Completing Summaries and Charts

Lesson 8: Completing Summaries and Charts

(Remember, the order in which you list the points is not important, only that you list the three correct points. Notes for the paragraphs will vary. These are given just as examples.)

Exercise 8.1

Paragraph 1 babies can see but don’t have adult ability

Tertiary Cooperation

Paragraph 2 eye, brain, eye muscles develop

•A

Paragraph 3 parts of eye mature

•F

Paragraph 4 babies detect motion, have other basic abilities Paragraph 5 newborn vision limited, but at 4 months much

Reading Review Test

better

Noise Pollution

•B •D

ANSWER •E

Answer Explanation

1. A

The word routinely means “regularly, habitually.”

2. B

The phrase is a reference to the list of “factors

Passage 4

(that) contribute to problems of growing noise Paragraph 1 clipper ships fast, beautiful 1840’s–50’s

levels.”

Paragraph 2 Chinese tea trade, California gold created need

The author says that “secondhand noise” (noise KE for clippers

3. D

made by others) is no more damaging physically to Y Paragraph 3 everything possible done to make fast; sails, etc.

us than noise made by ourselves. “Secondhand Paragraph 4 sails, rigging, crew, etc. gave clippers speed

noise is generally more troubling, however, Paragraph 5 many records set

because it is put into the environment by others, Paragraph 6 British tea clippers

without our consent.”

Paragraph 7 faded away by 1860; steam ships doomed them

The author defines a commons as something that •A

4. B

“belongs not to an individual person or a group, •F

but to everyone.” A factory does not fit this •D

description, since it is owned by an individual or a

Passage 5

business.

Paragraph 1 Georgia O’Keeffe important artist

The author compares people who interfere with Paragraph 2 art school

5. A

“others’ use and enjoyment of a commons” by Paragraph 3 commercial art, teaching, married Stieglitz

comparing it to someone who acts “like a bully in Paragraph 4 distinctive style of painting

a schoolyard.” Being bullied in the schoolyard is Paragraph 5 style changed when went to Southwest

another negative experience.

Paragraph 6 O’Keeffe’s later years

Transient means “temporary, passing, momentary.” •E

6. C

Choice A contradicts the original sentence. It says •B

7. C

that it is hard to measure individual sounds, but the •C

original sentence says we can measure them. There is really no reason to believe that B is true. Nothing

Exercise 8.2

in the original sentence indicates that louder (The order in which you list points is not important.)

sounds are harder to measure. The idea of choice D is also not contained in the original sentence. There

Passage 1

is no indication that multiple sounds are more Homology

Analogy damaging than individual sounds. Choice C best •C

•A summarizes the idea of the original sentence. •D

The word thrilling means “exciting, stimulating.” •F

The author says in paragraph 7 that “The actual

Passage 2

loudness of a sound is only one component of the European (Western) Dragons

Asian (Eastern) Dragons

negative effect noise pollution has on human beings. Other factors that have to be considered negative effect noise pollution has on human beings. Other factors that have to be considered

author mentions the problems with kerosene bully in a schoolyard. ■ Although they may do so

(cost, pollution, danger of fires, etc.) to show why unknowingly, they disregard the rights of others

it would be advantageous to switch from kerosene and claim for themselves rights that are not theirs.

to LED lighting.

In paragraph 6, the author states, “Energy to light Choice A is related to noise pollution. In paragraph 6, the

12. Noise pollution: A, C, F; air pollution: B, D.

22. B

these efficient LEDs can be provided by batteries author says, “Noise is transient; once the pollution stops,

that are charged by pedal-driven generators, by the environment is free of it.” Choice B is related to air

hydroelectricity from rivers or streams, by wind- pollution. The author says in paragraph 6, “We can meas-

powered generators, or by solar energy.” So while ure the amount of chemicals and other pollutants intro-

energy to power the LEDs may come indirectly duced into the air.” In the same paragraph, the author

from the energy of the sun, water power, or a says, “The definition of noise pollution itself is highly

human-powered generator, it comes directly from subjective,” so C is a characteristic of noise pollution. D is

batteries.

The word conventional means “standard, usual, in paragraph 6. “Scientists can estimate how much mate-

a characteristic of air pollution, as the author points out

23. C

customary, normal.”

rial can be introduced into the air before harm is done.

