TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT FOUND IN THE CASUAL Translation Analysis Of Subject Found In The Casual Vacancy Into Perebutan Kursi Kosong.
TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT FOUND IN THE CASUAL
VACANCY INTO PEREBUTAN KURSI KOSONG
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by:
ITA DAMAYANTI
A320120021
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2016
APPROVAL
TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT FOUND IN THE CASUAL
VACANCY INTO PEREBUTAN KURSI KOSONG
RESEARCH PAPER
Written by:
ITA DAMAYANTI
A 320 120 021
Approved to be Examined
by the Consultant Team
First Consultant
Second Consultant
Dr. Dwi Haryanti, M, Hum
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D
NIK.477
NIK.727
ii
ACCEPTANCE
TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT FOUND IN THE CASUAL
VACANCY INTO PEREBUTAN KURSI KOSONG
BY
ITA DAMAYANTI
A 320 120 021
Accepted and Approved by the Broad of Examiners
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
On
April 2016
The Broad of Examiners:
1. Dr. Dwi Haryanti, M. Hum
(Chair Person)
(................................)
2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D
(Member I)
(.................................)
3. Dr. Anam Sutopo, M. Hum
(Member II)
(..................................)
Dean,
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum.
NIP. 196504288199303 1001
iii
TESTIMONY
Herewith, the researcher testifies that in this research paper, there is no
plagiarism of the previous literary work which has been raised to obtain bachelor
degree of a university, nor there are opinions or masterpieces which have been
written or published or other, except those in which the writing are referred in the
manuscript and mentioned in literary review and bibliography.
Hence, later, if it is proved that there are mistakes in the researcher’s
statement above, the researcher will be fully responsible.
Surakarta,
April 2016
The researcher,
Ita Damayanti
A 320 120 021
iv
MOTTO
ْ ِالعسْرِي ْسرًاِ( )ِإ َنِمع
ْ فإِ َنِمع
) (ِِالعسْرِي ْسرًا
“So, verily with every difficulty, there is relief,
Verily, with every difficulty there is relief”
(QS. Asy Syarh: 5-6)
“For one who passes a way on looking for knowledge then Allah
will make easy a way for him to be on heaven”
(HR Abu Daud)
By Pray, effort, and patient surely you can reach your desire
(The writer)
v
DEDICATION
Lovingly, this research paper is proudly dedicated to:
Her beloved MOM Mrs. Jumiati and
DADDY Mr. Sunardi
Her lovely little brother Andry Dwi P
Her greatest family
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises for the Almighty God, Allah SWT the researcher can finish the
research paper. It is because his blessing, loving, helping, and protecting. Without
all of those, she is nothing at all. She would like to thank for everyone who deserves
to receive and appreciation to the following people:
1.
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum., as the Dean of School of Teacher
Training amd Education Faculty in Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D., as the Head of English Department
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
3.
Dr. Dwi Harjanti, M, Hum., as the first consultant who has patiently guided
the researcher,
4.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D., as the second consultant who has guided,
corrected, and encouraged her from the beginning until the end of it,
5.
Dr. Anam Sutopo, M. Hum., as the examiner who has patiently gives the
comment and guidance to her to completing this research paper.
6.
Prof. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum., as the academic consultant,
7.
All the lecturers of English Department Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
for the more knowledges that have shared to her,
8.
Her best gratitude for her beloved parents Mr. Sunardi and Mrs. Jumiati. Thanks
for loving, caring, praying, supporting and everything that they give. “You are
my everything forever and ever”
9.
Her lovely little brother Andre who love, care, joke and also her partner in
everything,
10. Her special uncle and aunty Mr. & Mrs. Suranto (Joyo Laksono) thanks for
caring and supporting.
