Spirantization: p v __ h Deletion with Compensatory Lengthening: VhV Bilabial Lenition: bm__

daughter languages. All of these retained this shared innovation. So this innovation is evidence that the daughters were once a single language, thus they are a subgroup. In this paper I will explain in detail the eleven sound changes in Surui, Gavião, Cinta Larga, and Zoró. It will then become clearer why it is possible to interpret the relationship between the Mondé languages as in Figure 2 above. 3. Rules for sound changes 3.1. Vowel Raising: o u Vowel raising is a very common sound change. In this case, it applies to Cinta Larga. The data below comes from phonetic set B. Portuguese English Surui Gavião Cinta Larga Zoró maduro ripe ijóp vog pup vop ficar em pé stand enóte adótẽ endutá mondótəʔ longo long ʃaktop ató tatú tatóʔ vir come aór ʔá voloʔ aʔulá ovoloʔ banana banana mokobá bakoá makuva mbakoptía tabaco tobacco maʃoʔ matʃoʔ maʃu mãitʃokóm

3.2. Spirantization: p v __

Spirantization a stop becoming a fricative is also a very common sound change. In this case, we have pv in word final position in Gavião. It is most clearly seen in the phonemicized data set A, used below. Portuguese English Surui Gavião Cinta Larga Zoró arvore tree ihb ihv iip ip patoá yoykab ójkàhv ujkaap ujkap estrela star txoykab gatikúhv jujkááp zuj kap cerejeira cherry tree ihb kapkod akàhv akaáp akap óculos glasses lakaba omisibeab adjakáhv sábéh pajakááp sabeeap paja kop sabe feijão beans mixãgap korakáv kurakap kurakap

3.3 h Deletion with Compensatory Lengthening: VhV

[long] Compensatory lengthening is a very common sound change. When a segment is lost in this case an h, a vowel is lengthened to compensate for that loss. This is a regular sound change, found throughout Cinta Larga. That is, wherever h is lost, the preceding vowel is lengthened. The relative chronology of this rule would have it coming after rule 3.7, shown on the following page. Historically, the rhinoglottophilia sound change came before Cinta Larga’s h deletion with compensatory lengthening. The data below is from the phonemicized set A. Portuguese English Surui Gavião Cinta Larga Zoró patoá yoykab ójkàhv ujkaap ujkap arvore tree ihb ihv iip ip tatu armadillo waloy mazóhj wanzúúj wazuj dente de cutia agouti tooth wakĩ ikab vaki jihj wakĩĩ jêêj wakîjîj mutum curassaw wajaõ vakóhj wakúúj wakuj arara macaw kasar kasáhl kasáál kasal

3.4 Bilabial Lenition: bm__

In Surui, b weakens to m in word initial position. This is a regular change, occurring throughout Surui. It would be an ordered sound change, coming after 9. The data is phonemicized. Portuguese English Surui Gavião Cinta Larga Zoró banana banana mokowa bákóva mbakubaa bakuwá catete pig menbekod beekor mbebekut bebekut peixe fish morib bolív mbulíp bulip porco pig mẽbe kod bebepoh mbebe kabaa bebepu queixada peccary mẽbe bebe mbebe tere bebe espingarda shotgun mokaĩab -- mbáákamán --

3.5 Word Final Vowel Lengthening: VV