The author says that “LEDs could revolutionize The same is true of water pollution and soil pollution.” E

24. D

lighting as the cell phone has revolutionized com- is not related to either form of pollution. Nowhere in the

munication in places where land telephone lines passage does the author mention ways to reduce noise

are unavailable.”

pollution or air pollution. In paragraph 7, the author says,

25. The new sentence is in contrast with the previous sen- “Other factors that have to be considered are the time

tence (the word But tells you this). The previous sentence and place, the duration, the source of the sound, and

explains how incandescent lights produce light. The new even the mood of the affected person.” Therefore, point F

sentence explains how much of the energy used in incan- is characteristic of noise pollution.

descent bulbs is wasted. The word this in the sentence

In A New Light: LEDs

that follows also is a link to the missing sentence because it refers to the phrase 95% of the energy.

13. C Remarkably means “amazingly, surprisingly, At the end of the 1800’s, Thomas Edison intro- extraordinarily.”

duced the incandescent light bulb and changed

14. A In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of these the world. Remarkably, the incandescent bulb problems with fluorescent bulbs except the need to

used today has changed little in over a hundred replace them often. “The harsh color isn’t as pleas-

years. ■ A glass bulb is filled with an inert gas such ing as the warmer glow of incandescent lamps.

as argon. Inside the bulb, electricity passes Besides, they have a tendency to flicker on and off

through a metal filament. ■ Because of resistance, and to produce an annoying buzz.”

the filament becomes so hot that it glows. ■ But

15. A Paragraph 3 says, “Different types of materials

95% of the energy goes to produce heat and is

result in light of different colors.” basically wasted. Given that 20% of the world’s

16. A The reference is to “white-light-emitting diodes electricity is used to power lights, this is an enor- (WLEDs)” in the previous sentence.

mous amount of wasted energy. ■

17. D The author says that “Shuji Nakamura discovered

26. F, C, Choice F summarizes the information in that, by using layers of gallium nitride, he could

E paragraph 3, Choice C summarizes paragraphs 4 create a powerful blue LED.” (Other engineers later

and 5, and choice E summarizes paragraph 6. used his blue LED to create white LEDs.)

Choices A and B are only details in the passage, Choices A and B are only details in the passage,

Paragraph 4 says, “Many Impressionist paintings feature shared set of techniques and standards but later

pleasant scenes of urban life, celebrating the leisure time rebelled. In fact, the Impressionists had different

that the Industrial Revolution had won for the middle techniques and standards but were held together

class . . .” Choice F does not apply to either group of by their independent spirit. Choice D incorrectly

painters. At the time, some people thought that the states that the Impressionists’ values differed, but

Impressionists’ paintings looked unfinished, but this was ANSWER that their techniques and standards gave them an

not true. Choice G is characteristic of traditional painters. independent spirit. Choice B is the best summary

Paragraph 6 says, “While traditional painters paid atten- of the original sentence.

tion to details, Impressionists valued overall effect.”

32. C Paragraph 4 states, “Many Impressionist paintings Choice H does not relate to either of the two groups. feature pleasant scenes of urban life, celebrating

Choice I is a characteristic of the Impressionists. KE the leisure time that the Industrial Revolution had

Paragraph 5 says, “The Impressionists’ landscapes sparkle Y won for the middle class, as shown in Renoir’s

with light.”

luminous painting Luncheon of the Boating Party.”

33. C The author says in paragraph 5, “The Impressionists delighted in painting landscapes

Reading Tutorial: Vocabulary Building

(except for Edgar Degas, who preferred painting

Vocabulary Exercise 1

indoor scenes, and Mary Cassatt, who mainly

10. (C) agile painted portraits of mothers and children).”

2. (C) acrid

3. (A) allotting

11. (A) arid

34. D The author says, “Traditional painters generally

12. (B) aversion made preliminary sketches outside but worked on

4. (A) ailment

13. (B) astonishing the paintings themselves in their studios.”

5. (B) astute

6. (B) arduous

14. (A) apt

35. A The quotation marks around the word rules indi-

15. (C) artificial cate that the author does not really think of this as

7. (A) abandon

8. (B) affluent

16. (A) accommodating

a true rule. The author also says that this rule was

9. (C) appraise

only followed by a few of the Impressionists and for only a short time, also indicating that this was

Vocabulary Exercise 2

not a strict rule.