11. Her big family who love, care, support, pray and motivate her.
12. Her close friends Enggi, Ida, Rida, Nana and Diah thanks for the kind friendship
like a family that her ever have,
vii
13. Her kindly Rempong bunch (Adhitia Nanda, Nikmamo, Sidik, Rida, Nana, Fitri,
and Awan) thanks for the joke and togetherness “let’s make a good holiday and
do amazing things”
14. Her friends Fitri Fatimah thanks for caring and sharing their The Casual
Vacancy and also HAPPY thanks for supporting and becoming her partner
during doing the paper.
15. Her second family in Wisma Chandra,(Ningrum, Dek Yaya, Kak Ros, Mb Opik,
Mb Eca, Mb Yuni, Mb Santhi and Mb Ory) thanks for amazing history so far,
16. Her informer Alvy thanks for makes her data valid and her same struggle friends
Indah, Nurma, And Vernanda believe that the result never denies the process
“keep fighting”
17. Her friends in English Education and Mathematic Department. Thanks a lot,
18. Her Almamater of Muhammdiyah University of Surakarta,
19. People who love her,
The researcher realizes that this research paper still far from being perfect.
Therefore, the researcher accepts the suggestion.
Surakarta, April 2016
The researcher
Ita Damayanti
A320120021
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER ................................................................................................................
i
TITLE ..................................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL .........................................................................................................
ii
ACCEPTANCE ....................................................................................................
iii
TESTIMONY .......................................................................................................
iv
MOTTO ...............................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION .....................................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .......................................................................................
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................
ix
SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................
xii
RINGKASAN .......................................................................................................
xiii
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................
1
A. Background of the Study ....................................................
1
B. Limitation of the study ......................................................
4
C. Problem Statement .............................................................
4
D. Objectives of the Study ......................................................
4
E. Benefits of the Study .........................................................
5
F. Research paper organization ..............................................
6
UNDERLYING THEORY ......................................................
7
A. Previous study ......................................................................
7
B. Translation ...........................................................................
9
1. Notion of Translation ......................................................
9
2. Process of translation ......................................................
10
3. Types of Translation ......................................................
12
4. Equivalent in Translation ................................................
12
5. Translation Shift ..............................................................
14
C. Linguistic Form ....................................................................
15
1. English Linguistic Form .................................................
15
a. Word ...........................................................................
15
b. Phrase .........................................................................
19
ix
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
c. Clause .........................................................................
20
d. Sentence .....................................................................
21
2. Indonesia Linguistic Form ..............................................
24
a. Word ..........................................................................
24
b. Phrase .......................................................................
24
c. Clause .........................................................................
25
d. Sentence .....................................................................
25
RESEARCH METHOD ..........................................................
28
A. Type of the Research ..........................................................
28
B. Object of the Research ........................................................
28
C. Data and Data Source ..........................................................
28
D. Technique of Collecting Data ..............................................
29
E. Data Validity .......................................................................
29
F. Technique of Analyzing Data ..............................................
29
RESEARCH FINDING AND DUSCUSSION ........................
31
A. Research Finding .................................................................
31
1.
The Linguistic Form of Subject Found in the Casual
Vacancy and Their Translation .....................................
31
a.
Subject in the Form of Noun and Its Translation ..
32
1) Level Shift .......................................................
32
2) Class Shift ........................................................
33
3) Intra-system Shift.............................................
34
b.
c.
d.
Subject in the Form of Pronoun and Its
Translation .............................................................
35
1) Level Shift ......................................................
36
2) Class Shift ........................................................
39
3) Structure shift...................................................
42
Subject in the Form of Gerund and Its Translation
45
1) Class Shift ........................................................
45
Subject in the Form of Noun Phrase and Its
Translation .............................................................
46
1) Level shift ........................................................
46
x
2.
CHAPTER V
2) Class Shift ........................................................
52
3) Structural Shift .................................................
53
The Equivalence of Indonesia Translation in the
Casual Vacancy into Perebutan Kursi Kosong ............
57
a.
Equivalent Translation ..........................................
57
b.
Non Equivalent Translation ...................................
