Sentence 5 above is called referential ambiguity because the word ‘everyone’ has more than one reference, there
are: all people in China or each people in China. The context of sentence 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 does not
focus on one meaning. So both interpretations are true to be used in this sentence above.
Table 4.2 Referential Ambiguity
Types of Referential Ambiguity Example
Referential ambiguity occurs when an indefinite referring expression may be
specific or not. Stories,
puzzles, songs, and games—
Anaphora What did
they do? The pronoun you is used generically or
specifically. Compare yourself to a
friend. A noun phrase with every can have
distributed reference or collected reference Everyone shares the
treats.
c. Surface structure ambiguity
Ambiguity found in surface level of syntactic relationship is called surface structure ambiguity. According to Kreidler 2002: 169-170 there are
six types of surface structure. From the data source, the writer found 58 ambiguous sentences. It consists of 2 data belonging to constructions
containing the coordinators and and or; 26 data belonging to a coordinate head with one modifier; 7 data belonging to a head with a coordinate
modifier; 13 data belonging to a head with an inner modifier and an outer modifier; 10 data belonging to a complement and modifier or two
complements; and 0 data belonging to certain function words, including not,
have possible differences in scope. There are follows:
1 Constructions containing the coordinators and and or
The writer will present the analysis of surface structure ambiguity, especially in term constructions containing the coordinators and and or.
That is: 1
People light candles or small oil lamps and leave them on all night to drive away the darkness. backpack 4: 76
Sentence 1 contains structural ambiguity. That sentence is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− People light candles or small oil lamps and leave them on all night to drive away the darkness
‘After people light candles or small oil lamps, they leave it all night to ward of darkness’.
− People light candles or small oil lamps and leave them on all night to drive away the darkness
‘To drive away the darkness, people light candles or leaving small oil lamps all night’.
2 It’s fun to look for and trade cards or shells or rocks.
backpack 4: 86 Sentence 2 contains structural ambiguity. That sentence is
ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − It’s fun to look for and trade cards or shells or
rocks ‘It’s fun to look for goods. It’s fun to swap cards or shells or stone’.
− It’s fun to look for and trade cards or shells or rocks
‘It’s fun to look for and trade goods, such as: cards or shells or rocks’.
2 A coordinate head with one modifier.
The writer will present the analysis of surface structure ambiguity, especially in term a coordinate head with one modifier. That is:
1 Backpack is full of fun and facts, project and pictures, too.
backpack 4: 1 Sentence 1 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous
because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − Backpack is full of fun and facts project and
pictures too ‘The word full only modifies the word fun, so the word facts may be
mean some facts or any facts’. − Backpack is full of fun and facts project and
pictures too ‘The word full modifies the word fun and facts, so both of them may
be mean full of fun and full of facts’. 2
They are friendly and fun to play with. backpack 4: 5 Sentence 2 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous
because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − They are friendly and fun to play with
‘They are friendly animals, and its fun to play with them’.
− They are friendly and fun to play with
‘They are friendly to play with and fun to play with’.
3 She is very friendly and nice. backpack 4: 8
Sentence 3 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− She is very friendly and nice ‘The word very only modifies the word friendly, so the word nice
may be mean nice or little nice’. − She is very friendly and nice
‘The word very modifies the word friendly and nice, so both of them may be mean very friendly and very nice’.
4 It’s made with rice and chicken backpack 4:26
Sentence 4 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− It is made with rice and chicken ‘A food that is made from rice, and chicken’.
− It is made with rice and chicken ‘A food that is made from mixed of rice and chicken’.
5 It’s a Moroccan recipe with peppers and tomatoes. backpack
4:26 Sentence 5 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous
because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− It’s a Moroccan recipe with peppers and tomatoes
‘Maroccan recipes are made from peper, and tomatoes’. − It’s a Moroccan recipe with peppers and
tomatoes ‘Maroccan recipes are made from mixture of peper and tomatoes’.
6 For lunch, I like to have rice and soup with meat and
vegetables. backpack 4: 28
Sentence 6 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− For lunch I like to have rice and soup with meat and vegetables
‘For lunch, I like to have rice, soup which is made from meat, and
vegetables’.
− For lunch I like to have rice and soup with meat and vegetables
‘For lunch, I like to have rice which is made from meat and vegetables and soup which is made from meat and vegetables.’
