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57 is functioned as experimental group and Direct Instruction group of students is
functioned as control group. Furthermore, the dependent variable of this research is students’ reading
comprehension of the eleventh grade students of MAN 2 Metro in the academic year of 20122013. The attribute variable of this study is students’ motivation in
learning. This variable is also assumed as the secondary independent variable to the phenomenon investigated. In this study the writer is interested in investigating
the effect of independent variable X or teaching method on dependent variable Y or reading comprehension, in which the relationship between X and Y is
changed by the attribute variable Z or students’ motivation.
B. Place and Time of the Research
This study will be conducted at the eleventh grade students of MAN 2 Metro in the academic year of 20122013. It is located on Jl. Kihajar Dewantara
15 a Metro Timur. Then, the research will be conducted from July to Dec 2012. To be clearer it is shown in the following schedule.
Table 3.1 Time Schedule of the Research.
Activities
Aug. Sept.
Oct. Nov.
Dec.
Arranging Proposal X
X Conducting Proposal Seminar
X Trying out Instrument
X Conducting Treatment
X X
Collecting and Analyzing the Data X
Making Report X
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58
C. Population, Sample, and Sampling
This point presents about population of the study, sample of the study, and sampling of the study.
1. Population
Educational research is aimed at studying something which becomes a part of a number of people or individuals through studying the small part of the people
or individuals. The large group of people or individual which has similar characteristics is called as population. Meanwhile, the small part of people or
individuals with the same charateristics is a sample. Ary, 1985: 138 states that sample is defined as a small group that is observed. He also adds that population
is “all members of any well-defined class of people, events or objects”. The population of the research is the eleventh grade students of MAN 2 in Metro. In
this research, the target population of this study is all of the eleventh grade students of MAN 2 Metro in the academic year 20122013. The eleventh grade
students of MAN 2 Metro are divided into nine classes, those are XI-A1, XI-A2, XI-A3, XI-A4, XI-A5, and XI-S1, XI-S2, XI-S3, XI-S4 which consists of 306
students and each class consists of 34 students.
2. Sample
Sample is a number of individuals for a study in such a way that the individuals represent the larger group from which they are selected Gay, 1992:
125. The number of sample, therefore, can be decided from the number of population involved in the study. The huge number of population requires a
specific number. On the other hand, when the population is not too large,
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59 population can be involved as sample. The sample of this study is the eleventh
grade students of MAN 2 Metro in the academic year 20122013. There are 2 available programs consists of 5 classes with 170 students and social program
consist of 4 classes with 136 students. The researcher took only two classes from science program, XI-A3 and XI-A4 as a sample of this research. Each class
consists of 34 students so the total number of the sample is 68 students. One class is experimental group and another is control group.
3. Sampling
Sampling is the way or technique used to take the sample of study. Gay 1992: 140 states that sampling is the process of selecting a number of
individuals for a study in such a way that the individuals represent the larger group from which they were selected. Then, Johnson and Christensen 2000: 156
add that sampling is the process of drawing sample from a population. The researcher uses cluster random sampling in this study. Cluster random
sampling is a sampling in which group, not individuals, are randomly selected Gay, 1992: 132. In this case, all members of selected groups have similar
characteristics. Among the nine classes, the researcher decides to take only two classes XI-A3 and XI-A4 as the sample of this study, which consists of 68
students. To determine which class will be the experimental group and the control group, the researcher takes the class randomly by lottery. The experimental group
that is chosen will be given a treatment by using Think Pair Share Method. On the other hand, the control group will be taught by using Direct Instruction Method.
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60
D. Technique of Collecting Data
There are two kinds of techniques used to collect the research data. They are test and questionnaire. Test is used to collect data of students’ reading
competence and questionnaire is used to collect data of students’ motivation. In order to know the students’ motivation, the students are given
questionnaire which is in form of Likert scale. The type of motivations’ questions used in this research is the questions which require an answer, such as: strongly
agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree. The items of questionnaires are in the positive and negative direction. The score is as follows:
Table 3.2 The Score of Motivation Questionnaire
Answers Positive Items
Negative Items Strongly agree
Agree Disagree
Strongly disagree 4
3 2
1 1
2 3
4
Furthermore, to know the students’ reading comprehension, the students are given reading test with five options a, b, c, d, and e. The items of students’
motivation questionnaire and reading test are made and arranged based on the indicators at the blue print which are formulated based in the construct. The items
of both motivation questionnaire and reading test are tried out first, in order to know the validity and reliability. The valid and reliable items are used to get the
data. Try out of instrument is conducted in another class at the same school, at MAN 2 Metro. The instrument is tried out to 34 students. There are some steps
that have to be taken before instruments are ready to use.
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61 The good instrument used in one research must be valid and reliable.
