Word Final Vowel Lengthening: VV Glottalization: VVʔ__ Rhinoglottophilia: Vh V h Deletion: Vh V

The relative chronology of this rule would have it coming after rule 3.7, shown on the following page. Historically, the rhinoglottophilia sound change came before Cinta Larga’s h deletion with compensatory lengthening. The data below is from the phonemicized set A. Portuguese English Surui Gavião Cinta Larga Zoró patoá yoykab ójkàhv ujkaap ujkap arvore tree ihb ihv iip ip tatu armadillo waloy mazóhj wanzúúj wazuj dente de cutia agouti tooth wakĩ ikab vaki jihj wakĩĩ jêêj wakîjîj mutum curassaw wajaõ vakóhj wakúúj wakuj arara macaw kasar kasáhl kasáál kasal

3.4 Bilabial Lenition: bm__

In Surui, b weakens to m in word initial position. This is a regular change, occurring throughout Surui. It would be an ordered sound change, coming after 9. The data is phonemicized. Portuguese English Surui Gavião Cinta Larga Zoró banana banana mokowa bákóva mbakubaa bakuwá catete pig menbekod beekor mbebekut bebekut peixe fish morib bolív mbulíp bulip porco pig mẽbe kod bebepoh mbebe kabaa bebepu queixada peccary mẽbe bebe mbebe tere bebe espingarda shotgun mokaĩab -- mbáákamán --

3.5 Word Final Vowel Lengthening: VV

[long] ___ This sound change applies to Cinta Larga. Cinta Larga vowels are lengthened when they occur at the end of a word, as seen from the phonemicized data below. Portuguese English Surui Gavião Cinta Larga Zoró banana banana mokowa bákóva mbakubaa bakuwá coqueiro coconut palm pasapwa pasav pasabaa pasawa lua moon gatikad gárti ngat tii gati ventilador fan wago básó dig mbaasúú bosu veado deer itiap iti itii iti rio river ih i ii i

3.6 Glottalization: VVʔ__

This sound change applies to Zoró. This is seen more clearly phonetically, in data set B. In phonemic data set A, ʔ isn’t marked. Portuguese English Surui Gavião Cinta Larga Zoró morrer die ají avi pavi paviʔ garra, pata claw, leg hobaɣpikũi tʃi pi kói pupabekũi tʃipikõiʔ mutum curassaw wakojá oakói vakui wakóiʔ lavar wash pijá pitʃã piʃá pitʃáʔ cacique chief ləbiwái dzawidʒai naveái dzawijáiʔ esfregar rub, scratch kapkába kijkija kipkiva kipkiwaʔ

3.7 Rhinoglottophilia: Vh V

[nasal] h Rhinoglottophilia applies sporadically to Cinta Larga, Zoró and Surui, thus providing evidence to group these three together. In this case of rhinoglottophilia, vowels nasalize when followed by a proto h. This would have to be an ordered rule, coming before rules 3 and 9. The table contains phonemicized data from data set A. Portuguese English Surui Gavião Cinta Larga Zoró espingarda shotgun -- togáhv -- tungãm fósforo match mokaĩa pókáhj pukãj ap pukaj flauta flute wãahp váv wa’áp kuxirap cará type of manioc roah mojà mujââ mujã terra land gõhi gój ngûûj gũj aranha spider gerpã gérépà ngerepã gerepâ

3.8 h Deletion: Vh V

This applies to Surui, Cinta Larga and Zoró, thus providing evidence to group these three together. Periodically it even applies to Gavião, as some examples in the preceding table demonstrate. In Gavião, h deletion appears in only a few cases, indicating the change may be in the initial stages. It is likely the result of recent contact with the Zoró. This is an ordered sound change, coming after 7. It looks like a wave change that started with Surui, progressed to Zoró, and is just beginning in Gavião. The data below is from the phonemicized set A. Portuguese English Surui Gavião Cinta Larga Zoró castanha Brazil nut mangap mavgáhv máam ngap mamgap estrela star txoykab gatikúhv jujkááp zuj kap cerejeira cherry tree ihb kapkod akàhv akaáp akap lagoa lagoon ikara íkàhr ikáát ikat fósforo match mokaĩa pókáhj pukãj ap pukaj foto photo ixo pàhxo pááxú paxu

3.9 Loss of prenasalization: ng g__