
1
𝑅𝑠 (Ω)
2.7
𝐿1 (cm)
80
𝐿2 (cm)
2
3.3
84
16
3
3.9
87
13
4
6.8
89
11
5
8.2
93
7
No
Result :
(𝑅𝑘 ± ∆𝑅𝑘 ) = (6.70 ± 1.00)10−1 Ω
(𝜌𝑥 ± ∆𝜌𝑠 ) = (9.40 ± 1.40)10−8 Ω𝑚
8
20
Conclusion
1. Discussion and conclusion
The basic principle of the experiment was concept about resistance (R) was defined
of the voltage (V) applied across a piece of masterial to the current (I) through the
maerial.
For a wide range of material, the resistance of a piece of material of length (L) and
cross-sectional area (A) is 𝑅 = 𝜌
𝐿
𝐴
To measure resistance was to use a circuit called a wheatstone brigde. In addition, to
the unknown resistance R, a wheatstone bridge includes three otheer resistance 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅
𝐿1
𝑅1
=𝑅
𝐿2
𝑅2
The result of experiment wheatstone brigde were:
Determine the magnitude of resistance
(𝑅𝑥 ± ∆𝑅𝑠 ) = (5.21 ± 0.39)Ω
Determine the magnitude of copper wire resistivity
(𝑅𝑘 ± ∆𝑅𝑘 ) = (3.10 ± 0.80)10−1 Ω
(𝜌𝑥 ± ∆𝜌𝑠 ) = (8.78 ± 2.70)10−8 Ω
Based the theory, the value of copper wire resistivity is 1.72 x 10 −8 Ω . the
value of copper wire resistivity based theory and experiment is different.
Determine the magnitude of nicel wire resistivity
(𝑅𝑘 ± ∆𝑅𝑘 ) = (6.70 ± 1.00)10−1 Ω
(𝜌𝑥 ± ∆𝜌𝑠 ) = (9.40 ± 1.40)10−8 Ω
9
Based the theory, the value of copper wire resistivity is 1.72 x 10 −8 Ω . the
value of copper wire resistivity based theory and experiment is different.
2. Summary of conclusions
a. The magnitude of resistance
b. (𝑅𝑥 ± ∆𝑅𝑠 ) = (5.21 ± 0.39)Ω
c. The magnitude of copper wire resistivity
a. (𝑅𝑘 ± ∆𝑅𝑘 ) = (3.10 ± 0.80)10−1 Ω
b. (𝜌𝑥 ± ∆𝜌𝑠 ) = (8.78 ± 2.70)10−8 Ω𝑚
d. The magnitude of nicel wire resistivity
a. (𝑅𝑘 ± ∆𝑅𝑘 ) = (6.70 ± 1.00)10−1 Ω
b. (𝜌𝑥 ± ∆𝜌𝑠 ) = (9.40 ± 1.40)10−8 Ω𝑚
10
References
Cutnell, John D and Kennent W. Johnson.1989.Physics.Canada:John Willey and Sons
Fisbane, Paul M.1996.Physics.USA:New Jersey Company
Fishbane, Gasiorowicz and Thornton.1996.Phisics.USA:Prentice Hall
Serway, Raymond A.2004.Physics for Scientist and Engineering.California:
Thomson Brooks
www.google.com/picture
www.wikipedia.org.com
11
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Yuanita Sri Respati
K2312080
Physics Education 2012 A
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
2013
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Allah, then I thanks very much to my parent for their support. My assistent Didik
for his help so I have been finished the experiment of Wheatstone Bridge last year. Thanks a
lot to our supervisor Basic Physics Mrs. Lita Rahmasari. My friends for their critic and
suggest so I could write this report well.