59
B. Discussion ...........................................................................
60
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION.....................................
65
A. Conclusion .........................................................................
65
B. Suggestion .........................................................................
66
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
xi
SUMMARY
ITA DAMAYANTI. A320120021. TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT
FOUND IN THE CASUAL VACANCY INTO PEREBUTAN KURSI
KOSONG. 2016
This research aims to identify the linguistic form of subject of the sentences and to
describe the equivalence of the Indonesian translation found in The Casual Vacancy
into Perebutan Kursi Kosong. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative. The
object of this research is the translation of subject found in The Casual Vacancy into
Perebutan Kursi Kosong. The data are all sentences consisting of subject and the data
source is a novel entitled The Casual Vacancy by J.K Rowling. The researcher uses
the documentation as method to collect the data. Then to prove the validity of the
data, the writer uses triangulation where the data sources are the novel and
informant. The results of the research show that first, there are 4 kinds of subject,
namely; noun, pronoun, gerund, and noun phrase. First, there are 34 or 0.74% data
belongs to translation shift of noun, it consists of level shift 24 or 0.5% data, intrasystem shift 8 or 0,2% data, and class shift 2 or 0.04% data. Secondly, there are 792
or 17.5% data which belongs to translation shift of pronoun consists of 505 or 11.1%
of class shift, 104 or 2.3% data of level shift, and 183 or 4% of structural shift. The
third is gerund. The writer only finds 2 or 0.04% data that belongs to class shift of
gerund. The last, 781 or 17.2% data that belongs to translation shift of noun phrase
consists of 153 or 3.46% data of level shift, 3 or 0.06% data of class shift, and 621 or
13.7% data of structural shift. Second, there are 4536 or 99.98% data that belongs to
equivalent translation and only 1 data or 0.02% data is included non equivalent
translation.
Keywords: Translation, Translation shift, subject, equivalent
xii
RINGKASAN
ITA DAMAYANTI. A320120021. ANALISIS TERJEMAHAN DARI
SUBJECT YANG DITEMUKAN DALAM THE CASUAL VACANCY KE
PEREBUTAN KURSI KOSONG. 2016
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bentuk linguistik dari subjek dalam
kalimat dan untuk mendiskripsikan kepadanan dari terjemahan Indonesia yang
ditemukan di novel The Casual Vacancy ke Perebutan Kursi Kosong. Penelitian ini
termasuk penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Object penelitian ini adalah terjemahan
dalam subjek yang ditemukan di novel The Casual Vacancy ke Perebutan Kursi
Kosong. Data dari penelitian ini adalah semua jenis kalimat yang terdapat subjek dan
sumber data adalah novel yang berjudul The Casual Vacancy. Peneliti ini
menggunakan dokumentasi sebagai metode untuk mengumpulkan data. Kemudian
untuk membuktikan data valid, peneliti menggunakan metode triangulasi dimana
sumber data adalah novel dan informen. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan 4 jenis
subjek, yaitu: Noun, pronoun, gerund, dan noun phrase. Pertama, terdapat 34 atau
0.74% data yang termasuk translation shift dari noun, terdiri dari level shift 24 atau
0.5%, intra-system shift 8 atau 0.2%, dan class shift 2 atau 0.04% data. Kedua,
terdapat 792 atau 17.5% data termasuk translation shift dari pronoun yang terdiri dari
505 atau 11.1% class shift, 104 atau 2.3% data level shift, dan 183 atau 4% data
structural shift. Ketiga adalah gerund, 2 atau 0.04% data termasuk class shift dari
gerund. Terakhir, 781 atau 17.2% data termasuk translation shift dari noun phrase
yang terdiri dari 153 atau 3.46% data level shift, 3 atau 0.06 data dari class shift, dan
621 atau 13.7% data structural shift. Kedua, terdapat 4536 atau 99.98% data yang
termasuk terjemahan yang sepadan dan 1 atau 0.02% data yang tidak sepadan.