1. (C) bloom

9. (C) benevolent

36. B Spot means, in this sentence, “identify, recognize.”

2. (C) balmy

10. (C) blow up

37. D The reference is to the last (most recent) layer of

11. (A) brilliant paint.

3. (A) barter

4. (C) blundered

12. (B) brisk

13. (C) blunt the Impressionists’ landscapes sparkle with light, which

38. The phrase this play of light connects with the idea that

5. (B) bland

14. (C) belligerent is mentioned in the previous sentence.

6. (B) brittle

15. (C) boomed The Impressionists delighted in painting land-

7. (A) banned

8. (B) barren

scapes (except for Edgar Degas, who preferred

Vocabulary Exercise 3

painting indoor scenes, and Mary Cassatt, who

9. (C) clusters painted portraits of mothers and children). ■

1. (C) calamities

10. (A) cling Traditional painters, too, painted landscapes,

2. (A) casual

11. (B) commerce but their landscapes tended to be somber and

3. (B) cite

12. (A) colossal dark. ■ The Impressionists’ landscapes sparkle

4. (B) classified

13. (C) commodity with light. ■ This play of light can be seen in

5. (B) Caustic

10. (A) durable

21. (C) debris

11. (C) dispute

Vocabulary Exercise 12

1. (A) recklessly

9. (C) quaint

Vocabulary Exercise 6

2. (A) rehearse

10. (A) raw

1. (B) ensued

11. (C) flaw

3. (C) recede

11. (C) quests

2. (B) eerie

12. (B) fragrant

4. (C) rugged

12. (A) remarkably

3. (C) era

13. (A) evade

5. (B) refuge

13. (B) rural

4. (B) entice

14. (C) a flimsy

6. (C) raze

14. (A) risky

5. (A) an exhilarating

15. (C) fuses

7. (A) remote

15. (B) routes

6. (C) fastening

16. (A) fee

8. (C) range

16. (A) recounts

7. (C) eligible

17. (A) forged

8. (C) ferocious

18. (A) elude

Vocabulary Exercise 13

9. (A) emit

19. (A) forage

1. (A) scale

9. (B) severed

10. (C) fatigued

20. (B) fuzzy

2. (C) shy

10. (A) sheer

3. (B) seasoned

11. (C) signifies

Vocabulary Exercise 7

4. (B) shunned

12. (B) shredded

1. (C) hoist

9. (C) gullible

5. (C) scrapped

13. (B) simulate

2. (B) grueling

10. (A) hazardous

6. (C) salvaged

14. (C) shimmering

3. (B) harness

11. (C) gap

7. (B) sluggish

15. (B) slice

4. (A) glitters

12. (C) grade

8. (A) sound

5. (A) gala

13. (A) foes

6. (C) hasty

14. (B) hazy

Vocabulary Exercise 14

7. (A) hampered

15. (B) harsh

1. (B) spells

12. (A) stable

8. (B) gentle

16. (B) gregarious

2. (B) steep

13. (B) stages

3. (C) stages

14. (C) sow

Vocabulary Exercise 8

4. (B) sway

15. (A) spot

1. (C) ideal

10. (B) jolly

5. (C) spawn

16. (B) specimen

2. (C) implement

11. (A) knack

6. (B) summit

17. (C) spot

3. (A) intense

12. (B) impairs

7. (C) spectacular

18. (B) spirited

4. (C) infamous

13. (A) indigenous

8. (C) swiftest

19. (A) standard

5. (C) inhibit

14. (C) keen

9. (B) spoiling

20. (C) strident

6. (A) illusion

15. (C) an imaginary

10. (B) sturdy

21. (B) sundry

7. (B) indifferent

16. (B) inexorable

11. (B) subsequently

8. (C) key

17. (C) innocuous

9. (C) infinitesimal

Vocabulary Exercise 15

1. (C) tart

10. (A) thrives

Vocabulary Exercise 9

2. (A) tedious

11. (A) traits

1. (C) mythical

8. (A) lurid

3. (C) tampered with

12. (A) tales

2. (C) lucrative

9. (B) lack

4. (C) thrilling

13. (B) timid

3. (C) lull

10. (A) legendary

5. (C) tug

14. (B) tough

4. (A) lucid

11. (A) linking

6. (A) tempting

15. (A) tangled

5. (B) mends

12. (A) mushroomed

7. (B) thoroughfare

16. (A) toppled

6. (B) most memorable

13. (B) leisurely

8. (C) toxic

17. (C) thaw

7. (B) minute

9. (B) torrents

18. (B) tranquil

Vocabulary Exercise 10 Vocabulary Exercise 16 Vocabulary Exercise 10 Vocabulary Exercise 16