7 For dinner, my favorite dish is a kind of stew with fish and
onion. backpack 4: 28
Sentence 7 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− For dinner my favorite dish is a kind of
stew with fish and onion
‘For dinner, my favorite dish is a kind of stew that made from fish,
and onion as the garnish’.
− For dinner my favorite dish is a kind of
stew with fish and onion
‘For dinner, my favorite dish is a kind of stew, with fish and onion as
the garnish’.
− For dinner my favorite dish is a kind of
stew with fish and onion
‘For dinner, my favorite dish is a kind of stew which is made from
mixture of fish and onion’.
8 I eat it with mashed yam and plantain fufu. backpack 4:
28
Sentence 8 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− I eat it with mashed yam and plantain ‘I eat that food with mashed yam. I eat it with plantain fufu too’.
− I eat it with mashed yam and plantain ‘I eat that food with added mashed yam and mashed plantain fufu’.
9 On special occasions, I like to eat Dublin coddle, a meat stew
with sausage, bacon, onions, and potatoes. backpack 4: 28
Sentence 16 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− On special occasions I like to eat Dublin coddle a meat stew with sausage bacon onions and
potatoes ‘meat that is stew with sausage; bacon; onions; and potatoes’
− On special occasions I like to eat Dublin coddle a meat stew with sausage bacon onions and
potatoes ‘sausage, bacon, onions and potatoes that all cooked with meat stew’
10 I like to have a bowl of rice, soup, and some grilled fish.
backpack 4: 29 Sentence 10 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is
ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − I like to have a bowl of rice soup and some
grilled fish ‘It means three item that sentence writer likes to have, that is: 1 a
bowl of rice, 2 soup, and 3 some grilled fish’. − I like to have a bowl of rice soup and some
grilled fish ‘It means that sentence writer likes to have a bowl food that is made
from mixture of rice, soup, and some grilled fish’.
11 Lunch at school is usually noodles, tofu, and curry rice.
backpack 4: 29 Sentence 11 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is
ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − Lunch at school is usually noodles tofu and
curry rice ‘It means three item that sentence writer likes in lunch, that is:
noodles, tofu, and curry rice’. − Lunch at school is usually noodles tofu and
curry rice ‘It means that sentence writer likes to have rice that mixed with
noodles, tofu and curry’. 12
For dinner, I eat rice mixed with ketchup and chicken inside an omelet. backpack 4: 29
Sentence 12 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− For dinner I eat rice mixed with ketchup and chicken inside an omelet
‘It means rice mixed with kechup. The chicken is inside an omelet’. − For dinner I eat rice mixed with ketchup and
chicken inside an omelet ‘It means rice that is mixed with ketchup and chicken. All of it, is
inside an omelet’.
13 Food fact and fun backpack 4: 32
Sentence 13 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Food fact and fun ‘The word food only modifies the word fact, so the word fun may be
mean thing other than food’. − Food fact and fun
‘The word food modifies the word fact and fun, so both of them may be mean food fact and food fun’.
14 Use the natural pattern of the onion and celery. backpack 4:
33 Sentence 14 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is
ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − Use the natural pattern of the onion and
celery ‘Use the natural pattern of the onion and use the celery’.
− Use the natural pattern of the onion and celery
‘Use the natural pattern of the onion. Use the natural pattern of celery’.
15 Use would and like. backpack 4: 37
Sentence 15 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Use would and like ‘Use one of the word would and like’.
− Use would and like ‘Use both of the word would and like in one sentence’.
16 Our safe and sound survey of school nurses and parents
shows that the number one reason kids miss school is because they have the flu or a bad cold. backpack 4: 45
Sentence 16 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− school nurses and parents ‘It means school nurses and any parents’.
− school nurses and parents ‘It means school nurses and school parents’.
17 They need clean air and water to have a chance at all.
backpack 4: 58 Sentence 17 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is
ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − They need clean air and water to have a
chance at all ‘The water can be clean or not’.
− They need clean air and water to have a chance at all
‘The water is also clean’.
18 Before coins and paper money, people used to trade for
things they needed. backpack 4: 64 Sentence 18 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is
ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − Before coins and paper money people used to trade
for things they needed ‘Coins mean the thing in form of metal or toys that made from
metal’. − Before coins and paper money people used to trade
for things they needed ‘Coin means money that made from metal’.