1
List of contents
1. Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………...1
2. List of contents………………………………………………………………………..2
3. List of figures/tables……………………………………………………………….....2
4. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..3
1. The abstract………………………………………………………………………..3
2. Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………….3
5. Main body…………………………………………………………………………….4
1. Review of literature…………………………………………………………….…4
2. Design of the investigation…………………………………………………….…6
3. Measurement techniques used……………………………………………………6
4. Results……………………………………………………………………………7
6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………9
1. Discusion and conclusion…………………………………………………………9
2. Sumary of conclusion…………………………………………………………….10
7. Reference……………………………………………………………………………11
List of figures/tables
1. Table of resistivities of various materials……………………………………………(5)
2. Table magnitude of resistance……………………………………………………….(7)
3. Table the magnitude of copper wire resistivity……………………………………...(7)
4. Table the magnitude of nicel wire resistivity…………………………….………….(8)
5. Picture of wheatstone bridge circuit…………………………………………………(5)
2
Introduction
1. The abstract
The purpose experiment were to measure value of resistance and value of resistivity
nicel wire and copper wire. The method to measure value of resistance was move of
move contact in wheatstone bridge circuit and to measure value of resistivity replaced
Rx with nicel wire and copper wire, galvanometer used to detect electrict current.
This experiment used standart deviation. The result value of resistance was (5.21 ±
0.39)Ω, value of resistivity copper wire was (8.78 ± 2.70)10−8 Ω𝑚 and value of
resistivity nicel wire was (9.40 ± 1.40)10−8 Ω𝑚.
Key word: resistance, resistivity.
2. Statement of the Problem
A Wheatstone bridge was an electrical circuit used to measure an unknown electrical
resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which included the
unknown component. Its operation was similar to the original potentiometer. It was
invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by
Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843. One of the Wheatstone bridge's initial uses was for
the purpose of soils analysis and comparison.
The Wheatstone bridge illustrated the concept of a difference measurement, which
can be extremely accurate. Variations on the Wheatstone bridge can be used to
measure capacitance,inductance, impedance and other quantities, such as the amount
of combustible gases in a sample, with an explosimeter. The Kelvin bridge was
specially adapted from the Wheatstone bridge for measuring very low resistances. In
many cases, the significance of measuring the unknown resistance is related to
measuring the impact of some physical phenomenon (such as force, temperature,
pressure, etc.) which thereby allows the use of Wheatstone bridge in measuring those
elements indirectly.
The concept was extended to alternating current measurements by James Clerk
Maxwell in 1865 and further improved by Alan Blumlein in about 1926.
3
Main body
1. Review of literature
Resistance (R) is defined as the ratio of the voltage (V) applied cross a piece of
material to the current (I) through the material, or 𝑅 =
The resistance is a constant and the relation 𝑅 =
𝑉
𝐼
𝑉
𝐼
is refered to as Ohm’s Law.
(John. D. Cutnell & Kenneth W John, 1989, 520)
A single-loop circuit is a circuit with a single path for the current. the net potential
change in traversing the complete circuit is zero simply due to the conservation of
energy. If we had followed the circuit in the opposite direction againts the current-the
changes would all be of the opposite sign, but the end result would remain: the
potential change in a complete circuit is zero. In the context of circuit this simple law
is given a special name , Kirchhoff’s loop rule.
𝛴∆ 𝑉 = 0
I steady-state operation, the current moving along a wire in an electric circuit ia
constant. If it were not, charge would build up at some point and change the electric
field-in disagreement with our assumption of a steady state. This conservation of
current also holds at a circuit junction where three or more wires come together. We
know that charge is conserved, so at any given time, the rate at which charge enters a
junction is equal to the rate at which charge leaves the junction. Kirchhoff’s junction
rule (also know as kirchhoff’s first law) states that the sum of the current that enter a
junction equals the sum of the current that leave the junction. We can state this
another way: if we interpret a current that leaves a junction as the negative of a
current of the same magnitude that enters the junction, then
The algebraic sum of the current that enter a junction equals zero, or
𝛴𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 0
(Fishbane, Gasiorowicz, and Thorton.1996.754)
4
To measure resistance is to use a circuit called a wheatstone brigde. The circuit
illustrates a method of measurement know as the null method. In addition, to the
unknown resistance R, a wheatstone bridge includes three otheer resistance 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑠
From the figure above, we get the equation:
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅
𝑅1
𝐿1
=𝑅
𝑅2
𝐿2
(Raymond A. Serway.2004.1120)
In a water pipe, the leght and cross-sectional area of pipe determine the resistance the
pipe offen to the flow of water. Longer pipes with smaler sross-sectional areas offer
greater resistance. Anologous effects are found in the electrical case. For a wide range
of material, the resistance of a piece of material of length (L) and cross-sectional area
(A) is 𝑅 = 𝜌
𝐿
𝐴
Where 𝜌 is a proportionality constant known as the “resistivity” of the material. The
unit of 𝜌 is Ωm. All the conductor are metal have small resistivities.