(The TOEFL iBT does not use the letters A, B, C, and D for the

According to the professor, “There’s one thing all multiple-choice items. However, in these answer keys, A cor-

10. B

these predators have in common, the ones that responds to the first answer choice, B to the second, C to the

live there all year round . . . they all have thick, third, and D to the fourth.)

warm fur coats . . .”

Preview Test The professor says, “. . . only young moose are at

11. C

risk of being attacked. The adult moose is the

Answer Explanation

ANSWER biggest, strongest animal found in the taiga, so a

1. B The student gets some basic information from the predator would have to be feeling pretty desperate professor about the research paper that she must

to take on one of these.”

write for her geology class. The student then dis-

12. C, D, According to Professor Speed, Professor Longdell, cusses a possible topic for that paper (predicting

B, A who invented the case study method, “insisted KE earthquakes through animal behavior) with the

that it was based on a system used by Chinese professor.

Y philosophers thousands of years ago.” Professor

2. C The student says, “Professor Dixon? I’m Brenda Longdell first began using the case study method Pierce. From your Geology 210 class . . . ?” Her

at Harvard School of Law in the 1870’s. It was first questioning tone of voice indicates that she is not

used at Columbia University Law School “a couple sure if Professor Dixon recognizes her. (Professor

of years after that.” It was not used at Harvard Dixon says that it is a large class.)

School of Business until “probably about 1910,

3. A The professor asks, “Did you oversleep? That’s one

1912, something like that.”

Professor Speed explains exhibits this way: almost overslept myself a couple of times.” This

of the problems with an eight o’clock class. I

13. D

“Exhibits . . . those are documents, statistical docu- indicates that the professor assumes (believes)

ments, that explain the situation. They might be, that the student missed class because she got up

oh, spreadsheets, sales reports, umm, marketing too late.

projections, anything like that.”

4. D The student says, “I saw this show on television

The best answer is B; the professor is not exactly about earthquakes, and it said that in uh, China, I

14. B

sure when case study was first used at Harvard think it was, they did predict an earthquake

Business School. That’s why he says, “. . . When because of the way animals were acting.”

was it? Uh, probably about 1910, 1912, something

5. B The student worries that the professor thinks her like that . . .” Notice that choice A is not correct topic is not a good one. However, the professor

because, although he does ask a question (“When says, “. . . just because this theory hasn’t been

was it?”), he does not ask the class, he asks proven doesn’t mean you couldn’t write a perfectly

himself.

good paper about this topic . . . on the notion that

Professor Speed says that the case study method is animals can predict earthquakes. Why not? It

15. A

used in many fields of study. “For example, my could be pretty interesting. But to do a good job,

wife . . . she teaches over at the School of you . . . you’ll need to look at some serious studies

Education . . . she uses cases to train teachers.” in the scientific journals . . .”

6. D The professor says that the taiga is “. . . also called

16. Yes No

the ‘boreal forest.’ ” Analyze the business situation and

7. B The professor says, “This sub-zone—well, if you

✓ like variety, you’re not going to feel happy here.

exhibits

You can travel for miles and see only half a dozen ✓

Role-play Role-play

(The TOEFL iBT does not use the letters A, B, C, and D for the

According to the professor, “There’s one thing all multiple-choice items. However, in these answer keys, A cor-

10. B

these predators have in common, the ones that responds to the first answer choice, B to the second, C to the

live there all year round . . . they all have thick, third, and D to the fourth.)

warm fur coats . . .”

Preview Test The professor says, “. . . only young moose are at

11. C

risk of being attacked. The adult moose is the

Answer Explanation

ANSWER biggest, strongest animal found in the taiga, so a

1. B The student gets some basic information from the predator would have to be feeling pretty desperate professor about the research paper that she must

to take on one of these.”

write for her geology class. The student then dis-

12. C, D, According to Professor Speed, Professor Longdell, cusses a possible topic for that paper (predicting

B, A who invented the case study method, “insisted KE earthquakes through animal behavior) with the

that it was based on a system used by Chinese professor.