19 Takara, a company in Japan, invented a small electronic
machine with buttons and a screen backpack 4: 68 Sentence 19 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is
ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − Takara a company in Japan invented a small
electronic machine with buttons and a screen ‘The electronic machine with buttons and a screen, has small size’.
− Takara a company in Japan invented a small electronic machine with buttons and a screen
‘The small electronic machine has buttons and screen’. − Takara a company in Japan invented a small
electronic machine with buttons and a screen
‘The small electronic machine with button, and a screen’. 20
Doctors in ancient Egypt used to make it from powdered stone and vinegar. backpack 4: 69
Sentence 20 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Doctors in ancient Egypt used to make it from powdered stone and vinegar
‘It means stone which is shaped like powder and may be liquid vinegar’.
− Doctors in ancient Egypt used to make it from powdered stone and vinegar
‘It means both of stone and vinegar have the form like powder’. 21
They made their yo-yos from ivory and silk cord backpack 4: 69
Sentence 21 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− They made their yo-yos from ivory and silk cord
‘It means an ivory and a cord which made from silk’. − They made their yo-yos from ivory and silk
cord ‘It means cord that is made from ivory and silk’.
22 The holiday begins celebrations that bring light and hope at
a dark time of the year. backpack 4: 77 Sentence 22 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is
ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − The holiday begins celebrations that bring light
and hope at a dark time of the year ‘Phrase bring light and hope can means bring light and ecpect a
hope’. − The holiday begins celebrations that bring light
and hope at a dark time of the year ‘Phrase bring light and hope can means bring light and bring hope’.
23 Good for a hug and a kiss backpack 4: 81
Sentence 23 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Good for a hug and a kiss ‘It means good for a hug with a kiss’.
− Good for a hug and a kiss ‘It means good for a hug and good for a kiss’.
24 I made has beads of different colors and coins in it.
backpack 4: 89 Sentence 24 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is
ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− I made has beads of different colors and coins in it
‘The word different only modifies the word colors, so the word coins may be mean same coins’.
− I made has beads of different colors and coins in it
‘The word different modifies the word colors and coins, so both of them may be mean different colors and different coins’.
25 They wear butterfly crowns and jewels in their hair.
backpack 4: 100
Sentence 25 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− They wear butterfly crowns and jewels in their hair
‘It means the crown which has shaped like butterfly and jewels’. − They wear butterfly crowns and jewels in their
hair It means both of the crowns and jewels have shaped like butterfly
26 This dance is very graceful and beautiful. backpack4: 100
Sentence 26 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− This dance is very graceful and beautiful
‘The word very only modifies the word greceful, so the word beautiful may be mean only beautiful’.
− This dance is very graceful and beautiful ‘The word very only modifies the word greceful and beautiful, so
both of them may be mean very graceful and very beautiful’.
3 A head with a coordinate modifier
The writer will present the analysis of surface structure ambiguity, especially in term a head with a coordinate modifier. That is:
1 Smelling apples or bananas every day can help you lose
weight. backpack 4: 33 Sentence 1 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous
because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − Smelling apples or bananas every day can help
you lose weight ‘This structure means smelling apples or eating bananas’.
− Smelling apples or bananas every day can help you lose weight
‘This structure means smelling apples or smelling bananas’. 2
Now you have your own picture frame, card, or paper to write letters on backpack 4: 33
Sentence 2 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Now you have your own picture frame card or paper to write letters on
‘This structure means picture frame or may be playing card or white paper. The word picture only modifies the word frame’.
− Now you have your own picture frame card or paper to write letters on
‘This structure means picture frame, picture card, or picture paper. The world picture modifies the words frame, card and paper’.
3 You should warm up and stretch before you practice or play
in a game. backpack 4: 40 Sentence 3 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous
because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − You should warm up and stretch before you
practice or play in a game ‘Phrase in a game only modifies the word play, that may be mean
wherever you practice not only in a game’. − You should warm up and stretch before you
practice or play in a game ‘Phrase in a game modifies the word practice and play, so that may
be means practice in a game or play in a game’. 4
Now everyone has an umbrella of each cloth or plastic for rainy days. backpack 4: 65
Sentence 4 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Now everyone has an umbrella of each cloth or plastic for rainy days
‘The word each only modifies the word cloth, so plastic can mean each plastic or all plastic’.