( John D, Cutnell and Kennent W. Johson.1989.522)
The table of resistivities of various materials:
Material
Alumunium
Coper
Gold
Mercury
Nicel
Carbon
Resistivity
2,82 𝑥 10−8
1,72 𝑥 10−8
2,44 𝑥 10−8
95,8 𝑥 10−8
40,0 𝑥 10−8
3,50 𝑥 10−8
5
1011 𝑥 1015
Mica
1016
Teflon
9,7 𝑥 10−8
Iron
(Paul M Fisbane.1996.710)
2. Design of the investigation
Measure the magnitude of resistance. Firts, tools and materials were prepared and
were arranged.Second, resistor that has value 5.6 Ω as the 𝑅𝑥 was arranged on the
circuit on the right side.Then resistor that has value 2.7 Ω was arranged on the left
side and then observe the move contact until the galvanometer is in zero or null
current. Next long of 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 was writen. Step were repeated again but the resistor
replace 3.3 Ω, 3.9 Ω, 6.8 Ω, 8.2 Ω.
So that, to measure the magnitude of copper wire resistivity. First, tools and materials
were prepared and were arranged. Second, copper wire was arranged on the right side
of circuit. Then, resistor that has value 2.7 Ω was arranged on the left side and then
observed the move contact until the galvanometer is in zero or null current. Next, long
of 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 was writen. Step were repeated again but the resistor is 3.3 Ω, 3.9 Ω, 6.8
Ω, 8.2 Ω. Measure the magnitude of nicel wire resistivity same as the step measure
magnitude of copper wire, but the nicel wire replace witg copper wire.
3. Measurement techniques used
𝐿2 𝑅𝑥
=
𝐿1 𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅𝑠
𝐿1
𝐿2
a. Measure value of resistance
𝑅𝑥 theory = 5,6 Ω
𝐿2 = 𝐿 − 𝐿1 = 100 𝑐𝑚 − 𝐿1
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝑥 =
𝐿1
𝐿2
𝛴𝑅𝑥
𝑛
6
𝛴(𝑅𝑥 − 𝑅𝑥 )2
𝑛−1
∆𝑅𝑥 =
b. Measure magnitude of copper wire and nicel wire resistivity
𝑅𝑘 = 𝑅𝑠
𝐿1
𝐿2
∆𝑅𝑘 =
𝛴(𝑅𝑘 − 𝑅𝑘 )2
𝑛−1
𝑅𝑘 =
𝛴𝑅𝑥
𝑛
𝜌 = 𝑅𝑘
∆𝜌 =
𝐴
𝐿
𝐴
∆𝑅
𝐿 𝑘
∆𝑟 =
2
+(
∆𝑑
∆𝐴 =
2
2𝜋𝑟. ∆𝑟 2
𝐴
𝑅𝑘
∆𝐴)2 + (𝑅𝑘 2 ∆𝐿)2
𝐿
𝐿
4. Results
Determine the magnitude of resistance
1
𝑅𝑠 (Ω)
2.7
𝐿1 (cm)
37
𝐿2 (cm)
2
3.3
37
63
3
3.9
43
57
4
6.8
55.5
44,5
5
8.2
61
39
No
63
Result : (𝑅𝑥 ± ∆𝑅𝑠 ) = (5.21 ± 0.39)Ω
Determine the magnitude of copper wire resistivity
L = (200.00 ± 0.05) cm
d = (0.600 ± 0.005) mm
1
𝑅𝑠 (Ω)
2.7
𝐿1 (cm)
89
𝐿2 (cm)
2
3.3
91
9
3
3.9
92
8
4
6.8
95
5
5
8.2
98
2
No
Result :
7
11
(𝑅𝑘 ± ∆𝑅𝑘 ) = (3.10 ± 0.80)10−1 Ω