Y philosophers thousands of years ago.” Professor

2. C The student says, “Professor Dixon? I’m Brenda Longdell first began using the case study method Pierce. From your Geology 210 class . . . ?” Her

at Harvard School of Law in the 1870’s. It was first questioning tone of voice indicates that she is not

used at Columbia University Law School “a couple sure if Professor Dixon recognizes her. (Professor

of years after that.” It was not used at Harvard Dixon says that it is a large class.)

School of Business until “probably about 1910,

3. A The professor asks, “Did you oversleep? That’s one

1912, something like that.”

Professor Speed explains exhibits this way: almost overslept myself a couple of times.” This

of the problems with an eight o’clock class. I

13. D

“Exhibits . . . those are documents, statistical docu- indicates that the professor assumes (believes)

ments, that explain the situation. They might be, that the student missed class because she got up

oh, spreadsheets, sales reports, umm, marketing too late.

projections, anything like that.”

4. D The student says, “I saw this show on television

The best answer is B; the professor is not exactly about earthquakes, and it said that in uh, China, I

14. B

sure when case study was first used at Harvard think it was, they did predict an earthquake

Business School. That’s why he says, “. . . When because of the way animals were acting.”

was it? Uh, probably about 1910, 1912, something

5. B The student worries that the professor thinks her like that . . .” Notice that choice A is not correct topic is not a good one. However, the professor

because, although he does ask a question (“When says, “. . . just because this theory hasn’t been

was it?”), he does not ask the class, he asks proven doesn’t mean you couldn’t write a perfectly

himself.

good paper about this topic . . . on the notion that

Professor Speed says that the case study method is animals can predict earthquakes. Why not? It

15. A

used in many fields of study. “For example, my could be pretty interesting. But to do a good job,

wife . . . she teaches over at the School of you . . . you’ll need to look at some serious studies

Education . . . she uses cases to train teachers.” in the scientific journals . . .”

6. D The professor says that the taiga is “. . . also called

16. Yes No

the ‘boreal forest.’ ” Analyze the business situation and

7. B The professor says, “This sub-zone—well, if you

✓ like variety, you’re not going to feel happy here.

exhibits

You can travel for miles and see only half a dozen ✓

Role-play

22. A, D, The presenter says that “The first one to go there, tation and the report.” The last phrase should be

C, B the first probe to go there successfully was Mariner marked No. Professor Speed does not mention that

2 in, uh, 1962,” so choice A should be listed first. students will be visiting real businesses or attend-

Choice D should be placed in the second box. ing meetings as part of the case study process.

According to the presenter, the Soviet probe

17. A, D Choice A is correct because Professor Speed says, Venera 4 was sent to Venus in 1967. The presenter “That’s the beauty of this method. It teaches team-

says Choice C, Venus Pioneer, was launched in work and cooperation.” Choice D is also a correct

1978. Choice B, Magellan, should be placed in the answer because a student asks the professor, “So

last box because this probe went to Venus in 1990. that’s why we study cases? I mean, because man-

However, although Magellan should be listed last, agers need to be able to make decisions . . . and

it is mentioned first in the presentation. solve problems?” and the professor responds,

The presenter says, “Well, Caroline will be giving “Exactly . . . well, that’s a big part of it, anyway.”

23. C

the next report, which is about the third planet,

18. B The presenter introduces the topic of Venus by and since we all live here, that should be pretty saying, “Okay, to start off, I’m going to tell you

interesting.” Since Caroline’s presentation is about what people, what they used to think about

the planet where we all live, it must be about the Venus.” He goes on to explain several old beliefs

Earth.

about the planet.