Kata Kunci: Translation, translation shift, subject, equivalent
xiii
VACANCY INTO PEREBUTAN KURSI KOSONG
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by:
ITA DAMAYANTI
A320120021
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2016
APPROVAL
TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT FOUND IN THE CASUAL
VACANCY INTO PEREBUTAN KURSI KOSONG
RESEARCH PAPER
Written by:
ITA DAMAYANTI
A 320 120 021
Approved to be Examined
by the Consultant Team
First Consultant
Second Consultant
Dr. Dwi Haryanti, M, Hum
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D
NIK.477
NIK.727
ii
ACCEPTANCE
TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT FOUND IN THE CASUAL
VACANCY INTO PEREBUTAN KURSI KOSONG
BY
ITA DAMAYANTI
A 320 120 021
Accepted and Approved by the Broad of Examiners
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
On
April 2016
The Broad of Examiners:
1. Dr. Dwi Haryanti, M. Hum
(Chair Person)
(................................)
2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D
(Member I)
(.................................)
3. Dr. Anam Sutopo, M. Hum
(Member II)
(..................................)
Dean,
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum.
NIP. 196504288199303 1001
iii
TESTIMONY
Herewith, the researcher testifies that in this research paper, there is no
plagiarism of the previous literary work which has been raised to obtain bachelor
degree of a university, nor there are opinions or masterpieces which have been
written or published or other, except those in which the writing are referred in the
manuscript and mentioned in literary review and bibliography.
Hence, later, if it is proved that there are mistakes in the researcher’s
statement above, the researcher will be fully responsible.
Surakarta,
April 2016
The researcher,
Ita Damayanti
A 320 120 021
iv
MOTTO
ْ ِالعسْرِي ْسرًاِ( )ِإ َنِمع
ْ فإِ َنِمع
) (ِِالعسْرِي ْسرًا
“So, verily with every difficulty, there is relief,
Verily, with every difficulty there is relief”
(QS. Asy Syarh: 5-6)
“For one who passes a way on looking for knowledge then Allah
will make easy a way for him to be on heaven”
(HR Abu Daud)
By Pray, effort, and patient surely you can reach your desire
(The writer)
v
DEDICATION
Lovingly, this research paper is proudly dedicated to:
Her beloved MOM Mrs. Jumiati and
DADDY Mr. Sunardi
Her lovely little brother Andry Dwi P
Her greatest family
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises for the Almighty God, Allah SWT the researcher can finish the
research paper. It is because his blessing, loving, helping, and protecting. Without
all of those, she is nothing at all. She would like to thank for everyone who deserves
to receive and appreciation to the following people:
1.
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum., as the Dean of School of Teacher
Training amd Education Faculty in Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D., as the Head of English Department
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
3.
Dr. Dwi Harjanti, M, Hum., as the first consultant who has patiently guided
the researcher,
4.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D., as the second consultant who has guided,
corrected, and encouraged her from the beginning until the end of it,
5.
Dr. Anam Sutopo, M. Hum., as the examiner who has patiently gives the
comment and guidance to her to completing this research paper.
6.
Prof. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum., as the academic consultant,
7.
All the lecturers of English Department Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
for the more knowledges that have shared to her,
8.
Her best gratitude for her beloved parents Mr. Sunardi and Mrs. Jumiati. Thanks
for loving, caring, praying, supporting and everything that they give. “You are
my everything forever and ever”
9.
Her lovely little brother Andre who love, care, joke and also her partner in
everything,
10. Her special uncle and aunty Mr. & Mrs. Suranto (Joyo Laksono) thanks for
caring and supporting.
11. Her big family who love, care, support, pray and motivate her.
12. Her close friends Enggi, Ida, Rida, Nana and Diah thanks for the kind friendship
like a family that her ever have,
vii
13. Her kindly Rempong bunch (Adhitia Nanda, Nikmamo, Sidik, Rida, Nana, Fitri,
and Awan) thanks for the joke and togetherness “let’s make a good holiday and
do amazing things”
14. Her friends Fitri Fatimah thanks for caring and sharing their The Casual
Vacancy and also HAPPY thanks for supporting and becoming her partner
during doing the paper.