− Now everyone has an umbrella of each cloth or plastic for rainy days
‘The word each modifies the word cloth and plastic, so that structure may be mean each cloth or each plastic’.
5 I say I’m sorry if I get impatient or angry. backpack 4: 8
Sentence 5 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− I say I’m sorry if I get impatient or angry
‘If I get impatient or angry, I say I’m sorry’. − I say I’m sorry if I get impatient or
angry ‘If I get impatient, I say I’m sorry or angry’.
6 Write questions or answer? backpack 4: 73
Sentence 6 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Write questions or answer
‘The word write modifies the word question and answer, so both of them may be mean write question or write answer’.
− Write questions or answer ‘The word write only modifies the word question, so the word
answer may be mean answer in written or oral’. 7
You can take photos or build model planes. backpack 4: 86
Sentence 7 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− You can take photos or build model planes ‘You can take photos that you like, or you can build model planes’.
− You can take photos or build model planes ‘You can take photos of the real planes, or you can build model
plane’.
4 A head with an inner modifier and an outer modifier
The writer will present the analysis of surface structure ambiguity, especially in term a head with an inner modifier and an outer modifier.
That is: 1
Good times cafe. backpack 4: 31 Sentence 1 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous
because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − Good times cafe
‘It is a good time to spend time in cafe’.
− Good times cafe ‘Nice clock that is in cafe’
2 Emergency phone numbers backpack 4: 44
Sentence 2 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Emergency phone numbers ‘Phone number that is used for the benefit of emergency’
− Emergency phone numbers ‘Number which is on the emergency phone’
3 Bike accidents are the number one reason kinds go to the
Hospital emergency room backpack 4: 44 4
35 of kids’ visit to the hospital emergency room can be prevented by using safety equipment. backpack 4: 45
Sentence 3 and 4 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− hospital emergency room ‘Space contained in hospital emergency’
− hospital emergency room ‘Emergency room which is take a place in hospital’
5 Two years ago, Erica Summers started a toy animal
company, Stars in the Wild backpack 4: 54 Sentence 5 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous
because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Two years ago Erica Summers started a toy animal company Stars in the Wild
‘A toy company that specializes in animal-shaped toys’. − Two years ago Erica Summers started a toy
animal company Stars in the Wild ‘A toy that has shaped like toy company’
6
There are great new things to do backpack 4: 1
Sentence 6 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous
because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− There are great new things to do ‘Things which is great and new’.
− There are great new things to do ‘New things which is great’
7 Try to say these tongue twisters fast backpack 4: 9
Sentence 7 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Try to say these tongue twisters fast ‘The sentence that should be said is ‘these tongue twisters fast’’
− Try to say these tongue twisters fast ‘The sentence that should be said is ‘tongue twisters fast’’
8 International club dinner. backpack 4: 26
Sentence 8 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− International club dinner ‘International clubs which is often hold dinner’
− International club dinner ‘Dinner club which is consists of people from around the world’
9 Silent alarm clock backpack 4: 68
Sentence 9 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Silent alarm clock ‘Clock which is contained silent alarm application’.
− Silent alarm clock ‘Alarm clock which cannot beep’.
10 Black highlighter pen backpack 4: 68
Sentence 10 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Black highlighter pen ‘Highlighter pen which is covered with black color’.
− Black highlighter pen ‘Black highlighter which is shaped like a pen’.
11 Transparent playing cards backpack 4: 68
Sentence 11 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Transparent playing cards ‘Cards which is transparent’
− Transparent playing cards ‘Played cards with honest’
12 Families watch fireworks and eat small round dumplings.
backpack 4: 77 Sentence 12 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is
ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − Families watch fireworks and eat small round
dumplings ‘Families watch fireworks and eat round dumplings which have small
size’ − Families watch fireworks and eat small round
dumplings ‘Families watch fireworks and eat dumpings which is small and
round’ 13
Good luck lantern backpack 4: 83 Sentence 13 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is
ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − Good luck lantern
‘The lantern of luck which is in good condition’ − Good luck lantern
‘Lantern that reads ‘good luck’.
5 A complement and modifier or two complements
The writer will present the analysis of surface structure ambiguity, especially in term a head with an inner modifier and an outer modifier.