19. A, D Choice A is correct. The presenter explains that, in the distant past, people thought that the object we

Lesson 9: Main-Topic and Main-Purpose Questions

now know as Venus was once thought to be two

Exercise 9.1

5. A Hesperus, the evening star. Choice D is also cor-

stars, Phosphorus, the morning star, and

rect. The speaker says, “a lot of people believed, for some reason, that there were these creatures on

Exercise 9.2

8. B beings, like angels or something.”

Venus who were superior to us, almost perfect

20. Similarity Difference

Their ages

Lesson 10: Factual, Negative Factual,

The directions in which

and Inference Questions

they spin around their axes

Exercise 10.1

Their atmospheric

19. A pressures

20. C The presence of volcanoes

21. A, B Their sizes

17. D The first phrase is a similarity. The presenter says,

5. C

11. C

18. D “Venus is about the same size as Earth.” The sec-

6. D

12. A, D

Exercise 10.2

34. B between the two planets. The presenter says, “All

ond phrase should be considered a difference

35. B the planets of the solar system turn on their axis in

2. B

13. A

24. A, D

3. C

14. A

25. B

36. A

4. A

Residents of New Urban communities get more exercise.

Lesson 12: Replay Questions

Most houses in New Urban

Exercise 12.1

communities feature garages that

allow direct access to the house.

There is less air pollution in New

Urban communities.

✓ ANSWER

Exercise 12.2

3. Myth Reality

It created the first democratic

✓ society in England. KE

4. B It confirmed the rights of the Y

Exercise 12.3

English barons.

It established the first British

3. D ✓ 7. D 11. A 15. C Parliament.

It established courts in which citizens were tried by their peers.

Lesson 13: Ordering and Matching Questions

It was signed by King John himself.

Exercise 13.1

Tend to be found in horizontal

4. B, D, C, A

9. D, B, A, C

caves with small entrances

5. C, B, A

10. D, C, A, B

Contain only herbivore fossils ✓

Lesson 14: Completing Charts

May have had both herbivores and carnivores living in them

Exercise 14.1

Usually have a greater variety of

✓ Plentiful parking is provided in large

1. Yes

fossils than natural traps

Generally contain well-preserved parking lots.

✓ Residents can walk easily to work or

fossils

shopping areas.

5. Yes No

Residences, shops, and offices are

This cave was discovered by

all found on the same block. professional palaeontologists. ✓ Communities are located only in

Animals that fell in here died from

large urban centers.

part of the medieval

Professor Calhoun agrees that the unit on atomic system of belief.

3. A

structure, etc., was difficult, but she says, “. . . This system was

here’s the good news! That’s as hard as it gets! It’s disproved by the

all downhill from there!” She means that the rest of discovery of the

the course will be easier.

phases of Venus.

4. D

Professor Calhoun suggests that Scott get tutoring (private instruction) from her teaching assistant,

This system provided

Peter Kim.

Professor Calhoun encourages Scott to stay in the solar system but not

a good picture of the

5. C

class. She tells him that she thinks he can pass the of the universe.

class if he gets a little help. She says, “You’re going According to this

to do just fine!”

system, music was

Stanley asks Martha why she has come to the generated by the

6. A

library, and she tells him that she has been “using movement of

the Encyclopedia of Art, looking up some terms for crystal spheres.

my art history class.”

7. C

Stanley has lost some index cards with his research notes written on them.

7. Component

8. B

In a surprised tone of voice, Martha asks Stanley,

A B C “You really like to get a jump on things, don’t you?” To get a jump on things means “to get an early

A consumer visits an Internet

start.”

site to get more information

Stanley says, “The, uh, book stacks . . . that’s what about tires.

9. C

they call the main part of the library, where most

A man feels a bicycle will make

of the books are shelved.”

his daughter happy.

10. A

Stanley thinks that his note cards are probably in the periodicals room (where journals and maga-

zines are kept), and he says, “Let me run up to the the store.

A customer buys groceries at

periodicals room and check.” After he finds his An investor studies the market for

notes, he and Martha will probably go to a coffee art before buying a painting.

shop on Williams Street.

A woman orders a sandwich and

11. B, C, Choice B is correct because the professor says one

a drink at a fast-food restaurant.

E sign of writing readiness is “making random marks on the page, sometimes accompanied by draw-

8. Value-

Ego-

ings.” Choice C is also correct. The professor says,

expressive defensive

“Another sign of writing readiness . . . they ask

function function

adults to help them write something by guiding their hands.” Choice E is correct because the pro-

May involve a product fessor says, “Some kids produce symbols that look that protects a consumer

more like printing, but with invented letters.” from some threat

Choice A is NOT correct. The professor suggests May involve a product

that children build up their hand muscles by using that consumers believe

scissors and modeling clay, but this is not given as scissors and modeling clay, but this is not given as

✓ words, and the writer makes an effort to record all

get rid of a dog

Raise prices on an SBU’s product the sounds in the words.

and change a problem child to a

16. B, C The professor emphasizes two points about teach-

✓ ing writing skills: that “writing activities should be fun” and that “communication should be the main

cash cow

The first choice should be marked Yes. This is the focus for writing.”

strategy Langfield-Smith calls building. The sec- ANSWER

17. D This lecture provides a basic description of double ond choice should also be marked Yes. This is the stars.

strategy Langfield-Smith calls harvesting. The pro-

18. C According to the professor, “Most astronomers fessor doesn’t list buying a star as one of Langfield- think about a quarter of all stars are binary stars.”