(𝜌𝑥 ± ∆𝜌𝑠 ) = (8.78 ± 2.70)10−8 Ω𝑚
Determine the magnitude of nicel wire resistivity
1
𝑅𝑠 (Ω)
2.7
𝐿1 (cm)
80
𝐿2 (cm)
2
3.3
84
16
3
3.9
87
13
4
6.8
89
11
5
8.2
93
7
No
Result :
(𝑅𝑘 ± ∆𝑅𝑘 ) = (6.70 ± 1.00)10−1 Ω
(𝜌𝑥 ± ∆𝜌𝑠 ) = (9.40 ± 1.40)10−8 Ω𝑚
8
20
Conclusion
1. Discussion and conclusion
The basic principle of the experiment was concept about resistance (R) was defined
of the voltage (V) applied across a piece of masterial to the current (I) through the
maerial.
For a wide range of material, the resistance of a piece of material of length (L) and
cross-sectional area (A) is 𝑅 = 𝜌
𝐿
𝐴
To measure resistance was to use a circuit called a wheatstone brigde. In addition, to
the unknown resistance R, a wheatstone bridge includes three otheer resistance 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅
𝐿1
𝑅1
=𝑅
𝐿2
𝑅2
The result of experiment wheatstone brigde were:
Determine the magnitude of resistance
(𝑅𝑥 ± ∆𝑅𝑠 ) = (5.21 ± 0.39)Ω
Determine the magnitude of copper wire resistivity
(𝑅𝑘 ± ∆𝑅𝑘 ) = (3.10 ± 0.80)10−1 Ω
(𝜌𝑥 ± ∆𝜌𝑠 ) = (8.78 ± 2.70)10−8 Ω
Based the theory, the value of copper wire resistivity is 1.72 x 10 −8 Ω . the
value of copper wire resistivity based theory and experiment is different.
Determine the magnitude of nicel wire resistivity
(𝑅𝑘 ± ∆𝑅𝑘 ) = (6.70 ± 1.00)10−1 Ω
(𝜌𝑥 ± ∆𝜌𝑠 ) = (9.40 ± 1.40)10−8 Ω
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Based the theory, the value of copper wire resistivity is 1.72 x 10 −8 Ω . the
value of copper wire resistivity based theory and experiment is different.
2. Summary of conclusions
a. The magnitude of resistance
b. (𝑅𝑥 ± ∆𝑅𝑠 ) = (5.21 ± 0.39)Ω
c. The magnitude of copper wire resistivity
a. (𝑅𝑘 ± ∆𝑅𝑘 ) = (3.10 ± 0.80)10−1 Ω
b. (𝜌𝑥 ± ∆𝜌𝑠 ) = (8.78 ± 2.70)10−8 Ω𝑚
d. The magnitude of nicel wire resistivity
a. (𝑅𝑘 ± ∆𝑅𝑘 ) = (6.70 ± 1.00)10−1 Ω
b. (𝜌𝑥 ± ∆𝜌𝑠 ) = (9.40 ± 1.40)10−8 Ω𝑚
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References
Cutnell, John D and Kennent W. Johnson.1989.Physics.Canada:John Willey and Sons
Fisbane, Paul M.1996.Physics.USA:New Jersey Company
Fishbane, Gasiorowicz and Thornton.1996.Phisics.USA:Prentice Hall
Serway, Raymond A.2004.Physics for Scientist and Engineering.California:
Thomson Brooks
www.google.com/picture
www.wikipedia.org.com
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