CHAPTER II THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter will be focused on the discussion about the concept of error, error analysis, and descriptive text.
A. Error
1. Definition of Error
Various definitions of error have been presented by experts. Basically those definitions contain the same meaning while the difference lies only
on the ways they formulate them. These definitions are adequate to reveal the errors showing up in the written texts. According to Norrish, he said
that Error is a systematic deviation, when a learner has not learnt something and consistently get it wrong. He said the child his own
language sometimes make the same error. In the same way, when a learner of English make an error systematically. So, he has not learnt the correct
form.
1
In the other, Dulay said “Errors are the flawed side or learner speech or writing. They are those parts of conversation or composition that deviate
from some selected norm of mature language performance. Teacher and mothers who have waged long and patient battles against their students or
children’s language errors have come to realize that making errors is an inevitable part of learning. People cannot learn language without first
systematically committing errors”.
2
1
J. Norrish, Language Learning and Their Errors, London: Macmillan Publisher Ltd, 1987, p. 7
2
Heidi Dulay, et al, Language Two, New York: Oxford University Press, 1982, p. 138.
Another concept of error by Brown, he defined “error as the process to
observe, analyze, and classify the deviation of the rules of the second language and then to reveal the systems operated by learner
”.
3
It seems this concept is the same by Crystal, he defined
“error is a technique for identifying, classifying and systematically interpreting the unacceptable
forms produced by someone learning a foreign language, using any of the principles and procedures provides by linguistics
”.
4
On the other hand, Richards states that “error is the study of errors
made by the second and foreign language learners. Error may be carried out in order to find out how well someone knows a language, find out how
a person learns a language, and obtain information on common difficulties in language learning, as an aid in teaching or in the preparation of teaching
materials ”.
5
The definitions above clarify that error is an activity to identify, classify and interpreted or describe the errors made by someone in writing
and it is carried out to obtain information on common difficulties faced by someone in writing English sentence.
2. Types of Errors
Error fall into four categories: “omission of some required element;
addition of some unnecessary or incorrect element; selection of an incorrect element, and misordering of the elements. Nevertheless, Corder
in Erdogan’s journal adds that this classification is not enough to describe
3
H. D Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, New jersey: Prentice- Hall, 1994, p. 206
4
D.Crystal, A.Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, second edition, New York: Basil Blackwel Inc, 1987, p.43
5
Jack C. Richards, Error Analysis, London:Longman, 1973, p.172
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