Smith’s strategies, so you should mark the third She also says that “some astronomers estimate as

choice No. The fourth choice, which Langfield KE many as 75% of all stars will turn out to be binary

Smith calls divesting, should be marked Yes. Y stars.”

However, the professor does not give raising prices

19. A

A comes is the dimmer star in a double star. It is on an SBU as one of Langfield-Smith’s strategies, the Latin word for companion. (The brighter star

so the last choice should be marked No. is called the primary. )

28. A

He says that, “In my opinion, though, dogs may

20. C Mizar-Alcor is a “double-double star,” according to

have a place in a portfolio.”

the professor, because both Mizar and Alcor are

29. B, C We know that humans became aware of the binary stars.

humpback whale song in 1968, so choice A is not

21. B The professor compares a double star having stars correct, and we know that Roger Payne discovered of contrasting colors to “two jewels of different col-

that humpbacks sang, so choice D is not correct. ors lying on a piece of black velvet.”

The professor says, “We still aren’t exactly sure how

22. C, B, Albireo is given as an example of a double star in they produce the sounds,” so B is a good choice.

A which the two stars appear to be of two different Choice C is also a good choice. A student says, “I’d colors. Algol is given as an example of an eclipsing

like to know what these songs mean” and the pro- binary, in which one star sometimes blocks the

fessor responds, “Well, you’re not the only one who light from the other star. The professor says that

would like to know that!” There are some theories, Mizar-Alcor is “one of those optical pairs I was

but apparently no one definitely knows the mean- talking about.”

ing of the whales’ songs.

23. C The professor says that the method he uses to clas- sify SBUs is called the BCG method because it was

30. Low- High-

developed by the Boston Consulting Group. It is

frequency frequency

also called the “Boston Box” and the “Growth-

sound sound

Share Matrix.” It is NOT called the General

✓ Electric/Shell method, which is another system for analyzing a product portfolio.

Travels a long distance

Probably carries a lot of

24. C ✓ The professor says that “SBU #3’s shoes aren’t information selling all that well. This SBU is called a problem

✓ child. ”

Has a simple structure

Is generally considered

25. D The professor implies that the term cash cow is

the “song” of the

used because this type of SBU provides “a depend-

able flow of ‘milk’ ” (meaning profit) for a ✓

humpback whale humpback whale

2. So first, let’s discuss the sole proprietorship . . . did you

34. B The professor indicates that no one knows for sure know it’s the most common form of business organiza- what the songs of the whales mean. Therefore, she

tion? Also the simplest.

says that the student’s theory (that whale songs are

3. Basically, there’s not much difference between a sole pro-

a form of oral history) might be correct. prietorship and a partnership except that a partnership is owned by more than one person.

Listening Tutorial: Note Taking

4. In some partnerships, there are silent partners, partners who invest money in the company but have nothing to

Note-taking Exercise 1

do with management decisions.

(Answers will vary. Any understandable abbreviation is a

5. Corporations are (this is an important concept) distinct good answer.)

legal entities. They’re even called “artificial persons.”

1. bus orgs

6. Most shareholders don’t bother to attend, and often give

2. sole prop s. prop s p’shp their votes, assign their votes, to the top corporate offi-

3. pt’ship ptner’shp cers. This is called voting by proxy.

4. corp

7. The day-to-day operations of the corporation are per-

5. lmtd lia co, l.l.c. formed by the executive officers and by the corporate

6. advant.

bureaucracy.

7. corp tx

8. By the way, the CEO is often the chairman of the board as

8. s. agnt well as being the top executive officer.

9. respon’ty respon resp

9. An L.L.C., as it’s called, is a hybrid organization that com-

10. leg docs lgl docus bines some of the best features of a partnership and

11. dist. leg. ent.

those of a corporation.