That is: 1
People eat a lot of seafood in Ecuador. backpack 4: 35 Sentence 1 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous
because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − People eat a lot of seafood in Ecuador
‘People eat a lot of seafood that is made in Ecuador’. − People eat a lot of seafood in Ecuador
‘In Ecuador, people eat alot of seafood’. 2
Five friends flee from five fat flies fast. backpack 4: 9 Sentence 2 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous
because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − Five friends flee from five fat flies fast
‘Five friends flee fast from five fat flies’. − Five friends flee from five fat flies fast
‘Five friends flee from five fat flies which is moving fast’. 3
At the International Music Festival, I watch a folk dance from Mexico. backpack 4: 100
Sentence 3 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− At International Music Festival I watch a folk dance from Mexico
‘Music Festival that is held around the world’ − At International Music Festival I watch a folk
dance from Mexico ‘Festival which is showed International mucicion’
4 In this dance, teenegers dress up like little old men and
imitate them. backpack 4: 100 Sentence 5 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous
because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − In this dance teenegers dress up like little
old men and imitate them ‘In this dance, teenegers dress up like old men that has a small body
and imitate them’. − In this dance teenegers dress up like little
old men and imitate them ‘In this dance, teenegers dress up like a men that is a litte old and
imitate them’. 5
Clowns make fun of the “little old men”. backpack 4: 100 Sentence 5 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous
because it has more than one sentence construction, there are: − Clowns make fun of the little old men
‘Clowns make fun of old men who has short body’ − Clowns make fun of the little old men
‘Clown make fun of a men aged slightly older, either short or tall’.
6 Greek line dancebackpack 4: 101
Sentence 6 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Greek line dance ‘Dance which is moved like Greek line’
− Greek line dance ‘Line dance which is come from Greek’
7 American square dance backpack 4: 101
Sentence 7 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− American square dance ‘Dance which is moved like American square’
− American square dance ‘Square dance which is come from America’
8 Dances around the world backpack 4: 104
Sentence 8 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Dances around the world ‘Dances that is come from around the world’.
− Dances around the world ‘Peope in the world that dances around’.
9 Ritual rain dances backpack 4: 104
Sentence 9 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Ritual rain dances ‘Rain dances that is the name of the ritual to summon rain’.
− Ritual rain dances ‘Dances that is used tosummon rain’.
10 Traditional folk dance backpack 4: 107
Sentence 10 is an instance of structural ambiguity. It is ambiguous because it has more than one sentence construction, there are:
− Traditional folk dance ‘Folk dance that is still traditional’
− Traditional folk dance ‘Traditional folk is the name of dance’
Table 4.3 Surface Structure Ambiguity
Types of Surface Structure Ambiguity
Example Constructions containing the
coordinators and and or People light candles or small oil
lamps and leave them on all night to drive away the darkness.
A coordinate head with one modifier.
Friends old and new A coordinate head with one
modifier. I say I’m sorry if I get impatient or
angry. A head with a coordinate
modifier Smelling apples or bananas every
day can help you lose weight. A complement and modifier
or two complements Clowns make fun of the “little old
men”.
To make clear the reader to understand, the writer gives the tables of the example of each types of ambiguity as follows:
Table 4.5 The Types of Ambiguity
Types of Ambiguity Example
Lexical Ambiguity − Homonym
Explore Backpack with me − Homophone
How did a 12-year-old help endangered animals and work
with stars at the same time? − Polysemy
I am a new student at a new school in a new town.
Referential Ambiguity
− Referential ambiguity occurs when an indefinite referring
expression may be specific or not.
Busy people have full schedules.
− Anaphora We’re learning English, we’re
never bored. − The pronoun you is used
generically or specifically. What are you doing this weekend?
− A noun phrase with every can have distributed reference or
collected reference Everyone shares the treats.
Surface structure Ambiguity
− Constructions containing the
coordinators and and or
It’s fun to look for and trade cards or shells or rocks.
− A coordinate head with one modifier
They are friendly and fun to play with.
− A head with a coordinate modifier
I say I’m sorry if I get impatient or angry.
− A head with an inner modifier and an outer
modifier Two years ago, Erica Summers
started a toy animal company, Stars in the Wild
− A complement and modifier or two complements.
Five friends flee from five fat flies fast.
2. The Frequency of each Ambiguity