15. Her second family in Wisma Chandra,(Ningrum, Dek Yaya, Kak Ros, Mb Opik,
Mb Eca, Mb Yuni, Mb Santhi and Mb Ory) thanks for amazing history so far,
16. Her informer Alvy thanks for makes her data valid and her same struggle friends
Indah, Nurma, And Vernanda believe that the result never denies the process
“keep fighting”
17. Her friends in English Education and Mathematic Department. Thanks a lot,
18. Her Almamater of Muhammdiyah University of Surakarta,
19. People who love her,
The researcher realizes that this research paper still far from being perfect.
Therefore, the researcher accepts the suggestion.
Surakarta, April 2016
The researcher
Ita Damayanti
A320120021
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER ................................................................................................................
i
TITLE ..................................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL .........................................................................................................
ii
ACCEPTANCE ....................................................................................................
iii
TESTIMONY .......................................................................................................
iv
MOTTO ...............................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION .....................................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .......................................................................................
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................
ix
SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................
xii
RINGKASAN .......................................................................................................
xiii
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................
1
A. Background of the Study ....................................................
1
B. Limitation of the study ......................................................
4
C. Problem Statement .............................................................
4
D. Objectives of the Study ......................................................
4
E. Benefits of the Study .........................................................
5
F. Research paper organization ..............................................
6
UNDERLYING THEORY ......................................................
7
A. Previous study ......................................................................
7
B. Translation ...........................................................................
9
1. Notion of Translation ......................................................
9
2. Process of translation ......................................................
10
3. Types of Translation ......................................................
12
4. Equivalent in Translation ................................................
12
5. Translation Shift ..............................................................
14
C. Linguistic Form ....................................................................
15
1. English Linguistic Form .................................................
15
a. Word ...........................................................................
15
b. Phrase .........................................................................
19
ix
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
c. Clause .........................................................................
20
d. Sentence .....................................................................
21
2. Indonesia Linguistic Form ..............................................
24
a. Word ..........................................................................
24
b. Phrase .......................................................................
24
c. Clause .........................................................................
25
d. Sentence .....................................................................
25
RESEARCH METHOD ..........................................................
28
A. Type of the Research ..........................................................
28
B. Object of the Research ........................................................
28
C. Data and Data Source ..........................................................
28
D. Technique of Collecting Data ..............................................
29
E. Data Validity .......................................................................
29
F. Technique of Analyzing Data ..............................................
29
RESEARCH FINDING AND DUSCUSSION ........................
31
A. Research Finding .................................................................
31
1.
The Linguistic Form of Subject Found in the Casual
Vacancy and Their Translation .....................................
31
a.
Subject in the Form of Noun and Its Translation ..
32
1) Level Shift .......................................................
32
2) Class Shift ........................................................
33
3) Intra-system Shift.............................................
34
b.
c.
d.
Subject in the Form of Pronoun and Its
Translation .............................................................
35
1) Level Shift ......................................................
36
2) Class Shift ........................................................
39
3) Structure shift...................................................
42
Subject in the Form of Gerund and Its Translation
45
1) Class Shift ........................................................
45
Subject in the Form of Noun Phrase and Its
Translation .............................................................
46
1) Level shift ........................................................
46
x
2.
CHAPTER V
2) Class Shift ........................................................
52
3) Structural Shift .................................................
53
The Equivalence of Indonesia Translation in the
Casual Vacancy into Perebutan Kursi Kosong ............
57
a.
Equivalent Translation ..........................................
57
b.
Non Equivalent Translation ...................................
59
B. Discussion ...........................................................................
60
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION.....................................