12. artif pers.

Note-taking Exercise 5

13. st’hlders stkhldrs

(Yes/No answers will vary.)

14. prof prft

Sample Notes

15. invstmnts invests Topic: most comm forms of bus structs (bus orgs)

16. dble tx’tion

In past, 3 forms:

17. exec

1. S. p’ship

18. brd of drctrs brd of direcs

bd. dirs b.o.d.

2. pt’ship

Now, 4. lmtd lia co.

Note-taking Exercise 2

1. S. P’ship

1. business organizations

11. distinct legal entities

most common & simplest

2. sole proprietorship

12. artificial persons

1 owner: boss

3. partnership

13. stockholders

start up @ “moment of decision” to start business

4. corporation

14. profit

(Pl Samuelson’s example of tthpaste)

5. limited liability company

15. investments

Advantage: Txed @ pers inc. rate (< corp rate)

6. advantage

16. double taxation

2. Pt’sthip

7. corporate tax

17. executive

pt’shp ≈ S. p’ship excpt pt’shp owned by > 1 pers

8. sole agent

18. board of directors

Tx advant of pt’ship = that of s. p’ship

9. responsibility

19. popular

Liability: Ea part. can be “sole agnt” for pt’ship

10. legal documents

20. hybrid

(e.g. prob of 2 partners both buyng “widgets”)

3. I believe that the finest restaurant I’ve ever eaten at is a

1. T restaurant at the Blue House Hotel in Istanbul called the

2. Limited liability company

Garden Restaurant.

3. F

4. In my opinion, the most important leader in history was

4. there is no separate tax on the sole proprietorship (or it is

Simon Bolivar.

taxed at personal income rates, which are lower)

5. The best known monument in my country, Thailand, is

5. the owner is liable for all the company’s debts probably Wat Arun, the “Temple of the Dawn.”

6. a partnership is owned by more than one person ANSWER

7. The best idea I have ever heard is the use of hydrogen in

7. F

place of gasoline as fuel.

8. F

8. The most important invention, in my opinion, is the

9. T

invention of the printing press.

10. “artificial persons”

9. The most difficult problem in my country, I think, is a KE

11. T

12. F Y

lack of good roads.

11. On a nice day, my favorite place to study is under a tree

13. F

in the area outside the main library.

14. T

12. My favorite kind of food is pizza.

15. partnership corporation

13. My favorite singer is the Malaysian singer Jasmine Leong.

15. I like to go to the Web site “How Stuff Works.” One rea-

Section 3: Guide to Speaking

sons I enjoy it is that it explains a lot of things that I don’t understand very well, so it is a good place to do research.

The Independent Speaking Task

Another reason is that the English on this Web site is fairly easy to understand.

Exercise: Scoring the Response

16. When I was a child, traditional dancing was my favorite Response 1

activity. There were several reasons for this. One is that Comments: The speaker gives an automatic response using

Score: __4___

dancing is good exercise. Another is that I enjoyed learn- clear pronunciation and intonation. The response includes

ing about the culture of my country. important details about the event, and a listener has little

17. The most interesting class I ever took was a general sci- problem understanding her response. Although there are

ence course that I took in high school because the teacher some hesitations, the speaker generally uses grammar and

was excellent and I learned a lot about the basics of sci- vocabulary appropriately.

ence. Also, it got me interested in science and technology, Response 2

and later I decided to become a chemical engineer. Comments: The intonation and pronunciation is unclear—

Score: __2___

Exercise 15.2

especially the pronunciation of word endings—and this Answers will vary. The following are given as examples. requires very close listening to understand the response.

2. This question asks me to name a traditional or popular There are a number of repetitions and some grammatical

food in my country and to explain why it is symbolic of my problems. The focus changes from I to you to we, for example.

country. I should choose some food that is unique to my The response is hesitant and choppy and there are a couple

country and is usually eaten on special occasions. of long pauses. While this response mentions that the test is

3. This question is asking me to name some special skill (or important, the speaker doesn’t clearly state whether taking

talent) I have. I could, for example, mention my talent for the test or passing the test was the most important to him or

organization and explain how it has helped me in school, if he passed and was accepted to the university. The ideas and

at work, and in other situations.

the connection between details are not clear.