Validity refers to the degree to which a test measures what is supposed to be measured Gay, 1992: 155. To know whether the instrument used in this study is
valid or not, the researcher used theoretical and empirical validity. The instrument is valid and reliable theoretically because it is made based on the blueprint which
is based on the construct and indicators made after reviewing some related theories. To determine the empirical validity of the test, the researcher applied the
following formula:
i i
t t
i
q p
S X
X r
− =
1
Where:
=
i
X the mean of correct answer for item i
=
t
X the mean of total score
=
t
S the standard deviation
=
i
p the proportion of students who respond correctly for the item i
=
i
q the proportion of student who responds incorrectly for the item i
In which:
N x
S
t
∑
=
2
Ngadiso, 2009: 1 Furthermore, the second consideration to know whether the test used is
good or not is reliability. Johnson and Christensen, 2000: 100 state that
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62 reliability refers to the consistency or stability of the scores we get from our tests
and assessment procedures. Then, they confirm that if a test or assessment procedure is reliable, it will produce similar scores or responses on every
occasion. Based on this definition, to know the reliability of test instrument used in this study, the researcher used the formula below:
− −
=
∑
2
1 1
t kk
S pq
k k
r
Where: =
kk
r The estimated reliability or coefficient of reliability
= k
The number of valid items on the test =
p
The proportion of student who responds correctly of each item
= q
p −
1
2 t
S
= Observed score variance
Ngadiso, 2009: 2-3 The result of the analysis shows that there are 43 valid items r
o
r
t
out of 60 items which are tried out. The valid and invalid items of each indicator are as
follows:
No Indicators
Valid Items Total
Invalid Total
1 Identifying the
purpose of the text or the author
1, 5, 10, 19, 30, 42, 50, 52, 54
9 34
1
2 Determining
the main ideas of a text
2, 18, 29, 33, 41, 49, 51
7 9, 15, 46
3 3
Determining the
explicit information 6, 13, 20, 23, 26,
31, 40, 55 8
37, 47 2
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63 from the text
4 Determining the
implicit information from the text
3, 12, 35, 48, 57 5
11, 22, 45, 53, 59
5
5 Finding word
reference in the text 4, 8, 24, 28, 32,
38, 44 7
17, 36, 60 3
6 Finding the meaning
of words or phrases in the text
7, 14, 16, 27, 39, 43, 58
7 21, 25, 56
3
TOTAL 43
17
− −
=
∑
2
1 1
t kk
S pq
k k
r
The result of reliability test for 40 items: k = 40
Σ
pq = 120.07
St
2
= 8.824
950 .
9265 .
025641 .
1 07
. 120
824 .
8 1
1 40
40 1
1
2
= ×
=
−
− =
− −
=
∑
t kk
S pq
k k
r
The result of is 0.950 then compared with r table of Product Moment at the level of significance
α
= 0.05 is 0.339. The istrument is reliable because 0.950 rt 0.339
To determine the empirical validity of motivation questionnaire, the researcher applied the following formula:
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64
n x
s
t t
∑
=
2 2
r =
∑ ∑
∑
2 2
t i
t i
x x
x x
Where:
it
r = Coefficient of validity
∑
t i
x x
.
= Total of items variance
∑
2 i
x = Total variance of item
∑
2 t
x = Total variance In which:
To know the reliability of the questionnaire used in this study, the researcher used the following formula:
r
kk
=
−
−
∑
2 2
1 1
t i
s s
k k
Where:
kk
r = Coefficient of reliability k
= Total of valid items
∑
2 i
s = Total variance of all items
∑
2 t
s = Total variance
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65 The result of the analysis shows that there are 40 valid items r
o
r
t
out of 60 items which were tried out. The valid items of each indicator are as follows:
No Indicators
Valid Items
Total Invalid
Items Total
1 Genuine interest
1, 13, 25, 55, 7, 19, 49
7 37, 43,
31 3
2 Curiosity
26, 38, 44, 56, 8, 20, 32, 50
8 2, 14
2 3
Enthusiastic manner in learning
15, 45, 9, 21, 33 5
3, 27, 39, 57, 51
5 4
Need for achievement 4, 28, 40, 58, 10,
22, 52 7
16, 46, 34
3 5
Teacher’s methodology 17, 29, 47, 53,
59, 11, 23 7
5, 41, 35 3
6 The influence of
friends. 18, 48, 12, 24,
36, 60 6
6, 30, 42, 54
4
TOTAL
40 20
r
kk
=
−
−
∑
2 2
1 1
t i
s s
k k
The result of reliability test for 40 items: k = 40
Σ s
i 2
= 17.811 St
2
= 216.724
941 .
9178 .
02564 .
1 724
. 216
811 .
17 1
1 40
40 1
1
2 2
= ×
=
−
− =
− −
=
∑
t i
kk
S S
k k
r
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66 The result of is 0.941 then compared with r table of Product Moment at
the level of significance α = 0.05 is 0.339. The instrument is reliable because 0.941 rt 0.339.
E. Technique of Analyzing Data
