Review of Related Study

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

Theory is served to reveal the characteristic of Suwen deeply in the novel. Based on the theory of character by Abrams, the meaning of character are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being edowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say - the dialogue - and what they do - the action 1999: 32. The representation of character through their dialogue and actions lead the character‟s description, therefore the characterization be asserted. To establish the characterization, the characters in the literary work are delivered with narration, the characters in the narrative are showing and telling the motives and dispositions that lie behind what situation they encounter in the literary works. Abrams, 1999: 33 Besides the establishment from narrative, the author also implies the characteri zation based on the action, speech, and character‟s inner thoughts, feelings, and responsive to events 1999:34 thus, those kinds of method can give the idea of the qualities of character. By considering those aspects or methods, the characterization can be determined and judged with objectively. 2. Theory of Patriarchy There are many definitions of patriarchy in some terms or literary text works, but all of them conducted the same perspective or point of view about men‟s dominant or full authority within the society. The term patriarchy often considered men as the government who rulled the society, the concept of patriarchy refers to the dominion of men with priveledged authority that implies men have more agencies than women in the society Bailey, 2014: 1. The same concept occurs, according to Bell Hooks, the patriachy itself is the politcal system where domination of men are superior and everyone seemed to be weak, especialy females. The rest of the society are forced to follow with men‟s dominance through various forms of object and considered to be a violation. Patriachy is a political-social system that insists that males are inherently dominating, superior to everything and everyone deemed weak, especially females, and endowed with the right to dominate and rule over the weak and to maintain that dominance through various forms of psychological terrorism and violance. http:imaginenoborders.orgpdfzinesUnderstandingPatriarchy.pdf The patriarchy occures as one of the political system which achieved during the maturity of our childhood, gender roles as the main causes assigned us to deliver the continual guidance to fulfill the gender roles within the society and family therefore patriachy as the system to force boys into the rule of dominance and deny their feelings. Hooks, 2004: 1 Patriarchy system is built with the foundation of repressions of all feelings, destructions of individual will power, and the repression of thinking, and it departs from the authority figure‟s way of thinking. This system was built within the family and delivered by our mothers, it is considered as the principal and moral value that embrace the way of our live and shape us into the perspective of male and female in gender roles. Patriarchy system requires men as the dominator - following the gender role and stresses the notion that all of men were all powerfull and women became the victim or object of the violances, therefore this kind of condition supports the idea of masculinity that attached within the system are fully shaped and reshaped by men. Bailey, 2014: 4 The continue o f men‟s dominant over women in the society becomes the legitimation that shift the culture in corporate, political, and economic power. However, Connell also argues that while men continue to dominate corporate,political and economic power, there has been a seismic shift in culture: „what hascrumbled, in the industrial countries, is the legitimation of patriarchy. Bailey, 2014: 4 The notion of masculinity is opposed by women thus they put all the blames “the perpetuation of sexism” Hooks, 2004: 2 only to men so these women can express their feelings and thoughts and maintain it. This kind of condition leads to the allegiance to patriarchy system, their lust of power driven to oppress the other and causes gender oppression.

3. Multicultural Feminism

Multicultural feminists emphasized the understanding and notion of diversity within society. The notion of diversity has been a complex idea since there were many differences in culture, race, and gender that contribute various of different thought and personality development of human being. Multicultural, global, and postcolonial feminists push feminist thought in the direction of both recognizing women‟s diversity and acknowledging the challenges it presents. Tong, 2009: 200 Based on the differences, people treat another people with their way of thinking in the various representation of cultural norms, traditions or system, and gender representation. Those various representation unveiled the system of patriarchy which led to gender oppression.