65
A. Conclusion .........................................................................
65
B. Suggestion .........................................................................
66
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
xi
SUMMARY
ITA DAMAYANTI. A320120021. TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT
FOUND IN THE CASUAL VACANCY INTO PEREBUTAN KURSI
KOSONG. 2016
This research aims to identify the linguistic form of subject of the sentences and to
describe the equivalence of the Indonesian translation found in The Casual Vacancy
into Perebutan Kursi Kosong. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative. The
object of this research is the translation of subject found in The Casual Vacancy into
Perebutan Kursi Kosong. The data are all sentences consisting of subject and the data
source is a novel entitled The Casual Vacancy by J.K Rowling. The researcher uses
the documentation as method to collect the data. Then to prove the validity of the
data, the writer uses triangulation where the data sources are the novel and
informant. The results of the research show that first, there are 4 kinds of subject,
namely; noun, pronoun, gerund, and noun phrase. First, there are 34 or 0.74% data
belongs to translation shift of noun, it consists of level shift 24 or 0.5% data, intrasystem shift 8 or 0,2% data, and class shift 2 or 0.04% data. Secondly, there are 792
or 17.5% data which belongs to translation shift of pronoun consists of 505 or 11.1%
of class shift, 104 or 2.3% data of level shift, and 183 or 4% of structural shift. The
third is gerund. The writer only finds 2 or 0.04% data that belongs to class shift of
gerund. The last, 781 or 17.2% data that belongs to translation shift of noun phrase
consists of 153 or 3.46% data of level shift, 3 or 0.06% data of class shift, and 621 or
13.7% data of structural shift. Second, there are 4536 or 99.98% data that belongs to
equivalent translation and only 1 data or 0.02% data is included non equivalent
translation.
Keywords: Translation, Translation shift, subject, equivalent
xii
RINGKASAN
ITA DAMAYANTI. A320120021. ANALISIS TERJEMAHAN DARI
SUBJECT YANG DITEMUKAN DALAM THE CASUAL VACANCY KE
PEREBUTAN KURSI KOSONG. 2016
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bentuk linguistik dari subjek dalam
kalimat dan untuk mendiskripsikan kepadanan dari terjemahan Indonesia yang
ditemukan di novel The Casual Vacancy ke Perebutan Kursi Kosong. Penelitian ini
termasuk penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Object penelitian ini adalah terjemahan
dalam subjek yang ditemukan di novel The Casual Vacancy ke Perebutan Kursi
Kosong. Data dari penelitian ini adalah semua jenis kalimat yang terdapat subjek dan
sumber data adalah novel yang berjudul The Casual Vacancy. Peneliti ini
menggunakan dokumentasi sebagai metode untuk mengumpulkan data. Kemudian
untuk membuktikan data valid, peneliti menggunakan metode triangulasi dimana
sumber data adalah novel dan informen. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan 4 jenis
subjek, yaitu: Noun, pronoun, gerund, dan noun phrase. Pertama, terdapat 34 atau
0.74% data yang termasuk translation shift dari noun, terdiri dari level shift 24 atau
0.5%, intra-system shift 8 atau 0.2%, dan class shift 2 atau 0.04% data. Kedua,
terdapat 792 atau 17.5% data termasuk translation shift dari pronoun yang terdiri dari
505 atau 11.1% class shift, 104 atau 2.3% data level shift, dan 183 atau 4% data
structural shift. Ketiga adalah gerund, 2 atau 0.04% data termasuk class shift dari
gerund. Terakhir, 781 atau 17.2% data termasuk translation shift dari noun phrase
yang terdiri dari 153 atau 3.46% data level shift, 3 atau 0.06 data dari class shift, dan
621 atau 13.7% data structural shift. Kedua, terdapat 4536 atau 99.98% data yang
termasuk terjemahan yang sepadan dan 1 atau 0.02% data yang tidak sepadan.
Kata Kunci: Translation, translation shift, subject, equivalent
xiii